Evolution of the Ocean’s Biological Pump · Foraminifera Mesoproterozoic Neoproterozoic Phanerozoic Cm Era Eon Proterozoic Archean Paleoproterozoic Phanerozoic Cenozoic Mesozoic

Evolution of the Ocean’sBiological Pump

Andy Ridgwell

MesoproterozoicNeoproterozoic

Phanerozoic

Cm

EraEon Proterozoic Archean

Paleoproterozoic

Phanerozoic

Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic

KPgNg J T P C D OPeriod

200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)

Evolution of the Biological Pump


Coccolithophorids Radiolaria

DinoflagellatesDiatoms

Acritarchs

Ma

rtin

[1

99

5]

Major changes in plankton assembledge

Foraminifera


Phanerozoic

Cm


Paleoproterozoic

Phanerozoic



200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)




Acritarchs

Ma

rtin

[1

99

5]


Foraminifera

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

? ?Occurrence of ice ages (relative intensity)

Cro

we

ll [1

999]

Royer et al. [2004]

atmosphericpCO (ppm)2


Phanerozoic

Cm


Paleoproterozoic

Phanerozoic



200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)

deepocean

surfaceocean

CO fixation2

C oxidationorg

C oxidationorg


Both physical/geochemical and biological/ecological changes occurring through Earth history will affect the processes that govern the partitioning of carbon (and alkalinity) between the surface ocean (and hence atmosphere) and ocean interior, and conversely, oxygen.


Phanerozoic

Cm


Paleoproterozoic

Phanerozoic



200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)

50

50 50

100

100

100 100

150150

150

150

200

200 200250 250

300

50

50 50

100

100

100 100

150150

150

150

200

200 200250 250

300


Phanerozoic

Cm


Paleoproterozoic

Phanerozoic



200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)

0 30 60 90-30-60-90

-1Dissolved oxygen (mmol kg )

0 300

De

pth

(km

)

0

4

2

5

1

3

Modern Pacific (zonal mean)

0 30 60 90-30-60-90


0 300

-1Dissolved H S (mmol kg )2

300 0


==?

High atmospheric pO2 Low atmospheric pO2

(1) Interrogating the biological pump in silico.

(2) The fundamental importance ... or not ... of the advent of pelagic calcification and mineral ‘ballasting’ of particulate organic matter fluxes.

(3) Extinctions as a window onto the biological pump components.

(4) The fundamental importance ... or not ... of physical ocean changes and particularly warming.

(5) What came before the (vertical) particulate carbon pump?

Evolution of the Biological Pump: TALK OUTLINE


Phanerozoic

Cm


Paleoproterozoic

Phanerozoic



200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)

Evolution of the Biological Pump: in silico


Phanerozoic

Cm


Paleoproterozoic

Phanerozoic



200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)

! calculate carbonate alkalinity

loc_ALK_DIC = dum_ALK & & - loc_H4BO4 - loc_OH - loc_HPO4 - 2.0*loc_PO4 - loc_H3SiO4 - loc_NH3 - loc_HS & & + loc_H + loc_HSO4 + loc_HF + loc_H3PO4

! estimate the partitioning between the aqueous carbonate species

loc_zed = ( & & (4.0*loc_ALK_DIC + dum_DIC*dum_carbconst(icc_k) - loc_ALK_DIC*dum_carbconst(icc_k))**2 + & & 4.0*(dum_carbconst(icc_k) - 4.0)*loc_ALK_DIC**2 & & )**0.5 loc_conc_HCO3 = (dum_DIC*dum_carbconst(icc_k) - loc_zed)/(dum_carbconst(icc_k) - 4.0)

loc_conc_CO3 = & & ( & & loc_ALK_DIC*dum_carbconst(icc_k) - dum_DIC*dum_carbconst(icc_k) - & & 4.0*loc_ALK_DIC + loc_zed & & ) & & /(2.0*(dum_carbconst(icc_k) - 4.0))

loc_conc_CO2 = dum_DIC - loc_ALK_DIC + & & ( & & loc_ALK_DIC*dum_carbconst(icc_k) - dum_DIC*dum_carbconst(icc_k) - & & 4.0*loc_ALK_DIC + loc_zed & & ) & & /(2.0*(dum_carbconst(icc_k) - 4.0))

