Exam Spot

7/28/2019 Exam Spot

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Revision Answer

1. Aerobic n Anaerobic Resp. – Structure 2

Commons:

- produce ATP

- take place in animal n plant cell

- involve catabolism of glucose

- produce heat energy (by-products)

Differences:

Aspect Aerobic Anaerobic

O2 Required NOT Required

Products CO2 n H2O Lactic acid – muscle cell

ethanol n CO2

– plant / yeast

Energy

produced

2880 kJ 210 kJ -

fermentation

150 kJ –

muscle cell

Number

of ATP

produced

32 – 38

molecules

2 molecules

Location in

mitochondrion

in cytoplasm

Oxidation

of glucose

Complete NOT Complete

2. Breathing Structure in – Essay 2

(A) mammal

- organ: lungs – left n right

- parts: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea,

bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus, diaphragm

- have air sacs (alveolus) – resp. surface

- right lungs larger - carry oxygenated blood

(B) fish

- organ: gills - 4 pairs in pharynx

- gill arch has 2 rows of gill filaments

- each gill filaments have gill lamellae on

upper n lower surface

- gill lamellae form resp. surface

- no air sacs

(C) insects

- organ: tracheal system

- parts: spiracle, air sac, trachea, tracheole

- blood NOT transport gases

- pair of spiracle: 2 in thorax, 8 in abdomen

- chitin kept trachea open

- tracheole end on plasma membrane on

each cell in body cell

(D) birds

-

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3. Human Breathing Mechanism – Essay 2

Breathing

Change

Inspiration/

Inhalation

Expiration/

Exhalation

External

inter muscle

Contract Relax

Internal

inter muscle

Relax Contract

Rib cage Rises

- upwards n

outwards

Lowers

- downwards

n inwards

Diaphragm Flattened Bulges

upwards

Thoracic vol. Increase Decrease

Pressure in

lung

Decrease

(Lower)

Increase

(Higher)

Atmospheric

pressure

Higher Lower

Air

movement

Into lungs

(O2)

Out of lung

(CO2)

4. Human n Rabbit Digestive Sys. – Essay 3

Common

- nutrition contain cellulose

- stomach has one part

- do not secrete cellulase digest cellulose

- depend on bacteria n protozoa (secrete

cellulase) for cellulose digestion

Differences

Aspect Human Rabbit

Amount of

cellulose eaten

Small Large / all

Caecum size Very smalln short Big n long

Digestion of

cellulose

Not occur In caecum by

symbiotic

bacteria n

protozoa

Re-ingestion of

faeces

No Yes

5. How Animal Ensure Survival of Their

Young – Structure 4

a. Frog

- produce egg in large amount

- egg covered by jelly

b. Scorpion n crab

- bring offspring on their back until

mature n have poison (scorpion)

c. Kangaroo

- bring offspring in pocket until mature

d. Snake

- circle eggs until offspring get birth

e. Tortoise

- lay eggs in deep hole in sand beach

- offspring has hard shell at the back

f. Penguin

- bring egg between foot until crash

6. Asexual reproduction – Structure 4

(A) Binary fission

- formation of 2 individuals of equal size

from splitting of parent’s body

- parent n offspring are genetically identical

- involve mitotic division of nucleus n

cytoplasmic division

- eg: Amoeba sp. n bacteria

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(B) Fragmentation / Regeneration

- reproduction where body fragment can re-

grow into new individual

- interstitial cell involve in regeneration


- eg: Flatworm, Starfish

(C) Budding

- new individual is formed as bud of parent

- when bud reach certain size, get off from

parent, then grow individually


- eg: Hydra sp. n unicellular fungi

7. Physical adaptation – Structure 4

(A) Hot climate – Camel

- long eyelashes = prevent sand enter eye

- nostrils open n close = prevent sand enter

- bumper = store water

- rough fur = minimise water loss

- wide foot surface = prevent feet sink

(B) Cold climate – Artic polar bear

- sharp toenails = ‘hold’ ice prevent fall

- rough foot surface = create more friction

- more fat = prevent heat loss

- white n shiny fur = protection

- hibernate during winter = save energy

PROTECT FROM ENEMY

a. Big Lizard ‘Sesumpah’

- Change colour same with envi.

b. Caterpillar

- doing mimicking as has ‘fake eye’

c. Snake n porcupine

- have poison in mouth (snake)

- have poison in thorn (porcupine)

d. Skunk

- smell very stinky

e. Artic polar bear

- have white n shiny fur

f. Turtle

- have hard shell at the back

8. Balanced diet – Essay 1

- contain all food classes (carbohydrate,

protein, fat, vitamin, mineral salts, fibre n

water) in correct proportions.

