EVERYTHINGYOUNEEDTOKNOWFORSUCCESSFULBATTERYSERVICINGAWHITEPAPERONBATTERYTESTING

More than a third of breakdown incidents attended by roadside technicians from the Dutch and GermanautomobileassociationsANWBandADACareasadirectresultofproblemswiththebattery,withmanyofthesevehicles having been serviced regulary. Can garages prevent vehicles from breaking down by performingpreventivemaintenance?How?Tofindout,wewent insearchofanswerstofourcommonquestionsaboutbatteryservicing:

1. Whytestbatteries?2. Howdoyoutestbatteriesandthechargingsystems?3. Whatcangowrong?4. Whatdoyouneedforagoodbatterytest?

1Whytestbatteries?TheGermanautomobileassociationADAChaspublishedalistofthetypesofincidentsattendedbyitsroadsidetechniciansonitswebsite.Unfortunately,thecategoriesintowhichthebreakdownstatisticsarebrokendowndifferfromyeartoyear.Nevertheless,youcanstilllearnalotfromthefiguresprovided.Forexample,31.7%ofmotoristswhocalledouttheADACin2012hadabatteryproblem.In2013,thisfigureroseto33.1%,andby2015itwas35.7%.Thisisthereforemorethanonethirdofbreakdowns,andrising.Ifweincludefailuresduetoproblems with the alternator or starter motor, this figure rises by some additional 10 percentage points.This means that nearly half of all car breakdowns in Germany are due to either battery, starter motor oralternatorproblems.

Nearlyhalfofbreakdownsareduetoeitherthebattery,startermotororalternator

TheANWBoffersfreebatterytestsatmembers’homesIntheNetherlands,theANWBpresentsitsbreakdownstatisticsintheformoftheTop10VehicleBreakdowns.‘Batteryproblems’hasforyearsheldthenumberonespot.

TheANWBwebsitestates:“Ifyouwanttoavoidanastysurprisewhenthetemperaturesplummet,askaboutourpreventativebatterychecks.”Membersrequestingthisserviceshouldhavearoadsidetechnicianattheirhomewithinthehour.Itthentakesthetechnicianfifteenminutestocheckthebattery,alternatorandstartermotor(thelattertwooccupypositions3and6intheTop10Breakdowns).Thecostofthisbatterycheck?€0.00.What’smore,ifthebatteryisinpoorcondition,theroadsidetechnicianwillgladlyfitanewonethereandthen.

Thankstothispreventivetesting,andofcoursethankstoroadsideassistance,theANWBsellstensofthousandsofbatterieseachyear…Tensofthousandsofbatteries, isthatrevenuethatthegaragesaremissingouton?Probablynot,sincethisfigurewillalsoincludecarsthatonlyevervisitagarageforthecompulsoryannualvehiclesafetytest.Andbatteriescansuddenlygiveuptheghostincarsthatreceiveregularmaintenancetoo.However,itismuchmorecommonforbatteriestodeteriorategradually.Thecapacityofthebatterydeclinesslowlyovertime.

Unusuallyhighdischargeacceleratestheprocess,asdoeshotweather.Soalthoughbatteryproblemsstartinthe summer, youwon’t notice untilwinter. At low temperatures, the capacity of aworn-out battery is notsufficienttostarttheengine,andthat’swhenmotoristscanfindthemselvesforcedtocalloutabreakdownservice.Sometimeslowtemperaturesaren’tevennecessary.Manymotoristscalloutbreakdownservicesduetobatteryproblemsinthesummertoo.Inallthesecases,abatterytestinthemonthspriortothebreakdowncould have shown that the battery was weak, and prevented a roadside failure and more importantly anunhappycustomer.

Batteryproblemsstartinthesummer,butyouwon’tnoticeuntilwinter

AsshowninthevideoaboutbatterychecksontheANWBwebsite,ANWBroadsidetechniciansuseMidtronicsbatterytesters.Midtronicsalsohasitsownstatisticaldata:“Anaverageof17outofevery100batteriestestedbygaragesneedreplacing.Ofthose17customers,anaverageof13actuallybuyanewbattery.”Inshort,every100batterytestsequal13batterysalesonaverage.Varta’sstatisticsareslightlymoreoptimistic:“1in5batteriestestedisinbadcondition.Andbecause7outof10customersfollowtheadviceofthegarage,1in7batteriesarereplacedimmediately.”