loc_H1 = dum_carbconst(icc_k1)*loc_conc_CO2/loc_conc_HCO3

loc_H2 = dum_carbconst(icc_k2)*loc_conc_HCO3/loc_conc_CO3

open oceansea ice

terrestrialbiota

atmosphere

marine biota

sed

imen

ts

soils

land surface and hydrology

icesheet

2D energy-moisture balance(no clouds, dynamics)

fully 3D (‘reducedphysics’)

ocean

surf

ace layer

bioturbatedzone of 1 cm

sedimentstack layers

partially-filledupper-most

layer

bio

turb

ati

on

al

mix

ing

non-bioturbated

zone ofburied layers

simplifiedthermo-dynamic

Includes ‘main’ climate feedbacks

Nutrients: P, N, Fe, Si

Trace metals: Fe, Cd, Mo13 14

Isotope tracers: C, C, 7 15 30 34 44 144

Li, N, Si, S, Ca, Nd

‘Fast’: ~5,000 years per 24 single core hours

Simulation of the marine sedimentary record‘GENIE’

!

Evolution of the Biological Pump: in silico

tinyurl.com/kmjhe4s


Phanerozoic

Cm


Paleoproterozoic

Phanerozoic



200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)

!



Acritarchs

Ma

rtin

[1

99

5]


Foraminifera


Phanerozoic

Cm


Paleoproterozoic

Phanerozoic



200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)

Evolution of the Biological Pump:The Mesozoic planktic calcifier revolution

vo

lcan

ism

vo

lca

nis

m

silic

ate

weath

eri

ng

sh

all

ow

wa

ter

Ca

CO

bu

ria

l3

The stability of CaCO 3

(or thermodynamic favourability of precipitation)is defined by its ‘saturation state’:

2+ 2- W = [Ca ]´[CO ] /k3

‘Abiotic’ precipitation rate (proportional to global burial) goes as:

where n ~ 1.5-2.0

nr = f ´ (W-1)

rock weathering

2+ 2-Ca + CO3


low-temperaturebasaltic alteration

W

W W

decreasing saturation

de

cre

asi

ng

ca

lcific

atio

n r

ate

s(%

co

mp

are

d t

o P

rein

du

stria

l co

nd

itio

ns)

Pandolfi et al. [2011] (Science)

n = 1.0


carbonate & kerogen terrain

weathering

vo

lcan

ism

vo

lca

nis

m


silic

ate

weath

eri

ng

sh

all

ow

wa

ter

Ca

CO

bu

ria

l3

C b

uri

al

org


Now ocean saturation is more poorly regulated (n <= 1.0).(But only if saturation is not limiting to benthic calcifiers and they have excess metabolic energy?)

rock weathering



Acritarchs

Ma

rtin

[1

99

5]


Foraminifera


Phanerozoic

Cm


Paleoproterozoic

Phanerozoic



200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)

Evolution of the Biological Pump:The Mesozoic planktic calcifier revolution

vo

lcan

ism

silic

ate

weath

eri

ng

C b

uri

al

org

sh

all

ow

wa

ter

Ca

CO

bu

ria

l3


weathering

calcification

CaCO dissolution3

CaCO dissolution3

deep seaCaCO burial3

vo

lca

nis

m



rock weathering

vo

lcan

ism

silic

ate

weath

eri

ng

C b

uri

al

org

sh

all

ow

wa

ter

Ca

CO

bu

ria

l3


weathering

vo

lca

nis

m


n ~ 2.5

(W-1)

r

Evolution of the Biological Pump !

Now, the metabolic cost of calcification (ocean surface) has been spatial decoupled from where the control on ocean saturation I exerted (dissolution at the ocean floor).

calcification

CaCO dissolution3

CaCO dissolution3

deep seaCaCO burial3

rock weathering



Acritarchs

Ma

rtin

[1

99

5]


Foraminifera


Phanerozoic

Cm


Paleoproterozoic

Phanerozoic



200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)

Evolution of the Biological Pump:Planktic carbonate production and ‘ballasting’

00

-2-1

Flu

x of P

OC

(g m

yr

)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

10 20 30 40-2 -1Flux of CaCO (g m yr )3

00

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

10 20 30 40-2 -1Flux of opal (g m yr )

00

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

10 20 30 40-2 -1Flux of detrital (g m yr )

2R = 0.49

2R = 0.13

2R = 0.22

Compilation of sediment trap observations: depths >= 2000 m (to exclude hydrodynamically distorted fluxes and relationships) and differentiated by basin:

, , , .

