EVOLUTION AND CURRENT STATE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION. REPUBLIC OF CUBA EVOLUTION AND CURRENT STATE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION

EVOLUTION AND CURRENT STATE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND

INNOVATION. REPUBLIC OF CUBA

EVOLUTION AND CURRENT STATE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND

INNOVATION. REPUBLIC OF CUBA

Sri Lanka, November 2006

Dr. Vito Quevedo RodríguezDirector of Technology and Innovation

Area:Area: 110860 110860 kmkm22

Population.:Population.: 11 243 358 Hab.11 243 358 Hab.Weather:Weather: Subtropical moderadoSubtropical moderadoT media: T media: 25°C25°C Most important river: Most important river: CautoCautoMost important mountain: Most important mountain: Pico TurquinoPico Turquino

Pico TurquinoPico Turquino1974 m high1974 m high5633 pies over sea5633 pies over sea

Havana Havana Located on the Gulf of Mexico, Located on the Gulf of Mexico, in the middle of Caribbean Sea.in the middle of Caribbean Sea.Located on the Gulf of Mexico, Located on the Gulf of Mexico, in the middle of Caribbean Sea.in the middle of Caribbean Sea.

Tomás RomayTomás Romay

Pedro KouríPedro Kourí

Carlos J. FinlayCarlos J. Finlay

ONLY INDIVIDUAL ONLY INDIVIDUAL PERSONALITIES:PERSONALITIES:

Cuban scientific and technological Cuban scientific and technological development was practically development was practically

inexistent before 1959.inexistent before 1959.

Cuban scientific and technological Cuban scientific and technological development was practically development was practically

inexistent before 1959.inexistent before 1959.

““... The future of our homeland ... The future of our homeland must necessarily be must necessarily be

a future of men of sciences, a future of men of sciences, a future of men a future of men of of thought thought ...” ...”

Fidel Castro Ruz,Fidel Castro Ruz, 1960 1960

1 million illiterates1 million illiterates

No research centres No research centres (only 4 experimental stations (only 4 experimental stations with less than 100 researchers)with less than 100 researchers)

No programs of S+T No programs of S+T supported by government supported by government or enterprisesor enterprises

Only 3 UniversitiesOnly 3 Universities

Before 1959Before 1959::TodayToday::

0,93 % GDP devoted to S&T activities 0,5 researchers with category / 1000

inhabitantsExists more of 1,9 scientific and

engineers / 1000 inhabitants

220 institutions devoted to S&T (>37 000 people)

115 are research institutes115 are research institutesMore of 65 High Education Centers (>

20 000 professors with higher degrees). Local universities (SUM)

0,8 PhD / 1000 inhabitants

MINISTRY OF SCIENCE, MINISTRY OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY

AND ENVIRONMENTAND ENVIRONMENT

MINISTRY OF SCIENCE, MINISTRY OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY

AND ENVIRONMENTAND ENVIRONMENT

It is part of the State’s Central Administration and its contributes to achieve sustainable development in Cuba integrate Science, Technology

and the protection of the Environment

Answering Answering for our for our

developingdeveloping

CUBAN SCIENTIFIC POLICY CUBAN SCIENTIFIC POLICY PILLARSPILLARS CUBAN SCIENTIFIC POLICY CUBAN SCIENTIFIC POLICY PILLARSPILLARS

Generation Generation of our own of our own

technologiestechnologies

Assimilation of Assimilation of International International Technologies Technologies and Knowledges and Knowledges

Assimilation of Assimilation of International International Technologies Technologies and Knowledges and Knowledges

