Evolution of Islamic and their architecture

8/11/2019 Evolution of Islamic and their architecture

1/43

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTUREINTRODUCTION

-Compiled byMohamed Rafiq.S


2/43

ISLAM: SUBMISSION TO GOD

MONOTHEISM: ALLAH IS THE ONE AND ONLY

GOD

Muhammad B. 570 - Prophet

Quran: Holy Book.

Spread by the sword.

2nd

most popular religion in theworld today.

Unity of political and Religious

power- theocracy.

Peripheral to Byzantine + Persian

Empires.Dominated the Mediterranean and

the Middle east by the 7th Century.


3/43

SPREAD OF ISLAM


4/43

THE BEGINING

People of the Book

Adam, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus prophetic

predecessors of Mohammad

Mohammad

Not divine

Gods messenger

No miracles

Muslims worship God directly


5/43

2 BRANCHES

SHIITE AND SUNNI MUSLIM

Shiite-

direct descendants of Muhammad are

qualified for leadership.

Sunni-Legitimacy of 1st caliphs,

Not descendants.

Elective or dynastic Islamic leadership.


6/43

THE RELIGIOUS DEMANDS OF ISLAM

INFLUENCED THE DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC

ARCHITECTURE

5 Obligations

Submission to Allah-SHAHADHA. Pray 5 times daily facing Mecca.

Give alms to the poor Zakath.

Fast during the month of Ramadan. Make a Pilgrimage to Mecca-Hajj.


7/43

DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC ART-

INFLUENCE OF STYLES

The first followers of the Holy prophet ARABS, hadno artistic or traditional styles

As Islam spread, its art forms developed and weremodified by different climatic conditions andmaterials that were available in the lands

Islam spread, adapting indigenous art styles.


8/43

EVOLUTION OF ISLAMIC

ARCHITECTURE

BUILDINGTYPOLOGIES


9/43

INFLUENCE OF STYLES

ROMAN

EARLY CHRISTIAN

BYZANTINE STYLES

PRE-ISLAMIC PERSIA

TURKS

MONGOLS

Development of Islamic Art began in the 7th century


10/43

ISLAMIC STRUCTURES

CAN BE DIVIDED INTO TWO MAIN TYPES

RELIGIOUSSTRUCTURES

The Masjid or Mosque.

The Madressah or

Religious school.

The Mausoleum or tomb.

SECULAR STRUCTURES

The Palace.

The Caravanserai or

roadside inn.

The Cities.


11/43

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ISLAMIC

BUILDINGS

It is a synthesis of: Byzantium Copte Christian

Buildings are not high,

horizontality isunderlined. The main building is the

mosque. Materials are poor in

general: brick, tiles, wax

Shapes tend to be cubic Hemispheric domes High towers (minaret)

MINARET

DOME
http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/art/images/floralpatterns/Mausoleum.Sultan.Qalawun.gif


12/43

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ISLAMIC

BUILDINGS

Supports: Column and pillar

Slim and stylised

Covers: greatvariety: Flat covers

Vaults and domes:

Groin vaultsPierced

Crafte


13/43

MOSQUE OR MASJID

A PLACE OF COMMUNITY GATHERING AND PRAYER.

THIS UNIQUE RELIGIOUS EDIFICE HAD THE TYPICAL

PROMINENT FEATURES

MIHRABA mihrab is a niche inthe wall which points

the worshipers towardMecca.

This identifies theQIBLA, within the

Mosque


14/43

MIMBAR

MIMBAR

Raised wooden seator Pulpit , from

which sermons(Khutba) wasgiven.

A place from which a

religious leader (an"imam") speaks tothe people.

Damascus, Great Mosque,qibla wall (pointing to Mecca)with minbar


15/43

ABLUTIONS FOUNTAIN

Before prayers, thefaithful cleaned theirfaces, hands, feet, andrinsed their mouths.

