Evolution

Genetic change in a population over time

What are the 3 necessary ingredients for evolution?

• Evolution is a natural phenomenon that will occur wherever suitable conditions exist

• It’s a genetic change in a population over time• Is the example below macroevolution or microevolution?

Evidences for Evolution

• Fossils: What is a fossil?

• Comparative Embryology

• Comparative Biochemistry

• Comparative Anatomy

Fossil Evidence

• Preservation in ice and acid

• Preservation in amber

• Preserved hard parts

• Petrification

• Molds and casts

• Imprints

Preservation in Ice & Acid• Organisms are kept from decaying

in ice or strongly acidic conditions.• Why are bogs conducive to preservation

and not decomposition?

Preservation in Amber

• Fossilized tree sap

Preserved Hard Parts

• Organic materials in hard parts of living things leech out and are replaced by minerals in the surrounding rock

Petrification

• Organic materials in tree tissue leech out and are replaced by minerals in the surrounding rock

Molds & Casts• Molds impressions

• Casts 3-D

• Identify the 3 pictures as molds or casts.

Imprints

• Impressions or indentations in rock

Stratificationstrata

• What does the root word “strata”mean?

• How fossils are formed• Becoming a Fossil

Relative Datingestimating the age of something compared to something else

Absolute Dating

RadioMetric Dating Video: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/03/3/l_033_01.html

• radioactive: decay of nuclei of unstable atoms half-life

• uranium 238 = 4.5billion yrs uraniumlead

• C14 up to 40,000yrs• C14C12 half life 5700

• If a piece of rock is found with a Lead:Uranium ratio of 7:1, how old is the rock?

Comparative Embryology• "ontogeny

recapitulates phylogeny"

• each embryo has to repeat the adult stages of its biological predecessors

• Haeckel was a fraud!

Comparative Biochemistry

• DNA sequence and protein molecules

• What is the adjacent picture called?

• What is the name of the process which generates it?

Comparative Anatomy

• Homologous structures

• Analogous structures

• Vestigial structures

Homologous Structures• Similar in design, different in function

• Divergent Evolution offspring of a common (similar) ancestor diverge b/c they are adapted by different environments

Adaptive Radiation process by which ancestral species evolve into a number of diff species

Analogous Structuressimilar in function different in design

• offspring nonrelated (different) ancestors converge b/c they are adapted by similar environments

• Speed and stealth in the water

• Rolling for defense

What is the name of this animal?

• Echolocation for feeding in darkness (Oil bird and bat)

• Convergent Evol.• result of geographic

isolation and niches to be filled

• process by which different species evolve similar structures or adaptations to similar (but diff) environments

Parallel Evolution

Divergent, Convergent & Parallel Evolution

Make a Venn comparing the 3 types of evolution. 3 facts per group.

• Hummingbird flowers• What kind of evolution

do these flowers exhibit? Why?

Co-Evolution• When two different

organisms change in response to each other

• How many bees are on the screen? Write your answer and then watch the videos.

Evolution of Camouflage:

Orchard Wasps

MimicryWill the REAL stinging insect please stand up!How many stinging insects on the screen?

Mimicry only works if there are more _____________

Vestigial structures• a structure or organ

that has no apparent use

• if organisms use the minimal amount of E to survive,why would they use E to form a structure that has no use?

Theories of Evolution• Empedocles• Aristotle• Linnaeus• Lamarck• Cuvier• Lyell• Wallace/Darwin• Stanley/Gould• Science influences

society, which influences science.

Lamarck & Acquired Characteristics

• Acquired characteristics traits acquired during life can be passed to offspring

• Theory of Use & Disuse what we use gets larger and what we don’t gradually disappears

Natural Selection (Darwin & Wallace)

• Overproduction

• Struggle for existence/ Competition

• Variation within a species

• Survival of the fittestproblem: how did variations arise?

How does Evolution Really Work

Overproduction

• Thomas Malthus "Essay on Principles of Population"

• geometric/exponential progression (vs arithmetic)

Gradualism vs Punctuated Equilibrium

Permian Extinction

Speciation

Formation of a new species (group of organisms that can reproduce fertile offspring) needs:

1. Available niche

2. Genetic Isolation

3. Time

Genetic Isolation

Geographic/allopatric Isolation results from physical separation

Ecological/sympatric Isolation:• Mechanical (post/pre zygotic)• Temporal• Ethological (behavioral)• Isolating Lacewing songs

Directional Selection

• Selection against one extreme

• Fit to be ONE extreme

Stabilizing Selection• Selection against

both extremes

• Fit to be AVERAGE

Disruptive Selection

• Selection against the average

• It is fit to be BOTH extremes

• Give a plausible example of each of the 2 types of speciation.

• Give a plausible example of each of the 3 types of selection.

• Making a Cladistic: Try the following activity: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/change/family/

Why Does Evolution Matter Now?

• Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance

• Biological Invaders

How Did We Meet the GPS?SB5. Students will evaluate the role of natural selection in the development of the theory of evolution.

a. Trace the history of the theory.

b. Explain the history of life in terms of biodiversity, ancestry, and the rates of evolution.

c. Explain how fossil and biochemical evidence support the theory.

d. Relate natural selection to changes in organisms.

e. Recognize the role of evolution to biological resistance (pesticide and antibiotic resistance).

References

• Absolute Dating: dig.anthro.niu.edu/anth102/ 01intro/1dating.html

• PBS Evolution Library: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/index.html

• Mimicry: http://www.morning-earth.org/Graphic-E/Transf-Mimic.html

• NOVA: Homeobox Genes