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Examining an Essential Question:
• “With the dawn of the 16th century, there came together in Europe both the motivation and the means to explore and colonize territory across the seas.”
• Assess the validity of this statement with respect to (a) religion (b) trade (c) technology.
Religious Conflict
• Later years of Renaissance: intense religious zeal and conflict
• A. Catholic victory in Spain.
• B. Protestant revolt in northern Europe.
Expanding Trade
• A. Africa, India, China• B. The significance of 1453• C. The role of Prince Henry the
Navigator
Technology
• A. Increase in scientific knowledge and technological change
• B. Improvements of others’ inventions:
• 1. gunpowder• 2. sailing compass• C. Shipbuilding, mapmaking• D. Printing press
A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492
A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492
New Maritime TechnologiesNew Maritime Technologies
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Better Maps [Portulan]
Sextant
Mariner’s Compass
New Weapons Technology
New Weapons Technology
Christofo Colon [1451-1506]
Christofo Colon [1451-1506]
Columbus’ Four Voyages
Columbus’ Four Voyages
Other Voyages of Exploration
Other Voyages of Exploration
Ferdinand Magellan & the First
Circumnavigation of the World:Early 16c
Ferdinand Magellan & the First
Circumnavigation of the World:Early 16c
Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations
Fernando CortezFernando Cortez
The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs
The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs
Montezuma IIMontezuma II
vs.
vs.
Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
Francisco Pizarro
The First Spanish Conquests:
The Incas
The First Spanish Conquests:
The Incas
Atahualpa
vs.
Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillSlaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill
The “Columbian Exchange”
The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet
Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple
Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave TradeThe Slave Trade1. Existed in Africa before the
coming of the Europeans.
2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.
275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries.
3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.
Slave ShipSlave Ship
“Middle Passage”
“Coffin” Position Below Deck
“Coffin” Position Below Deck
African CaptivesThrown OverboardAfrican Captives
Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships!
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Administration of the Spanish Empire in the
New World
Administration of the Spanish Empire in the
New World1. Encomienda
or forced labor.
2. Council of the Indies.
Viceroy.
New Spain and Peru.
3. Papal agreement.
The Influence of the Colonial Catholic
Church
The Influence of the Colonial Catholic
Church
Guadalajara Cathedral
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Spanish Mission
The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of Demarcation
The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of Demarcation
New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals
1. Native populations ravaged by disease.
2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”]
3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.
Impact of European Exploration
New Patterns of World Trade
New Patterns of World Trade