[Wlison et al., 2012; GBC 26, doi:10.1029/2012GB004398]

cyan == Atl yellow == Ind green == Pac magenta == SO

13

dC

(‰

)

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

65.2 65.3 65.4 65.5 65.6

Time (Ma)Ridgwell et al. [in prep]

1210

465Planktic(bulk carbonate)

Benthic(foraminifera)

Paleogene Cretaceous

Evolution of the Biological Pump: ‘Hiccups’(temporary disruption or removal of one or more processes)

65.2 65.3 65.4 65.5 65.6

Time (Ma)

13

dC

(‰

)

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Ridgwell et al. [in prep]

1210

465Planktic(bulk carbonate)


Evolution of the Biological Pump: ‘Hiccups’(temporary disruption or removal of one or more processes)

high nutrient & DIC13

low d C

low nutrient & dissolvedinorganic carbon (DIC)

13high d C

13

dC

GR

AD

IEN

T

(microbial) degradation:organic matter ® nutrients+DIC

Biological productivity:nutrients+DIC ® organic matter

gra

vit

ati

on

al sett

lin

g

up

wellin

g a

nd

mix

ing

of n

utrie

nts

an

d D

IC

-20 to -30‰

Evolution of the Biological Pump: ‘Hiccups’

65.2 65.3 65.4 65.5 65.6

Time (Ma)

13

dC

(‰

)

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Ridgwell et al. [in prep]

1210

465

Severe extinction amongstcalcifying plankton

(and less interesting creaturessuch as dinosaurs etc.)

Planktic(bulk carbonate)


(biogenic mineral flux == 0)&&

(organic carbon flux == 0)=> ballasting == .true.


Oce

an d

epth

(km

)

5

4

3

2

1

0

13d C (‰)DIC

-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.5 2.51.0 2.0 3.0

modern observations (Pacific mean)

0 60 120-90

0

90

180-120 -60-180

0

Ocean depth (km)3 6


Oce

an d

epth

(km

)

5

4

3

2

1

0

13d C (‰)DIC

-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.5 2.51.0 2.0 3.0

0 60 120-90

0

90

180-120 -60-180

0

Ocean depth (km)3 6

model vs. modern observations


‘Suess Effect’

!

Oce

an d

epth

(km

)

5

4

3

2

1

0

13d C (‰)DIC

-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.5 2.51.0 2.0 3.0

0 60 120-90

0

90

180-120 -60-180

0

Ocean depth (km)3 6


model ( ) vs.13choosing: d C = -4.5‰atm latest Maastrichtian proxies

!

Oce

an d

epth

(km

)

5

4

3

2

1

0

13d C (‰)DIC

-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.5 2.51.0 2.0 3.0


model vs. early Paleogene

!

Oce

an d

epth

(km

)

5

4

3

2

1

0

13d C (‰)DIC

-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.5 2.51.0 2.0 3.0

0% biological activity

Evolution of the Biological Pump: ‘Hiccups’ !

-90 -60 -30 0 6030 90

Depth

(km

)

5

S N13

dC

(‰

)

3.0

-0.5

4

3

2

1

0

bio

tic


13Modern Pacific zonal d C profile(DIC)

!

-90 -60 -30 0 6030 90

Depth

(km

)

5

S N13

dC

(‰

)

3.0

-0.5

4

3

2

1

0

Depth

(km

)

5

4

3

2

1

0

increasing fractionation between pCO and [CO ]2 2

with decreasing temperature towards to poles

ab

ioti

cb

ioti

c

!

Oce

an d

epth

(km

)

5

4

3

2

1

0

13d C (‰)DIC

-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.5 2.51.0 2.0 3.0


30-40% biological activity

Answer:

A somewhat reduced biological pump ...

Oce

an d

epth

(km

)

5

4

3

2

1

0

13d C (‰)DIC

-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.5 2.51.0 2.0 3.0

shallow (150 m) organic matter remineralization


Answer:

A somewhat reduced biological pump ...