ABOVE:BATTERIESACCOUNTFORMORETHANATHIRDOFBREAKDOWNSINGERMANY.ADDTOTHISPROBLEMSWITHTHESTARTER

MOTORORALTERNATOR,ANDITISRESPONSIBLEFORALMOSTHALFOFVEHICLEFAILURES.

It’samatteroftrustHowever,atgarageanddiagnosticsspecialistDTSinLopik,batterysalesarenotthemainmotivefortestingthebatteryofeachcarthatentersthepremises:“Everycarweservicemustalwaysfireandstart.Eveninwinter”,saysDTSownerWillemSluijs. “Customersneed tobe able to counton thatwhen their car comeshere forservicing.”

“Itstarts,doesn'tit?!”However,therearesomeDTScustomerswhorespondwith,“Whatdoyoumeanthebattery'snogood?Itstarts,doesn'tit?!”WhenWillemshowsthemthetestreportandexplainsthatthismightnotbethecaseonacoldwinter'smorning,heisusuallyaskedtofitanewone.Butnotalways:“Ifthecustomerstillsaysno,thenIputonthebillthatwetestedthebatteryanditwasfoundtobeinpoorcondition.I'vereceivedseveralearlymorningcallsfromsuchcustomers,saying:“Er...Iknowyoumentionedthis,butmybattery'sdead.”

ABOVE:17OFEVERY100BATTERIESTESTEDGETTHISRESULT,SAYSMIDTRONICS.13OFTHESE17CUSTOMERSAGREETOREPLACETHEBATTERY.ANDTHEOTHERFOUR?THEYRINGUPONACOLDWINTER'SMORNING:“ER...IKNOWYOUMENTIONEDTHIS,BUTMYBATTERY'SDEAD.”LEFT:BATTERYCHECK?THEANWBWILLGLADLYCOMETOYOURHOUSETO

TESTYOURBATTERY…

2Howdoyoutestabattery?Inthepast,batteriesweretestedwithahydrometer.Ahydrometermeasuresthespecificgravity(orbetter:thespecificdensity)oftheelectrolyte.However,sincetheadventofmaintenance-freebatteriesthatdonothavefillcaps,thisisnotpossibleanymore.Butthisneednotbeacauseforconcern.Afterall,thespecificdensityoftheelectrolyteonlyindicatesthestateofchargeofthebattery.Ifacarbatteryis100%charged,thenthespecificdensityishigh(1.28g/ml).Ifabatteryis80%charged,thespecificdensityis1.245g/ml.

Fascinating,butyoucanalsofindoutthestateofchargequiteeasilyusingadigitalvoltmeter.A100%chargedbatteryhasanidlevoltageof12.7V,whilean80%chargedbatteryhasanidlevoltageof12.5V.Ifabatteryhasanidlevoltageabove12.5V,itisconsideredtobecharged.Batterymanufacturersrecommendchargingstraightawayiftheidlevoltageis12.4Vorlower.Ifthebatteryrepeatedlyhasalowstateofcharge,orisinalowstateofchargeforaprolongedperiod,thiswillleadtosulfation.Thisirreversibleprocesshasanegativeimpactonthestateofhealthofabattery.

DentinthetankThisstateofhealthsayssomethingaboutthosepartsofthebatteryplatesthatarestillactive.AbatterywithapoorSoHislikeafueltankwithabigdentinit.Evenifyoufillitrightup(SoC=100%),youarenotgoingtogetveryfar.AbatterywithabadSoHwillnotdelivertheexpectedcoldcrankingamps.(ReadmoreaboutSoHintheinsetparagraphs‘Moderncarsmakenewdemandsonbatteries’onpage11.)Inshort,thestateofchargedoesnotindicatethehealthofabattery.Itisthestateofchargeandstateofhealthwhichtogetherdeterminewhetherabatterycandeliverenoughampsonacoldwintermorningtogettheengineturningover.HencewhytogethertheSoCandSoHarecalledtheSoF,orstateoffunction.

‘Thestateofchargeandstateofhealthcombineddeterminewhetherabatterycandeliverenoughampsonacoldwinter

morningtogettheengineturningover’

ConductancemeasurementTherefore,agoodbatterytesterdoesnotonlymeasuretheidlevoltage,butalsotheSoH.TheSoHismeasuredaccordingtotheconductanceprinciple.Thetestermeasurestheinternalconductivity,whichtellsittheinternalresistanceofthebattery.Thisvaluesayssomethingabouttheamountsofplatematerialthatare(still)activeinthebattery,andisthereforeagoodindicatorofthestateofhealthofthebattery.

