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solved paper of every day science 09

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imran

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PART II (Subjective)

NOTE:

(i) Attempt ONLY FIVE questions from PART-II. All questions carry EQUAL marks.

(ii)Extra attempt of any question or any part of the attempted questions will not beconsidered.

Q.2. Write short note on the following by giving their exact life span and contribution tothe field of science (Accurate facts will be appreciated) (5x2)

(a) Umer Al Khayam

(b) Zakariya Al Razi

Ans.(a) Umar Khayym

Umar Khayym born 18 May 1048 AD, Iran, Neyshapur, and died on 1131 AD, IranNeyshapur, , was a Persian

,polymath, mathematician, philosopher, astronomer,

physician,Sufiandpoet. He wrote treatises onmechanics,geography, andmusic. At ayoung age he moved to Samarkandand obtained his education there, afterwards hemoved to Bukharaand became established as one of the major mathematicians andastronomers of the medieval period. Recognized as the author of the most important

treatise on algebra before modern times as reflected in his Treatise on Demonstration ofProblems of Algebra giving a geometric method for solving cubic equations byintersecting a hyperbola with a circle. He contributed to a calendar reform. Hissignificance as a philosopher and teacher, and his few remaining philosophical works,have not received the same attention as his scientific and poetic writings. Zamakhsharireferred to him as the philosopher of the world. Many sources have testified that hetaught for decades the philosophy of Ibn Sina in Nishapurwhere Khayym was born
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and buried and where his mausoleum today remains a masterpiece of Iranianarchitecturevisited by many people every year.

Mathematician

Khayym was famous during his times as a mathematician. He wrote the influentialTreatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra (1070), which laid down theprinciples of algebra, part of the body of Persian Mathematics that was eventuallytransmitted to Europe. In particular, he derived general methods for solving cubicequations and even some higher orders.In the Treatise he wrote on thetriangular arrayofbinomial coefficientsknown as Pascal's triangle. In 1077, Khayym wrote Sharh maashkala min musadarat kitab Uqlidis (Explanations of the Difficulties in the Postulates ofEuclid) published in English as "On the Difficulties of Euclid's Definitions" An importantpart of the book is concerned with Euclid's famous parallel postulate, which attracted theinterest ofThabit ibn Qurra.Al-Haythamhad previously attempted a demonstration ofthe postulate; Khayym's attempt was a distinct advance, and his criticisms made their

way to Europe, and may have contributed to the eventual development of non-Euclidean geometry.Khayym had notable works ingeometry, specifically on the theoryof proportions.

Astronomer

Like most Persian mathematicians of the period, Khayym was famous as anastronomer. In 1073, the Seljuk Sultan Sultan Jalal al-Din Malekshah Saljuqi (Malik-Shah I, 107292), invited Khayym to build an observatory, along with various otherdistinguished scientists. Eventually, Khayym and his colleagues measured the lengthof the solar year as 365.24219858156 days Khayym's calendar was more accurate

than the Gregorian calendar of 500 years later. The modern Iranian calendar is basedon his calculations.

Calendar reform

Khayym was part of a panel that introduced several reforms to the Persian calendar.On March 15, 1079, Sultan Malik Shah I accepted this corrected calendar as the officialPersian calendar. This calendar was known asJalali calendarafter the Sultan, and wasin force across Greater Iran from the 11th to the 20th centuries. It is the basis of theIranian calendar which is followed today in Iran and Afghanistan. While the Jalalicalendar is more accurate than the Gregorian, it is based on actual solar transit, (similar

toHindu calendars), and requires anEphemerisfor calculating dates. The lengths of themonths can vary between 29 and 31 days depending on the moment when the suncrossed into a newzodiacalarea (an attribute common to most Hindu calendars). Thismeant that seasonal errors were lower than in the Gregorian calendar. The modern-dayIranian calendar standardizes the month lengths based on a reform from 1925, thusminimizing the effect of solar transits. Seasonal errors are somewhat higher than in theJalali version, but leap years are calculated as before. Khayym built a star map(nowlost), which was famous in thePersianandIslamicworld.
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(b) Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi

Muhammad ibn Zakariy Rz (Mohammad-e Zakari-ye Rzi: known as Rhazes orRasis after medieval Latinists, Rhazes was born on 28 August 852 CE and died on 6October 925 CE. His name RaziinPersianmeans from the city ofRey, an ancient town

called Ragha inold Persianand Rag inAvestan. It is located on the southern slopes oftheAlborz Rangesituated nearTehran,Iran. In this city (likeIbn Sina) he accomplishedmost of his work He was aPersian

physician,alchemist and chemist,philosopher, and

scholar. He is recognised as apolymath, and biographies of Razi, based on his writings,describe him as "perhaps the greatest clinician of all times."Numerous firsts in medicalresearch, clinical care, and chemistry are attributed to him, including being the first todifferentiate smallpox from measles, and the discovery of numerous compounds andchemicals including alcohol and kerosene, among others. Edward Granville Browneconsiders him as "probably the greatest and most original of all the physicians, and oneof the most prolific as an author"

Razi made fundamental and enduring contributions to the fields ofmedicine,alchemy,music, and philosophy, recorded in over 200 books and articles in various fields ofscience. He was well-versed in Persian, Greek and Indian medical knowledge andmade numerous advances in medicine through own observationsand discoveries. Hetraveled extensively, mostly inPersia. As a teacher in medicine, he attracted students ofall disciplines and was said to be compassionate and devoted to the service of hispatients, whether rich or poor.

Contributions to medicine

Epidemics such as Smallpox and Measles were studied in detail by Al-Razi. This

diagnosis is acknowledged by the Encyclopaedia Britannica(1911), which states: "Themost trustworthy statements as to the early existence of the disease are found in anaccount by the 9th-century Persian physician Rhazes, by whom its symptoms wereclearly described, its pathology explained by a humoral or fermentation theory, anddirections given for its treatment." Razi's book: al-Judari wa al-Hasbah (On Smallpoxand Measles) was the first book describingsmallpoxandmeaslesas distinct diseases.It was translated more than a dozen times intoLatinand other European languages.

Allergies and fever

Al-Razi's Recueil des traits de mdecine translated byGerard of Cremona, second half

of 13th century.

