Evolution of Exteriors

Chapter 6

Objectives

Summarize the development of exterior architectural styles throughout history, including Traditional, Modern, Contemporary.

Compare and contrast historical architectural and housing styles.

Objectives

Exterior Evolution The exteriors of a house have evolved

over time Settlers brought with them their ideas of

what houses should look like The homes are usually grouped by style

and time period

Traditional Houses reflect the experiences and traditions of the past eras, changed over time to meet the needs of their inhabitants.

Traditional homes are grouped into two major categories, including Folk houses – a style originating from the

common experiences of a group of people. Classic houses – a style that represents

the authentic repetition of architecture with enduring excellence.

Traditional Folk Houses

Affected by Climate – cold and hot areas from different

regions geographical area ethnic experiences lifestyle of the occupants available natural resources

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Traditional Folk Houses

Traditional folk houses include Native American Early English Spanish Scandinavian German Dutch French

Native American Influence

Native Americans have had a large impact on housing today.Log hogans (Navajo)Adobe dwellings (pueblo)

Box like constructionFlat roofsProjecting roof beams

Native American Influence

Hogan by the Navajo Indians

Hogans by the Navajo Indians

Pueblo Indians

Adobe dwellings

Adobe by the Pueblo Indians

Spanish Influence

South and Southwest. Climate is very warm and dry.

The traditional aspects will be seen in warmer climates. Asymmetrical design Red roof tiles Arch-shaped windows and doors Wrought iron décor Stucco walls- type of plaster applied to

exterior walls of house.

Spanish Influence

Spanish Influence

ScandinavianLog cabins are the largest impact Scandinavia plays on housing today.

Small, one story, rectangularGable roofs- come to a point in center

and slope on both sides.

Log Cabin Homes

Dutch Influence Dutch Colonial- 1st built in New York and Delaware.

Made of fieldstone or brick, sometimes wood. Gambrel roof- eaves that flare outward. Dormers- structures that project through the

roof and contain windows on the 2nd floor. Central entrance Chimney off center Windows with small panes

Dutch Colonial

German Influence 1st German-American homes were built in

Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Dutch Colonial

Gable roofs Thick fieldstone walls, becoming

more elaborate over time. Roof ledges between 1st and 2nd floor called pent

roofs.

French Influence

The French also has played a big role in housing styles today.

French Manor Symmetrical Wings on each side of the roof. Mansard roof on main part of home- type

of gambrel roof. Architects name was mansard.

Dormers

French Manor

French Influence (cont.) French Provincial- 1st built in New

Orleans. (great picture in text)

Sometimes 2 ½ stories tall Symmetrical Tops of windows break into eave lines.

English/Colonial Influence

These were usually simple, small and eventually grew larger by additions.

Cape Cod- small, symmetrical, 1 ½ story. Gable roof Central entrance & chimney Several fireplaces shutters

Cape Cod

English/Colonial Influence

Salt Box- type of Cape Cod. Term comes from the shape of the boxes

that were used to store salt at the time. Lean-to section to the back. 2-2 ½ stories tall Steep gable roof, extended to floor in the

rear. Large central chimney Large windows with small panes

Salt Box

English/Colonial Influence

Garrison- named for it’s early garrisons, or forts. Overhanging second story- this allows

extra space without widening the foundation.

Symmetrical design Steep gable roof Windows with small panes

Garrison Housing

English Influence

Georgian Simple exterior lines Windows with small panes Gable OR Hip roof-sloping ends and sides.

Sometimes topped by a flat area with a balustrade- railing.

Tall chimneys at each end of roof. Ornamentation under the eaves.

Georgian

Federal Style Housing

Boxlike shape At least 2 stories tall Symmetrical Flat roof surrounded by a balustrade. Sometimes has a portico- an open space

covered with a roof that is supported by columns.

Pediments- decorations that are usually found over the porticoes, windows, or doors. Segmental or Triangular

Federal Style

Greek Influence

Greek Revival 2 story portico that is supported by Greek

columns and has a large triangular pediment.

