Evidence for Evolution

Natural Selection (Darwin)

Causes of Evolution

Taxonomic Levels:From most general/inclusive

To most specific/related

BacteriaGel Electrophoresis

Flowers And

Seeds

Viruses

Food Web

1 2

654

7 8 9

3

1. Adaptive radiation – a population splits and different traits are adaptive.

2. Geographic isolation part of a population is separated.

3. Genetic diversity – by mutation or in gene pool

4. Natural selection

1. Variation in populations2. Overpopulation or

predators3. Competition for

survival/mates4. Survival/reproduction of

best adapted / fittest.

1. Biochemical analysis (DNA, amino acids, proteins)

2. Fossil record3. Anatomy (if similar bone

arrangement = homologous4. Development / embryology

* More in common = more related*

• Separates DNA by size (smallest goes farthest)

• Identifies paternity and criminals

• Prokaryotic cells (no nucleus; no membrane-bound organelles) unicellular

• Important for:• decomposers, • for Nitrogen cycle, • for gene research

(recombinant DNA with plasmids)

• First cells to evolve

Kingdom (general / most number of species

PhylumClassOrderFamilyGenus Scientific nameSpecies * Most specific may interbreed

D Secondary consumers EC Primary

ConsumesOM ProducersP *Arrows follow transfer for energyOS *Producers have most energyER *Energy is lost as it move up S (10%rule)

• Not living because they cannot reproduce outside a living organism (have no cells)

• Two reproductive cycles • Lytic – fast, destroys

cell• Lysogenic – slower,

viral genetic material hides in cell

• Flowers – reproductive organ of angiosperm plants

• Male part = stamen/pollen• Female part = carpel or pistil

(produce egg)• Pollination = transfer of

pollen• Seed = plant embryo + stored

food (endosperm). Surrounded by fruit (forms ovary of plant.)

AB C

DE

F

G H I

Function of …Chloroplasts

Mitochondria

Ribosome

Organic Molecules

Polymers• Carbohydrates• Proteins• Lipids• Nucleic Acids

PhotosynthesisAnd

Cellular Respiration

FunctionsOf Enzymes

What happens will cells are placed in a saltier

environments? Why?

Differences between Plant and Animal Cells

Function of the Cell Membrane

If DNA is….CGAAGCATT

What would be….

a. Complementary DNAb. mRNA

Three types of RNA and their function.

1011 12

13 14 15

16 17 18

*Opposites of each other*Photosynthesis • Converts sunlight into chemical

energy • CO2 + H20 + light glucose +

O2Respiration• Converts sugars into cell energy

(ATP)• C6H12O6 + O2 H2O + CO2

+ ATP• Used by ALL ORGANISMS!!

Made of ExamplesC: Monosaccharide Sugar, starch

P: Amino acids Meat, enzymes

L: Fatty acids and fats, oil, was glycerol or phosphate phosopholipid

NA: Nucleotides DNA and RNA

Chloroplasts – site of photosynthesis

Mitochondria – site of cellular respiration

Ribosome – site of protein synthesis

** Site means location!**

Plant Cells – have cell walls, chloroplasts, large vacuoles

Animal Cells – have Centrioles (used for cell division)

*BOTH ARE EUKARYOTIC! (have membrane bound organelles and a nucleus)

Cells lose water in saltier than usual environments because of osmosis!!

• “Lock and Key”• Acts as a “catalyst” (speed up

reactions)• Lowers activation energy

• Works best at “Optimum” conditions! (this is different for each enzyme)

mRNA – makes “copy” of DNA/gene and takes to ribosome

rRNA – makes up ribosome along with proteins

tRNA – brings an amino acid to the ribosome, anticodon pairs with mRNA codon

COMPLEMENTARY DNA(give) CGA AGC ATT(new) GCT TCG TAA

COMPLEMENTARY mRNA(DNA) CGA AGC ATT(mRNA) GCU UCG UAA

• Selectively permeable (regulates materials coming in/out of the cell)

• Gives cytoplasm a boundary / shape

• HOMEOSTASIS (home stays as it!!)

J K L

M

O

N

P

QR

What is a gene? What happens in

Protein Synthesis?

Asexual

Vs.

Sexual

Reproduction

Mitosis

Vs.

Meiosis

Gametes Three Genotypes

Recombinant DNA

Karyotype Paths of Inheritance (be able to do punnett squares)

1920 21

22 23 24

25 2627

Asexual = one parent; makes IDENTICAL COPY!!