ConnecttheclampstotheterminalsWewatchWillemSluijstoseehowheperformsabatterytest.First,youneedtoconnectthetester:“Preferablydirectlytotheterminals,”saysWillem.Andwhynottotheauxiliaryorjumpstartterminals,whichareeasiertoreach?“Theinternalresistanceofthisbatteryshouldbeabout5milliohms.Theresistanceofthecablebetweenthe negative pole and auxiliary pole is perhaps 1 milliohm. It could therefore affect the result of themeasurement,butonly inborderlinecases,batteriesthatareonthevergeof failing. Ifyoucan’taccessthebattery,justmeasureusingtheauxiliarypoles.”

SetupthetesterThenit istimetosetupthetester.“Youneedtotellthetesterwhattypeofbatteryit is,whetherit’sbeingtestedinsideoroutsidethevehicle,andwhetherit’sanAGM,EFB,gelorconventionalbattery.Eachdifferenttypeofbatteryrequiresadifferenttestalgorithm.Forinstance,if it'sanEFBbatteryandyourtesterdoesn'trecognizethattype,youwon'tbeabletogetareliablemeasurementofthatbattery.”

Thenthetesterasksforthespecifiedcoldcrankingamps(CCA)andthemeasurementstandardusedtoobtainthisvalue.ThiscouldbeDIN,IEC,EN,SAEorJIS:“Youcanfindthisinformationonthebattery.SometimesintheformofanETNcode,oroftenasaQRcode,whichyoucanreadwithyourphone”,Willemexplains.

SurfacetensionNow the testerwill take ameasurement: “It takes a conductancemeasurement andmeasures the batteryvoltage.Thisaffectstheconductivity.”Butwatchout:“Thebatteryvoltagemaybehigherifthecarhasjustbeendriven. If the tester doesn’t take this into account, youneed to remember to turnon the lights before themeasurementistaken,soyouremovethesurfacetension.Midtronicstesterswillhelpyouwiththis.”

BatteryOKThentheresults:“ThisbatteryhasaCCAvalueof650A(EN).Wemeasure623A(EN)at12.8V.”Thetesterissatisfied:“BatteryOK”.

StartingandchargingsystemWillem:“TheSoCandtheSoHarebothfine.Thatmeansthebatterydoesn’tneedtoberechargedandyoucanassumethat thechargingsystem isworkingproperly.”Hetests itall thesame.Willemconnects thecurrentclampandthensitsbehindthewheel,makingthemostofthebatterytester’slongcables.

Willemstartstheengineandfollowstheinstructionsonthescreen.Thetestermeasuresthechargingsystemunderfourdifferentoperatingconditions:idlespeed,idlespeedwithelectricalconsumers,increasedspeedandincreasedspeedwithelectricalconsumers. Justashethought: thechargingsystemofthisvehicle is ingoodworkingorder.

Withsuchagoodreading,Willemcouldeasilyhavebypassedthechargingsystemtest.“Butdon'tbetooquicktodothat,becauseadefectinthechargingsystemcanleadtoafaultybattery.”(See:‘Faultychargingsysteminpractice’,insetparagraphsonpage8)

BuildingtrustIsthattheendofthebatterytest?“Thetechnicalpart,yes”,saysWillem.Butwe’renotfinishedyet.Wealwayslet thecustomerknowthatwe've testedtheircarbatteryandcharged itwherenecessary.Sowedon't justinformthecustomer if theirbattery isdead,wealso letthemknowif theirbatteryandchargingsystemarefunctioningproperly.”

