Evolution of EcosystemEvolution of Ecosystem--based based Fishery ManagementFishery Management

Gordon H. Kruse Gordon H. Kruse University of Alaska Fairbanks University of Alaska Fairbanks

School of Fisheries & Ocean Sciences, Juneau, Alaska School of Fisheries & Ocean Sciences, Juneau, Alaska U.S.A.U.S.A.

Patricia A. LivingstonPatricia A. LivingstonAlaska Fisheries Science CenterAlaska Fisheries Science Center

National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, Washington National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, Washington U.S.AU.S.A

Glen S. JamiesonGlen S. JamiesonFisheries and Oceans CanadaFisheries and Oceans Canada

Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, British Columbia Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, British Columbia CanadaCanada

Outline of TalkOutline of Talk

●● Definition of termsDefinition of terms

●● Historical context for ecosystemHistorical context for ecosystem--based based fishery managementfishery management

●● Overview of Canadian approaches for Overview of Canadian approaches for integrated managementintegrated management

●● Review of Alaska framework for Review of Alaska framework for implementationimplementation

●● Remaining challenges and future outlookRemaining challenges and future outlook

Primary SourcesPrimary Sources●● Garcia, S.M., A. Zerbi, C. Aliaume, T. Do Chi, and G. Garcia, S.M., A. Zerbi, C. Aliaume, T. Do Chi, and G. Lasserre. 2003. The ecosystem approach to fisheries: Lasserre. 2003. The ecosystem approach to fisheries: issues, terminology, principles, institutional issues, terminology, principles, institutional foundations, implementation and outlook. Food and foundations, implementation and outlook. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO Technical Paper 443. 71 p. Technical Paper 443. 71 p.

●● FAO. 2003. Fisheries management. 2. The FAO. 2003. Fisheries management. 2. The ecosystem approach to fisheries. Food and ecosystem approach to fisheries. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries 4 Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries 4 (Suppl. 2). 112 p .(Suppl. 2). 112 p .

Primary SourcesPrimary Sources●● Livingston, P.A., K. Aydin, J. Boldt, J. Ianelli, and J. Livingston, P.A., K. Aydin, J. Boldt, J. Ianelli, and J. JuradoJurado--Molina. 2005. A framework for ecosystem Molina. 2005. A framework for ecosystem impacts assessment using an indicator approach. ICES impacts assessment using an indicator approach. ICES Journal of Marine Science 62: 592Journal of Marine Science 62: 592--597.597.

●● Jamieson, G., R. OJamieson, G., R. O’’Boyle, and 8 coBoyle, and 8 co--authors. 2001. authors. 2001. Proceedings of the national workshop on objectives and Proceedings of the national workshop on objectives and indicators for ecosystemindicators for ecosystem--based management. Sidney, based management. Sidney, British Columbia, 27 February British Columbia, 27 February –– 2 March 2001. Canadian 2 March 2001. Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat Proceedings Series Science Advisory Secretariat Proceedings Series 2001/09, 140 p.2001/09, 140 p.

●● Schumacher, J.D., and G.H. Kruse. 2005. Toward Schumacher, J.D., and G.H. Kruse. 2005. Toward sustainable ecosystem services from the Aleutian sustainable ecosystem services from the Aleutian Archipelago. Fisheries Oceanography 14 (Suppl. 1): 1Archipelago. Fisheries Oceanography 14 (Suppl. 1): 1--15.15.

TerminologyTerminology

Integrated managementIntegrated management –– comprehensive comprehensive planning/regulation of human activities planning/regulation of human activities towards a complex set of interacting towards a complex set of interacting objectives objectives

●● Aims at minimizing user conflicts while Aims at minimizing user conflicts while assuring longassuring long--term stabilityterm stability●● Uses a collaborative approach involving Uses a collaborative approach involving stakeholdersstakeholders●● Considers cumulative effects of human Considers cumulative effects of human activitiesactivities

DefinitionsDefinitions

DefinitionsDefinitionsEcosystemEcosystem--based fisheries management (EBFM)based fisheries management (EBFM) ––an an approach that takes major ecosystem approach that takes major ecosystem components and services into account in components and services into account in managing fisheriesmanaging fisheries..