- function

a. Carbohydrate – supply energy

b. Protein – produce n repair cell

c. Fats – provide energy, store food

d. Vitamins – Fat-S (ADEK), Water-S (BC)

e. Mineral salts – help in body grow

f. Fibre – prevent constipation

g. Water – medium for biochemical reaction

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3. Temperature / temp

- photosyn is enzyme-catalysed process

- max rate: about 30-35OC temp.

- temp. above 35OC, rate decrease asenzyme denature

11. Factor Affect Transpiration Rate –

Structure 3

(A) Light Intensity

- high: stomata open, more water loss

- low: stomata close, less water loss

- max rate: at noon – 12.00 pm

(B) Temperature

- high temp. – kinetic energy of water mol.

increase, more water diffuse out

(C) Relative humidity

- air outside dry, more water diffuse out,

rate increse

- air outside wet, less water diffuse out, rate

decrease

(D) Air movement

- moist air decrease rate of water vapour

diffusion

- still air: less water vapour diffuse out

- current air: more water vapour diffuse out

12. Transpiration n Gutation – Structure 3

Aspect Transpiration Gutation

time daytime nightprocess losing water to

atmosphere

adaptation for

removing waste

material

condition harsh envi. suitable envi.

material water (vapour) excess glucose

occur

through

pores in leaf

structure

hidatod

effect can affect plant

(if too high rate)

not affect too

much

13. Adaptation on–

Structure 4

(A) Mesophyte – adequate water supply

- leaf wilting to reduce water loss

(B) Xerophyte – in desert

- have thick with waxy cuticle stem

- have long tap root

(C) Hydrophyte – in water

- stem has many air space – buoyancy

(D) Halophyte

- widely aerenchyma – transport oxygen

Ya Alah, terangilah hati org yg bace, Amin…

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Answer Essay Spotted Question

1(a) Suggested dietary of secretary – intake

amount

1. High carbohydrate

- provide energy to spend time more for

working

2. Low protein

- no need to repair cell as not active

3. High vitamins

- A: good vision for working at night

- B6: prevent fatigue

4. High mineral salts

- Mg: prevent dizziness, hypertension,

tiredness

- NaCl: prevent muscle cramps

- Iron (Fe): prevent fatigue, headaches

5. High water

- increase oxygen intake into body

- to prevent ‘sleepy’

6. Low lipid n fat

- prevent fat storage which causes obesity

7. High fibre

- prevent constipation as not moving too

much

1(b) 3 ways for food preservation

(A) Canning n Bottling Steps

- meat, fruit, veggie n drink

1. Can is cleaned n immersed in hot water

2. Food is put into can

3. Can filled with food is heated to get rid of

air in the can

4. Can is soldered to make them airtight

5. Canned food is heated in high temp.

(115OC) to kill bacteria

6. Can is labelled, packed and marketed

(B) Pasteurisation – heating of milk

1. The milk is heated through 2 ways

a. temp. = 63OC, time: 30 min, OR

b. temp. = 72OC, time: 15 sec

2. Cool the milk rapidly to below 5OC

3. Taste of milk is not affected

(C) Fruit Preservation Steps

1. Select, wash n sort best-quality fruit

2. Do not use equipment that will react with

fruit (eg: iron, copper)

3. Recommend: use dry sugar / sugar syrup

4. Pack fruit into jar n keep it safely

(D) Drying

- veggie, fruit, meat

1. Dry the food under the sunshine

2. Ensure all part is dried up

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2(a) How various part of plants get O2 from

atmosphere

(A) Through stomata

1. Stomata Opening

- is promoted by high light intensity n low

CO2 level

- as H+ pumped out of guard cell, cell

become negatively charge

- K+ ions diffuse through potassium channel

into guard cell, Cl- ions enter to balance

charge

- accumulation of K+ cause water potentialin guard cell become more negative

- water enter by osmosis

- increased turgor pressure cause stoma

open

2. Stomata Closing

- triggered by high temp, increasing low

level of CO2

- accumulation of Ca2+ inhibit proton pump

- K+ and Cl- move out from guard cell

- water potential in guard cell increase

- water diffuse out by osmosis

- turgor pressure decrease, cell become

flaccid n stoma closes

(B) Through lenticels

- cell around lenticels are arranged loosely

to allow diffusion of gases into n out of

stem n root tissue

2(b) Characteristics of mammalian resp.