... or, a strange and different biological pump, consistent with profound ecological change post impact?


00

-2-1

Flu

x of P

OC

(g m

yr

)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

10 20 30 40-2 -1Flux of CaCO (g m yr )3

00

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

10 20 30 40-2 -1Flux of opal (g m yr )

00

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

10 20 30 40-2 -1Flux of detrital (g m yr )

2R = 0.49

2R = 0.13

2R = 0.22

Compilation of sediment trap observations: depths >= 2000 m to exclude hydrodynamically distorted fluxes and relationships, and differentiated by basin:

, , , .

[Wlison et al., 2012; GBC 26, doi:10.1029/2012GB004398]

cyan == Atlantic yellow == Indian green == Pacificmagenta == Southern Ocean

Spatial distribution of carrying capacity (ballasting) coefficients calculated using geographically weighted regression

analysis for CaCO .3

Wilson et al. [2012]



High productivity and export efficiency, but low biological pump

efficiency.=> labile organic matter?

Low productivity and export efficiency, but high biological

pump efficiency.=> recalcitrant organic matter?

Evolution of the Biological Pump:Ocean Carbon Cycling and Oxygenation in Warm Climates

? ?

‘ic

e-h

ou

se’

‘ho

t-h

ou

se’

‘ho

t-h

ou

se’

‘ic

e-h

ou

se’


Phanerozoic

Cm


Paleoproterozoic

Phanerozoic



200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)

(warm == stratified) && (stratified == anoxic) == .true.

???( ‘stratified’ || ‘sluggish’ || ‘stagnant’ )


tropics poles


0

0

0

04 4

4

4

4

8

8

812

12

12

16

16

20

20

−20

−20

−16

−16−12

−12

−12−8

−8

−8

−8

−8 −8

−8

−4

−4

−4

−4

−4

−40

0

0

0

0 30 60 90-30-60-90

De

pth

(km

)

0

4

2

5

1

3

S

-180 -120 -60 60-90

0

90

0 120 180

N

-1D

isso

lve

d o

xyg

en

(m

mo

l kg

)

0

50

100

150

200

250

x4 CO reference simulation2

Benthic (>1000m) [O ]2


!

0

0

0

04 4

4

4

4

8

8

812

12

12

16

16

16

20

20

−20

−20−16

−16

−16−12

−12

−12−8

−8

−8

−8

−8

−8

−8

−4

−4

−4

−4

−4

−40

0

0

0

0 30 60 90-30-60-90

De

pth

(km

)

0

4

2

5

1

3

S

-180 -120 -60 60-90

0

90

0 120 180

N

-1D

isso

lve

d o

xyg

en

(m

mo

l kg

)

0

50

100

150

200

250

x8 CO @ 10,000 yrs2

(started from end of the x4 simulation)

Benthic [O ]2


!

0

0

0

04 4

4

4

4

8

8

812

12

12

16

16

16

20

20

−20

−20−16

−16

−16−12

−12

−12−8

−8

−8

−8

−8

−8

−4

−4

−4

−4

−4

−40

0

0

0

0 30 60 90-30-60-90

De

pth

(km

)

0

4

2

5

1

3

S

-180 -120 -60 60-90

0

90

0 120 180

N

-1D

isso

lve

d o

xyg

en

(m

mo

l kg

)

0

50

100

150

200

250

x16 CO @ 10,000 yrs2

(started from end of the x4 simulation)

Benthic [O ]2


!

0

0

5

5

5

10

1015 152025

0

De

pth

(km

)

0

4

2

5

1

3

30 60 90-30-60-90

Temperature (°C)

0 30

Temperature (°C)0 30

15

1520 2025 2530

De

pth

(km

)

0

4

2

5

1

3

180 W°

x4 CO 2

Maastrichtian reference simulation


x1 CO pre-2

industrial reference simulation

180 W°

!

0

0

0

0

0

04

4

4

48

8

81212

12

16

16

20

−20

−20

−16

−16−12

−12−8

−8

−4

−4

−40

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 30 60 90-30-60-90

-1D

isso

lve

d o

xyg

en

(m

mo

l kg

)

De

pth

(km

)

0

4

2

5

1

3

S

-180 -120 -60 60-90

0

90

0 120 180

0

N

50

100

150

200

250

x16 CO @ 2,000 yrs2

transient state(incomplete adjustment to increased radiative forcing)

Benthic [O ]2


!