Razi is also known for having discovered "allergic asthma," and was the first physicianever to write articles on allergyandimmunology. In the Sense of Smellinghe explainsthe occurrence ofrhinitisafter smelling a rose during the Spring: Article on the ReasonWhy Abou Zayd Balkhi Suffers from Rhinitis When Smelling Roses in Spring. In thisarticle he discusses seasonal rhinitis, which is the same as allergic asthma orhay fever.
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Razi was the first to realize thatfeveris a natural defense mechanism, the body's wayof fighting disease.

Pharmacy

Razi contributed in many ways to the early practice of pharmacyby compiling texts, inwhich he introduces the use of 'mercurialointments' and his development of apparatussuch as mortars, flasks, spatulas and phials, which were used in pharmacies until theearly twentieth century.

Books and articles on medicineThe Virtuous Life (al-Hawi ).

A medical adviser for the general public(Man la Yahduruhu Al-Tabib) ( (Doubts About Galen (Shukuk 'ala alinusor)

The Diseases of Children

Mental health

Alchemy

Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi (Rhazes) isolated many chemical substances,produced manymedications, and described many laboratory apparatus.

The Transmutation of Metals

Razi's interest in alchemy and his strong belief in the possibility of transmutation oflesser metals to silverand goldwas attested half a century after his death by Ibn an-Nadim's book (The Philosophers Stone-Lapis Philosophorum in Latin). Nadim attributeda series of twelve books to Razi, plus an additional seven, including his refutation toal-Kindi's denial of the validity of alchemy. Al-Kindi (801-873 CE) had been appointed bythe Abbasid Caliph Ma'mum founder of Baghdad, to 'theHouse of Wisdom' in that city,he was a philosopher and an opponent of alchemy.Finally we will mention Razi's two best-known alchemical texts, which largelysuperseded his earlier ones: al-Asrar("The Secrets"), and Sirr al-Asrar("The Secret ofSecrets"), which incorporates much of the previous work.

Chemical instruments and substances

Razi developed several chemical instruments that remain in use to this day. He isknown to have perfected methods of distillation and extraction, which have led to hisdiscovery of sulfuric acid, by dry distillation of vitriol (al-zajat), and alcohol. Thesediscoveries paved the way for other Persian alchemists, as did the discovery of variousothermineral acidsbyJabir Ibn Hayyan(known as Geber in Europe). As a pioneer of
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alchemy, Razi was the first to distill/refine petroleum and producekerosene(later usedas lamp oil and jet fuel).

Philosophy

On existence

Razi is known to have been a free-thinking philosopher, since he was well-trained inancient Greek science and philosophy although his approach to chemistry was rathernaturalistic. Moreover, he was well versed in the theory of music, as so many otherscientists of that time.

Metaphysics

His ideas onmetaphysicswere also based on the works of the ancient Greeks:

Q.3. Differentiate between ANY FIVE of the following pairs. (2x5)

(a) Umbra and Penumbra

(b)Heavy waterand hard water

(c) Smog and Smoke

(d) Myopia and Hypropia

(e) Lava and Magma

(f) Periscope and perimeter

(g) X-rays and Gamma rays

(a) Definition ofUMBRA

1: a shaded area2a : a conical shadow excluding all light from a given source; specifically : the conicalpart of the shadow of a celestial body excluding all light from the primary source b: thecentral dark part of a sunspot

Umbra is the opaque, darker part of the shadow. The penubra is the semi-opaque,lighter part of the shadow. Usually the penumbra is smaller the the ubmbra, but thesolar eclipse on an exception. Both are parts of shadows. The umbra is the portion of a shadow from within which none of the light source isvisible.

The penumbra is the portion of a shadow from within which part but not all of the light source isvisible.
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"Umbra" is the area of total shadow, while "penumbra" is the area of partial shadow.

(b) What is the difference between hard water andheavy water?

Hard water contains dissolved minerals in large quantities.

Heavy wateris an isotope of water used nuclear reactors, it contains the deuterium isotope ofhydrogen in the molecules.

Hard water:Hard wateris a type of water that has high mineral content (in contrast withsoft water). Hard water minerals primarily consist of calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium(Mg2+) metal cations, and sometimes other dissolved compounds such as bicarbonatesand sulfates. Calcium usually enters the water as either calcium carbonate (CaCO3), inthe form of limestone and chalk, or calcium sulfate (CaSO4), in the form of other mineraldeposits. The predominant source of magnesium is dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2). Hard

water is generally not harmful.

Heavy water:Heavy water is water which contains a higher proportion than normal of the isotope

deuterium, as deuterium oxide, D2O or H2O, or as deuterium protium oxide, HDO or HHO.Its physical and chemical properties are somewhat similar to those of water, H2O.Heavy water

may contain as much as 100% D2O, and usually the term refers to water which is highly

enriched in deuterium. The isotopic substitution with deuterium alters the bond energy of the

hydrogen-oxygen bond in water, altering the physical, chemical, and especially biologicalproperties of the pure or highly-enriched substance to a larger degree than is found in most

isotope-substituted chemical compounds.

(c) difference between smog and smoke

'Smoke' occurs as a result of something burning. 'Smog' is a mixture of smoke (usuallyfrom factory chimneys) and fog.

(d) What is the difference between Myopia, Hyperopia and Emmertopia?

Myopia - Nearby objects are clear but far away objects are blurry. Either the eyeball hasgrown too long or the cornea is too steep.

Hyperopia - Caused by an eye 'imperfection', usually if the lens is not round enough or if theeyeball is too short. Close up objects appear blurred.

Emmetropia - A refractive condition where the vision is basically 'perfect' because the parallelrays focus correctly and accurately on the retina.

(e) What is the difference between magma and lava?

Magma is the molten material beneath Earth's crust. This material consists of rock,gases, and mineral crystals. The temperature of the magma can be as high as 5000
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degrees Fahrenheit. The pressure is also very high since the magma supports theweight of Earth's crust.

Lava is the molten rock that comes out of a volcano or from a fissure in Earth's surface. A fissure

is a crack. The molten rock comes from the underground magma. Lava is thus magma that has

broken through Earth's surface.

What is the difference between "magma" and "lava"?