Development Development of our ownof our ownHuman Human PotentialPotential

INTEGRATIONINTEGRATION

CUBAN SYSTEM CUBAN SYSTEM OF SCIENCE AND OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGICAL

INNOVATION INNOVATION

CUBAN SYSTEM CUBAN SYSTEM OF SCIENCE AND OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGICAL

INNOVATION INNOVATION

An organizational form An organizational form through the one through the one

scientific and scientific and technological policy technological policy

is materializedis materialized

An organizational form An organizational form through the one through the one

scientific and scientific and technological policy technological policy

is materializedis materialized

SYSTEM OF SYSTEM OF PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMS AND

PROJECTSPROJECTSNATIONAL, NATIONAL,

SECTORIAL, LOCAL ANDSECTORIAL, LOCAL ANDINSTITUTIONALINSTITUTIONAL

ONN, OCPI,INFORMATION

ENTITY OF PRODUCTION

AND SERVICES

ECITECIT

POLES, FCT. ANIR, POLES, FCT. ANIR, BTJ, ACC, SNTC, BTJ, ACC, SNTC,

Scientific and Professional Scientific and Professional Societies,Societies,

Social CouncilSocial Council

LEGAL ASPECTSLEGAL ASPECTS

GOVERNMENT,GOVERNMENT,MINISTRIES, OTHERSMINISTRIES, OTHERS

CUBAN SYSTEM OF SCIENCE AND CUBAN SYSTEM OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONTECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION

CUBAN SYSTEM OF SCIENCE AND CUBAN SYSTEM OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONTECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION

IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF OUR SYSTEMIMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF OUR SYSTEMIMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF OUR SYSTEMIMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF OUR SYSTEM

ANIRANIR

ACCACC

FCTFCT BTJBTJ

PolosPolos

INTEGRATIONINTEGRATION

National LevelNational Level

Territorial LevelTerritorial Level

Local LevelLocal Level

BASE LEVELBASE LEVEL(Enterprises,(Enterprises,cooperatives, cooperatives,

etc)etc)

SYSTEM OF PROGRAMS ANDPROJECTS

INTEGRATIONELEMENTS

STRATEGIESPRIORITIES

CUBAN SYSTEM OF SCIENCECUBAN SYSTEM OF SCIENCEAND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONAND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION.CUBAN SYSTEM OF SCIENCECUBAN SYSTEM OF SCIENCEAND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONAND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION.

LEVELS ANDREACHES

LEVELS ANDREACHES

PRIORITIESPRIORITIES

IMPACTIMPACTSTRATEGIESSTRATEGIES

SCIENCESCIENCEPRIORITIESPRIORITIES(2002-2006)(2002-2006)

FOOD PRODUCTION

HEALTH

ENERGY

ENVIRONMENT

EDUCATION

TICS

SOCIETY

n

O

H

HHH

O

OH

O

CH2OH

PO

O

O

O

OH

OH

OH

Na

O

H

HHH

O

OH

O

CH2OH

POO

OH

OH

OH

OH

Na

O

NH

N

O

OO

BIOTECH-NOLOGY

Total 2856Total 2856275 (8%)

2058 (60%)

1082 (32%)

Porcentaje de proyectos en PNCT, PRCT y PTCT. Año 2004

PTCT

PRCT

PNCT

275 (8%)

2058 (60%)

1082 (32%)


PTCT

PRCT

PNCT

Total:

3415Total:Total:

34153415

Total 2856Total 2856275 (8%)

2058 (60%)

1082 (32%)


PTCT

PRCT

PNCT

275 (8%)

2058 (60%)

1082 (32%)


PTCT

PRCT

PNCT

Total:

3415Total:Total:

34153415275 (8%)

2058 (60%)

1082 (32%)


PTCT

PRCT

PNCT

275 (8%)

2058 (60%)

1082 (32%)


PTCT

PRCT

PNCT

Total:

3415Total:Total:

34153415

PROJECTS EXECUTIONPROJECTS EXECUTION

PROJECTS IN PNCT, PRCT, PTCT. (YEAR 2004)

Some indicators about Human Resources

Some indicators about Human Resources

79 087 peoples participate on Science and

Technological Innovation System 32 093 peoples work (full time) on R&D 5 526 researchers working on R&D 1 003 young peoples participate on

Scientific Tasks

79 087 peoples participate on Science and

Technological Innovation System 32 093 peoples work (full time) on R&D 5 526 researchers working on R&D 1 003 young peoples participate on