Cleansing was an actthat was both symbolicand literal to prepare

oneself to meet withGod in prayer


16/43

COURTYARD OR SAHN

Almost every mosque and traditionally all houses and buildings in

areas of theArab World contain a courtyard known as a sahn (Arabic ), which are surrounded on all sides by rooms and sometimes anarcade.

Sahns usually feature a centrally positioned pool known as a howz.

If a sahn is in a mosque, it is used for performing ablutions.

A simple Sahn, with ahowz in the middle. ABLUTIONS POOL OR HOWZ
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_World


17/43

PRAYER HALL OR HARAM

This is a colonnaded large hall where the prayer wasusually held.

Any ritualistic activity took place here.


18/43

IWANAn iwan is defined as a

vaulted hall or space, walled

on three sides, with one endentirely open. Iwans were a trademark of

the Sassanid architecture ofPersia, later finding theirway into Islamic architecture

This transition reached itspeak during the Seljuki erawhen iwans becameestablished as afundamental design unit inIslamic architecture.

Typically, iwans open on to acentral courtyard, and havebeen used in both public andresidential architecture.

Typically, iwans open on to a

central courtyard, and have beenused in both public and residentialarchitecture.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Turkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Turkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanid


19/43

MOSQUE COMPLEX


20/43

Sahn Qibla

Mihrab

Maqsura

Minbar

Haram

Minaret


21/43

Madresahs:oTheological colleges and schools of religion

oUsually attached directly to mosques

oTypical structure:-Four vaulted halls surrounding a center courtyard

-The largest side hall is known as the qibla

oThe four halls are usually surrounded

-Apartments

-SchoolroomsoExterior decoration usually only surrounds

openings and marks the roofline

oUnlike other public buildings where decoration

starts at the foundation and ends at the roof

Mausoleums:oMemorials to holy men and rulers

oUsually centrally planed and domed

oThe most famous Islamic mausoleum is the Taj Mahal


22/43

THE FIRST OF THE THREE GREAT SHRINES

OF ISLAM

Ka'ba at Mecca

(al-Haram al-Makki al-Sharif).

Mosque of the Prophet MuhammadMadina

Dome of the Rock(QUBBA-AL-SAKHRA)

Jerusalem.


23/43

KABA-MECCA,SAUDI ARABIA

The dimensions of the present

Ka'ba :

Northern wall :12.63 meters

Eastern wall : 11.22 meters

Western wall :13.10 meters Northwest wall :11.03 meters

(it is not completely regular.)

The Ka'ba height is 13

meters.

The door on the northern side

is 2 meters from the ground

and is 1.7 meters wide.


24/43

PROPHETS MOSQUE

THE RECONSTRUCTED

MOSQUE AT MADINA


25/43

Al-Masjid al-Nabaw ,often called the Prophet's Mosque, is a

mosque built by the Islamic Prophet Muhammad situated in the city

of Medina. It is the second holiest site in Islam (the first being the

Masjid al-Haram in Mecca). It was the second mosque built in history

and is now one of the largest mosques in the world. After an

expansion during the reign of al-Walid I, it also now incoporates the

site of the final resting place of Muhammad and early Muslim leaders

Abu Bakr (r.a)and Umar (r.a).The site was originally adjacent to Muhammad's house; he settled

there after his Hijra (emigration) to Medina in 622. He shared in the

heavy work of construction. The original mosque was an open-air

building. The basic plan of the building has been adopted in the

building of other mosques throughout the world.The mosque also served as a community center, a court, and a

religious school. There was a raised platform for the people who

taught the Quran. Subsequent Islamic rulers greatly expanded and

decorated it.

Al-masjid-al-Nawabi:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_significant_religious_siteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masjid_al-Haramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meccahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_large_mosqueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Walid_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_religious_leadershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra_%28Islam%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra_%28Islam%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_religious_leadershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Walid_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_large_mosqueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meccahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masjid_al-Haramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_significant_religious_siteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque


26/43

FEATURES:

One of the most notable features of the

site is the Green Dome over the center ofthe mosque, originallyAisha's

house,where the tomb of Muhammad is

located.