Scientists use the term magma for molten rock underground and lava for molten rock that

breaks through the Earth's surface. Originating many tens of miles beneath the ground, magma

commonly contains some crystals, fragments of surrounding (unmelted) rocks, and dissolved

gases, but it is primarily a liquid composed principally of oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron,

magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium, titanium, and manganese. Lava is red hot when it

pours or blasts out of a vent but soon changes to dark red, gray, black, or some other color as it

cools and solidifies. Very hot, gas-rich lava containing abundant iron and magnesium is fluid and

flows like hot tar, whereas cooler, gas-poor lava high in silicon, sodium, and potassium flowssluggishly, like thick honey in some cases or in others like pasty, blocky masses.

(f) Difference between periscope and perimeter

periscope

an optical instrument for viewing objects that are abovethelevel of direct sight or in anotherwise obstructed field of vision, consisting essentially of atubewith an arrangementof prisms or mirrors and, usually, lenses: used especially in submarines.

perimeterthe border or outer boundary of a two-dimensional figure.

the length of such a boundary.

a line bounding or marking off an area.

the outermost limits.

Military. a fortified boundary that protects a troop position.

Ophthalmology. an instrument for determiningtheperipheral field of vision.

(g) Differences Between X-rays and Gamma rays

Categorized under Science

X-rays vs Gamma rays

Gamma rays, x-rays, visible light and radio waves are all types (forms) ofelectromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation can be described in terms of a
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stream of photons, which are particles without mass, each traveling in a wave-likepattern and moving (circling) at the speed of light. We will examine the x-rays and thegamma rays. X-rays are used in our common day-to-day life. For example they areused at airport security, in Roentgen Stereophotogrammetry, crystallography,astronomy, industrial applications, fluorescence etc. Gamma rays are not so used much

in common life because they are more radioactive (dangerous) and because they killliving cells. Still, they can and are used by humans in different manner. They are usedfor irradiation, nuclear medicine, altering the semi-precious stones, sterilizing medicalequipment, pasteurizing certain foods and spices, gauging the thickness of certainmetals, measure soil density at construction sites etc. A low-dose exposure of thegamma rays can be most likely fought fast by the body (cells), while a high-doseexposure could damage the cells and slow the healing process. Gamma emittingradionuclides are the most widely used radiation sources. The earths atmosphere isthick enough not to let any X-rays and almost no gamma rays to go all the way fromouter space to us on the surface of the earth. Lets observe the differences between

these 2 types of electromagnetic radiation.

There are a few more differences between X-rays and Gamma Rays. The keydifference is the source: x-rays are emitted by the electrons outside the nucleus, andgamma rays are emitted by the excited nucleus itself.

Another difference lies in their frequencies. X rays frequencies vary from 30 petahertzto 30 exahertz, and Gamma rays are above 10^19 Hz. Their wavelengths are alsovarying. The gamma rays wavelength is smaller than that of the x -rays. Gamma-rayphotons have the highest energy in the EMR spectrum and their waves have theshortest wavelength.

Gamma rays are a lot more dangerous and hazardous to human health than X-rays.

Moreover gamma rays are the highly penetrating and highly energetic ionizing radiation.On prolonged exposure to living beings they can cause cancer. Since there wavelengthis very small, they have an ability to penetrate through any gap even if it is a sub-atomicgap. The most damaging are the ones which fall in the window of 3 and 10 MeV.

Gamma rays are sometimes produced along with other types of radiation like alpha andbeta. However this is not the case with x rays.

Summary:

1.Gamma rays cause more harm to human body than the X- rays.

2.Gamma rays have shorter wavelengths than the X-rays.

3.X rays are emitted by the electrons outside the nucleus, and gamma rays are emittedby the excited nucleus itself.

4.X rays are used in hospitals for taking X-rays but gamma rays are not.


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Q.4. Sun is glorious star in our sky. Write down its characteristics with reference to thefollowing date:

(a) Distance from earth

Ans. 149 million km (93 million miles)

(b) Mean distance from center of galaxy

Ans.10 kilo parsec ( 1 parsec = 3.26 light year)/ 1.91639x1077

(c) Velocity around centre of galaxy

Ans. 217-40 km / sec

(d) Revolution period around centre of galaxy

Ans. 240 million year

(e) Equatorial diameter

Ans. 1.39 million km

(f) Rotation period at the equator

Ans. 24.47 days

(g) Core temperature

Ans. 157x107

(h) Solar wind

(i) The lovely Diamond Ring effect

Ans. Diamond ring effect

The diamond-ring effect occurs at the beginning and end of totality during a total solareclipse. As the last bits of sunlight pass through the valleys on the moon's limb, and thefaint corona around the sun is just becoming visible, it looks like a ring with glitteringdiamonds on it. It is a most lovely sight, which typically merely lasts a second or so. Thehighly transient diamond ring effect really shows that the universe is not as static as itlooks like.

(j) Future of sun

Ans. The Suns Future


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Planetary nebula. The future for our Sun. Image credit: Hubble

The Sun has been here for 4.6 billion years, and its going to last for billions more years.But the Sun wont be here forever. Lets take a look and see what the future holds for

the Sun.

As you probably know, the Sun is a main sequence star. This means that its burninghydrogen at its core, creating helium. Every second, 600 million tons of protons areconverted into helium atoms; and this gives off a tremendous amount ofenergy. As theSun moves through its main sequence phase, its slowly using up more and more of thehydrogen at its core. This is actually causing the Sun to become more luminous.

In 1.1 billion years from now, the Sun will be 10% brighter than it is today. This extraenergy will cause a moist greenhouse effect. But the Earths atmosphere will dry out asall thewater vaporis lost tospace, never to return.

In about 3.5 billion years from now, the Sun will be 40% brighter than it is today. It willbe so hot that the oceans will boil and the water vaporlost to space. The ice caps willpermanently melt, and snow will be ancient history. Eventually temperatures will get sohot that the oceans will boil, and life will be unable to survive on the surface of theEarth. The Earth will resemble dry hot Venus.

In about 6 billion years, the Suns core will run out of hydrogen. When this happens, theinert helium ashbuilt up in the core will become unstable and collapse under its ownweight. This will cause the core to heat up and get denser. The Sun will grow in sizeand enter the red giant phase of its evolution. The expanding Sun will consume the

orbits ofMercuryand Venus, and probably gobble up the Earth as well.

The Sun will burn helium in its core, creating carbon and oxygen for about 100 millionyears until this source of fuel is exhausted. Finally, the shell of helium becomesunstable causing the Sun to pulse violently. It will blow off a large fraction of itsatmosphere into space over the course of several pulses.