●● Its goal is to sustain biological communities Its goal is to sustain biological communities and marine ecosystems at high levels of and marine ecosystems at high levels of productivity and biological diversity so as not productivity and biological diversity so as not to jeopardize a wide range of to jeopardize a wide range of goods and goods and servicesservices from marine ecosystems while from marine ecosystems while providing food, revenues and recreation for providing food, revenues and recreation for humans. humans.

National Research Council. 1998. Sustaining marine National Research Council. 1998. Sustaining marine fisheries. National Academies Press, Washington, DC.fisheries. National Academies Press, Washington, DC.

DefinitionsDefinitionsEcosystem servicesEcosystem services –– benefits that people receive benefits that people receive from ecosystems.from ecosystems.●● Provisioning Services Provisioning Services –– products obtainedproducts obtained: : food, food, water, fuel, fiber, biochemicals, genetic resourceswater, fuel, fiber, biochemicals, genetic resources●● Regulating Services Regulating Services –– benefits from regulationbenefits from regulation: : climate, disease, water purificationclimate, disease, water purification●● Cultural Services Cultural Services –– nonnon--material benefitsmaterial benefits: : spiritual, recreational, ecotourism, aesthetic, spiritual, recreational, ecotourism, aesthetic, educationaleducational●● Supporting Services Supporting Services –– necessary for production necessary for production of all other ecosystem servicesof all other ecosystem services: : primary primary production, nutrient cycling,production, nutrient cycling, ecological value, ecological value, sustaining conditions for life on earthsustaining conditions for life on earth

Historical ContextHistorical Context

Some International Conventions Some International Conventions Involving Ecosystem ConsiderationsInvolving Ecosystem Considerations

●● 1982 United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea 1982 United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea

●● 1992 1992 UN Conference on Environment and DevelopmentUN Conference on Environment and Development

●● 1992 Convention on Biodiversity1992 Convention on Biodiversity

●● 1995 Washington Declaration on Protection of the 1995 Washington Declaration on Protection of the Marine Environment from LandMarine Environment from Land--based Activitiesbased Activities

●● 1995 UN Fish Stock Agreement (straddling stocks)1995 UN Fish Stock Agreement (straddling stocks)

●● 1995 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fishing1995 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fishing

●● FAO (1996) Precautionary Approach to Capture FAO (1996) Precautionary Approach to Capture Fisheries and Species IntroductionsFisheries and Species Introductions

●● 2001 Reykjavik Declaration on Responsible Fisheries in 2001 Reykjavik Declaration on Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystemthe Marine Ecosystem

Some International Conventions Some International Conventions Involving Ecosystem ConsiderationsInvolving Ecosystem Considerations

●● 1982 United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea 1982 United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea

●● 1992 1992 UN Conference on Environment and DevelopmentUN Conference on Environment and Development

●● 1992 Convention on Biodiversity1992 Convention on Biodiversity

●● 1995 Washington Declaration on Protection of the 1995 Washington Declaration on Protection of the Marine Environment from LandMarine Environment from Land--based Activitiesbased Activities

●● 1995 UN Fish Stock Agreement (straddling stocks)1995 UN Fish Stock Agreement (straddling stocks)

●● 1995 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fishing1995 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fishing

●● FAO (1996) Precautionary Approach to Capture FAO (1996) Precautionary Approach to Capture Fisheries and Species IntroductionsFisheries and Species Introductions

●● 2001 Reykjavik Declaration on Responsible Fisheries in 2001 Reykjavik Declaration on Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystemthe Marine Ecosystem

1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea

●● Provides a framework for the regulation of all Provides a framework for the regulation of all uses of the oceans and for development of uses of the oceans and for development of conservation and management measuresconservation and management measures●● Obliges all States to take measures to protect the Obliges all States to take measures to protect the marine environment and reduce, prevent, and marine environment and reduce, prevent, and control pollution of marine ecosystemscontrol pollution of marine ecosystems●● Measures to conserve and manage living Measures to conserve and manage living resources within the EEZ must take into account resources within the EEZ must take into account the effects of harvesting the effects of harvesting …… on species that are on species that are associated with or dependent on harvested species associated with or dependent on harvested species while ensuring that living resources are not while ensuring that living resources are not endangered by overexploitationendangered by overexploitation

