Evolution of Plant KingdomEvolution of Plant Kingdom

BryophytesBryophytes

MossesMosses

Nonvascular plants - Nonvascular plants - lack vascular tissuelack vascular tissue

Rely on osmosis to Rely on osmosis to draw in water, which draw in water, which keeps these mosses keeps these mosses relatively small. relatively small.

Lack true roots, have Lack true roots, have rhizoids to anchor to rhizoids to anchor to the ground.the ground.

Rely on water for Rely on water for reproductionreproduction

FernsFerns

FernsFerns

Seedless vascular Seedless vascular plants -have vascular plants -have vascular tissue including true tissue including true roots, stems, and roots, stems, and leavesleaves

Vascular tissue allows Vascular tissue allows ferns to transport ferns to transport nutrients against nutrients against gravity, more efficient gravity, more efficient than diffusionthan diffusion

Require water for Require water for reproductionreproduction

GymnospermsGymnosperms

GymnospermsGymnosperms

Vascular plants that Vascular plants that bear seeds directly on bear seeds directly on the surface of conesthe surface of cones

No longer dependent No longer dependent on water for on water for reproduction, embryos reproduction, embryos are also protected by are also protected by the seedthe seed

Include Gnetophytes, Include Gnetophytes, Cycads, Ginkgoes, and Cycads, Ginkgoes, and ConifersConifers

AngiospermsAngiosperms

Reproductive organs Reproductive organs known as flowers to known as flowers to protect the seedprotect the seed

Fruit is a thick wall Fruit is a thick wall of tissue of tissue surrounding the surrounding the seedseed

Flowers and Fruits Flowers and Fruits have lead to the have lead to the great success of the great success of the AngiospermsAngiosperms