Evolving Sustainable Rural Wastewater Management Strategies in Punjab1

7/25/2019 Evolving Sustainable Rural Wastewater Management Strategies in Punjab1

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EVOLVING CARBON NEUTRAL & SUSTAINABLE RURAL-SANITATION

TECHNIQUES:Hurdles, Achievement and Way Forward

Geetika Kalhaa

,MBA; IAS; President, Village i!e Im"rovement Foundation#M.. Si!"h#,B# $ech#%&ivil'; M#I#(# %Mech#', (arthi)en) (co*Friendly Systems

N.B.1,N.B.2

$. I!t%'()ti!

$.$. Ba)k"%(!'

Let us go back 5000 years to the ancient settlements of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa c.One

of the glaring and most pleasing aspects as their !on "lanning.

The quality of municipal town planning suggests knowledge of urban planning and

efficient municipal governments which placed a high priority on hygiene. The streets of

maor cities such as !oheno"daro or #arappa were laid out in a perfect grid pattern$

comparable to that of present day New %ork. The houses were protected from noise$

odors$ and thieves. &s seen in #arappa$ !oheno"daro$ this urban plan included the

world's first urban sanitation systems. (ithin the city$ individual homes or groups of

homes obtained water from wells. )rom a room that appears to have been set aside for

bathing$ waste water was directed to covered drains$ which lined the maor streets.

#ouses opened only to inner courtyards and smaller lanes.

The ancient *ndus systems of sewage and drainage that were developed and used in cities

and settlements throughout the *ndus +mpire were far more advanced than any found in

contemporary urban sites in the !iddle +ast and even more efficient than those in most

areas of modern ,akistan and *ndia today.-d

#e are talking about the same area $"unjab%& hich is the orking area as far as this

paper is concerned.

$.*. Sit(ati! i! R(%al (!+a# t'a:

a 'mail( geetikakalha)gmail.com

b 'mail( earthi*en*)gmail.com

+M.". ,ingh is also !echnical diser to /illage Life mproement 1oundation.

+"aper presented in the !ech for ,ea 2onference& ,eptember 34-3& 3067.

c ndus /alley 2iili*ation

d !aken from(http(88ancientindiantonplanning.blogspot.in830608038mohenjadaro-

harappan-ton-planning.html
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://ancientindiantownplanning.blogspot.in/2010/02/mohenjadaro-harappan-town-planning.htmlhttp://ancientindiantownplanning.blogspot.in/2010/02/mohenjadaro-harappan-town-planning.htmlhttp://ancientindiantownplanning.blogspot.in/2010/02/mohenjadaro-harappan-town-planning.htmlmailto:[email protected]://ancientindiantownplanning.blogspot.in/2010/02/mohenjadaro-harappan-town-planning.htmlhttp://ancientindiantownplanning.blogspot.in/2010/02/mohenjadaro-harappan-town-planning.htmlmailto:[email protected]


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!he ancient culture described aboe got annihilated& perhaps by a massie earth9uake

many centuries before the birth of 2hrist. :ebuilding as neer done in a planned

manner. ;arring a fe cities& built in recent times& all deelopment& urban& "eri-urban and

:ural has been unplanned and drien purely by greed& selfishness and ith total disregard

of enironment. haraudi& District Hoshiarpur and at

;rahmpura& District Ludhiana

t the time of interention the seage as floing in open drains. !here ere to ponds

in the illage here all this used to collect. 'en the rainater as coming in these

ponds. !he street ere unpaed and had cesspools here mos9uitoes used to breed.

#e proided the folloing(

6% House connections from indiidual houses

3% onventional /ravity 0ewerstransporting this seage

7% !hese seers finally discharged into a collection chamber

?% 1rom this chamber& the seage as pumped into a conentional to-

chamber ,eptic !ank ensuring inflo at a uniform rate ia a do*ing pump.

!his ,eptic tank had a H:! a of @3 hours& of course& in naerobic

conditions.

5% !he ater from the ,eptic tank as then pumped into a recirculating sand

filter !his as achieed ia a pre-programmed recirculation pump. !his

process is erobic

A% 1inally& the seage as discharged into a lagoon& e=posing it to the


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round the same time& !he "unjab ,tate 2ouncil for ,cience nd !echnology introduced

the ,mall ;ore ,ettled ,eerage system. n this system(

6% small settler is proided outside eery house& here solids settle.

3% Bear solid free ater is transported in small bore pipes.

7% Bear *ero slopes can be maintained as there are no solids carry.

?% #hereer needed Bolson ,iphons are proided to increase the elocity of

ater.

5% !he first demonstration of this technology as at /illage


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T%eat3e!t S/te3 A'2te' at Kha%a('i & B%ah32(%

T%eat3e!t S/te3 A'2te' # Gt0 (!+a# at Ula!a

pdf

Centrlized Septic Tank
http://www.mdws.gov.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/ddwshindi/files/pdf/casestudy_kharoudi.pdfhttp://www.mdws.gov.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/ddwshindi/files/pdf/casestudy_kharoudi.pdf


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*.9 C!)l(/i!/ %3 the i%/t I!te%e!ti!/:

6% !he ,mall ;ore !echnology as good for sparsely populated illages& here

it is technically possible to hae settling tanks in indiidual houses. n

congested areas& the mandatory distances beteen arious utilities and

structures cannot be maintained.

