277DEGREES AND DIPLOMAS

Degrees and DiplomasEXAMINING BOARDS

English, Scottish and Irish Conjoint BoardsThe Conjoint Board of the Royal College of Physicians

of London and the Royal College of Surgeons of Englandexamine candidates for the qualification of M.R.C.S.,L.R.C.P. Students must have studied at one of therecognised medical schools. The regulations were tohave been revised this year, but owing to the war it hasbeen necessary to modify the planned changes. TheExamining Board has issued a set of emergency regula-tions which come into force in January, 1940, and willhold until further notice. These enable candidates tosit for the premedical examination without presentingthe certificates of age and combined general educationrequired under the 1938 regulations ; to complete thestudy of anatomy and physiology in 46 weeks, providedthe period of study extends over 15 calendar months ;and to take any one subject in the final examinationafter 24 months of clinical training and physiology, or totake all three subjects after 27 months. The effect ofthese emergency regulations is to make it possible for thestudent by working hard to shorten the time he takes toqualify. The full regulations can be obtained from theSecretary to the Examining Board in England, TheExamination Hall, Queen Square, London, W.C.I.The Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, the

Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, and the RoyalFaculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow have anarrangement by which, after one series of examinations,held in Edinburgh, or Glasgow, or both, the student mayobtain the diplomas--designated by the letters L.R.C.P.,L.R.C.S. Edin., L.R.F.P.S. Glasg.-of all three bodies.Candidates may work for the examination of the ScottishConjoint Board at any of the recognised medical schoolsof Great Britain and Ireland. The war has not led toany changes in the regulations, which may be obtainedfrom the Registrar, 18, Nicolson Street, Edinburgh.The Conjoint Board of the Royal College of Physicians

of Ireland and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland acceptcandidates for the L.R.C.P.I. and L.M., L.R.C.S.I. andL.M. from most of the recognised medical schools athome and abroad. There have been no changes in theregulations since the outbreak of war Full details canbe obtained from the registrar, Royal College of Surgeonsin Ireland, Dublin.

Apothecaries’ LicencesThe Society of Apothecaries of London and Apothe-

caries’ Hall of Ireland both grant licences. Candidatesfor the L.M.S.S.A. Lond. must pass in the premedicaland primary examinations (which are held quarterly) andthe final examination. Final examinations are heldmonthly except in September. The minimum period ofstudy is normally 5 years, but as a wartime measure,candidates will be allowed to sit for the primaryexamina-tion in anatomy and physiology after 46 weeks’ study,provided that this covers a period of not less than 15months ; that is to say, the candidate can sit after fourterms work instead of five, and this will save him a termon the whole course. The three parts of -the finalexamination may be taken together or in any order.Further information may be obtained from the Registrar,Apothecaries’ Hall, Water Lane, E.C.4.The L.A.H. Dubl., is granted to students who pass the

three professional examinations, conducted by theApothecaries’ Hall of Ireland. No changes have beenmade in the regulations, which can be obtained from theRegistrar, 95, Merrion Square, Dublin.

UNIVERSITY DEGREES

Bachelor of Medicine and SurgeryAll the universities in the United Kingdom offer

baccalaureate degrees in medicine and surgery. Theyare conferred on the results of examinations which havebeen mentioned in the accounts already given of thevarious universities.

HIGHER QUALIFICATIONSThose who have graduated in medicine and surgery are

at liberty to seek higher qualifications if they wish.

Doctor of Medicine and Master of SurgeryGraduates holding a bachelor’s degrees can take the

degrees of Doctor of Medicine or Master of Surgery. Allthe universities in Great Britain and Ireland confer suchdegrees. The requirements, which vary, are noted in theaccounts of the different universities. At the Universityof Durham the degree of Doctor of Surgery (D.S.) isoffered in addition to the degree of Master of Surgery(M.S.).Master in the Science of Obstetrics and Master ofMidwiferyThe Irish universities grant the degree M.A.O., the

requirements for which are mentioned in the accountsof the universities concerned. The Society of Apothe-caries of London offers the qualification of Master ofMidwifery (M.M.S.A.). The degree is given on theresults of an examination, the requirements for whichcan be obtained from the Registrar, Apothecaries’ Hall,Water Lane, London, E.C.4.

MEMBERSHIP AND FELLOWSHIP

The Royal College of Physicians of London confersthe Membership (M.R.C.P.) which is obtained byexamination and the Fellowship (F.R.C.P.) which is anhonorary distinction. Medical graduates over the ageof 23 are at liberty to enter for the Membershipexamination, details of which can be obtained fromthe Secretary, Royal College of Physicians, Pall MallEast, London, S.W.I.

Fellows are selected annually, from the ranks ofmembers, by the Council of the college.

The Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons ofEngland (F.R.C.S.) is usually obtained on the resultof an examination, taken in two parts. The primaryexamination is in anatomy and physiology and the finalin surgery. There has been no change in the regulationssince the outbreak of war, but the college has publishedone or two emergency arrangements which may beobtained, with the full regulations, from the Secretary,Royal College of Surgeons of England, Lincoln’s InnFields, London, W.C.2.

Medical graduates who have been on the register forthree years are eligible for examination for Membershipof the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists(M.R.C.O.G.) Particulars of the regulations may be ob-tained from the Secretary, Royal College of Obstetriciansand Gynaecologists, 58, Queen Anne Street, London, W.l.The Fellowship (F.R.C.O.G.) is granted to members

who are judged to have advanced the science and art ofobstetrics and gynaecology.

Graduates may become Members of the Royal Collegeof Physicians of Edinburgh (M.R.C.P.E.) on passing anexamination, particulars of which may be obtained fromthe Secretary, 9 Queen Street, Edinburgh.The Fellows are selected annually from among the

Members by the Council of the College, and receive thedegree of F.R.C.P.E.

Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edin-burgh (F.R.C.S.E.) is granted to medical graduates whopass the required examination ; particulars of theregulations may be obtained from the Clerk of theCollege, Surgeons Hall, 18, Nicolson Street, Edinburgh.Membership of the Royal College of Physicians ofIreland (M.R.C.P.I.) is granted on the result of anexamination, the details of which may be obtained fromthe Registrar of the College, 6, Kildare Street, Dublin.

Fellows are elected by ballot, and receive the degree ofF.R.C.P.I.

Graduates seeking the Fellowship of the Royal Collegeof Surgeons in Ireland (F.R.C.S.I.) must pass in twoexaminations, a primary in anatomy and physiology anda final in surgery. Further particulars may be obtainedfrom the Registrar, the Royal College of Surgeons inIreland, Dublin.The Faculty of Radiologists offers a Fellowship(F.F.R.) to medical graduates of five years standing whohave practised radiology for three years and have helda radiological diploma for at least two years. Candidatesare required to pass an examination and submit athesis. Full particulars may be obtained from theSecretary, the Faculty of Radiologists, 32, WelbeckStreet, London, W.l.