IFTHEHOODISOPENANYWAY,ITDOESNOTTAKELONGTOCARRYOUTABATTERYTEST

THETESTERNEEDSTOKNOWWHATKINDOFBATTERYITIS.THISBATTERY'SSPECIFICATIONSARECLEARLYSTATED,BUTIFTHISISNOTTHECASETHENTHE9-DIGITETNCODETELLSYOUWHATYOUNEEDTOKNOWINANYCASE.IFTHECODEBEGINSWITHANUMBERBETWEEN501AND799THENITISA12VBATTERY.THISFIGUREMINUS500INDICATESTHECAPACITYOFTHEBATTERY.INTHISCASE,570-500=70AH.THESECONDTHREEDIGITSGIVEINFORMATIONABOUT

THEDIMENSIONS AND THE LOCATIONOF THE TERMINALS, AMONGOTHER THINGS.MULTIPLY THE LAST THREE-DIGITNUMBERBY10ANDYOUHAVETHECOLDCRANKINGAMPS.INTHISCASE:10X065=650A(EN)

LEFT: BATTERY OK. IF THIS IS NOT THE CASE, OR IF THE TESTER SAYS “OK PLUS CHARGE”, THEN A STARTING ANDCHARGINGTESTISINORDER.WILLEMATTACHESTHECURRENTCLAMP.RIGHT:THETESTERGIVESINSTRUCTIONSSOTHATITCANMEASUREATIDLEANDINCREASEDSPEED,WITHANDWITHOUT

ELECTRICALCONSUMERS.FAULTYCHARGINGSYSTEMINPRACTICE“Wehadonecustomerwhowasonholiday20kmfromourgarageandwhohadadeadbattery”,saysWillemSluijs.“Totallyempty,nothingworked.Therewasanothercarnearbythathadjumpercables,buttheycouldn'teven jumpstart it. Iadvisedtheowneroftheothercarto let itrunforhalfanhourwiththe jumpercablesconnected.EventuallythecarstartedandthecustomerdrovestraighttousatDTSLopik.”ThecarhadanAGMbattery,astart-stopsystemandaso-calledsmartchargingsystem.“Thiswasimportantinarrivingatadiagnosis,becausethatsystemsometimeschoosesnotto let thealternatorrecharge”,explainsWillem."Ifyoutestthechargingsystematthatmoment,thetesterwon'tdetectaripple:itthinkstheengineisn’trunningandwillstarttoaskyoutostartit.”Howdidthebatterygetsoempty?Willem:“Wealwayswanttostartadiagnosiswithagoodbattery.SotobeginwithIconnectedthebatterytothediagnosticcharger.IfthisisunabletodeterminetheSoHbecausetheSoCistoolow,itwillchargethebatteryusingasmartchargecurve.Afteracertainperiodoftimeitwillre-test.Inthiscase,thebatterytestercontinuedtorejectthebattery.”

Wasthechargingsystemfaulty?

Afterconsultingthecustomer,wefittedanewAGMbattery.Problemsolved?No,becausewhatwasdrainingthebatterysomuch?Wasthechargingsystemfaulty?Aftertesting,thisprovedtobethecase.

Asadiagnostics specialist,Willemwanted tobe100%sure. Sohewent fora testdrivewitha scopeandadiagnostictester.Duringthedrive,thevoltagedeclinedgradually,andalthoughthediagnostictestersometimesexpectedachargingcurrentof80A,theactualchargingcurrentdidnotexceed10A.Anewalternatorsolvedtheproblem.“Withthiskindofcase,ifyoujustreplacethebatterythenthenewonewillbedeadsoontoo,andyou’llhaveanunhappycustomerknockingonyourdoor.”

DTSINLOPIKTESTSTHEBATTERIESOFEVERYCARTHATENTERS THE GARAGE. AS A DIAGNOSTICS SPECIALIST,THECOMPANYUSESADIAGNOSTICCHARGERASWELL

ASABATTERYTESTER.“OFTENYOUHAVETOCHARGE

THE BATTERY BEFORE YOU CAN TEST IT PROPERLY”,EXPLAINS DIAGNOSTIC TECHNICIAN WILLEM SLUIJS.“THEDIAGNOSTICCHARGERHASATEST/LOAD/CHARGECYCLE DURINGWHICH IT CONTINUALLY CHECKS HOW

THEBATTERYREACTSANDRECOVERSANDHOWMUCH

POWER IT ABSORBS. A DIAGNOSTIC CHARGER IS

THEREFOREABLETORECOGNIZEPROBLEMSTHATMOST

TESTERSWOULDN'TPICKUP.”

3Whatcangowrong?“It'sstillgoing!”WillemSluijshashadcustomerswhoignoredhisadvicetoreplacethebatteryandthenregretteditlateronacoldwinter'smorning.Othercompanieshavehaddifferentexperiences:“Sixmonthsago,youadvisedmetoreplacethebattery.Ididn’tdoit.Andlook,it'sstillgoing.”