In 1279 AD, a wooden cupola was built

over the tomb which was later rebuilt

and renovated multiple times in late

15th century and once in 1817.

The dome was first painted green in

1837, and later became known as the

Green Dome.

The mosque is located in what wastraditionally the center of Medina, with

many hotels and old markets nearby. It

is a major pilgrimage site and many

people who perform the Hajj go on to

Medina before or after Hajj to visit themos ue.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Domehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aishahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aishahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Dome


27/43

DOME OF THE ROCK, (QUBBA-AL-

SAKHRA),JERUSALEM

Completed in 691, the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem is theearliest remaining Islamic monument.

The first major artistic endeavour of the Umayyads.

The reason for its erection are not given in literary or

epigraphic sources. It eventually became connected with the

miraculous Night Journey of the Prophet at the Masjid al-Aqsa generally presumed to be in Jerusalem, although the

earliest evidence in our possession is not clear on this point

and with Muhammad's ascent into Heaven from the

Rock. This is today the conception of the Muslim believer.

The location of the mosque on Mount Moriah, traditionallyaccepted as the site of the Jewish Temple and associated with

many other legends and historical events.
http://thehope.tripod.com/dome_art.htmhttp://thehope.tripod.com/dome_art.htm


28/43

HISTORY BUILT IN 687 AD AND

691 AD

ARCHITECT OFBYZANTINE TRAINING

SUPERVISION OF

SYRIAN BUILDERS DECORATION AND

MOSAIC BYCONSTANTINOPLE

EXTERIOR VIEW FROMNORTHEAST


29/43

THE DOME OF ROCK- DESCRIPTION The building is admirably located on an artificial platform,

itself part of a huge area known today as the Haram al-

Sharif(the 'Noble Sacred Enclosure'), created in Herodiantimes.

The platform is ascended by six flights of stairs, tow on thesouthern and western sides, one each on the other two. Anarcade crowns each flight. Both stairs and arcades can

only be documented from the tenth century onward, and noinformation exists about access to the platform inUmayyad times.

Not quite in the centre of the platform, the mosque has alarge central dome (about 20 metres in diameter and about

25 metres high) consisting of two wooden shells originallygilded on the outside and placed on a high drum pierced bysixteen windows in its upper part. It rests on a circulararcade of four piers and twelve columns; around the centralpart two ambulatories are separated by an octagonalarcade of eight piers and sixteen columns.


30/43

The marble columns, together with most of the

capitals, were taken from older buildings; the piers

are in heavy stone masonry; a continuous band of tie-

beams separates the capitals of the columns and theshafts of the piers from the spandrels.

The sloping roof of the octagon abuts the drum of the

dome just below the windows. Outside, each side of

the octagon is divided into seven tall and narrowpanels separated by pilasters. Five contain windows

with double grilles dating from the sixteenth century;

the original ones probably had marble tracery on the

inside and ironwork on the outside.

There are four entrances preceded by porches, one on

each of the cardinal points. Above the roof of the

octagon runs a parapet.


31/43

PLAN

SECTION AAROCK

Domed Octagons

Double wooden shell


32/43

SECTIONAL VIEWS


33/43

INTERIOR VIEWS

INTERIORPORTICO

3 columnssupporting

4 arches oneither sides

Grilledwindows

Central ambulatory&Rock


34/43

View along North Porticoshowing marble paving

The Rock inside the Dome

ArtificialCave withinrockInterior of the Dome of the Rock

where Abraham intended to sacrifice

Isaac and where, for a time,

Mohammad directed Muslims to face

when praying until Mecca became a

Muslim city.