Usually large in size Many government buildings are designed

in Greek Revival.

Greek Revival

Southern Colonial Influence

Southern Colonial is similar to Greek Revival. Large, 2-3 story. Symmetrical 2 story columns extend across entire front. Hip or Gable roof. Often include dormers, shutters, and

belvedere-small room on the roof used as a lookout.

Southern Colonial Columns

Victorian Homes

Victorian houses are named after Queen Victoria of England. Decorative Trim High porches Gable roofs Tall windows High ceilings Turret-small tower Gingerbread- the extensive decoration on these

homes

Victorian

Modern Houses

Styles developed in the 20th century. These are relatively new compared to other

styles but may have influences from the past. Bungalow

One story Low pitched roof Shingled roof extending beyond the walls Sometimes a covered porch that is enclosed. Wood or brick Windows are set high so furniture can be placed

underneath.

Bungalow

Bungalow

Prairie Style

Orgin: Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. It’s interior space visually flows

outdoors through porches, terraces, and windows.

Designed to blend with natural surroundings.

Prairie Style

Prairie Style

Modern Ranch;

One-story structure Often has basement Low-pitched roof with wide overhang. Usually made of building materials with energy

saving features. Usually expensive to build because the amount of

land it takes up. Origin: USA; West

Types of Ranch Houses

Hillside Ranch- built on a hill. Part of the basement is exposed.

Raised Ranch- split entry. Top part of the basement is above ground. This allows light to enter the basement.

Modern

Split-level- 3 or 4 levels. Usually built on sloping lots. Good for splitting us different areas in the

house. Ex. Social, quiet, and service areas. Not convenient for people with special

needs.

Split-Level

Contemporary House These are the “latest” designs. Sometimes controversial. Architectural styles are not traditional. Unique designs that differ greatly from

house to house.

Solar Housing

Active solar heating systems- panels installed in the roof of the building to capture the sun’s energy. Fans move the heated air to areas needed.

Passive solar heating areas- no working parts. They include a design that maximizes use of sun for heating. Dark colored walls may be used to absorb

heat and transfer inside.

Solar Houses

Solar houses use systems and techniques that utilize energy from the sun

Active solar heating systems use special equipment, such as motors and fans to attract and use solar energy

Passive solar heating systems have no working parts and rely on direct sunlight on materials to attract and store solar energy, such as large windows and dark walls

Discuss Solar homes use the sun to generate electricity,

to heat the hot water, and to heat the space

What features of this solar home make it energy efficient?

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Earth-Sheltered Housing Earth-sheltered housing- partially covered

with soil. Energy efficient because the soil is a natural

insulation that protects the house. Some are partly underground or into a hill. Some use part solar energy also.

Earth-Sheltered Houses

Earth-sheltered houses are partially covered with soil

The soil helps insulate the house protect the house from the elements (wind,

low temperatures)

Postmodern Houses

Postmodern houses began in the 1970s and continue today

The features are diverse with a sense of “less is more” have a “wit” and can be bizarre or shocking include unexpected and playful elements

Discuss Postmodern homes are unique and diverse

What features are unusual about this house?

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Many exterior housing styles exist in the United States, including styles that evolved from Native Americans settlers brought from their homelands

Traditional folk styles include Native American, Spanish, Scandinavian,

Dutch, German, French, and English Early English styles also included the Cape Cod,

Saltbox, and Garrison styles

Recap

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Classic Traditional styles evolved during Colonial times, including such styles as Georgian Federal and Adam Early Classical Revival Greek Revival Southern Colonial Victorian

Recap

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Modern and contemporary housing appeared in the 20th century

These houses were designed to take advantage of the environment fit changing lifestyles

Modern houses include Prairie style Arts and Crafts, bungalow International

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Styles of contemporary housing built today vary greatly, but may include earth-sheltered and solar houses

Contemporary homes may use traditional features in a unique, distinctive way

Postmodernism combines features of past housing with a new look that

is sometimes jarring to the viewer

Recap