1992 UN Conference on Environment and 1992 UN Conference on Environment and DevelopmentDevelopment

●● Recognize sovereign rights to exploit Recognize sovereign rights to exploit resources, as well as responsibility to do so resources, as well as responsibility to do so without damaging the environmentwithout damaging the environment●● To protect the environment, the precautionary To protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States approach shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilities. according to their capabilities. Where there are Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing costreason for postponing cost--effective measures to effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.prevent environmental degradation.

1992 Convention on Biological Diversity1992 Convention on Biological Diversity

●● States must adopt measures for conservation of States must adopt measures for conservation of biological diversity that should include biological diversity that should include establishing establishing …… protected areas for conserving protected areas for conserving biodiversity biodiversity …… and promote ecologically and promote ecologically sustainable development in areas adjacent to sustainable development in areas adjacent to protected areas.protected areas.

●● States shall rehabilitate and restore degraded States shall rehabilitate and restore degraded ecosystems through ecosystems through …… management plans management plans …… and and promote the protection of ecosystems, natural promote the protection of ecosystems, natural habitats and the maintenance of viable populationshabitats and the maintenance of viable populations

Canadian LawsCanadian Laws

Fisheries Act of 1857 (revised through 1991)Fisheries Act of 1857 (revised through 1991)●● Regulates capture, holding, and possession of all Regulates capture, holding, and possession of all

marine lifemarine life●● Makes it illegal to harmfully alter, disrupt or Makes it illegal to harmfully alter, disrupt or

destruct fish habitatdestruct fish habitat●● Focus Focus Conservation and protection of Conservation and protection of

commercially exploited species and their habitatscommercially exploited species and their habitatsOceans Act of 1997Oceans Act of 1997

●● Oceans must be managed as a collaborative effort Oceans must be managed as a collaborative effort among all stakeholders that use the oceansamong all stakeholders that use the oceans

●● Requires new management toolsRequires new management tools●● Focus Focus All human activities in Canadian All human activities in Canadian

ecosystemsecosystems

United States LawsUnited States Laws

MagnusonMagnuson--Stevens Fishery Conservation and Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976 (revised through 1996)Management Act of 1976 (revised through 1996)

●● Provides protocol and standards for developing Provides protocol and standards for developing fishery management plansfishery management plans

●● Standards include: prevention of overfishing, Standards include: prevention of overfishing, rebuilding of overfished stocks, minimization ofrebuilding of overfished stocks, minimization ofbycatchbycatch, and protection of essential fish habitat, and protection of essential fish habitat

Endangered Species Act of 1976Endangered Species Act of 1976●● Provides for conservation of endangered plants and Provides for conservation of endangered plants and

animals and their ecosystemsanimals and their ecosystems●● Requires determinations that there will be no effects Requires determinations that there will be no effects

(of fisheries) on endangered species or their critical (of fisheries) on endangered species or their critical habitathabitat

United States LawsUnited States Laws

Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972●● Strict limits on the take of marine mammalsStrict limits on the take of marine mammals●● Regulations on import of marine mammal products Regulations on import of marine mammal products

into the U.S.into the U.S.National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) of 1969National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) of 1969●● Ensures consideration of environmental values in Ensures consideration of environmental values in

policy formulationpolicy formulation●● Requires an Environmental Assessment (EA) that Requires an Environmental Assessment (EA) that

presents a brief analysis of environmental impactspresents a brief analysis of environmental impacts●● Establishes whether a more extensive Environmental Establishes whether a more extensive Environmental

Impact Statement (EIS) is necessaryImpact Statement (EIS) is necessary●● EIS must describe affected environment and EIS must describe affected environment and

consequences of activities, as well as alternativesconsequences of activities, as well as alternatives