Without its atmosphere, the final Sun will be the carbon-oxygen core created when itwas burning helium. It will be a white dwarf the size of the Earth. Without fusion, theSun will slowly cool down over trillions of years, eventually becoming the sametemperature as the background of the Universe. The Suns future will be cold and bleak.

Q.5. Write briefly (not more than three to four senetences) about ANY FIVE of thefollowing: (2x5)

(a)Allotropy

(b) Nebula
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(c) Enrichment of Uranium

(d) Aqua Regia

(e) Greenhouse effect

(f) Igneous rocks

Q.6. (a) Define GENETIC ENGINEERING. In how many ways Genetic Engineering canbe applied in different fields of life? Does it benefit society ? Discuss. (1+3+2)

b. What do the following abbreviations stand for? (1/2 each)

i. SONAR ii. CNS iii. PTFE iv. LDL v. SARS vi. GUT vii. BASIC viii. BTU

Q.7. (a) What are MINERALS? Discuss ANY TWO physical properties thereof. Alsomention the names of four precious minerals of high commercial value.

(b) Define the following: (1 each)

(a) Amphibion (b) Synchronous satellite (c) Big Dipper (d) Fermentation (e) MillenniumBug

Q.8. (a) Define RECEPTORS in man. Name different receptor organs in human body.Also discuss ANY TWO of them briefly.

(b). Give Scientific reasons of the following: (1 each)

i. The dogs pant, the birds open their mouth and the elephants move rapidly their ears.

ii. The manholes covers are generally round.

iii. A geostationary satellite appears standstill to a viewer on the equator of earth.

iv. We never see birds urinating.

v. Pasteurized milk has more nourishment than the ordinary boiled milk.

Q.9. (a) Highlight the similarities and differences between animals and plants. (3+3)

(b) Write short note on ANY TWO of the following. (2 each)

(i) Teleprinter (ii) Dengue Virus (iii) Vacuum Cleaner

solar wind

Categories>Everyday Science

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imran

Junior - member

15 posts

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Solar wind

The solar wind is a stream of charged particlesejected from theupper atmosphereof theSun.

It mostly consists ofelectronsandprotonswith energies usually between 10 and 100 keV. The

stream of particles varies in temperature and speed over time. These particles can escape the

Sun'sgravitybecause of their highkinetic energyand the hightemperatureof thecorona.

The solar wind creates theheliosphere, a vast bubble in the interstellar mediumthat surrounds

thesolar system. Other phenomena includegeomagnetic stormsthat can knock out power gridson Earth, the aurorae(northern and southern lights), and theplasmatails ofcometsthat always

point away from the Sun.

Components

The solar wind is divided into two components, respectively termed the slow solar wind and the

fast solar wind. The slow solar wind has a velocity of about 400 km/s, a temperature of 1.41.610

6K and a composition that is a close match to thecorona. By contrast, the fast solar wind

has a typical velocity of 750 km/s, a temperature of 8105

K and it nearly matches the

composition of the Sun'sphotosphere. The slow solar wind is twice as dense and more variablein intensity than the fast solar wind. The slow wind also has a more complex structure, with

turbulent regions and large-scale structures.

The slow solar wind appears to originate from a region around the Sun's equatorial belt that is

known as the "streamer belt". Coronal streamers extend outward from this region, carrying

plasma from the interior along closed magnetic loops. Observations of the Sun between 1996 and

2001 showed that emission of the slow solar wind occurred between latitudes of 3035 around

the equator during thesolar minimum(the period of lowest solar activity), then expanded towardthe poles as the minimum waned. By the time of the solar maximum, the poles were also

emitting a slow solar wind.

The fast solar wind is thought to originate from coronal holes, which are funnel-like regions of

open field lines in the Sun'smagnetic field. Such open lines are particularly prevalent around theSun's magnetic poles. The plasma source is small magnetic fields created byconvection cellsin

the solar atmosphere. These fields confine the plasma and transport it into the narrow necks of
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the coronal funnels, which are located only 20,000 kilometers above the photosphere. The

plasma is released into the funnel when these magnetic field lines reconnect.

Effect on the Solar System

Over the lifetime of the Sun, the surface rotation rate has decreased significantly. This loss ofrotation is thought to have been caused by interaction of the Sun's surface layers with the

escaping solar wind. The wind is considered responsible for the tails of comets, along with the

Sun's radiation. The solar wind contributes to fluctuations in celestialradio wavesobserved onthe Earth, through an effect calledinterplanetary scintillation

Atmospheres

The solar wind affects the other incoming cosmic rays interacting with the atmosphere ofplanets. Moreover, planets with a weak or non-existent magnetosphere are subject to atmospheric

stripping by the solar wind.

Venus, the nearest and most similar planet to Earth in our solar system, has an atmosphere 100

times denser than our own. Modern space probes have discovered a comet-like tail that extends

to the orbit of the Earth.[31]

Marsis larger than Mercury and four times farther from the Sun, and yet even here it is thought

that the solar wind has stripped away up to a third of its original atmosphere, leaving a layer1/100th as dense as the Earth's. It is believed the mechanism for this atmospheric stripping is gas

being caught in bubbles of magnetic field, which are ripped off by solar winds.[32]

Planetary surfaces

Mercury, the nearest planet to the Sun, bears the full brunt of the solar wind, and its atmosphere

is vestigial and transient, its surface bathed in radiation.

The Earth'sMoonhas no atmosphere or intrinsicmagnetic field, and consequently its surface is

bombarded with the full solar wind. The Project Apollo missions deployed passive aluminum

collectors in an attempt to sample the solar wind, and lunar soil returned for study confirmed thatthe lunar regolith is enriched in atomic nuclei deposited from the solar wind. There has been

speculation that these elements may prove to be useful resources for future lunar colonies.[33]

The solar wind "blows a bubble" in the interstellar medium(the rarefied hydrogen and helium

gas that permeates the galaxy). The point where the solar wind's strength is no longer greatenough to push back the interstellar medium is known as theheliopause, and is often consideredto be the outer "border" of the solar system. The distance to the heliopause is not precisely

known, and probably varies widely depending on the current velocity of the solar wind and the

local density of the interstellar medium, but it is known to lie far outside the orbit of Pluto.Scientists hope to gain more perspective on the heliopause from data acquired through the

Interstellar Boundary Explorer(IBEX) mission, launched in October 2008.
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Every Day Science past papers

Everyday Science 2000

TIME ALLOWED: 3 HOURS MAXIMUM MARKS: 100

NOTE: Attempt any TEN questions. All questions carry equal marks. Illustrate youranswer with diagram where necessary.

