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EVOLUTIONARYEVOLUTIONARY
EVIDENCEEVIDENCEandand PATTERNSPATTERNS
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
NATURAL SELECTIONNATURAL SELECTION
• favorsfavors organisms that organisms that are are better suitedbetter suited to to survive in a given survive in a given environment environment
• HOW?HOW?
1.1. VariationVariation
2.2. Competition Competition
3.3. ReproductionReproduction
4.4. InheritanceInheritance
5.5. SelectionSelection
the mechanism of evolution
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT STRAINS-Bacteria developed a mutation towards resistance to a antibiotic-Those w/ mutations survived and reproduced-Spread the survival gene to the next generations-They survive and become the majority of the population
‘ ‘SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST’SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST’
Some organisms have traits that help them Some organisms have traits that help them
survive/reproduce better than others (survive/reproduce better than others (adaptationsadaptations))
Some organisms are well adapted to their environments Some organisms are well adapted to their environments
and will reproduce more successfully (and will reproduce more successfully (fitnessfitness))
Selected FOR an environment- traits are better suited for Selected FOR an environment- traits are better suited for
that particular environmentthat particular environment
Selected AGAINST an environment- traits are not well Selected AGAINST an environment- traits are not well
suited for the environmentsuited for the environment
individuals with adaptations that help it survive and reproduce most successfully
CLASSIC EXAMPLECLASSIC EXAMPLE::INDUSTRIAL MELANISM & INDUSTRIAL MELANISM & THE PEPPERED MOTHTHE PEPPERED MOTH
• 2 varieties of moth2 varieties of moth: dark and light: dark and light• Pre-Industrial Revolution Pre-Industrial Revolution dark moth was rare dark moth was rare• During the Industrial Revolution During the Industrial Revolution light moth became rare light moth became rare• WHY?WHY? Some moths had an adaptive advantage that Some moths had an adaptive advantage that fitness fitness
Those adaptations were passed on and that trait was selected FOR.Those adaptations were passed on and that trait was selected FOR.
EMBRYOLOGY HOMOLOGOUS & ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES
SIMILARITIES IN BIOCHEMISTRY
VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES
FOSSIL RECORD
EVIDENCE OF
EVOLUTION
FOSSIL RECORD shows:• direct evidence to the history of evolution• biological diversity, new species formation and mass extinction• relative age of other fossils and rock strata• some gaps w/in the fossil record due to geological and mechanical events
EMBRYOLOGY HOMOLOGOUS & ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES
VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES
SIMILARITIES IN BIOCHEMISTRY
HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES• similar features that originated in a common ancestor with similar embryology• example: the forelimbs of different vertebrate species
HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES• similar anatomical features originating in a common ancestor w/ similar embryology• example: the forelimbs of different vertebrate speciesANALOGOUS STRUCTURES• similar features that have identical functions but w/ different embryology and not derived from common ancestor• example: wings of bat, bird, and an insect
FOSSIL RECORD
EVIDENCE OF
EVOLUTION
EMBRYOLOGY HOMOLOGOUS & ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES
VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES
SIMILARITIES IN BIOCHEMISTRY
VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES• were useful to ancestors, but not useful in modern organisms• Ex: leg bones in whales and snakes• Ex : body hair (and nipples in males), wisdom teeth, and appendix in humans
FOSSIL RECORD
EVIDENCE OF
EVOLUTION
VESTIGIAL STRUCTURESVESTIGIAL STRUCTURES
EMBRYOLOGY HOMOLOGOUS & ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES
VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES
SIMILARITIES IN BIOCHEMISTRY
EMBRYOLOGY
• embryos of many vertebrates are
similar in the development of tissues
and organs
• results in homologous structures
FOSSIL RECORD
EVIDENCE OF
EVOLUTION
EMBRYOLOGYEMBRYOLOGY
EMRBYOLOGY HOMOLOGOUS & ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES
VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES
SIMILARITIES IN BIOCHEMISTRY
SIMILARITIES IN BIOCHEMISTRY (MACROMOLECULES)
• species with a common ancestor have similar RNA, DNA, and/or
proteins
• similar amino acid sequences
FOSSIL RECORD
EVIDENCE OF
EVOLUTION
COEVOLUTION
CONVERGENTEVOLUTION
ADAPTIVERADIATION
DIVERGENTEVOLUTION
COEVOLUTION
• change of 2 or more species in close association with
each other
• example: predator/prey, parasite/host, or
herbivore/plant
PATTERNS OF
EVOLUTION
PATTERNS OF
EVOLUTION
COEVOLUTION
CONVERGENTEVOLUTION
ADAPTIVERADIATION
DIVERGENTEVOLUTION
CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
• results in organisms that are not
closely related having similar superficial
appearances which live in similar
environments
• produces analogous structures
• Ex: sharks and dolphins
CONVERGENT EVOLUTIONCONVERGENT EVOLUTION
PATTERNS OF
EVOLUTION
COEVOLUTION
CONVERGENTEVOLUTION
ADAPTIVERADIATION
DIVERGENTEVOLUTION
DIVERGENT EVOLUTION
• two or more related
populations/species become more and
more dissimilar
• usually a response to differing
habitats
ADAPTIVERADIATION
DIVERGENT EVOLUTION
• two or more related
populations/species become more and
more dissimilar and share a common
ancestor
• usually a response to differing
habitats
• Adaptive Radiation and Galapagos
finches
ADAPTIVE RADIATIONADAPTIVE RADIATION