Scientific Tasks

Peoples on Scientific and Technological Activity Peoples on Scientific and Technological Activity (according educational level)(according educational level)

12795 1265012275 13184

157821697317205

1814720408

2075621056

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005

Con nivel superior (Higher education) Con nivel medio (Technicians)Otros Trabajadores (Others workers)

Source: Ministry of Science, Technology and

Environment (Dir. Human Resources)

Researchers

5129 5151 5163

55255468

5378

5075

4877

5075 5115

5526

4500

4600

4700

4800

4900

5000

5100

5200

5300

5400

5500

5600

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005

Investigadores (Researchers)

3859

4

3860

7

3848

1

3576

5

3352

7

3080

2

3218

6

2831

9

2869

2

3071

4

3262

2 4049

3

4038

0

4001

6

3770

5

3625

1

3327

2

3032

6

3461

6

3236

0

3197

0

3011

6

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Hombres (Male) Mujeres (Female)

Peoples in ACT by genderPeoples in ACT by gender

Universities according science branch

4846

5696

4941 5116

3632

580757425963 5769

7315

1890 2055 1977 20302363 2573

40184470

52125497

6654

7195

4708

8316

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

99/ 2000 2000/ 01 2001/ 02 2002/ 03 2003/ 04 2004/ 05

Ciencias Médicas (Medical Sciences)Ciencias P edagógicas (Educational Sciences)Ciencias Técnicas (Engineering)Otras (Others)

Grados Científicos Otorgados

4984

5201 5380 5576 58

54

6076 63

63 6719 7045 75

27 8494

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

PhD and Dr. in SciencesPhD and Dr. in SciencesPhD and Dr. in SciencesPhD and Dr. in Sciences

1.43

1.261.33

1.491.69

1.75

0.77

0.610.7

0.87

0.83

0.82

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

ACT/PIB I+D/PIB

TOTAL EXPENDITURES ON SCIENTIFIC TOTAL EXPENDITURES ON SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL ACTIVITIESAND TECHNOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES




146.3 179.1 189.6 209.1 230.1234.2

290.6330.4 316.9

364.6 381.3

388.1

0

100

200

300

400

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Gastos en ACT Gastos en I+D

76

3340

168160195

177

174127

160

1.1

0.65

1.361.31.271.3

0.98

1.160.96

0.76

0

50

100

150

200

250

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 20050

0.5

1

1.5

Solicitudes Nacionales (National Application)

Solicitudes Extranjeras (Foreign Application)Coeficiente de Invención (Application Rate)

Patent applications filed in CubaPatent applications filed in Cuba

Source: Nacional Office of Industrial Property

Legal state of patent applications

59

111117

92

116

45

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Registros concedidos (Granted Application)

Fuente: OCPI

Source: Nacional Office of Industrial Property

Indicators in RAND Report of World Bank (March, 2001).

CountryGDP

percapita

Resear chers and engeneer

s by million of inhabitan

ts

Scientific

Articles

Total expenditures

%GDP

Entities and

Universities by million

of inhabitants

Patents in USA

and UE

General

Index

CUBA 2194 1612Total:

17, 7321.6/M

inhab.

147 0.8 2.16 12 0.11

Brasil 4630 168 3511 0.8 0.65 440 0.1

México 3840 214 1758 0.3 0.56 262 -0.14

Argentina

8030 660 1944 0.4 2.22 176 -0.09

Portugal 10670

1182 968 0.6 4.2 77 0.07

España 14100

1305 10557 0.9 3.07 1904 0.44

China 750 454 7763 0.7 0.3 466 0.1

Canadá 19170

2719 20989 1.7 91.75 12559 2.08

0.070.10.10.11

0.44

-0.09

-0.1 -0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Espa

ña

Cuba

Bras

il

Chin

a

Portu

gal

Arge

ntin

a

Mex

ico

Contribution of STA for the development of each country

Elements of Elements of IntegrationIntegration

of our Science andof our Science and

Technological and Technological and Innovation Innovation

SystemSystem

Elements of Elements of IntegrationIntegration

of our Science andof our Science and

Technological and Technological and Innovation Innovation

SystemSystem

FCTFCTScience and Technique Forum is a massive movement that contributes to the integration of Science and Technology in entities as enterprises, hospitals, hotels, schools, and others, by principles of