surface to maximise rate of gas exchange

1. Alveoli provide large surface area

- more gaseous exchange take-part

2. Surfaces of alveoli are moist

- gas dissolve before being diffuse

3. Alveoli have thin wall (one-celled thick)

- minimise distance for gas diffusion

4. Alveoli are surrounded by numerous

blood capillaries

- bring CO2 for diffusion into alveoli n carriesaway O2 in blood system

5. Alveoli wall are permeable

- easy to O2 (diffuse in) n CO2 (diffuse out)

6. Good ventilation

- provide constant supply of O2 gas into

alveoli n removes of CO2

7. Elastic fibre in lungs

- permit optimum extension during

inspiration

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3(a) Describe autotrophic n heterotrophic

nutrition

Autothrophic nutrition

- synthesizing OWN FOOD from simple

inorganic compound

(A) Chemosynthetic autotroph

- organism that synthesise organic matter

from simple inorganic comp. using energy

from oxidation of inorganic mineral

- eg: sulphur bacteria use energy released

from oxidation of hydrogen sulphide to

form carbohydrate

(B) Photosynthetic autotroph

- organism that synthesise organic matter

from inorganic comp. of H2O n CO2, using

sunlight as energy

-eg: green plants, algae

Heterotrophic nutrition

- obtaining nutrients by feeding other

organism

(A) Holozoic organism

- take in food n digest it in their bodies

- have specialized digestive system

-eg: herbivore, omnivore, carnivore,

detritivore

(B) Saprophyte

- feed on dead and decaying matter

- secrete digestive enzyme onto their food,

digesting it externally before the absorb

digested food

-eg: fungi n decomposers

(C) Symbiotic organism

1. Commensalism – remora fish

- host: not get benefit, commensal: receive

benefit

2. Parasitism - tape worm

- host: affected, parasite: get benefit

3. Mutualism – Rhizobium in legume plant

- both organism get benefit

3(b) 5 adaptation to survive in alimentary

canal

1. Reduce nervous system n sense organ

- prevent from moving anywhere

2. Reduce digestive tracts n absorb

nutrients through whole body

- maximise nutrients absorption

3. Have protective cuticle n produce mucus

n anti-enzyme

- prevent being digested by host’s enzyme

4. Most have flattened shapes

- to cling / attached to host

- to increase area of absorption of nutrient

5. Capable to carry anaerobic resp.

- live in anaerobic cond.

6. Produce a lot of gamete

- widely dispersed to ensure their suvival

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Answer Structure Spotted Question

Q1

1. Why meristemic cell has mitochondrion?

- Mitochondrion provides energy, ATP formeristemic cell dividing mitotically.

2. Differences

Aspect Animal Plant

Shape Not fixed Fixed n

regular

Vacuole Absent Present

Chloroplast Absent Present

Cell wall Absent Present

Q2

1. Aerobic n Anaerobic Resp.

Differences:

Aspect Aerobic Anaerobic

O2 Required NOT Required

Products CO2 n H2O Lactic acid –

muscle cell

ethanol n CO2

– plant / yeastEnergy

produced

2880 kJ 210 kJ -

fermentation

150 kJ –

muscle cell

Number

of ATP

produced

32 – 38

molecules

2 molecules

Location in

mitochondrion

in cytoplasm

Oxidationof glucose

Complete NOT Complete

Q3

1. Affect of air movement – factor affecting

- increase the concentration gradient of

water vapour in leaf n in surrounding

- still air: less water vapour diffuse out, rate

decrease

- current air: more water vapour diffuse

out, rate increase

2. Effect if no leaf

- Transpiration still occur, but very low rate

because water loss through lenticels of

stem

3. Factor effect

a. light intensity

b. relative humidity

c. temperature

4. Precaution

a. Cut the plant stem in water to prevent

air bubble in xylem vessel

Q4

1. Example of

-Wind-pollinated: Dandelion, ‘angsana’

-Insect-pollinated: Sunflower, Rose

2. Three characteristics of wind-pollinated

flower

a. white or dull colour

b. not scented - not attract animal

c. long filament - easy to blow by wind

3. Common between reproductions of earthworm n cockroach

- both involve asexual repro.

earthworm: regeneration

cockroah: parthenogenesis

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