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4/22/2014
1
Exclusive Pumping: Laying the Yellow Brick Road
Vanessa Annibali, MS, IBCLC
PHFE‐WIC [email protected]
identify prenatal and postnatal factors that may lead a mother to pump exclusively for her infant
describe at least 2 factors involved in the mechanics of milk removal in the absence of infant attachment
identify at least 2 best practices to avoid common problems experienced by EP mothers
Objectives
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No matter the delivery method BREASTMILK is the
ideal food for infants
Duration matters! Every ounce of breastmilk counts…
The act of nursing plays a crucial role in the
development of oral and facial structures throughout
childhood
Baseline Tenets
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Historically milk was removed by the baby exclusively
In 18th century mothers seeking to remove milk by other means
First pumps were patented in the mid‐19th century
Marketed as medical devices used to treat inverted nipples and to help infants who were too small or too weak to nurse
History of Pumping
First Pump Patent (1854)
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For mothers who chose not to breast‐feed, the problem of how to get rid of the excess milk was a trying one and not as easy
One primitive method was for slaves, women attendants or even puppies to draw it off
Glass sucking bottles had a long glass sucking tube, and were incredibly difficult to clean and easily broken
Later examples developed into a cylindrical glass tube with a rubber bulb to provide the suction.
History of Pumping
A glass tube, similar to a cigarette holder, allowed mother to place it in her mouth so that she could “draw” off the milk.
Early Breast Drawers of the Victorian Era
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As widely available consumer products, they've been around for about 20 years
In 1991, the first electric‐powered, vacuum‐operated breast pump— not intended for in‐hospital use—was patented in the U.S.
Exclusive pumping is an
emerging practice in the
last two decades
History of Pumps
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Actual Physical Impairment for Mother or High Risk Infant
Perceived Physical Barrier to Direct Breastfeeding
Past abuse or PTSD (i.e. sexual, physical, emotional, etc.)
Kathleen Kendall‐Tackett data
Early Separation expected due to work, school, health, life event, etc.
Primigravidas & Multips hesitant to “break the mold”
“Busy” mothers ‐ view it as a time saver with flexibility
Prenatal IFP
Uncomfortable with Lactation
Breast use due to past experience
Based on other’s past experience
Body image
Leaking and/or wetness
Idea of infant suckling at breast
Perceived sexual connotation to direct breastfeeding
In public or in front of others
Prenatal IFP
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Prenatal Feeding Plan = Breastfeeding
Early separation or early feeding problem
Feeding Tools (i.e. nipple shield, tubing, etc.)
unknown to mother, were rejected at
introduction or subsequently refused
Pumping volumes sufficient to meet infant needs
Postpartum Contingency Plan
Machinery
Frequency
Access
Comfort
Efficiency
Feedback Inhibitor of Lactation
(FIL)
Mechanics of Milk Removal in the Absence of Infant Attachment
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Supply Maintenance
1. Consistency
2. Consistency
3. Consistency
Labor Intensive
=
Mom is (Milk) Mortar
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Two Dynamics Determine a Mother’s “Magic Number”
Breast Storage Capacity
Maximum volume of milk in the breasts
Breast Fullness
Determines speed of milk production
FULL = SLOW
SOFT = FAST
“The Magic Number” Nancy Mohrbacher
Hand Expression
Improves pumping milk yield
Boosts milk production
Hands‐On Pumping ‐ J. Morton
yielded an average of 48% more milk than with the pump alone
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19571815#
The Magic of Hands
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The Dreaded Milk Monkeys
Insufficient Supply
Growth spurts
Stage Development
Feeding Expectations
Milk Supply Issues
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Inconsistent Removal
Plugged Ducts
Blocked Nipple Pores
Mastitis
Milk Supply Issues
Oversupply
Case Study #1
Milk Composition
Case Study #2
Milk Supply Issues
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Most common and accepted feeding device
Associated with breastfeeding problems
Therapeutic use for suck training and suck‐swallow‐breathe mechanics
Use affected by shape and size of bottle
Use affected by shape, size and texture
of the teat
Using the Bottle as a Tool
• Obesity
• Overfeeding
• Malocclusions
• Airway Development
• Sleep Breathing Disorders, etc.
(i.e. apnea, bradycardia and fatigue aspiration, etc.)
Bottle as a Tool =
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Bottle as a Tool = Rate of Delivery
Fast Flow Paced Flow
Offer a feeding when infant demonstrates signs of hunger
Allow for a natural gape and rooting at attachment
Offer tool in an upright position, similar to that we use for eating as adults
Offer feeding over a similar period as other mealtimes or breastfeeding episode
Paced Feeding Method
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Switch sides during a feeding to stimulate eye
development and foster positive feeding
associations
Offer natural feeding pauses that are
consistent with a breastfeeding rhythm
Allow for infant to determine the end of the
feeding and follow the signs of satiety
Paced Feeding Method
Volume consumed is appropriate for age and infant size
Fed over a span that mimics expected feeding times
Allowing for pauses and non‐nutritive suckling (NNS)
= Infant reaches true satiety (all needs met)
Less discomfort, crying, gas, and colic
Happier Infant = Happier Family
When…
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When an infant suckles at a mother's breast, it leads to surges of the "trust" hormone oxytocinbeing released in their mothers brains
Yawning, sucking a thumb and swallowing amniotic fluid can first be seen in babies at about 12 to 13 weeks of the pregnancy
The sucking and swallowing reflexes do not fully mature until about 36 weeks of the pregnancy.
Infants need to coordinate these reflexes simultaneously to drink milk. This is the 'sucking ‐swallowing ‐ breathing' sequence.
The Suckling Need
Sucking can be triggered when a finger, breast, or bottle is placed into the baby's mouth and pressure is applied to their palate (the roof of the baby's mouth).
A newborn baby's desire to suck is very strong and not all the sucking your baby tries (on your finger, arm, toys or anything else they can reach) relates to hunger and wanting to be fed.
Sucking when not hungry is often referred to as 'non‐nutritive sucking' and for some babies this can act as an inbuilt coping mechanism for extra comfort.
The sucking reflex is present for up to a year and sometimes longer.
Babies are also born with a 'hand‐to‐mouth' response, known as the 'Babkin reflex'.
The Suckling Need
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Fertility and Return of Menses
Deceased hormone levels due to limited feedings (especially at night)
Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) less effective for pumping mothers over time
Child Spacing & Family Planning
Unexpected Ramifications of EP
Best Practices for WIC Client Discussion of EP
Prenatal
Open conversation regarding motivation for choosing EP
Discuss initiation of pumping during colostrum phase
Discuss milk maintenance best practices
Share value of direct breastfeeding for dyad
Postpartum
Discuss milk maintenance best practices