Developing an EcosystemDeveloping an Ecosystem--based Fishery based Fishery

Management PlanManagement Plan

Developing an EBFM PlanDeveloping an EBFM Plan

Scoping of Broad IssuesScoping of Broad Issues

Background Info/AnalysisBackground Info/Analysis

Setting ObjectivesSetting Objectives

Formulating RulesFormulating Rules

Implementation & EnforcementImplementation & Enforcement

MonitoringMonitoring

Con

sulta

tion

with

Sta

keho

lder

sC

onsu

ltatio

n w

ith S

take

hold

ers 33--5 yr5 yr

AnnualAnnual

ShortShort--term Assessment & Reviewterm Assessment & Review

LongLong--term Assessment & Reviewterm Assessment & Review

Setting ObjectivesSetting Objectives

HighHigh--level Policy Goalslevel Policy Goals(economic, social, environmental(economic, social, environmental

Broad Objective for FisheryBroad Objective for Fishery

Priority IssuesPriority Issues(level at which management can address)(level at which management can address)

Operational ObjectivesOperational Objectives

Indicators and Performance MeasuresIndicators and Performance Measures

Monitoring ReviewMonitoring Reviewand Performance Evaluationand Performance Evaluation

An ExampleAn ExampleHighHigh--level Policy Goal:level Policy Goal:●● Maintain ecosystem structure and functionMaintain ecosystem structure and functionBroad Objective for Fishery:Broad Objective for Fishery:●● Maintain populations of predators and prey within Maintain populations of predators and prey within ecologically viable levelsecologically viable levelsOperational Objectives:Operational Objectives:●● Reduce harvest rate of large predators by 25%Reduce harvest rate of large predators by 25%●● Reduce harvest rate of forage fishes by 25%Reduce harvest rate of forage fishes by 25%Indicators and Performance Measures:Indicators and Performance Measures:●● Trophic level of the catchTrophic level of the catch●● Size spectrum of the catchSize spectrum of the catch

Indicators: Catch and Trophic LevelIndicators: Catch and Trophic Level

Gulf of Alaska

050

100150200250300350400450

1956

1960

1964

1968

1972

1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

Tota

l cat

ch (1

000

t)

1

2

3

4

Trop

hic

leve

l of c

atch

Total catchTL Total catch

Source: Pat Livingston, NMFSSource: Pat Livingston, NMFS

Indicator: Size SpectrumIndicator: Size Spectrum

2.11

2.43

2.66

2.84

2.99

1979 1982 1985 1988 1991

1994

1997

20000

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

4th

root

N

4h root Length class (cm)

year

2.11

2.43

2.66

2.84

2.99

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

20000

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

184t

h ro

ot N

4-th root length class (cm) Year

Eastern Bering Sea

Demersal fish size spectrum (20 - 90 cm) over 1979-2002Source: Pat Livingston, NMFSSource: Pat Livingston, NMFS

Canadian Approach to Canadian Approach to Integrated ManagementIntegrated Management

Pilot Projects to Test Implementation of IMPilot Projects to Test Implementation of IM

●● EasternEastern ScotianScotian Shelf Integrated Shelf Integrated Management (ESIM)Management (ESIM)

●● Central Coast Land and Coastal Reserve Central Coast Land and Coastal Reserve Management Plan (CCLCRMP)Management Plan (CCLCRMP)

Central Coast Integrated Management Central Coast Integrated Management (CCIM)(CCIM)

Two Broad Overarching GoalsTwo Broad Overarching Goals

Sustainability of Sustainability of Human UseHuman Use

Conservation of Conservation of Species & HabitatsSpecies & Habitats

Social & Social & Cultural Cultural

DimensionDimension

Economic Economic DimensionDimension

Environmental Environmental DimensionDimension

Conceptual Objectives for ConservationConceptual Objectives for Conservation

Conserve Conserve Ecosystem Ecosystem

ComponentsComponents(Biodiversity)(Biodiversity)

Conserve Conserve ComponentComponent’’s s

Role Role (Productivity)(Productivity)