ClemensStrengfrombatterytesterproducerMidtronicscomments:“Inprogrammingourtesters,wedon'ttakeanyriskswiththerecommendationtoreplacethebattery.Recommendingreplacementandthenfindingoutthatthebatteryisstillworkingisannoying.ButadvisingacustomerthatabatteryisOKonlyforittothenfailisunacceptable.Thecustomercantaketheriskofignoringtherecommendationtoreplacethebattery.Hedoesn'tknowhow longhe candrivearoundon ituntil it's too late. Thebreakdownstatistics speak for themselves.The advice is intendedprecisely to savehim the annoyanceof breakingdown. It provides a bit of security.Andthevastmajorityofmotoristsarewillingtopayforthis.

ContradictorytestresultsOccasionallythefollowingscenariooccurs.Youtestabatteryandtheresultis:‘Replace’,youtestitagainandtheresultis‘BatteryOK’.Howisthatpossible?Andmoreimportantly:Whatdoyoudo?ClemensStrenganswersonbehalfofMidtronics:“Thatcanhappen,butIwanttoemphasizethattheseareexceptionalcases.Itmaybethatthestateofchargeisgood,butthattheCCAvalueisapproachingthelimitbetween‘Replace’and‘BatteryOK’.

A small variation in the measurement, for example in the connection or the temperature of the battery,mayjusttiptheresultonewayortheother.Butinanycase,it’simportanttounderstandthatthebatteryisapproachingthelimitbetween‘OK’and‘Replace’.Ithasbeendowngradedfromaproperlyfunctioningbatterytoabatterythatjustaboutmeetstheminimumspecifications.Thebatterywillstillbeabletostartthevehicle,butitwillprobablyfailintheshortterm.That'swhyweadvisecustomerswhogetthisresulttoreplacetheirbatteries.”

NewbatteryfailstooOnceuponatime,replacingabatterywasasimplejob.Thosedayshavegone.Whyisthat?Moderncarsmakenewdemandsonbatteries(seeinsetparagraphsbelow).

Asaresult,fittingtherightbatteryhasbecomeevenmoreimportant.IfacarneedsanEFBorAGMbattery,buta conventionalbattery is fitted, thebattery ishighly likely to fail prematurely. If thenewbattery isnotregisteredviathediagnostictester,thenthestart-stopsystemwillnotworkasintended.

AGMBATTERYFROMAMERCEDESCARWITH

ASTART-STOPSYSTEM.IFTHENEWBATTERY

DOESNOTMEETTHEREQUIREMENTSOFTHE

OEMTHENTHEBATTERYISHIGHLYLIKELYTO

FAILPREMATURELY.

MODERNCARSMAKENEWDEMANDSONBATTERIESCar batteries used to be called starter batteries. They started the engine, causing the SoC to dip briefly.ThealternatorquicklybroughttheSoCbackupto100%,andfortherestofthejourneythebatterywasmerelyapassenger.

Thatallchangedwhencars(startingwiththeMercedesS-Class)begantobepackedwithsensors,actuators,displays,heatersandcomputers.Thepowerrequiredbyalltheseconsumerswassometimessogreatthatthebatteryhadtohelpout.Asaresult,thebatteryendedupinapartiallydischargedstatefarmorefrequently.Thiswasattheexpenseoftheservicelifeofthestarterbattery.TheAGMbatteryofferedasolution.Thisbatteryismuchmoreresistanttopartialdischarge.Withtheadventofstart-stopsystems,thecyclicloadonbatterieswasincreasedevenmore.Theengineandthealternatorshutdownattrafficlightsanditisuptothebatterytokeepall power consumers going.When the car accelerates, all theenergyhas to go to thewheels and thealternator isnot involved;butwhenthecarbrakes,thealternatorgoestheextramiletoregeneratebrakingenergy.Thereneedstobe‘space’inthebatteryforthisenergy.AndsotheSoCofabatteryinthistypeofcarisoftenlower.Conventionalbatteriescannothandlethis,butAGMbatteriescan.