1. Write comprehensive notes on any TWO of the following: (5,5)

(a) Contribution ofMuslim scientists in the field of biology.

(b) Water pollution.

(c) Semiconductors.2. Describe the various type of movements of the earth? What are the effects of these

movements? Draw simple diagrams to illustrate your answer. (4,6)

3. Explain the following using suitable examples. ( 2 each)

(a) Feedback mechanism of human system.(b) Eco-system(c) Troposphere

(d) Carbon cycle

(e) Meningitis4. What is excretion? Name the excretory organs in man. Describe the structure and function of

human kidney for the excretion of urine. (1,2,7)

5. Describe the Principle, construction and working of a telephone? (2,4,4)

6. What are latitudes and longitudes? How can the central line of latitude be used to find the

location of a place? (4,6)

7. Differentiate between:

(a) Cardiac Muscles and Skeletal Muscles.(b) Haze and Smog.

(c) Enzyme and Hormone.

(d) Sedimentary Rocks and Igneous Rocks.

(e) Producers and Consumers.8. Define the following terms: ( 1 each)

(a) RAM, (b) Byte (c) Mouse (d) Icons (e) Software (f) Control Unit (g) LAN (h) Modem

(i) ALU (j) Registers.

9. Discuss the structure of a typical animal cell in detail. 10)
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10. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words: ( 1 each)

(a) Monomer of proteins are_____________________________.(b) Water transport in plants occurs within __________________.

(c) Underground horizontal stems are called_________________.

(d) In the eye, only ______________ contain receptors for light energy.(e) Plant ________________ control plant responses to environmental stimuli.(f) _____________ are often called the power houses of the cell.

(g) The rate at which a current changes direction is called its __________.

(h) The energy of electrons at the negative terminal of a battery is called____________________.

(i) __________________is the smallest planet of the solar system.

(j) Diamond is an allotropic form of the element____________________.

11. Which are plastics? Name their different types and processes by which they aremanufactured. Discuss the impact of the use of plastics on the environment.

12. Which of the following statements are False and which are True: ( 1 each)

(a) In the circulatory system two pulmonary arteries take blood from the left ventricle to the

lungs.

(b) Anaphase is the stage of mitosis during which the daughter chromosomes move towards thepoles.

(c) The Motor neurons carry nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the effectors.

(d) Cochlea is a part of the middle ear.(e) Tides happen due to the moons gravitational pull.

(f) Heavy water contains salts of Calcium and Magnesium.

(g) All non-metals exist in gaseous state.

(h) A parachute can be used by a spaceman to help in landing on the moon.(i) The gemstones Ruby and sapphires are composed of Aluminum Oxide.

(j) In a chemical battery chemical energy ions directly converted into mechanical energy.

13. Choose the correct answers. Dont reproduce the questions. ( 1 each)

(i) Speed of the wind is measured by: (a) Barometer (b) Hygrometer (c) perimeter

(d) Anemometer (e) None of these.

(ii) _____________ connects the muscle with the bone.

(a) Cartilage (b) Ligament (c) Tendon

(d) Disc (e) None of these.

(iii) Polio is caused by a:

(a) Bacterial (b) Virus (c) Fungus


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(d) Deficiency of vitamin (e) none of these.

(iv) The coldest planet of the solar system is:

(a) Earth (b) Venus (c) Mars

(d) Pluto (e) None of these

(v) ________________ is a vitamin:

(a) Citric acid (b) Tartaric acid (c) Ascorbic acid

(d) Acetic acid (d) none of there

(vi) An eggshell is composed of:

(a) Iron (b) Starch (c) Carbon

(d) Protein (e) None of these.

(vii) The most abundant element in the earths crust is:

(a) Nitrogen (b) Silicon (c) Carbon

(d) Oxygen (e) None of these

(viii) The main constituent of Biogas is:

(a) Methane (b) Hydrogen (c) Oxygen

(d) Carbon dioxide (e) None of these.

(ix) Stalagmites are deposits of :

(a) Calcium oxide (b) Calcium sulphate

(c) Calcium hydroxide (d) Calcium carbonate

(e) Mixture of all salts.

(x) Gigantism is the result of:

(a) Hypothyroidism (b) Recessive gene

(c) Hyper pituitarism (d) Vitamin D deficiency (e) None of these.


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14. What are the causes of Earthquakes: How have earthquakes helped in deciphering the

internal structure of the earth? (4,6)

15. What is the endocrine system? Write the names and function of any eight endocrine glands.

(2,8)

EDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONCOMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR RECRUITMENT TO POST

IN BPS-17 UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 2001.

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE, PAPER-I

EVERY DAY SCIENCE

Time Allowed: Three Hours Maximum Marks: 100

Note: Attempt any ten questions. All questions carry equalmarks.

Q. 1. (a) What were the special characteristics ofMuslim Scientists?

(h) What were the contributions of the following Muslim Scientists:(i) Umar AI-Khayyam.

(ii) Abu Ali Sina

(iii) ibn Hayyan

(iv). Jhn al Baitar(v) Zakariya Al-Razi.

Q. 2. (a) Differentiate clearly between Cyclone, Huriicane and tornado.

(b) (i) Name two minerals which ate exported from Pakistan.

(ii) Name some gem-minerals used in Jewellery.

(iii) What is dead sea.

(iv) Why does the Sun appears orange-red at the time of Sunrise and Sunset.(v) Why does the total Eclipse can happen only at the new Moon.

Q. 3. (a) Name popular farms of Energy. Write five various scientific devices used to convert

one type of energy into another form of energy.

b) Write meaning of the following units:(i) Barrel

(ii) Joule

(iii) Btu(iv) KWh

(v) Newton.

Q. 4. Write short notes on any THREE of tiillowing:(i) Synthetic Polymers..

(ii) Laser.