Conserve Conserve Physical & Physical & Chemical Chemical PropertiesProperties

Maintain Maintain CommunitiesCommunities

Maintain Maintain Primary Primary

ProductivityProductivity

Conserve Conserve Critical Critical

LandscapeLandscape

Maintain Maintain SpeciesSpecies

Maintain Maintain PopulationsPopulations

Maintain Maintain Trophic Trophic

StructureStructure

Maintain Maintain Population Population Generation Generation

TimeTime

Conserve Conserve Water Water

QualityQuality

Conserve Conserve Biota Biota

QualityQuality

Unpacking: Operational ObjectivesUnpacking: Operational Objectives●● Verb (e.g., Verb (e.g., maintainmaintain))●● Specific biological property or indicator Specific biological property or indicator

(e.g., (e.g., herring spawning biomassherring spawning biomass))●● Reference point (e.g., Reference point (e.g., 50,000 t50,000 t))Lessons learned:Lessons learned:●● Unpacking of conceptual objectives needs Unpacking of conceptual objectives needs

to occur as part of IMto occur as part of IM●● Tendency to use available data to define Tendency to use available data to define

objectives rather than vice versaobjectives rather than vice versa●● Tendency to focus on one set of objectives Tendency to focus on one set of objectives

as it is difficult to get all relevant expertise as it is difficult to get all relevant expertise together at oncetogether at once

Tools: Assessment FrameworksTools: Assessment FrameworksIndex of Biotic Integrity (Karr et al. 1986):Index of Biotic Integrity (Karr et al. 1986):●● Technique to assess relative health of biotic community in Technique to assess relative health of biotic community in

an ecosysteman ecosystem●● Pools information from a series of different indicatorsPools information from a series of different indicators●● Considers requisite components (i.e., structure) and Considers requisite components (i.e., structure) and

interrelationships (i.e., function)interrelationships (i.e., function)Issues:Issues: (1) relies on comparisons with pristine reference site, (1) relies on comparisons with pristine reference site,

(2) no rules on what is necessary and sufficient, and (3) (2) no rules on what is necessary and sufficient, and (3) robustness (error rates) have not been robustness (error rates) have not been analyzedanalyzed

Traffic Light Approach (Caddy 1999)Traffic Light Approach (Caddy 1999)●● Originally developed to integrate multiple indicators of fish Originally developed to integrate multiple indicators of fish

stock assessment in datastock assessment in data--poor situationspoor situations●● Multiple indicators are listed, equally weighted, and Multiple indicators are listed, equally weighted, and

grouped in composites of related indicatorsgrouped in composites of related indicatorsIssues:Issues: under development for this ecosystem applicationsunder development for this ecosystem applications

Alaska Ecosystem Alaska Ecosystem Assessment FrameworkAssessment Framework

Ecosystem Assessment FrameworkEcosystem Assessment Framework

Gather information:Historical status

and trends,ecosystem components

and stressors

Establish assessmentframework: objectives,thresholds, indicators

Generate managementalternatives,

future scenarios,predictive models

DECISIONExpert judgment

to analyze impactsand provide advice

●● Ecosystem Chapter accompanies single Ecosystem Chapter accompanies single species stock assessment advice to North species stock assessment advice to North Pacific Fishery Management Council since Pacific Fishery Management Council since 19951995

●● Provides status and historical trends of Provides status and historical trends of species, communities and ecosystemspecies, communities and ecosystem--level level indicators of environmental and human indicators of environmental and human impactsimpacts

●● Allows monitoring of ecosystemAllows monitoring of ecosystem--based based management effortsmanagement efforts

Part 1: Status and TrendsPart 1: Status and TrendsAlaskan Ecosystem Considerations ChapterAlaskan Ecosystem Considerations Chapter

Management IndicatorsManagement Indicators

Eastern Bering Sea

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

Tota

l cat

ch (t

)

1

2

3

4

Trop

hic

leve

l (ca

tch)

Total catch

Trophic level ofcatch

Total catch and trophic level of catch

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Year

Obs

erve

d bo

ttom

traw

l dur

atio

n (2

4hr d

ays)

GOAAIBS

Time trends in bottom trawl effort

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Year

Long

line

effo

rt (1

,000

hoo

ks)