ColdcrankingampsandreservecapacityThisdevelopmentchangedthemeaningoftheconceptofSoH(stateofhealth).Previously,abatterywashealthyifitcouldsupplysufficientcoldcrankingamps.Now,aswellassupplyingtheCCAs,italsoneedstohavesufficientreservecapacitytokeepalltheconsumersgoingwhenthestart-stopsystemisactive.Midtronicspointsoutthatmoderntestingalgorithmsalsodiagnoseabattery'sreservecapacity.

EFBasacheaperalternativeHowever,AGMbatteriesalsohavedisadvantages.Duetotheirconstruction,theycanbe lessheat-resistant.That is why you often see them outside the engine compartment. And AGM batteries are expensive.BothofthesedisadvantagesaredifficultforsmallercarssuchastheFiat500withastart-stopsystemtodealwith. So, the industry came up with an alternative for this type of car, the EFB battery. EFB batteries aresignificantlycheaperthanAGMbatteriesandbetterabletowithstandheat,buttheycanbelessablethanAGMbatteriestowithstandcyclicloads.

RegisterwithdiagnostictesterAlltheadditionalconsumers,astart-stopsystemandasmartalternatorcanonlyfunctionproperlyiftheBMS(BatteryManagementSystem)knowsthebattery'sstateofcharge.Hencethesensoronthenegativeterminal.Thismonitorsthetemperature,SoCanddecreasedcapacity.Andofcourse,theBMSneedstoknowthebattery'sspecifications.Theseareshownonthebatterylabelintheformofacode.Whenanewbatteryisfitted,thiscodeneedstoberegisteredviathediagnostictester.

WHATARETHECOLDCRANKINGAMPSANDWHATIS

THE CAPACITY OF THIS BATTERY? A QR ANDSMARTPHONEPROVIDETHEANSWER

4Whatdoyouneedforagoodbatterytest?Whatisthebestwaytocarryoutsuccessfulbatterytestsinyourgarage?“Makesureyouhavetherighttools”,saysClemensStrengofMidtronics.“Firstofall,youneedacompletetester.Thisshouldbeabletodealwithdifferentbatterytypes,suchasAGMandEFB,testthestartingandchargingsystem,anduseup-to-datesoftwareandthecorrectalgorithms.Ourlatestbatterytestersofcoursemeettheserequirements.

A printer is useful for communicatingwith customers, who like to see a printout showing the test results.WithourDSStablettesteryoucangoonestepfurther.Thisenablesyoutosendthetestdatatoyourgaragemanagementsystem.”

Testingándcharging“Aswellastesting,youalsoneedtobeabletocharge,ifonlybecauseyoudon’twantacarwithahalfemptybatteryleavingyourgarage.Bytestingyoucandeterminethestatusofthebattery.Bychargingyoucanextendthelifeofthebattery.Inthisway,you'remaintainingthebattery”,saysStreng.

AchargercanalsoserveasapowerbackupduringabatterychangeandobviouslythechargermustbesuitableforAGMandEFBbatteries. Thebest type isof courseadiagnostic charger, like theoneWillemSluijsuses.Insomecases,youcanonlyassessabatteryonce ithasbeencharged,andonthoseoccasionsadiagnosticchargerisveryquickandeasytouse.ThesuccessortothedevicethatWillemusesiscalledaGRX-3000.

‘Tires,wipers,oilandbattery’

IncludeitinyourprocessAswellastools,youalsoneedknowledge:Duetothesophisticatedelectronicsonboardandthedifferenttypesofbatteriesthatexistnowadays,testingandreplacingbatterieshasbecomemuchmorecomplex.ButDutchandBelgianautomotivetechniciansarewelltrained.They’reuptothejob.”

Strengpointsoutanotherbottleneck:“Whenacarisserviced,thetechnicianwillchangetheoil,checkthetiresandwindshieldwipersandvariousotherthings.Butmanycompaniesdon'tincludebatterymaintenanceintheprocess. If youwant tomake a go of batterymaintenance, include it in your process: tires,wipers, oil ándbattery.”

WILLABATTERYTESTERPAYFORITSELF?“Weknowfromresearchthatifyouproactivelytest100batteries,17willneedreplacingandyou’llsell13”,saysClemensStrengofMidtronics.Ifyoucarryout25batterytestsperweekandclear€30perbattery,you’llsell169batteriesayearandclearover€5000.Evenanadvanceddiagnosticchargerwillpayforitselfintwotothreemonths.”

ThankstoDTSLopik.Photos:ADAC,ANWB,AMT