Sexual = Two parents; genetic diversity; uses gametes (egg and sperm)

DNA

transcription (mRNA)

translation

protein made

causes trait

Found on a chromosome

Section of DNA

Used to make a protein

Controls traits!

Homozygous Dominant (AA)

Heterozygous (Aa)

Homozygous recessive (aa)

* Recessive phenotype

Dominant Phenotype

• Sex cells

• Haploid (contains only one copy of each chromosome/half of diploid)

• Fuse together in fertilization

Mitosis

•Makes identical copy of cell

•Produces 2 daughter cells

•Used by somatic body cells

Meiosis

•Reduces chromosome number by half

•Produces 4 daughter cells

•Makes haploid gametes

•Dominant = one allele dominant

•Recessive = allele “hidden” by dominant

•Codominance= both alleles equal, both show up!

•Incomplete Dominance = Neither allele dominant, blending together

•Sex-linked = on X chromosome, no male carriers

•Picture of chromosomes (should have a total of 46 (23 pairs)

•Shows chromosomal abnormalities (Ex. Down’s Syndrome = Trisomy 21)

•Usually follows an amniocentesis

•DNA from two different species!

Plasmid Human gene

cleave

splice together

Gene+plasmid

Recombinant DNA

SU

V W

X

Y

Z aa

T

Levels of Organization in

the BIOSPHERE

Symbiosis

1. Mutualism

2. Commensalism

3. Parasitism

Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles

Steps of an Immune

Response

BiomagnificationEnvironmental

Problems

Innate Behaviors Learned Behaviors

Behaviors as Adaptations

28 29 30

31 32 33

34 35 36

Carbon Cycle

- Respiration releases carbon as CO2 (carbon dioxide)

Photosynthesis removes carbon and makes sugar (C6H12O6)

-Burning Fossil fuels releases CO2

Nitrogen Cycle

-Nitrogen-fixing bacteria remove N2 from air and make nitrates

-- Nitrogen in the air -> bacteria -> plants -> animals; Fertilizers add excess nitrogen

Two species “living together” permanently

1. Mutualism (+ +) both benefit

2. Commensalism (+ 0) one isn’t helped or harmed

3. Parasitism (+ -) One is harmed

Biosphere (all of life on earth)

Biomes (ex. Desert, grassland)

Community (only biotic/living)

Population (members of one species)

Niche (total way of life for organism, food)

• Overpopulation – cause of all environmental problems

• Global warming – too much CO2 in atmosphere increases average global temperature ->flooding, climate change

• Ozone depletion – CFC’s destroy ozone layer -> increase UV radiation exposure -> increases cancer and crop damage

• Pesticides and contaminants “move up the food chain”

• Chemical contaminants are stored (bioaccumulation) and magnified in organisms higher up the food chain because predators accumulate pesticides in the bodies of their prey.

• Exposure to antigen (foreign invader)

• T cells sound alarm and destroy antigens

• B cells make protein antibodies which tag antigens

• B cells remember to make antibodies forever, resulting in active immunity (vs. passive where antibodies are given, not made)

• Instinctive behaviors improve survival rates.

• Protective behaviors (spray, teeth bared) turn predators away and defends resources

• Parental behaviors (advanced in birds and mammals) increase survival of young.

• Communication and courtship allow mate recognition

Require higher level nervous system; change with experience and practice.

1. Classical conditioning (unrelated stimulus and reward/punishment

2. Operant conditioning (trial and error learning)

3. Insight / reasoning

4. Language

Genetic and Inborn

• Automatic (reflex and instinct)

• Courtship

• Territoriality

• Aggression

• Dominance hierarchy

• Biological rhythms (migration, clocks)

• Some communication (need to sing in birds)

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EOC Review Flashcards

1.Match up fronts (numbered words) and backs (definitions with letters) and staple, glue or tape them together. You should have 36 total.

2.Draw a picture on each front.

3.On a separate sheet of paper:A. Write 6 sentences that connect two different words/phrases.

Underline the words/phrases.B. Write 5 sentences that connect three different words/phrases.C. Write 4 sentences that connect four different words/phrases.D. Write 8 sentences that connect one word/phrase with a

STERNGRR word.

Example: Viruses and bacteria can both infectious agents, but… (what more can be added to make this useful?)