2 The 0mall Bore Technology could have been workable if there was a settler

for a group of houses instead of one in every house.


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7% !he treatment associated ith the ,mall ;ore ,ystem as poer intensie.

!his is objectionable on to counts. 1irstly& in the present day conte=t it is

ery important for such interentions that the system remains 2arbon

Beutral as far as possible.


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mplified ,hallo ,eerage from eery house.#ith a settler for a group of houses. Depending upon age-old slopes

,ettled ,eerage in less gradient pipes to decentrali*ed treatment


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5. /ery lo leel of maintenance.


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& settling tank can also be incorporated into an anaerobic baffled tank as the

first section of Baffled 5eactor

# %i3a%6 Se)!'a% T%eat3e!t

Bale' Rea)t%


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A!ae%#i) =ilte%

t the end of the treatment deice a chamber can be set aside as an anaerobic

filter in order to improe further the treatment efficiency.

filter media alloing contact ith the seage stream is used& hich is ery

efficient in retaining and digesting the remaining pollutants.

!he problem of encountering clogging is minimi*ed due to the digestion and

treatment in the baffled reactor.

!he primary and secondary treatment systems are constructed belo ground

leel and are built together as a single and compact setup.

Bearly 40 G of the original pollution load is remoed at this stage.


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/etier 1loats in a "olishing "ond&

' Te%tia% T%eat3e!t : la!te' =ilte%6 C@a6 R#T%eat3e!t6Ree' Be'

T%eat3e!tHori*ontal planted grael filter acts through the combined effect of the

filter material and plants groing on the filter media.


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/etier grass gron on floating pontoons can be used successfully in aerated

polishing ponds. !his hydroponic treatment method can effectiely remoe heay

metals and reduce B I " leels. n addition& etier can be planted at the high

ater leel around the ponds to further reduce the nutrient loading& also to

stabili*e the pond banks and get rid of blue green algae. /etier planted in fie

ros in a constructed etland can reduce total Bitrogen leels by percent and

total "hosphorus leels by 45 per cent. Moreoer& this system can also be used

after any of the preious treatment stages.

D. T%ial a!' 1e3!/t%ati! the 1E@ATS S/te3 at the C-A(th%/ Re/i'e!)e

;efore suggesting the system to /illage Life mproement 1oundation& ts !echnical

disor& Mr. M.". ,ingh& installed the system in his nely built house and instead of

connecting the seage to the Municipal ,ystem dierted the e!ti%e /e


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!hese are ? chambers. !he

first acts as a settler.

#ater is made to go to the

bottom of eery chamber. nd

rise at aspeed that does not allo

it to carry solids to the ne=t

chamber.!he sludge at the

bottom gets actiated after sometime and forms a blanket.

ir pipes running

across partitions

#ater is made to go to the

bottom of eery chamber. nd

rise at aspeed that does not allo

it to carry solids to the ne=t

chamber.!he sludge at thebottom gets actiated after some

time and forms a blanket.

!hese pipes must go don to

belo the e=pected sludge

leel. Most people resist this&but it is the sludge blanket that

makes this s stem efficient.

!hese tees ensure

that the lighteight

fatty stuff remains inthe chamber and does

not trael to the ne=t

chamber


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1inal e=it from

;affled 2hamber to

the boundary all

and under it to the

lanted filter

1inal air ent

going out.

:oot *one

treatment gien

here. !his bed ill

be broadened

'ntry point of effluent.

"asses through large

stone and a ery course

ire netting and tricklesinto the bio filter bed

#hole clumps of

/etier broughtfrom the nursery

and planted in the

grael.

!reated ater re-enters the house

into an underground storage tank.

solar pump ill pump this

ater to an oer head tank for

usage in gardening and also

feeding a fountain for final

aeration and sunli ht.


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nother channel ith no slopes&

but four cells proided. #ater rises

in each cell upto about 4J and goes

to the ne=t cell

!he original channel as a

straight grael bed ith

about 3G slope& no cells

!his baffle is 4J high. #ater

rises upto here and oer flos

into a little chamber before

entering the ne=t cell

!his is the picture 3 months on. !he

original channel as also conerted into

one ith cells. !he etier is haing a

happy time.


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7. U2 /)ali!" the 1E@ATS 1e/i"! % illa"e/: Ca/e St('ie/

.$ A


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n this case& the seerage as already laid by us earlier ith a centrali*ed treatment in

mind. ;ut e altered the last leg of the seer to reduce the depth. #e also changed the

position of the ;affled reactor from near the pond to near the source of generation.

!he ater table in this illage is ery high. !here as danger of the ater in the reactor

leaking into the ground. ,o e reduced the depth of the reactor and increased the number

of chambers.

#e also proided a liner to preent any chance of seepage.

fter the baffled reactor& the ;OD reduction as 45G& hereas in our preceding rite-up

e hae claimed only @0G reduction.

!he old location of the pond as ery near the location of here the reactor is. ;ut since

e no follo a hybrid system& e transported the seerage ia lo sloped pipes as it is

settled seage carrying no solids.

!he before and after test reports of the aste ater are reproduced belo(

.$.* Be%e a!' ate% Te/t Re2%t/ A


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.$.9 ht/ Bale' Rea)t% a!' the La"!

.* Villa"e Ka!e)h, 1i/tt L('hia!a O!"i!" %+e)t


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Evolving Sustainable Rural Wastewater Management Strategies in Punjab1