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Evolution of Lunar Surface
Lunar Erosion
Surface of Mercury
Caloris Impact
Tectonics on Mercury
Surface of Mars
Olympus Mons
Valles Marineris
Ancient Water on Mars
Past Liquid Water
Martian Oceans and Lakes
Ancient Martin Floodplain
Surface of Venus
Volcanoes on Venus
Tectonics on Venus
Pictures from Venus
Geological History
Gases in Atmospheres
• Volatiles in Molecular Form (ice or gas):– Carbon dioxide CO2 (molecular weight = 44)– Oxygen O2 (molecular weight = 32)– Nitrogen N2 (molecular weight = 28)– Water H2O (molecular weight = 18)
• Other gases:– Argon Ar (molecular weight = 40)– Neon Ne (molecular weight = 20)
• Jovian gases:– Ammonia NH3 (17), Methane CH4 (16), Helium He (4),
and Hydrogen H2 (2)
Understanding Pressure
Surface Temperatures
• Distance from Sun: the energy received from the Sun is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
• Albedo: the fraction of reflected sunlight. The darker the surface, the more light energy it absorbs.
• Rotation Rate• Greenhouse Effect
Temperature without Atmospheres