(iii) Pesticides(iv) Fission and Fusion

(v) Pararnagnetism and Diamagnetism.
http://www.amazon.com/Litigation-Under-Federal-Open-Government/dp/189304422X/ref=sr_1_478?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1331534355&sr=1-478http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/711-53200-19255-0/1?toolid=10029&campid=CAMPAIGNID&customid=CUSTOMID&catId=267&type=2&ext=280867243963&item=280867243963http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/711-53200-19255-0/1?toolid=10029&campid=CAMPAIGNID&customid=CUSTOMID&catId=267&type=2&ext=280867243963&item=280867243963http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/711-53200-19255-0/1?toolid=10029&campid=CAMPAIGNID&customid=CUSTOMID&catId=267&type=2&ext=280867243963&item=280867243963http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/711-53200-19255-0/1?toolid=10029&campid=CAMPAIGNID&customid=CUSTOMID&catId=267&type=2&ext=280867243963&item=280867243963http://www.amazon.com/Litigation-Under-Federal-Open-Government/dp/189304422X/ref=sr_1_478?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1331534355&sr=1-478


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Q. 5. Write difference between:

(i) Microcomputer and minicomputer

(ii) Main frame and Super computer.(iii) Hardware and Software.

(iv) Byte and Word.

(v) Ram and Cache memory.

Q. 6. Describe briefly the principle and working of any TWO of the following:

(i) Pressure cocker(ii) Television

(iii) Microwave oven

(iv) Radar

(v) Tape recorder.

Q. 7. Differentiate between:

(i) DNA and RNA

(ii) Brass and Bronze(iii) Blood and Lymph

(iv) Hard water and Heavy water(v) Small pox and Measles

(vi) Pig iron and Stainless Steel.

(vii) Alloy and Amalgum

(viii) Isotopes and Isobars(ix) Artery and Vein

(x) Barrage and Dam.

Q. 8. Explain the scientific reasons for the following:

(i) It is not advisable to sleep under trees during the night.(ii) Water boils quicker on mountains.(iii) Rainbow is produced in the sky after rain fall and sunlight.

(iv) Water remains cool in a Earthenware pitcher.

(v) Milk is considered as an ideal food.

Q. 9. Which of the following statements are true or false. Only write True or False in the

answer book. Do not reproduce the statement.(i) Urea is a phosphate fertilizer.

(ii) Cellulose is a natural polymer. (iii) Magnetite is the ore of copper

(iv) Malaria is caused by drinking polluted water.

(v) The instrument used to measure velocity of wind is Barometer.(vi) Our eye is very sensitive to blue light.

(vii) Sound can not travel through vacuum.

(viii) Enzymes are biological catalyst.

(ix) Leprosy is a disorder of Nervous System.(x) Mica is a non-conductor of electricity.


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Q.10 What are Endocrine glands? Name any four. From which part of the body are the

followings secreted:

(i) Insulin(ii) Thyroxin

(iii) Adrenaline

(iv) Oestrogen(v) Testosterone and(vi) Cortisol

Q.11 (a) Name the important parts of a Flower.

b) Explain the Pollination and Fertilization processes.

Q.12 Write short notes on any FiVE of the following:

(i) Ecosystem

(ii) CNG

(iii) PVC

(iv) Hormones(v) Antibiotics

(vi) Ceramics(vii) Green House Effect

(viii) Photosynthesis

(ix) Pasteurization

(x) Vaccine.

Q.13 What are the factors of water pollution? What types of diseases are transmitted by using

polluted the methods to control pollution of water.

Q.14 Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:(i) The purpose of computer is(ii) polio is caused by __________

(iii) The stalagmite is deposit of

(iv) Bauxite is one of ___________(v) The chemical name of washing soda is

(vi) The main constituent of Sui gas is ____________ colour has the shortest wave length.

(vii) __________colour has the shortest wave length.(viii)Glass is a __________

(ix)Monomers of protein are _________

(x)Ascorbic acid is vitamin _________

(xi)The solar system has __________(xii)Aids is caused by _____________

(xiii) In a normal resting person the rate of heart heat is

(xiv) The science which deals with heredity is known as

(xv) In Pakistan Copper mineral is tound in ____________(xvi) The most abundant element in the earth crust is

(xvii) _________ is an apparatus used tbr measuring the pressure of gases.

(xviii)The smallest branches of an artery lead into tiny blood vessels are called


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(xix) The living part of a plant cc I is composed of a nucleus and _______

(xx) The fastest revolving plant is _______

EDS Paper 2002General Knowledge, Paper I

Every Day ScienceAttempt any 10 questions. All questions carry equal marks

Q.1 Write short notes on any two of the following : 5 eacha. Acid Rain b. pesticides c endocrine system

Q.2 Differentiate between any five of the following pairs : (2 each)

a) rotation and revolution of earth b monocot and dicot plants

c pollination and fertilization d umbra and penumbra

e nucleus and nucleolus e heavy water and hard water

Q.3 Draw a labeled diagram of human eye, indicating all essential parts, discuss its working (5,5)

Q.4 Fill in the blanks with suitable words : ( 1 each)

a. Heavenly objects, which resembles stars and emit radio waves are called _ _ _ _

b. _ _ _ are hot springs that erupt hot water and steam from time to timec. Hot liquid rock beneath the earths surface is called _ _ _ _

d. The first simply microscope was invented by _ _ _ _

e. _ _ _ _ is the power house of the cellf. Ability of the air to absorb long heat waves from the earth after allowing the short waves from

sun to pass through it is known as _ _ _ _

g. Computer works on the principle introduced by the Muslim scientist _ _ _ _

h. Coldest planet of the solar system is _ _ _ _i. The rupture of red blood cells is called _ _ _ _

j. Muslim Scientist Ali ibn Al Tabari is famous for his work on _ _ _ _

Q.5 What is the solar system ? Indicate the position of planet pluto in it. State the characteristics

that classify it as : (5,1,4)

a. a planet b. an asteroid

Q.6 which quantities are measured by the following SI units : (1 each)

a. Watt b. Coulomb c. Pascal d. Ohme. Kelvin f. Joule g. meter h. Farady

i. Hertz j. Ampere

Q.7 What are minerals ? For most of the part minerals are constituted of eight elements, name

any six of them. State the six characteristics that are used to identify minerals

Q.8 Define any five of the following terms using suitable examples :a. Polymerization b. Ecosystem c. Antibiotics

d. Renewable energy resources e. Gene f. Software


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Q.9 what do you understand by the term Balanced Diet ? What are its essential constituents ?

state the function of each constituent (2,3,5)