INTEGRATIONINTEGRATIONCOOPERATIONCOOPERATION and andOVERCROWDINGOVERCROWDING

ANIRANIRNational Innovators and National Innovators and Rationalizators Rationalizators Association has the role Association has the role of of contributing to foment contributing to foment the innovative culture and the innovative culture and its practice in a massive its practice in a massive way, mainly way, mainly incremental incremental innovationsinnovations. .

National Innovators and National Innovators and Rationalizators Rationalizators Association has the role Association has the role of of contributing to foment contributing to foment the innovative culture and the innovative culture and its practice in a massive its practice in a massive way, mainly way, mainly incremental incremental innovationsinnovations. .

IN MORE OF 230 000 ENTITIES

37 500 RESULTS HAS BEEN OBTAINED

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

3500000

I III V VII IX XI XIII

soluciones

autores

3 MMRESULTS

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

PRESENTADAS CONCEDIDAS APLICADAS

1990 1994 1999 2000 2004

15 Scientific 15 Scientific Poles distributed Poles distributed over over all our countryall our country

15 Scientific 15 Scientific Poles distributed Poles distributed over over all our countryall our country

THEMATICSTHEMATICS::Biotechnology, Social Sciences, Industrial

THEMATICSTHEMATICS::Biotechnology, Social Sciences, Industrial

Local o territorial PolosLocal o territorial Polos:In each one of our provincesand dedicated to give answerof main priorities of provinces

Local o territorial PolosLocal o territorial Polos:In each one of our provincesand dedicated to give answerof main priorities of provinces

DEMANDDEMANDDEMANDDEMAND

OFFEROFFEROFFEROFFER

MAIN RESULTS OBTAINEDMAIN RESULTS OBTAINED(in our Scientific Poles)(in our Scientific Poles)

MAIN RESULTS OBTAINEDMAIN RESULTS OBTAINED(in our Scientific Poles)(in our Scientific Poles)

IMPORTANT SOLUTIONS OF IMPORTANT SOLUTIONS OF MAIN THEMATICS PROBLEMSMAIN THEMATICS PROBLEMS

AND OTHERS OF LOCAL DEVELOPMENTAND OTHERS OF LOCAL DEVELOPMENT

AN EFFECTIVE AN EFFECTIVE MECHANISM OF MECHANISM OF INTEGRATIONINTEGRATION

A DIFFERENT WAY OF:A DIFFERENT WAY OF: MAKE SCIENCEMAKE SCIENCE GENERATE AND DEAL NEW PRODUCTS AND SERVICESGENERATE AND DEAL NEW PRODUCTS AND SERVICES OBTAIN GOODS FOR OUR SOCIETYOBTAIN GOODS FOR OUR SOCIETY

RESULTS OF HIGH IMPACTRESULTS OF HIGH IMPACT

75% OF OUR 75% OF OUR DRUG CONSUMPTION DRUG CONSUMPTION

IS NATIONAL IS NATIONAL PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION

EARLY ALERT OF DRY SEASON

MORBIDITY RATES FOR MORBIDITY RATES FOR MENINGOCOCCUS-B MENINGOCOCCUS-B

CUBA 1962-1998, RATE x 100,000 INH.

62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98*0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

SOURCE: MINISTRY OF PUBLIC HEALTH, NATIONAL STATISTICAL DEPT.