35/43

Dome covered with alloycontaining gold

Exterior drum tile work

Lead sheets above ambulatory


36/43

GREAT MOSQUE AT DAMASCUS


37/43

UMAYYAD MOSQUE

Location within Old Damascus

The Umayyad Mosque, also known as the GreatMosque of Damascus, located in the old city ofDamascus, is one of the largest and oldest mosques in the

world. It is considered the fourth-holiest place in Islam. After theArab conquest of Damascus in 634, the mosque

was built on the site of a Christian basilica dedicated toJohn the Baptist (Yahya). The mosque holds a shrine whichtoday may still contain the head of John the Baptist,

honored as a prophet by both Christians and Muslimsalike, and is believed to be the place where Isa (Jesus) willreturn at the End of Days.

The tomb of Saladin stands in a small garden adjoining thenorth wall of the mosque
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_%28634%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Saladinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Saladinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_%28634%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus


38/43

Courtyard and sanctuary

The ground plan of the Umayyad Mosque is rectangle in shape and

measures 97 meters (318 ft) by 156 meters (512 ft). A large courtyard

occupies the northern part of the mosque complex, while the haram

("sanctuary") covers the southern part.

The courtyard is enclosed by four exterior walls. The level of the

stone pavement had become uneven over time due to several repairs

throughout the mosque's history, but recent work on the courtyard

has restored it to its consistent Umayyad-era levels.

Arcades (riwaq) surround the courtyard supported by alternatingstone columns and piers. There is one pier in between every two

columns. Because the northern part of the courtyard had been

destroyed in an earthquake in 1759, the arcade is not consistent;

when the northern wall was rebuilt the columns that were supporting

it were not.Three arcades make up the interior space of the sanctuary. They are

parallel to the direction of prayer which is towards Mecca in modern-

day Saudi Arabia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_%28architecture%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_%28architecture%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riwaqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meccahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meccahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riwaqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_%28architecture%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahn


39/43

The central transept divides the arcades into two halves each with

eleven arches.

The entire sanctuary measures 136 meters (446 ft) by 37 meters

(121 ft) and takes up the southern half of the mosque complex.

Four mihrabs line the sanctuary's rear wall, the main one beingthe Great Mihrab which is located roughly at the center of the wall.

The Mihrab of the Companions of the Prophet (named after the

Sahaba) is situated in the eastern half.

According to ancient Muslim engineer Musa ibn Shakir, the latter

mihrab was built during the mosque's initial construction and it

became the third niche-formed mihrab in Islam's history

The arcades are supported by two rows of stone Corinthian

columns. Each of the arcades contain two levels. The first

level consists of large semi-circular arches, while the second

level is made up of double arches.

This pattern is the same repeated by the arcades of thecourtyard. The three interior arcades intersect in the center

of the sanctuary with a larger, higher arcade that is

perpendicular to the qibla ("direction of prayer") wall and

faces the mihrab (niche in the wall which indicates the qibla)

and the minbar ("pulpit").
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahabahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_ibn_Shakirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiblahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihrabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niche_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minbarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulpithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulpithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minbarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niche_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihrabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiblahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_ibn_Shakirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaba


40/43

Domes

The largest dome of the mosque is known as the "Dome of

the Eagle" (Qubbat an-Nisr) and located atop the center of

the prayer hall. The original wooden dome was replaced byone built of stone following the 1893 fire.

It receives its name because it is thought to resemble an

eagle, with the dome itself being the eagle's head while the

eastern and western flanks of the prayer hall represent the

wings.

With a height of 36 meters (118 ft), the dome rests on an

octagonal substructure with two arched windows on each of

its sides. It is supported by the central interior arcade and

has openings along its parameter.


41/43

PLAN


42/43

SECTION ALONG ENTRANCE

SECTION ALONG DOME


43/43

The place where the head

of Husayn was kept on

display by Yazd.

The Dome of Treasury
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Alihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazid_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazid_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali

Documents

Evolution of Islamic and their architecture