Q.10 Which of the following statements are true and which are false (1 each)a. Haploid cells result from the process of mitosis

b. All stars are of the same colour

c. The left lung has two lobes while the right lung has three lobesd. The pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to the right atriume. Muslim Scientist Ibn Haitham is famous for his work on planets

f. Our galaxy milky way is shaped like a large thick concave lens with a large central bulge

g. DNA has a double helix structure while the RNA does not have a double helix structureh. The normal temperature of Human Blood is 37 c (98.6 F)

i. The liver is a part of gastrointestinal tract

j. Movement of tectonic plates may cause eruption of a volcano

Q.11 What do the following scientific abbreviations stand for ? ( 1 each)

a. LASER b. RADAR c. LPG d. PVC e. CFC

f. AIDS g. ROM h. LAN i. WWW j. DNA

Q.12 Give brief scientific reasons for any five of the following statements : (2 each)a. Lunar eclipse lasts much longer than solar eclipse

b. Goiter is common in people living in hilly areas

c. Mixture of ice and salt (sodium chloride) is used as a freezing mixture

d. Detergents are better cleaning agents compared to soape. Decomposers are important for life on land and water

f. Places near the sea are cooler in summer and warmer in winter than places farther inland

Q.13 Name ( 1 each )a. A disease caused by deficiency of vitamin C

b. The major fossil fuel impurity

c. The instrument used to measure degree of humidity

d. An ore of Zince. Two most abundant elements present in the sun

f. The metal atom present in chlorophyll

g. The gland responsible for the secretion of the hormone estrogenh. An element used in the doping of silicon for the preparation of a p-type semiconductor

i. A synthetic fibre which is a polyamide

j. Major constituent of BiogasQ.14 What are fertilizers ? what do you understand by the term NPK fertilizer ? How do

fertilizers contribute to water pollution ? (3,1,6)

Q.15 Choose the one alternative the best completes the statement or answer the question ( 1 each

)

1). Glycogen is an example of

a Carbohydrate b Peptidec Lipid d steroids


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2). The cell structure that controls movements of material into and out of the cell is the a)

mitochondria b) cell membrane

c) Centriole d) golgi body

3). The unit that co-ordinates different devices of the computer system is

a ALU b registerc control unit d logical instructions

4). _ _ _ _ manages and controls various functions of the computera in put/out put device b main memory

c operating system d both a & b

5). The number of natural satellite orbiting around the planet Mars is

a 1 b 2

c 5 d 14

6). _ _ _ _ is an example of mechanical digestiona glycolysis b hydrolysisc Mastication d defecation

7). Botanically a fruit is a/ana ripened ovule b mature stigma

c ripened ovary d fully mature flowering stalk

8). The vocal folds are part of the

a nasal cavity b larynx

c trachea d laryngopharyn

9). Blood glucose is raised by all of the following except

a glycogen b insulinc cortisol d epinephrine

10. The famous book Al-Qanoon was written by the Muslim scientista Jabir-ibn-Ha

CSS 2003

1. Write short notes on any two of the following :

a). Microwave oven : It is one of the great inventions of the 20th century. Microwave ovens arepopular because they cook food quickly. They are also extremely efficient in their use of

electricity because a microwave oven heats only the food - nothing else. A microwave oven uses

microwaves to heat food. Microwaves are radio waves. In the case of microwave ovens, thecommonly used radio wave frequency is roughly 2,500 megahertz (2.5 gigahertz). Radio waves

in this frequency range are absorbed by water, fats and sugars. When they are absorbed they are

converted directly into atomic motion - heat. Microwaves in this frequency range have anotherinteresting property: they are not absorbed by most plastics, glass or ceramics. Metal reflects


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microwaves, thats why metal pans do not work well in a microwave oven.

b). Optic fibre : Optical fiber refers to the medium and the technology associated with the

transmission of information as light pulses along a glass or plastic wire or fiber. Optical fibercarries much more information than copper wire. Most telephone company long-distance lines

are now of optical fiber.

Transmission on optical fiber wire requires repeaters at distance intervals. The glass fiberrequires more protection within an outer cable than copper. For these reasons and because theinstallation of any new wiring is labor-intensive, few communities yet have optical fiber wires or

cables from the phone company's branch office to local customers. A type of fiber known as

single mode fiber is used for longer distances; multimode fiberis used for shorter distances.c). Biotechnology: The simplest definition of biotechnology is "applied biology" and the

application of biological knowledge and techniques to develop products. It may be further

defined as the use of living organisms to make a product or run a process. By this definition, the

classic techniques used for plant and animal breeding, fermentation and enzyme purificationwould be considered biotechnology. Some people use the term only to refer to newer tools of

genetic science. In this context, biotechnology may be defined as the use of biotechnical methods

to modify the genetic materials of living cells so they will produce new substances or performnew functions. Examples include recombinant DNA technology, in which a copy of a piece of

DNA containing one or a few genes is transferred between organisms or "recombined" within an

organism.

2. Give names of the members of the solar system. Briefly write down main characteristics of :a). Mars b). venus

- Mercury - Venus - Earth - Mars - Jupiter

- Saturn - Uranus - Nepture - Pluto

Mars : It is the fourth planet in solar system. (Greek: Ares) is the god of War. The planet

probably got this name due to its red color; Mars is sometimes referred to as the Red Planet. Thename of the month March derives from Mars. The first spacecraft to visit Mars was Mariner 4 in

1965. Though Mars is much smaller than Earth, its surface area is about the same as the land

surface area of Earth.

Venus : Venus is the second planet from the sun and the sixth largest. Venus' orbit is the most

nearly circular of that of any planet. (Greek: Aphrodite; Babylonian: Ishtar) is the goddess oflove and beauty. The planet is so named probably because it is the brigthest of the planets known

to the ancients.

3. Name :

a). The instrument used for the measurement of blood pressure : sphygmomanometer

b). A mammal, which can fly : bat

c). A disease which is more common in men than in women and is hereditary in character :

daibetes millatusd). One endangered animal species of Pakistan : snow leopard

e). An ore of mercury : Amorphous

f). A cyanobacterium : Anabaena azola
http://www.ebay.com/sch/Consumer-Electronics-/293/i.html?_nkw=multimode+fiberhttp://www.ebay.com/sch/Consumer-Electronics-/293/i.html?_nkw=multimode+fiber


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g). A hormone secreted by pancreas : insulin

h). The nuclear reaction taking place on the surface of sun : fusion reaction

i). The scientist who discovered sulfuric acid : Jabir bin Hayanj). The constituent elements of brass :

4). What do the following scientific abbreviations stand for :

a). SONAR : sound navigation by application of radiation

b). SARS : severe acute respiratory syndromec). NTP : network time protocol

d). RQ : respiratory quotient

e). PVC : polyvinyl chloridef). NPN : negative positive negative

g). WAN : wide area network

h). ECG: electro cardio gram

i). CPU: central processing unit

j). BCG : bacillus of calmetteGuerin

Q 5 : what are pesticides ? discuss their classification commonly in use with agronomists.