National Incidence of Hepatitis B in

Childs between 5 - 15 years old

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Nú

mer

o d

e ca

sos

Niños menores de 15 años 304 349 240 212 136 144 77 10 7 2 1 1

Niños menores de 5 años 72 66 48 31 16 17 6 1 1 0 0 0

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 2001 2002

Fuente: Ministerio Salud

Heberbiovac HBHeberbiovac HBCertificación Certificación

OMSOMS 20012001

Cuba 1991 - 2002Cuba 1991 - 2002

World Health ChartWorld Health ChartWorld Health ChartWorld Health Chart

Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) per cápita en USD (1997)Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) per cápita en USD (1997)Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) per cápita en USD (1997)Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) per cápita en USD (1997)Su

perv

iven

cia

in

fan

til h

asta

5

añ

os p

or

cad

a 1

00

0 n

acid

os v

ivos (

19

97

)S

up

erv

iven

cia

in

fan

til h

asta

5

añ

os p

or

cad

a 1

00

0 n

acid

os v

ivos (

19

97

)S

up

erv

iven

cia

in

fan

til h

asta

5

añ

os p

or

cad

a 1

00

0 n

acid

os v

ivos (

19

97

)S

up

erv

iven

cia

in

fan

til h

asta

5

añ

os p

or

cad

a 1

00

0 n

acid

os v

ivos (

19

97

)

CubaCuba

METEOROLOGY AUTOMATIC

RADAR

EFFECTIVEWEATHERFORECAST

FOOD FOOD PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION

FOOD FOOD PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION

TILAPIA TILAPIA MONOSEXOMONOSEXO

TILAPIA TILAPIA MONOSEXOMONOSEXO

MEJORAMIENTO Y MEJORAMIENTO Y TRATAMIENTO TRATAMIENTO

DEDE SUELOS

MEJORAMIENTO Y MEJORAMIENTO Y TRATAMIENTO TRATAMIENTO

DEDE SUELOS

STABILAK STABILAK STABILAK STABILAK

VACUNA GAVAC VACUNA GAVAC (contra B. microplus, (contra B. microplus,

Garrapata),Garrapata),

VACUNA GAVAC VACUNA GAVAC (contra B. microplus, (contra B. microplus,

Garrapata),Garrapata),

MEJORAMIENTO DE MEJORAMIENTO DE VARIEDADESVARIEDADES

Y EL PROCESO IND.Y EL PROCESO IND.

MEJORAMIENTO DE MEJORAMIENTO DE VARIEDADESVARIEDADES

Y EL PROCESO IND.Y EL PROCESO IND.


OUR PRODUCTION OF NATIONAL OIL AND OUR PRODUCTION OF NATIONAL OIL AND NATURAK ASSOCIATE GAS IS NATURAK ASSOCIATE GAS IS GUARANTEED FOR 100% OF THEIR USE IN GUARANTEED FOR 100% OF THEIR USE IN INDUSTRYINDUSTRY

NATIONAL OIL NATIONAL OIL

(SEVEN TIMES)(SEVEN TIMES)1991-20021991-2002

NATURAL ASSOCIATE GASNATURAL ASSOCIATE GAS

(FIFTEEN TIMES)(FIFTEEN TIMES)1991-20021991-2002

• RECORD OF PRODUCTIONRECORD OF PRODUCTION• 4TH. WORLD PRODUCER OF Ni4TH. WORLD PRODUCER OF Ni• 10% OF TOTAL PRODUCTION 10% OF TOTAL PRODUCTION OF CoOF Co• CUBA ONE OF 3 FIRST CUBA ONE OF 3 FIRST

RESERVE OF Ni AND CoRESERVE OF Ni AND Co

• RECORD OF PRODUCTIONRECORD OF PRODUCTION• 4TH. WORLD PRODUCER OF Ni4TH. WORLD PRODUCER OF Ni• 10% OF TOTAL PRODUCTION 10% OF TOTAL PRODUCTION OF CoOF Co• CUBA ONE OF 3 FIRST CUBA ONE OF 3 FIRST

RESERVE OF Ni AND CoRESERVE OF Ni AND Co

Ni a

nd

Co

Ind

ust

ryN

i an

d C

o In

du

stry

Ni a

nd

Co

Ind

ust

ryN

i an

d C

o In

du

stry


INNOVATIONS ON INNOVATIONS ON EDUCATION SYSTEMEDUCATION SYSTEM• EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE• CHANGES IN PROGRAMS OF JUNIOR SCHOOLS• INTRODUCTION OF NEWS TEACHING WAYS MORE EFFECTIVENESS