Oce

an d

epth

(km

)

5

4

3

2

1

0

13d C (‰)DIC

0.0-1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0

-90

0

90

100-260

13Open ocean d C adjacent to DIC

modern Tanzania

yellow == 13

observed d CDIC

blue == 13model d CDIC

(year 1994)

‘Suess Effect’

!

Oce

an d

epth

(km

)

5

4

3

2

1

0

13d C (‰)DIC

0.0-1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0

-90

0

90

100-260


modern Tanzania

5

4

3

2

1

0

13d C (‰)DIC

0.0-1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0

0-90

0

90

180-180

13Planktic foraminiferal d C from early Eocene Tanzania

yellow == 13foraminiferal d C

18d O has been convertedinto pale temperature and then to habitat depth using a coupled GCM

Oce

an d

epth

(km

)

5

4

3

2

1

0

13d C (‰)DIC

0.0-1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0

-90

0

90

100-260


modern Tanzania

5

4

3

2

1

0

13d C (‰)DIC

0.0-1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0

0-90

0

90

180-180

13Planktic foraminiferal d C from early Eocene Tanzania

blue == 13model d CDIC

(Eocene config)

!


Phanerozoic

Cm


Paleoproterozoic

Phanerozoic




200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)

Evolution of the Biological Pump:Dissolved organic matter

deepocean

surfaceocean

RDOC [630 PgC]

RDOCcreation

scavengingTe

rre

str

ial

DO

C i

np

ut

(?)

UV creation/destruction

SLDOC [6]

SRDOC [14]

60° S

Pacific Ocean

60° S

40° S

40° N

60° N

Atlantic

Ocean

0

200

400

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

20° S

20° N

0°

40° S 20° S 0° 20° N 40° N 60° N

20° N

IndianOcean

0

200

400

1,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,000

0

200

400

1,000

2,000

3,000

Depth (m

)

4,000

5,000

6,000

0°

40 50 60 70 80–1DOC (µmol kg )

Hansell [2012]


Phanerozoic

Cm


Paleoproterozoic

Phanerozoic



200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)

50

50 50

100

100

100 100

150150

150

150

200

200 200250 250

300

50

50 50

100

100

100 100

150150

150

150

200

200 200250 250

300

0 30 60 90-30-60-90


0 300

De

pth

(km

)

0

4

2

5

1

3

Modern Pacific (zonal mean)

0 30 60 90-30-60-90


0 300

-1Dissolved H S (mmol kg )2

300 0

==?

High atmospheric pO2 Low atmospheric pO2

Evolution of the Biological Pump:Dissolved organic matter

Nodes

of pla

nkt

onic

cyanobact

eria

first

occ

urr

ence

(dash

ed

)and d

iverg

ence

(fu

ll ci

rcle

) c

ircl

e


PaleoproterozoicPhanerozoic

Proterozoic

ECryogenian T

2000 1500 1000 500 0

Age (Ma)

0

20

40

60

80

100

-1M

o/T

OC

(ppm

wt%

)

Cyanobacterium UCYN-A Cyanothece & Crocosphaera

Trichodesmium

Marine Synechococcus

Prochlorococcus

54

1 2

7

7 9

8

Low fixed N supply to the open oceanLow open ocean primary production

High diversity of N fixersHigh primary production

I IIa IIb III

Transitional interval

Sanchez-Baracaldo et al. [2014]

Gla

cial e

vents

N-fixers

N-fixers

Thanks to:

Jamie Wilson & Steve Barker,Eleanor John, Paul Pearson [Cardiff]

Patricia Sanchez-Baracaldo,Sandra Arndt, Daniela Schmidt [Bristol]

Ellen Thomas [Yale]

The Royal Society, Natural Environmental Research Council, EU ERC

Documents

Evolution of the Ocean’s Biological Pump · Foraminifera Mesoproterozoic Neoproterozoic Phanerozoic Cm Era Eon Proterozoic Archean Paleoproterozoic Phanerozoic Cenozoic Mesozoic