Toxic chemicals that are used to destroy pests are known as pesticides. Fungicides (which killfungi), herbicides (which kill plants), and insecticides (which kill insects) are types of pesticides.

Classification of Pesticides :

Acarcides, Algicides, Bactericides, Bird repellents, Fungicides, Herbicides, Insect attractants,

Insect repellents, Insecticides, Nematacides , Mamal repellents, Rodenticides , Virucides and

plant growth regulators

Each major group of pesticides (e.g. herbicides or plant growth regulators) is subdivided intochemical or other classes (e.g. chloroacetanilide herbicides or auxins).

Q 6 : Define any five of the following :

Acoustics : The science of sound dealing with the production, effects, and transmission of soundwaves through various mediums. Includes the effects of reflection, refraction, diffraction,

absorption, and interference

Quartz : It is a hard glossy mineral consisting of silicon dioxide in crystal form; present in mostrocks (especially sandstone and granite); yellow sand is quartz with iron oxide impurities. It is a

mineral composed of the elements silicon and oxygen (silicon dioxide) that occurs in multiple

forms.

Cross Pollination : Mixing the pollen of one flowering plant with another to create a hybrid. It isdone by transfer of pollen from one flower to another of a different variety but of same species.

Necessary for the fruit development of many plants.


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Allele : Any of the alternative forms of a gene that may occur at a given gene locus. One of the

variant forms of a gene at a particular locus, or location, on a chromosome. Different alleles

produce variation in inherited characteristics such as hair color or blood type.

Optical Illusion : drawing or object that appears to have an effect that it does not really have,

such as when a flat painting seems to have three-dimensional depth. When something appearsdifferent than it actually is. Example: Trompe de oil murals which "trick the eye" into thinking

they are 3 dimensional, or when a ceiling appears higher than it is because of colors, etc. used.

Ovulation : The release of an egg (or eggs) from the ovary.

Aqua Regia : Aqua regia is a 3:1 mixture of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid. Aqua regia is used

to test gold and platinum; it is just about one of the few substances that can dissolve gold and

platinum.

Q. 7 : Which physical quantities are measured by the following units :

a) Pascal Sound Pressureb) Torr Pressure

c) Curie Intensity of radioactivity

d) Angstrom Unit of lengthe) Light year The distance light travels in a year

f) Dioptre Lens refractive power

g) Horse power Unit of Powerh) Radian Unit of angular measure

i) Candela Unit of luminous intensity

j) Mole unit of amount of substance

Q. 8: Explain the structure of Earth and its Atmosphere

Atmosphere of Earth :

Gaseous envelope of the Earth, or any other celestial object. The Earths atmosphere is made up

of nitrogen (78 per cent), oxygen (21 per cent), argon (0.9 per cent), carbon dioxide (0.03 per

cent), varying amounts of water vapour, and trace amounts of hydrogen, ozone, methane, carbonmonoxide, helium, neon, krypton, and xenon.

The atmosphere is divided into several layers. The lowest one, the troposphere, extends up toabout 16 km (10 mi) in tropical regions and to about 9.7 km (6 mi) in temperate latitudes. Most

clouds occur in this layer. Above the troposphere is the stratosphere, which has an upper

boundary of almost 50 km (30 mi). The layer from 50 to 80 km (30 to 50 mi), called themesosphere, is characterized by a marked decrease in temperature as the altitude increases. At an

altitude of 80 km (50 mi), ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and showers of electrons from the sun

ionize several layers of the atmosphere, causing them to conduct electricity. Because of the

relatively high concentration of ions, this layer, extending to an altitude of 640 km (400 mi), is


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called the ionosphere. The region beyond the ionosphere is called the exosphere; it extends to

about 9,600 km (6,000 mi), the outer limit of the atmosphere.

Air pressure is measured by a barometer and is expressed in torrs, which are related to the height

of a column of mercury that the air pressure will support. Normal atmospheric pressure at sealevel is 760 torrs. At about 5.6 km (3.5 mi), it is 380 torrs; half of all the air in the atmosphere

lies below this level.

Q. 9 : Fill in the blanks :

The conversion of non-diffuisalbe substances into diffusible ones by the action of enzymes in

called :

Diamond is the purest naturally occurring crystalline form of : Carbon

Caustic soda is extensively used for making : making SurfWhen a person can see nearer objects but not the distant ones he is said to be suffering from :

nearsightedness (myopia)Marble is --- rock : metaphoric

Curie is a unit of : radioactivityThe brown colour of rust is because of : oxidation

The movement of food through esophagus is by the muscular action known as : peristaltic

Granite is a form ofrock :Cellulose -- is the main chemical substance in the plant cell wall :

Cell -- was first discovered by Robert Brown :

Q 10. What are Endocrine Glands ? Name any two . From which of the body are the following

secreted :

Group of organs and tissues of the body that release hormones. The endocrine glands and their

hormones regulate the growth, development, and function of various tissues and coordinate many

of the processes of metabolism.

Pituitary Gland

The pituitary gland has three lobes: anterior, intermediate, and posterior. It is situated at the baseof the brain and has been called the master gland. The pituitary secretes various hormones that

stimulate the function of other endocrine glands; growth hormone; and endorphins, peptides that

reduce sensitivity to pain. The pituitary also stores vasopressin, an antidiuretic hormone secreted

by the hypothalamus.

Adrenal Glands

The adrenal glands, located on top of each kidney, consist of a medulla (inner part) and a cortex(outer part). The adrenal medulla produces adrenaline and noradrenaline, which affect a number

of functions that help the body deal with acute emergencies. The adrenal cortex secretes a group

of steroid hormones, including cortisone and hydrocortisone, that are essential to themaintenance of life and adaptation to stress.


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Insulin : Pancreas

Thyroxin : Thyroid

Adrenaline ; Adrenal medul

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