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

Inci

dent

al ta

ke o

f sea

bird

s

Effort (1000 hooks)Number of seabirds

BSAI Non-target

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Tota

l Cat

ch (t

ons)

Amount and composition of non-target fish species in catchSeabird bycatch and fishing effort

Ecosystem Status IndicatorsEcosystem Status Indicators

3.16

3.65

3.98

4.23

4.42

1982 19

85 1988 19

91 1994 19

97 20000

123456789

101112

ln (N +1)

ln (length midpoint +1)

Year

Size frequency distribution all fish

11.000-12.00010.000-11.0009.000-10.0008.000-9.0007.000-8.0006.000-7.0005.000-6.0004.000-5.0003.000-4.000

Seabird Population Trends

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

N.Bering/Chukchi

SE Bering SW Bering Gulf of Alaska Southeast

Freq

uenc

y

Negative trend No discernable trend Positive trend

Fish community size spectrum

Pa c ific De c a d a l O sc illa tio n

- 4 .0 0

- 3 .0 0

- 2 .0 0

- 1 .0 0

0 .0 0

1 .0 0

2 .0 0

3 .0 0

4 .0 0

19

00

19

05

19

10

19

15

19

20

19

25

19

30

19

35

19

40

19

45

19

50

19

55

19

60

19

65

19

70

19

75

19

80

19

85

19

90

19

95

20

00

Ye a r

Ind

ex

P D O5 -m o n th ru n n in g m e a n

1 5 -m o n th ru n n in g m e a n

Seabird population trends

Environmental fluctuations

YE AR1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

00.20.40.60.8

11.21.41.61.8

Population trends of non-target fish species

SEAPENS/W HIPS

0

500

1000

1500

2000

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Bio

mas

s (t

Status of structural habitat biota

Part 2: Assessment, Prediction & AdvicePart 2: Assessment, Prediction & Advice

●● Requires an Requires an ecosystem impacts assessment ecosystem impacts assessment frameworkframework

●● Uses NEPAUses NEPA as the umbrella legislation for as the umbrella legislation for providing an ecosystemproviding an ecosystem--based management based management framework that considers the ecosystem firstframework that considers the ecosystem first

●● Predictive modelsPredictive models of possible future trends of possible future trends under various management strategies under various management strategies

●● Provide guidanceProvide guidance on possible combined on possible combined effects of fishing and climate that are not effects of fishing and climate that are not captured under single species assessmentscaptured under single species assessments

Numerical Biophysical Numerical Biophysical Predictive ModelsPredictive Models

Biological Food Base Biological Food Base Energetic ModelsEnergetic Models

Single Species Single Species Recruitment ModelsRecruitment Models

Wilderbuer et al. 2002

Examples of ModelsExamples of Models

Research Challenge and SolutionsResearch Challenge and SolutionsChallengeChallenge●● In many systems, knowledge of ecosystem In many systems, knowledge of ecosystem function and structure is rudimentary and needs to function and structure is rudimentary and needs to be improvedbe improvedTwo SolutionsTwo Solutions●● Increased funding:Increased funding: The U.S. Commission on The U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy (2004) recommended doubling current Ocean Policy (2004) recommended doubling current federal ocean and coastal research budget from federal ocean and coastal research budget from $650 M to $1.3 B $650 M to $1.3 B ●● Adaptive managementAdaptive management: Cautious experimentation : Cautious experimentation to understand impact of incomplete knowledgeto understand impact of incomplete knowledge

ConclusionsConclusions

●● Frameworks exist to develop an EBFM Frameworks exist to develop an EBFM approach approach

●● Need more explicit definition of EBFM Need more explicit definition of EBFM objectives using public inputobjectives using public input

●● Need to increase funding for researchNeed to increase funding for research

●● Need to improve assessment and decisionNeed to improve assessment and decision--making frameworksmaking frameworks

●● Success depends on a commitment to the Success depends on a commitment to the process, including an open and transparent process, including an open and transparent involvement of all affected stakeholder groupsinvolvement of all affected stakeholder groups