INNOVATIONS ON INNOVATIONS ON EDUCATION SYSTEMEDUCATION SYSTEM• EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE• CHANGES IN PROGRAMS OF JUNIOR SCHOOLS• INTRODUCTION OF NEWS TEACHING WAYS MORE EFFECTIVENESS

RESULTS OF HIGH IMPACTRESULTS OF HIGH IMPACTRESULTS OF HIGH IMPACTRESULTS OF HIGH IMPACT

IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION WITH PRODUCTS AND SERVICES OF HIGH ADDED VALUE OF SCIENCE AND INNOVATION ON INTERNATIONAL CUBAN TRADEINTERNATIONAL CUBAN TRADE

IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION WITH PRODUCTS AND SERVICES OF HIGH ADDED VALUE OF SCIENCE AND INNOVATION ON INTERNATIONAL CUBAN TRADEINTERNATIONAL CUBAN TRADE

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONSOUR SCIENTIFIC AND TECNOLOGICAL POLICY HAS PERMITTED:

Recognition and support to the activity given by the State Recognition and support to the activity given by the State when prioritizing , financing, and promoting itwhen prioritizing , financing, and promoting it

The statistical system of indicators is developed and it The statistical system of indicators is developed and it advances more every moment. It is being used better in advances more every moment. It is being used better in the mensuration of the contributions of science to the the mensuration of the contributions of science to the well-being of people.well-being of people.

The development, during these years, of such tools for The development, during these years, of such tools for the decision and guide of the work has allowed us to install the decision and guide of the work has allowed us to install some capacities in our country which must be considered some capacities in our country which must be considered and usedand used..

PROPOSITIONS:PROPOSITIONS:

To create and to increase a Net of Indicators of Science To create and to increase a Net of Indicators of Science and Technology of the NAMand Technology of the NAM (and to direct it to guarantee the exchange of (and to direct it to guarantee the exchange of

information, the conformation of databases, the elaboration of statistical indicators, information, the conformation of databases, the elaboration of statistical indicators, according with of the countries members characteristics as well as their technologicalaccording with of the countries members characteristics as well as their technological and scientific demands) and scientific demands)

To create a work group as a result of the Conference to To create a work group as a result of the Conference to carry out and to present a conclusive study, before the carry out and to present a conclusive study, before the beginning of the second semester of the year 2007, about beginning of the second semester of the year 2007, about the convenience of creating the Office of Transfer of the convenience of creating the Office of Transfer of Technology of the NAM which it is accepted would work Technology of the NAM which it is accepted would work with their own norms and in benefit of all the countries with their own norms and in benefit of all the countries membersmembers

PROPOSITIONS:PROPOSITIONS: To develop during the year 2007 the International

Conference ¨Energy, Innovation and Sustainable" among the countries members of the NAM, the enterprises which could be considered for their contribution to the thematic , directed to exchange on about technologies of energy saving and elevation of the energy efficiency; and the development of Renewable Energy sources and Alternative Fuels

To create in the current center (NAM S&T Center) an entity for the Innovation, which will be in charge of developed the idea to employ the Technological Cooperated Parks, among the countries members, the incubators of enterprises and other structures to energize the innovation

Science is to know the opportunity and Science is to know the opportunity and take advantage of it, take advantage of it, is to make what it be is to make what it be suited to our town with our sacrifice and not to suited to our town with our sacrifice and not to make what to be suited to us, with our town's make what to be suited to us, with our town's

sacrifice.sacrifice. José José

MartíMartí

Science is to know the opportunity and Science is to know the opportunity and take advantage of it, take advantage of it, is to make what it be is to make what it be suited to our town with our sacrifice and not to suited to our town with our sacrifice and not to make what to be suited to us, with our town's make what to be suited to us, with our town's

sacrifice.sacrifice. José José

MartíMartí

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EVOLUTION AND CURRENT STATE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION. REPUBLIC OF CUBA EVOLUTION AND CURRENT STATE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION