EVALUATION OF UNESCO’S PROGRAMME FOR CRAFTS PROMOTION 19904998unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001191/119101Eo.pdf · 3.6 Concertation at regional ... protection of the environment

EVALUATION OF UNESCO’S PROGRAMME FOR CRAFTS PROMOTION

19904998

FINAL EVALUATION REPORT

JANUARY 2000

By Ms Mildred Bembatoum-Young, Mr Dominique Bouchart. Rls Cecilia Duque-Duque, Ms Jasleen Dhamija, Mr Tony Ford and Mr Nazih hlaarouf

CLT-2000/WS/2

EXTERNAL EVALUATION OF UNESCO’S PROGRAMME FOR CRAFTS PROMOTION 1990-1998

CONTENTS

paragraphs

1. Abstract

2. The evaluation exercise

2.1 Background and context l-4 2.2 Methodology and work 5-8

3. Main findings 9-11

3.1 Role of UNESCO in data collection 12-16 3.2 Training of craftspeople 17-21 3.3 Promotion of crafts 22-26 3.4 Financing of crafts 27-29 3.5 Implementation of pilot activities 30-34 3.6 Concertation at regional level 35-37 3.7 Status of craftspeople 38-40

4. Conclusion 41-42

5. Recommendations

5.1 Data collection 43-44 5.2 Promotion of crafts 45-46 5.3 Training of craftspeople 47-48 5.4 Concertation between crafts organizations 49-50 5.5 Status of craftspeople 51-52

Appendices:

1. Consolidated report on UNESCO’s activities for crafts promotion from 1990 to 1998 (by I. Vencatachellum, Chief of the Unit for Crafts and Design)

2. List of the Members States which have answered to the Questionnaire on the evaluation of crafts development.

3. Detailed analysis of the replies to the Questionnaire.

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1. ABSTRACT

The external review of UNESCO’s Programme for Crafts Promotion since 1990 found a significant number of innovative and original activities carried out in a broad range of fields, from data collection to the promotion of quality crafts and the launching of experimental training workshops, especially for women artisans in the developing countries. The most clearly recognized achievement in all the regions is the role played by UNESCO in creating a much needed awareness on the part of governments and other international organizations about the important contribution the Crafts Sector can make to the social, cultural and economic development process.

In spite of this significant role and UNESCO’s laudable efforts with limited human resources and financial means, there is the overwhelming impression that crafts organizations and craftspeople generally feel unsupported, under-financed, under-promoted and under- valued. Measures should be taken in the short term to remedy, in particular, to two major elements of dissatisfaction connected with the lack of information and the poor degree of coordination of funding sources at the national and regional level.

The evaluation also revealed that the objectives chosen by UNESCO were the correct ones and should continue to be promoted in the medium term. Beyond the particular needs of each region, there is a set of common issues which should be addressed as regards data collection, training, promotion and the status of craftspeople. UNESCO’s future Crafts Programme should be related to the general concerns for the eradication of poverty, the protection of the environment and the indispensable linkages between culture and sustainable development.

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Proposals for immediate action

On the basis of the evaluation reports, consultation meetings should be organized in each region to examine the priority objectives, identify modalities of action and prepare joint and/or complementary activities by governmental and non-governmental organizations, regional and sub-regional economic communities, foundations and development agencies operating in the crafts sector. One of the UNESCO field offices in each region or sub-region should be designated as. the focal point for ensuring the regular and updated flow of information on ongoing and planned activities and for networking with the concerned crafts associations and organizations, as far as possible through Internet and the UNESCO Website. UNESCO should identify best practices across each region in specific areas (data collection, training, marketing, etc.) and ensure their broad dissemination (publications, audio-visual media, Internet, etc.).

Proposals for medium term action

UNESCO should promote a better knowledge of the importance of crafts, especially through economic surveys and data banks and emphasize the need for data collection on the sales of crafts to tourists.

2 Pilot workshops should be organized on the techniques and modalities for preparing the participation in crafts fairs while Internet usage should be promoted to improve the accessibility of craftspeople to this new promotion, information and distribution system. UNESCO should undertake pilot projects in the training of trainers in the priority areas of product design and marketing, in collaboration with other international organizations. Similarly, UNESCO should stimulate joint efforts. to upgrade all the components of the Status of craftspeople, especially as regards their rights to training opportunities and the introduction of crafts courses in schools and universities with the full participation of master craftspersons.

The evaluation team

The members of the evaluation team were:

Mr Dominique Bouchart (France), Coordinator - Expert in handicrafts development. Mrs Mildred Bembatoum-Young (Nigeria) - Specialist in Small Enterprise Promotion. Mrs Jasleen Dhamija (India) - Researcher, specialist in handicrafts development. - Mrs Cecilia Duque-Duque (Colombia) - General Manager of Artesanias de Colombia. Mr Tony Ford (United Kingdom) - Director of the Crafts Council (United Kingdom). Mr Nazih Maarouf (Palestine) - Head of the Crafts Development Programme (Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture).

They were aided in their work by the Unit for Crafts and Design, headed by Mr Indrasen Vencatachellum.

2. THE EVALUATION EXERCISE

2.1 Background and context

1. An external evaluation of UNESCO’s Programme for Crafts Promotion for the period 1990- 1998 was conducted from June to October 1999. The tasks of the evaluation team were to analyze the contribution of the Programme to crafts development at national and regional levels and recommend future directions. The proposals are geared towards activities that can be implemented by UNESCO without duplicating those of other regional and/or international organizations involved in the crafts sector. This report describes the evaluation and its main findings, conclusions and recommendations, based on a wealth of information gathered in each region and elaborated in appendices.

2. Increasing importance has been given by the Member States since the launch, under the auspices of the United Nations and of UNESCO, of the ‘Ten-Year Plan of Action for the Development of Crafts in the World (1990-1999)‘. In cooperation with specialized national, regional and international institutions, UNESCO acts as a catalyst, stimulating concerted action for the development of the cultural and socio-economic impact of crafts.

3. The initial objectives of the Programme focused on the following three objectives of the Plan of Action: (a) data collection; (b) training and further training and (c) promotion. In

3 the light of the Member States’ replies to an evaluation questionnaire and of the recommendations of the meetmg of experts in October 1994 for the mid-term review (1990- 1994) of the Ten-Year Plan, greater emphasis has been laid during the last two biennia on the links between the crafts sector and other development sectors: environment, tourism, education, etc. Many Member States and NGOs also wished that the Programme be geared to the youth and to women as target groups.

4. As more and more international agencies, inter-governmental and non-governmental organizations are getting involved in the crafts sector, it is imperative to adjust the activities of UNESCO so as to avoid duplication and to promote complementary activities.

2.2 Methodology and work

5. The Evaluation Team was provided with the Terms of Reference, guidelines for the processing of the replies of Member States to the Questionnaire and background information on UNESCO’s activities fi-om 1990 to 1998 (Appendix 1) with the relevant reports and documents. The Regional Evaluators were required (a) to analyze and assess the positive results and shortcomings in each of the following areas: crafts priorities in the national development plans, data collection, further training of craftspeople, promotion, financing, pilot activities, concertation and status of the artisan, (b) to make recommendation for future actions in the short and medium term. The Regional reports were then processed by a Coordinator responsible for drafting a consolidated evaluation report which takes into account both common and specific issues, needs and prospects in the Crafts Sector.

6. The evaluation questionnaire was designed in such a way as to gather information from Member States and concerned organizations on the development of crafts during the period 1990-1998 and proposals as regards priorities for UNESCO’s programme in the short and medium term. The 66 replies received from all the geographical regions (see details in Appendix 2) correspond to the following distribution.

REGIONS REPLIES Africa 17

OUT OF % 46 36,9%

Arab States

Asia-Pacific

Europe and North America Latin America and the Caribbean

9 17 52,9%

8 37 21,6%

20 49 40,8%

12 38 31,5%

Although a larger response, especially from Asia and the Arab States was expected, these replies constitute a fairly good return and can be regarded as representative of opinion. In addition, the Evaluation was based on the intimate knowledge of the condition of crafts in each region by the consultants who have worked and participated in many of the ongoing programmes of regional and international organizations involved in the Sector. The positive results achieved as well as the shortcomings with regard to each of the above objectives are

4 highlighted below from each regional viewpoint. A detailed analysis of opinions and trends by region is annexed to the report.

7. Weaknesses in the exercise should be admitted upfront. Lack of time and financial means limited its scope and depth. It was not possible to hold a briefing or debriefing consultation with all the members of the Evaluation Team. The evaluators had neither the time nor the means to conduct study of ‘impact’ satisfaction with government officials and crafts associations. Besides, few sections of the evaluation questionnaire provided an insight into the actual activities undertaken by Member States.

8. Despite these constraints, the team succeeded in gathering quite an abundance of information and ideas that described UNESCO’s diverse and rich panoply of activities and publications and provided quite a solid foundation on which to build its recommendations.

3. MAIN FINDINGS

9. The major finding, with near unanimous agreement in all the regions, is that thefive objectives of the Ten Year PIan of Action - Data Collection, Further Training of Craftspeople, Crafts Promotion, Funding Crafts Projects and Implementation of Pilot Activities - were the correct ones. The protection of the status of craftspeople is also recognized as a common priority area. The surveys found out too that these five objectives should continue to be promoted in the medium term, due account taken of the varying level of importance given by each region to each of them.

10. One of the greatest achievements of the Plan of Action was that the choice of the objectives and priority areas led to a new, much needed awareness on the part of govemments about the important contribution the crafts sector could make to their national economies, if given the necessary support. The Plan also created awareness of the importance of certain issues - economic surveys, training facilities, better promotion and protection of crafts products - which are crucial for the continued development of the crafts sector at the national level. With limited human resources, a very meagre budgetary allocation and the large area to be covered, in terms of location and scope of activities, UNESCO’s Unit for Crafts and Design managed to focus public attention world-wide on the prospects and needs of the sector.

11. The overwhelming impression is that the crafts organizations and craftspeople generally feel unsupported, under-financed, under-promoted and under-valued. They are often ignorant of UNESCO activities and/or publications but would welcome any support that the Organization could give in the future. Two major elements of dissatisfaction are connected with the low level of exchanges within each region and the lack of coordination of tiding sources. The survey revealed a good deal of support for the idea that UNESCO should play its role as a catalyst to promote better coordination of organizations involved in the sector as it is the only international qrganization which has a global approach to the socio-cultural and economic role of crafts in society. UNESCO has a special responsibility to ensure that contribution of this sector as well as the needs of crafispeople are taken into account by development and funding institutions.

5 3.1 Role of UNESCO in data collection

12. In Africa, the survey revealed that significant changes have taken place at the production level as well as in exports and employment. However, only 3 out of 14 completed questionnaires, i.e. about l/5, indicated that their countries considered that data collection was given a high level of importance by their country during the past ten years. Most countries in the region considered data collection had been given an average or low/very low level of importance. This is rather unfortunate, especially since without adequate scientific data to prove the economic, social and cultural importance of crafts, national and international decision-makers will continue to be reluctant to give priority to and allocate sufficient funds for the promotion of crafts. Although the preparation of the manual <Methodological Guide for the Collection of Data on Crafts)) can be regarded as a major achievement in itself, there must have been some failure to understand how to utilize this valuable tool since data collection scored so poorly. Also, since data collection is a continuous exercise, one workshop for the whole of Africa during the ten-year period was obviously not sufficient to sustain the interest of the various institutions targeted or provide them with a deep enough understanding to guarantee their continued use of this tool. However, it is encouraging to note that data collection is considered to be of high importance in the medium term by the majority of the countries.

13. A high importance is given in the Arab States to the collection of data and numerous publications on crafts have been recorded in the Member States after the dissemination, in 1990, of the Arabic version of the UNESCO <<Methodological Guide)). The establishment of regional data banks is generally considered to be a common priority in the medium-term.

14. Similarly in the Asian Region, it was consi.dered necessary to set up a Regional Data and Technical Information Unit which could be accessed by the Internet and utilized by the Member States. The survey revealed a special concern for the exchange of experience and information on practical issues, such as product design, packaging and marketing.

15. In Europe and North America, very little solid information exists on the socio- economic impact of crafts and craftspeople. The key to unlocking some of the problem of crafts may well be data collection. The survey revealed near unanimity amongst respondents in wanting UNESCO to promote National Economic Surveys. UNESCO has already recognized the necessity of establishing agreed terminology to provide comparisons between countries; the current work with the International Trade Centre and the World Customs Organization regarding crafts classification in the Hannonized System shows how difficult this is. Nevertheless, until it is possible to provide hard data on the crafts economy, it will be difficult to build up further support for crafts and craftspeople from national governments or international organizations.

16. Even though several Latin American counnies have advanced handicraft surveys and censuses, statistical data is nevertheless very precarious. In the region, one of the countries which has accomplished a national economic census is Colombia, a task carried out by Artesanias de Colombia in coordination with local institutions, municipalities, the academic sector, non-governmental organizations and crafts associations. In no case have the region’s countries conceded the importance that is deserved to collecting data; this is an alarming situation if it is taken into account that all governments, in order to provide a suitable response, need reliable information permitting them to identify and highlight policy,

6 programmes and succeeding projects objectives. UNESCO will have to encourage national entities in each country to carry out national censuses or socio-economic surveys for the handicraft sector.

3.2 Training of craftspeople

17. It is encouraging to note that training and employment of young people was the most frequently mentioned pilot activity and workshop-classes for creating awareness about craft professions is a very successful programme which should be cloned in conjunction with educational NGOs in Africa. UNESCO should also be commended for its focus on training and promoting women in the crafts sector. The fact that only three countries were satisfied with the rate at which crafts courses are being introduced in schools and universities is most unfortunate since this would appear to be one of the few areas where Africa might have a comparative originality in international trade. At the other end of the scale, the link between literacy and craft programmes does not seem to have been firmly established either.

18. The survey revealed some interesting initiatives in the Arab States to promote the skills upgrading of craftspeople, especially women supporting low-income families. However, it was felt that more efforts should be made to convince concerned governments and institutions of the need to patronize intensive training programmes combining traditional know-how and modem technology. The most recommended topics for UNESCO to promote in the short term are: marketing, organization of the production and product/design improvement.

19. The UNESCO experimental workshops for encouraging exchanges of experiences within the Asian region have been generally considered to be satisfactory. The responses to the survey indicate that UNESCO’s intervention has been effective and has created an awareness of more innovative approaches to training than the conventional skill development programmes which were the norm. In the medium term, there is a particular concern in this region for a broader approach to training and for the teaching of crafts to be a part of the educational system.

20. As regards Europe, respondents wanted further training of craftspeople to be given higher importance in their country and wished UNESCO to increase its efforts in this respect, including encouraging regional concertation. What tends to be lacking everywhere is further mid-career training to refresh design skills and upgrade techniques. Further, as the apprenticeship system dies out in some countries of the region in favour of university training, there is a fear that crafts made in a living tradition may die out. This is an area of work which would deserve further study and investigation.

21. In all Latin America and Caribbean countries, handicraft training is a common problem. This stems from the fact that learning a trade is transmitted from parents to children, but this does not ensure their permanency in the market. Faced with these hard market requirements, handicraft-workers should perfect their trades, adapt their products and improve their productive capacity. In the short and medium term, it is fundamental that UNESCO stimulate the development of training strategies for the region’s handicraft- workers, be these indigenous, traditional or contemporary, in integral production management, which includes design of new products, packaging, marketing techniques, equipment and tools improvement. UNESCO will have to sponsor handicraft-worker

7 exchanges with those of other countries, in order to know about training programmes, production systems, technology development and marketing systems, among others.

3.3 Promotion of crafts

22. The disappointment expressed by the majority of Member States and craftspeople’s associations in Africa despite the fact that UNESCO has actually carried out a great number of activities to promote crafts and artisans during the decade, is an indication of that different meanings have been given to the word “promotion”.by UNESCO and the artisans who are the major stakeholders in this important programme. However, one must recognize the immense contribution of the UNESCO Crafts Prize of US 10,000 dollars despite the low organizational costs of this activity. The prestige which accompanies this coveted prize helps to open many doors for otherwise unsung and underexposed African artisans who become much-needed role models and a source of inspiration to others. In the future, a tour of neighbouring countries by each recipient might further enhance the image of UNESCO, give the craftsperson concerned the opportunity to find markets for his/her products and encourage more artisans to attend the International Crafts Trade Show of Ouagadougou and compete for such awards.

23. In spite of the low degree of satisfaction expressed in the replies to the questionnaire, the survey reveals that the promotional means recommended by UNESCO have given way to numerous initiatives in the Arab States (national prizes, exhibitions, publications, etc.). The priorities of the region in the short and medium terms are for craft fairs, promotion through Internet and cultural tourism.

24. In the Asian region, it was considered that UNESCO has been instrumental in focusing the attention of the government agencies and voluntary organizations through its promotional programmes of prizes, exhibitions and publications. As regards the future, the response was overwhelming for the use of Internet and for crafts promotion through tourism. Emphasis is also laid on the need to explore regional outlets for the marketing of crafts.

25. In Europe and North America, the weight of opinion is on the side of dissatisfaction and almost half the respondents felt that there is a great deal more that UNESCO could do to promote crafts. In this connection, a majority of countries propose that UNESCO should, above all, favour the use of Intemet/Website together with exhibitions in official places.

26. The survey in Latin America reveals a low level of satisfaction with the activities carried out by UNESCO. The most favoured promotion means for the future is through tourism, followed by crafts fairs and exhibitions at the national level.

3.4 Financing of crafts

27. The Final Report of the Meeting of Experts for the Mid-Term Review of the Ten-Year Plan of Action recommended that “further training, promotion and marketing of crafts and funding of crafts projects” should be given priority during the second phase, in line with the Member States replies to the evaluation questionnaire. It is unfortunate, therefore, that at the end of the second phase crafts associations in 10 out of 14 countries in Africa considered the financing of crafts <<unsatisfactory>>.

8 28. There is a similar high level of dissatisfaction about the financing of crafts in the other regions and craftspeople generally feel that their rights are not recognized, with very limited access to national or international funding sources. This is particularly discouraging as the crafts sector which is labour intensive and not capital intensive can ideally contribute to alleviating unemployment and poverty in the developing countries.

29. There is a very large consensus that, in the short term, UNESCO should recommend funding by (tall organizations in concertatiom). This is very encouraging for UNESCO to play a catalyst role in funding craffs projects with all other international and national organizations. It should be noted that, except for Europe and North America, funding by the ((national budgets)) is not considered as realistic. This is probably because national administrations are requesting a quantitative justification of the effectiveness of such funding. However, it should not be forgotten that this justification has to be provided anyway when the request for funding is made through the national administration to an international organization. The other sources of funding recommended should not be neglected. For instance &unding by private sources)), which is coherent with the policy of international organizations like the World Bank, is mentioned by all regions except Asia. <(Micro-credit>) is a relatively new source of funding which appears to be favoured in all the regions except the Arab States.

3.5 Implementation of pilot activities

30. In Africa, more than half of the countries responded that no pilot projects had been implemented by them during the last 10 years. However, it is encouraging and interesting to note that “Training and employment of young people” was the most mentioned pilot activity with “Women Promotion” ranking second “in the past” and that the roles were reversed “in the medium term” where “women promotion” took the lead. These issues are very much on the agenda of development agencies and therefore such pilot projects highlight the relevance and contribution of the crafts sector to national development. It is also most satisfying that even though only ‘two countries indicated that pilot activities had been followed by broader activities, both stated that such follow-up programmes were highly successful, which demonstrates the usefulness of the pilot activities.

31. In the Arab States, the countries with the highest concentration of pilot activities reported that they have been followed by broader activities with a fair degree of satisfaction. The most often mentioned fields are: women promotion, cultural tourism, national and regional exhibition. The priorities in the medium term are very wide spread and no pattern could be clearly distinguished.

32. In Asia also, the few countries where there was a higher concentration of pilot activities responded that they were followed by broader activities. For instance, cultural tourism has led to the creation of crafts villages developed by local communities with workshops, souvenir shops and museums. The priorities of the region in the medium term are: youth training and cultural tourism, followed by women promotion.

33. Very few countries in Europe and North America implemented pilot activities so that the follow-up reported is not significant. There is a wide interest, in the medium term, for pilot training schemes and promotional activities such as: an international film festival on crafts, exhibitions and artisans circuits.

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34. Latin America is the only region where it seems that pilot activities have been undertaken seriously in the following fields: women promotion and environment protection. It is reported that these experimental projects have been followed by broader activities, especially as regards product design, product development and exhibitions. The priorities in the medium term vary f?om one country to another and it is not possible to have a clear vision of the activities which should be especially promoted by UNESCO at the regional level.

3.6 Concertation at regional level

35. UNESCO is to be lauded for its efforts, especially during the second phase, in fostering concerted action at the regional and international level. Such initiatives, as the Agreement of Cooperation concluded between UNESCO and the International Trade Centre (ITC) in June 1995, have given way to a series of joint activities for craft promotion, especially in the least developed countries. Unfortunately, however. this form of concertation has not helped with coordinating regional funding for craft development projects and does not therefore assist Member States and craft associations in solving one of their most crucial problems, i.e. how to finance their respective national, sub-regional and regional craft development projects within the framework of the overall objectives of the Ten-Year Plan. The issues dealt with so far have been at the macro level, e.g. where marketing crafts through the Internet is concerned a joint facility ITCKJNESCO Virtual E.xhibition Centre has been put in place, but craftspeople in Africa are either totally unaware of its existence or unable to utilize it because they are neither trained nor equipped to do so. A regional project to provide Internet facilities to each sub-regional craft association, with LKESCO Field Offices approaching relevant funding and international development agencies to provide financing and technical assistance would have been more in keeping with the spirit and the letter of the Plan of Action.

36. The only region where the present situation of regional concertation seems to be considered as positive is Asia. In the other regions, the responses show very clearly that UNESCO should do more to encourage regional concertation at inter-governmental level and networking between national and international non-governmental organizations. In many countries, the crafts organizations that exist are small and u.eak and where several organizations exist, they fail to cooperate. The voice of most craftspeople is thus uncoordinated and lacks persuasion. In the short term, it is felt that the designation of a UNESCO Field Office in each region or sub-region to serve as a focal point would contribute to increase the role of the Organization as a catalyst for concertation and cooperation at the regional level.

37. Although many respondents chose a wide variety of priorities, it seems that the priority which, according to all regions, should be chosen bq’ UNESCO for regional concertation in the medium term is “training”. Other priorities proposed concern: women (Africa), promotion (Arab States, Asia, Europe and North America), crafts promotion through tourism (Latin America).

10 3.7 Status of the craftspeople

38. UNESCO has not only carried out the recommendation contained in the Ten-Year Plan of Action to “undertake preliminary studies in cooperation with the International Labour Office (ILO)” by adopting a Plan of Action for Improvement of the Status of the Artisan. It has embarked upon a multifaceted campaign to win recognition and respect for the immense contribution of the artisan to the economic, social and cultural life of each nation: UNESCO prizes, exhibitions at Headquarters and publications .such as “Talented Women” and “Workshop classes for creating awareness about craft professions”. Unfortunately, not all UNESCO efforts have been translated into developments which most African artisans can fully appreciate at this point in time. The brochure “Overview of legal and other measures to protect original craft products” is excellent, but does not seem to have reached the principal stake-holders concerned. Sub-regional seminars should have been organized to bring these issues out into the open. Seminars/workshops on the establishment of Guild Chambers and National Societies for Original Crafts items in Af?ica should have been organized in each sub-region.

39. Despite the relatively low level of satisfaction with the improvement of the status of the craftspeople, the surveys reveal that some components appear to be found as “satisfactory”. The rights of craftspeople for training are considered positively by almost all regions while the improvement of living and working conditions is mentioned by half of the regions. The components in which there is still a lot to be done are respectively the introduction of crafts courses in schools and universities and copyrights registration and measures for the respect of these copyrights.

40. Although most of the suggested components of the status of craftspeople are considered as important, it is wished by most regions that, in the medium term, two main aspects be promoted in collaboration with UNESCO: introduction of craft courses in schools and universities with the participation of master craftpersons and training of craftspeople.

4. CONCLUSION

41. Ten years after the beginning of the first UNESCO Plan of Action to develop handicrafts in the world, more than three quarters of the Member States from all regions consider that the objectives of this Plan were well chosen, especially crafts promotion and the training of craftspeople, which, owing to the Plan, were given high priority at the national level. Generally speaking, the Member States find that now the interrelation between the cultural and economic aspects of crafts is more recognized. They feel that the Plan has largely contributed to provide a common framework for national development policies. The Plan has, however, been less successful at the regional level, one third of the Member States declaring that, at this level, it has only contributed in parts to the regional development of the crafts sector.

42. It is unanimously felt that UNESCO should set up immediately a second Plan of Action with the same objectives as theJirst one. The content of this new Plan should follow the recommendations listed hereunder. The experience of the first Plan having shown that it is more and more difficult to distinguish, in this field, the medium term fkom the short term, it is recommended that the new Plan includes general directions for the next three years which will be reassessed periodically.

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5. REXOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Recommendation concerning data collection

Justification

43. The recognition of the importance of crafts by those in charge of national economies is not high enough in most regions to be translated into practical actions because it is indispensable to prove how important the Sector is. The visibility of the actions in favour of crafts development is not sufficient. Crafts is not recognized when there is no proof of its importance in terms of income and employment generation. There is a lack of quantitative data indispensable to show the feasibility of any crafts related project. This hampers the financing of crafts projects so that the problem of funding is resented by most national crafts associations.

Recommendation

44. It is recommended that UNESCO takes action to promote a better knowledge of the importance of crafts, especially through economic surveys and data banks. These surveys should take into account the fact revealed during the evaluation that the real importance of crafts in an economy is not always reflected only in its export figures. In particular, sales of crafts to tourists can be more important than the export market. A better knowledge of the tourist market could complement the international trade statistics on crafts, as already illustrated by the joint UNESCOKJNDP project in Central Java (Indonesia) This will allow to materialize the intimate relationship between crafts and cultural tourism. In the countries and regions where quantitative data will be available, it is recommended that UNESCO plays a catalyst role in funding crafts projects with all other international and national organizations. Pilot projects on this subject should be set up as soon as possible. However, models of effective data collection, analysis and application should be identified and broadly disseminated.

5.2 Recommendation concerning the promotion of crafts

Justification

45. In spite of all the promotion activities of UNESCO during the last ten years (especially the crafts prizes and exhibitions), there is a low level of satisfaction in most regions on this subject.

Recommendation

46. UNESCO should intensify its promotion activities for crafts and concentrate its action on the following means:

Crafts fairs: this means of promotion being considered as a priority in all regions, UNESCO should have a stand in the most important regional fans, be still more active in awarding crafts prizes and promote the laureates of these prizes in order to illustrate what is quality crafts. A Guide for an efficient use of crafts fans should be published

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12 and pilot workshops should be held on this subject, so that the participants take full advantage of this type of promotion. Promotion through the Lntemet ‘becomes more and more essential to connect the craftspeople to this new promotion, distribution and information system. UNESCO should coordinate the efforts by the existing data banks in each region and continue its cooperation in this field with the International Trade Centre. Promotion through tourism: UNESCO should encourage pilot projects to show how quality crafts can be developed in connection. with tourism development. These proje&s should involve product design, the setting up of crafts -villages and specialized crafts tours.

5.3 Recommendation concerning the traininn of craftsoeoole

Justification

47. Although half of the countries have undertaken training actlvlties during the last ten years, the present situation is considered unsatisfactory in most regions.

Recommendation

48. It is recommended that UNESCO undertakes pilot projects In the training of trainers (with follow-up practical activities) in collaboration with other international organizations. These pilot projects should be concentrated on carefilly selected areas The fields of training which should be given priority are Marketing and Product Desin. In the case of traditional craftspeople, this should include training in the sensitive adaptation of traditional work and motives to new purposes. UNESCO should also identify the best pracrlces in training across each region and promote these practices where it is lacking throu_rh the international exchange of successful trainers.

5.4 Recommendation concerning concertation between crafts organizations

Justification

49. Strong national and regional organizations are essential to pro\.ide assistance to the craftspeople and represent their interests and involvement with the natIonal and international administrations. These organizations should materialize the necessary solidarity and cooperation between craftspeople at the national, regional and international level. In most regions this does not seem to be the case. The responses to the evaluation questionnaire show for instance, that there is a very little regional concertation and that many national crafts organizations are not as efficient as they should be. This is a clear bottleneck for the development of crafts in the world.

Recommendation

50. It is recommended that UNESCO takes firm measures with the regional non- governmental organizations specialized in crafts development which are not enough efficient in this field, assist them in their organization to improve their efficiency and, eventually, welcome the creation of new, more dynamic organizations. When the regional concertation will be more efficient, UNESCO should give priority to joint projects in all regions. These

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13 projects should be devoted to the most urgent needs of each region: in Africa (projects for craftswomen), in the Arab States, Asia, Europe and North America (projects on promotion of crafts), in Latin America (projects on crafts promotion through tourism).

5.5 Recommendation concerning the status of the craftspeople

Justification

51. During the last ten years, UNESCO had the merit to raise the issue of the status of the craftspeople which was not previously debated. The recognition that the crafkpeople are part of the cornrnunity with rights and duties has far reaching implications. From this point of view, on the average, UNESCO’s efforts have been considered as fair in all regions. The first merit of UNESCO is to have split this issue in different components which can now be better monitored. Two of these components have shown satisfactory progress: the rights of the craftspeople to training and the improvement of living and working conditions. However, a lot has still to be done. Some other components, like introduction of crafts courses in schools and universities, are lagging behind.

Recommendation

52. It is recommended that UNESCO continue to promote all the components of the status of the craftspeople in collaboration with the other United Nations agencies concerned. Most regions feel that two main components should be promoted in priority in collaboration with UNESCO: the introduction of crafts courses in schools and universities and the rights of craftspeople to training. These should be the theme of pilot projects to be undertaken as soon as possible, in collaboration with the concerned organizations in each region while emphasis should be placed on the need to include training in crafts as a part of the mainstream educational system. UNESCO should gather the best practices and corresponding legal provisions on this subject and publish them.

15

APPENDIX 1

CONSOLIDATED REPORT ON UNESCO’S ACTIVITIES FOR CRAFTS PROMOTION FROM 1990 TO 1998

CONTENTS

Paragraph numbers

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

PROGRAMME RESOURCES

PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION

l-3

4-7

Objective 1: To harmonize the collection and processing of data on crafts 8-l 1

Objective 2: To contribute to the training and further training of craftspersons 12-2 1

Objective 3: To promote quality crafts and to reward creative craftspersons 22-28

Objective 4: To uplift the status of the artisan and the protection of artisanal

creations 29-33

Objective 5: To foster concerted action at the regional and international level 34-41

MAIN ACHIEVEMENTS 42

Annex 1:

Annex 2:

UNESCO’s support for the Member States under the Participation Programme 1990- 1998

Plan of Action adopted by the UNESCO/ITC symposium on ‘Crafts and the International Market: Trade and Customs Codification’

17

I. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

1. Increasing importance has been given to the Crafts Sector by the Member States since the launch, under the auspices of the United Nations and of UNESCO, of the Ten-Year Plan for the Development of Crafts in the World (1990-1999). In co-operation with specialized regional and international institutions, UNESCO acts as a catalyst, stimulating concerted action, and as a facilitator for the development of the socio-economic impact of crafts activities.

2. In order to avoid duplication with other United Nations Institutions/Agencies, the initial priorities of the Programme (1990-1994) focussed on the following three objectives of the Plan of Action: data collection, training and further training, and promotion. In the light of the Member States’ replies to an evaluation questionnaire and of the recommendations of the meeting of experts in October 1994 for the mid-term review of the Ten-Year Plan, a new emphasis was laid during the last two biennial period (1994-1995 and 1996-1997) on marketing and on the links between the crafts sector and other development areas: the environment, tourism, education, etc. Furthermore, in response to the needs expressed by many Member States and NGOs, the Programme has also been geared to the youth and women as target groups.

3. In sum, the whole range of modalities of action mentioned in this report - studies and research, seminars, workshops, exhibitions and publications - are related to the following five objectives:

to harmonize the collection of data on crafts to contribute to the training and further training for craftspersons to promote quality crafts and to reward creative craftspersons to uplift the status of the artisan and the protection of artisanal creations to foster concerted action at the regional and international level

II. PROGRAMME RESOURCES

4. The main funding sources for the implementation of the above-mentioned objectives were the appropriation under the approved Programme and Budget for the Culture Sector and the funds available under the Participation Programme’. Extra-budgetary funding was only obtained in 1990 for the Ikat and Carpet-weaving project in Afghanistan (‘USS 100,000 under the UN funds for UNOCHA - the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance to Afghanistan).

1 See Annex 1.

18

5. The evolution of the Sector’s funds for the Crafts Programme stands as follows:

I 1990-1991 I 1992-1993 1 1994-1995 ( 1996-1997 1 1998 I

) ~s$100,190 ) US$lO8,600 1 US$l46,200 ) US$l88,265 1 US$l69,000 1

6. Financial support to Member States and NGOs for national and/or regional projects under the Participation Programme evolved as follows:

1990-1991 1992-1993 1994-1995 1996-1997 1998

US$l60,727 US$241,500 US$l43,200 US$209,585 US$l36,000

A detailed statement by geographical region on the activities funded is annexed to this report.

7. As regards human resources, the Crafts programme has been monitored during the whole period 1990-1998 by 1 Programme specialist and 1 part-time secretary. The setting- up, in 1997, of a specific Unit for Crafts and Design within the Culture Sector was not accompanied by any staff re-enforcement (Note: one Programme Specialist has been transferred to the Unit in September 1999 and the part-time secretary transferred into a full- time one).

.

III. PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION

Objective 1 : To harmonize the collection and processing of data on crafts

(4 ‘Methodological guide to the collection of data on crafts’

8. This guide, which constitutes a major contribution to the implementation of the first objective of the Ten-Year Plan, was prepared in 1990 by Ms Jocelyne Etienne-Nugue (a UNESCO consultant) and has been widely distributed in several languages (French, English, Arabic and Spanish). It should be noted that the Arabic and Spanish editions were made possible through the co-operation of the Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture (IRCICA) (Turkey) and Lok Virsa (Pakistan), the Fundacion Cultural Espaiiola para el Foment0 de la Artesania and the Spanish National Commission for UNESCO.

9. This work is written so as to apply to a wide variety of contexts, resources and needs, and to be used for the systematic gathering and processing of data. Accordingly, the methods and models proposed in this guide were designed to enable those Member States which have not yet gathered qualitative and quantitative data an opportunity to do so, and to collate existing data using a common classification system.

10. Two pilot workshops on the application of this guide were held during the 1992- 1993 biennium: in Malawi for the Africa region, and in Syria for the Arab States. Two further

19

workshops took place in the 1994-1995, biennium: in India for the Asia region, and in Colombia for Latin America. Furthermore, a conference organized in 1994 by the Fundacion Esptiola, with UNESCO’s support, lead to the creation of a ‘European network of data collection on crafts’. Finally the classification system proposed in the guide has proved to be applicable and usefitl for the ‘Virtual Exhibition Centre for Artisanal Products’ (VEC), project launched by the International Trade Centre (ITC).

(b) Crafts data bases

11. To complement the development of information systems at the national and regional level, UNESCO laid emphasis since 1996 on the use of modem technologies for a new approach to linking data bases around the world. In this connection, two initiatives can be highlighted:

0 the International Centre for the Promotion of Crafts (CIPA) was established in Fez (Morocco) in September 1996 in oder to serve namely as a focal point for the exchange of information on crafts promotion, development and marketing;

ii) the International meeting on crafts terminologies - jointly organized in Kyoto (Japan) on 3 and 4 March 1997 by UNESCO and the World Crafts Council (WCC) in cooperation with the International Trade Centre (ITC) and the International Centre for the Promotion of Crafts (CPA) - established the common standards (format, structure and image resolution) for the exchange of Electronic Data Processing Information. As a follow-up to this meeting, UNESCO sponsored a workshop organized by ClPA and ITC on the development of web sites for the marketing of craft products (24-27 November 1997, in Fez, Morocco).

Objective 2 : To contribute to the training and further training of craftspersons

(9 Skills upgrading

12. With a view to combining tradition and innovation, traditional know-how and modem technology, UNESCO has made a special effort to encourage meetings and exchanges of experience between craftspeople from the North and the South, through experimental workshops:

0 First interregional workshop on Mediterranean glass making (Gruissan, France, 19 February-1March 1992) in cooperation with the Mediterranean ARTIFEX Centre.

ii) Workhops on traditional and modem techniques of furniture making (Mauritius, 1991), bronze working (Burkina Faso, 1992), rug and ikat making (Afghanistan, 1992 and 1993) and woodworking (Morocco, May 1994).

iii) Seminar on <rOesign in Craftss,> at the University of Industrial Arts of Helsinki, for artists from Latin America and the Caribbean (July 1993).

20

13. ln the fi-amework of the Cooperation Agreement with the Islamic Organization for Education, Science and Culture (ISESCO), a workshop on carpet weaving took place at the CIPA (Fez, Morocco) for craftsworkers from Egypt, Iran, Mali, Mauritania , Sudan, Tchad and Yemen.

(b) Training of young people

14. With UNESCO’s support under the Participation Programme, several Regional training workshops were organized by Member States, namely on: Crafts and professional training (Ouagadougou, 1998); Asia-Pacific workshop on natural dyes (Pakistan, 1996); Crafts, design and production (Guyana, 1992).

15. Under the Participation Programme, UNESCO has lent technical and financial support to various initiatives of Member States, particularly those providing young people with an introduction to the craft professions, such as: Programme for the teaching of creative arts and crafts in primary and secondary schools (Cook Islands, 1990); Inclusion of the study of crafts in vocational arts schools (Cuba, 1992); Establishment of a craft centre (Venezuela, 1992).

16. During the 1992-1993 biennium, in this same drive to develop the craft professions and promote them among young people, UNESCO launched an interregional pilot project of ‘workshop-classes for creating awareness about craft professions ‘. Guided by the experience of the ‘Societe d’encouragement aux metiers d’art’ (SEMA) (Association for the promotion of craft professions) in France, this project was conducted simultaneously in six establishments belonging to UNESCO’s Associated Schools Project in the different regions: Ghana (Africa), Nepal (Asia), Guatemala (Latin America), Grenada (Caribbean), Jordan (Arab States) and Bulgaria (Europe).

17. This project has generated considerable interest among the pupils involved (girls and boys aged between 10 and 13) and enthusiasm among both teachers and craftworkers in the above-mentioned countries. The ‘notebooks’ produced by the students have been compiled in a publication in different language versions (English, French, Spanish) and widely distributed in all Member States.

A special mention should be made of a national project entitled ‘Empresa Joven’ ~&iterprise Youth) launched in 1997 by UNESCO and the Mozambican authorities with the financial support of UNDP and Germany. The project aimed at the training in craftsmanship as a vehicle for youth basic education. Out of the 135 young people initially trained, 48 have plans to earn a living as professional craftsmen.

(cl Workshops for craftswomen

19. Since the 1996-1997 biennium, special emphasis has been given to the further training of practising craftswomen with a view to enabling them to adapt and diversify their products and to improve their living standards through better marketing.

-

21

20. The workshop for craftswomen in Central America took place in Guatemala in September 1997 and brought together 17 participants from Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama. The workshop provided an opportunity not only for learning new techniques but also for a fruitful exchange of experiences on such practical topics as designing new product lines, packaging, production systems and promotion mechanisms.

21. A second similar workshop was organized for craftswomen managing a textile enterprise in Western Africa and took place in Cotonou (Benin) in December 1997. The 11 participants from Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d’Ivoire, Niger and Togo were introduced to new techniques for decorating textiles and practical work on the organization of promotion materials for marketing their products. They were later on given a unique opportunity to demonstrate the acquired skills in a UNESCO Stand on the occasion of the International Crafts Fair of Ouagadougou (SIAO), in November 1998.

Objective 3: To promote quality crafts and to reward creative craftspersons

(a) UNESCO Crafts Prize

22. The activities UNESCO has undertaken in order to implement this third major objective of the Ten-Year Plan have been guided primarily by its concern to foster the creation of original models and to make quality handicrafts known outside their place of OligiIl.

23. In this connection, two innovations whose popularity is growing should be noted: the creation of the UNESCO Crafts Prize and the organization of theme-based exhibitions of ‘Crafts from all around the world’.

24. The UNESCO Crafts Prize, with a cash award of US$ 10,000, makes it possible not only to reward creative cratiorkers, but also to encourage the organization of craft shows, exhibitions and regional fairs. This Prize has been awarded at the following event: the International Crafts Fair of Ouagadougou (SIAO) (Burkina Faso, 1990,1992,1994,1996 and

.1998); the ‘Asian Textiles’ exhibition in Chiang Mai (Thailand, 1992) and the Regional Exhibition on Natural Dyes (Thailand, 1998); the Feria Ibero-Americana de Artesania de Tenerife (Spain, 1992) and the Feria Intemacional de Artesania, FIART (Cuba, 1995) and Expoartesanias (Bogota, 1997); and the Arab Creative Craft Festival (Tunis, 1994). Through the support of the French trade guilds, African UNESCO prize-winners were given the opportunity to participate in the ‘Pass International’ Show (Paris, September 1993, 1995 and 1997). The works of all the prize-winners from 1990 to 1995 have been internationally promoted in a catalogue <<Creative Craftsworkers>) (also available in French and Spanish)2.

2 A second catalogue of all prize-winners from 1995 to 1999 will be published during the year 2000.

22

(b) Exhibitions

25. The exhibitions held at UNESCO Headquarters, which began with the 1991 General Conference, have also made it possible to highlight the creative talent of craftspeople throughout the world and the diversity of craft products. The first such exhibition, entitled ‘World Basket-Work, Tradition and Modernity’, was followed in October-November 1993 by ‘Recycling Waste: Ingenuity and Creativity’, each. featuring the participation of approximately 50 Member States from the five continents. The catalogues of these exhibitions, published in English and French, were given wide circulation. This activity was interrupted in 1995 on account of the decision to organize thematic exhibitions on the occasion of each General Conference. However, a special presentation of the works by UNESCO Crafts prize-winners took place at the Headquarters in December 1995.

26. We should also mention the unprecedented participation of UNESCO in the ‘Schzes d ‘inthieur ’ (interior decoration show) (Paris, September 1992), in which it mounted an exhibition on the theme ‘Arts de la table en Afrique’, with a selection of works created by the craftspeople of Burkina Faso, Cote d’Ivoire and Mali.

27. Initiatives taken by Member States with the financial backing of the International Fund for the Promotion of Culture (UNESCO) include: ‘the Programme for safeguarding and developing traditional pottery-making in Romania’ (1992), ‘Arts from the Arctic: exhibition of arts-and crafts of Sani people in Alaska, Scandinavia and ex-USSR’ (1991) and ‘Creation of a museum of rag dolls at Piritu, Venezuela’ (1993).

28. Through the Participation Programme (see Annex), financial and technical support has been provided to promotional activities at the national and regional level, such as: ‘Development and promotion of traditional African crafts’ (Togo, 1992); ‘Exhibition of textiles and fashion show’ (Benin, 1998); ‘First International Islamic Artisans-at-Work Festival’ (Pakistan, 1994); ‘Exhibition on the revival of natural indigo dyes’ (Thailand, 1998); ‘First Crafts Biennale’ (Uruguay, 1996); ‘Programme for the building of a local arts and crafts industry’ (British Virgin Islands, 1998); ‘16th International Congress on glass’ (Spain, 1992); ‘Regional celebration of crafts’ (Latvia, 1998).

Objective 4: To uplift the Status of the Artisan and the protection of artisanal creations

(4 Plan of Action for improvement of the status of the artisan

29. This Plan of Action, adopted following the meeting of experts organized in February 1993 by UNESCO in cooperation with the International Labour Office (ILO), comprises a series of ten practical proposals, as follows: recognition of the crafts sector, international funding for crafts programmes, co-ordination of the crafts sector, training and further training, school and university training, safeguarding and development of crafts, sales promotion, and the utilization of public areas. The forms of action proposed in this Plan are flexible enough to form the basis of national legislation, allowing for the specific conditions prevailing in each country and region, as well as the specific needs of the various categories of craft activities. This Plan of Action has been widely distributed in English, French, Spanish and Arabic to the Member States, national craft associations and non-govemmental organizations.

23

30. The replies to the questionnaire for the mid-term evaluation reveal that the status of the artisan is a subject of major concern to Member States. As a result, legislative or statutory provisions designed to improve the living and working conditions of such workers have either already been in existence since 1990, or are in the process of being set up in all regions and in the following countries in particular: Burkina Faso, Chad, Guinea, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, United Republic of Tanzania and Zaire. of Africa; Sri Lanka for the Asia and the Pacific region; Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia for the Arab States; Colombia and Mexico for Latin America; and Canada, Denmark, Finland, Lithuania and Moldova for the Europe region.

31. Many other Member States are planning legislation along these same lines: Argentina, Belarus, Benin, Cyprus, Guyana, India, the Islamic Republic of lran, Papua New Guinea, Portugal, San Marino, Slovania, Thailand and Turkey.

(b) Protection of artisanal creations

32. In order to assist the Member States in taking advantage of the Agreement on Trade- Related Aspects of the Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) uhlch came into force on January 1995, UNESCO and the International Trade Centre UNCTAD~WTO (ITC) took the initiative of publishing in 1997 a practical guide entitled ((Oven-iew of legal and other measures to protect original craft items)). This document has been widely distributed (in English, French, Spanish and Arabic).

33. The protection of artisanal creations was also given due attention during the UNESCO/ITC International Symposium on (0aft.s and the International Market: Trade and Customs Codification>> (Manila, 6-8 October 1997). The Symposium final report includes practical short and medium-term measures, at the national, regional and international level.

Objective 5: To foster concerted action at the regional and international level

69 United Nations Agencies

34. The ‘Ten-Year Plan of Action 1990-1999 for the Development of Crafts in the World’, launched under the auspices of UNESCO, called for the United Nations System organizations and specialized agencies to hold a permanent concertation on the implementation of joint and/or complementary activities in the crafts sector. In this spirit and in keeping with its role as a catalyst and a facilitator, UNESCO has endeavoured to establish cooperation links with the concerned UN Agencies, namely United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), International Labour Office (ILO), LVorld International Property Organization (WTPO), International Trade Centre (ITC) and the World Bank.

35. UNESCO and IL0 organized jointly a meeting of experts (Paris, 25-26 February 1993) on the preparation of model regulations for craftsworkers, to which reference has previously been made (para. 29).

--

24

36. UNESCO has been consulted by the UNDP with a view to implementing two national projects: the preparation of a national plan for the development of crafts in the Sultanate of Oman (1992) and for a programme entitled ‘Crafts and Tourism’ in Indonesia (1993). Besides, the ‘Empresa J&en project in Mozambique has been launched in 1997 with UNDP’s financial assistance.

37. In June 1995; UNESCO and the International Trade Centre (ITC) concluded an Agreement of cooperation to facilitate the development of a coherent framework of technical assistance and support for the crafts sector. This Agreement has given way to a series ofjoint activities for craft promotion, especially in the least developed countries:

0 Assistance to the International Centre for Crafts Promotion (CIPA) in Morocco: ITC was represented in the first meeting of the International Advisory Committee (Fez, October 1996) set up to define the programme of activities of CIPA in the short and medium term. Subsequently, UNESCO and ITC prepared a preliminary project proposal for technical and material assistance to CIPA and to approach funding sources, namely the Commonwealth Secretariat and the ‘Agence de la Francophonie’.

ii) Marketing of crafts fi-om developing countries: a joint ITCUNESCO Virtual Exhibition Centre (VEC) has been launched on Internet to assist craftspeople in making their products accessible widely on the world market. The classification of these products is based on the UNESCO ‘Methodological guide for the Collection of Data on Crafts’.

iii) Codification and protection of artisanal products: following two inter-agency meetings (Geneva, February 1996 and Paris, October 1996), a major international symposium on ‘Crafts and the International Market: Trade and Customs Codification’ was organized in Manila (6-8 October 1997). The Symposium recommended a set of concrete measures to be taken at the national level for the protection, codification and marketing of crafts and to be coordinated at the international level by UNESCO and ITC (see Plan of Action in Annex 2). In connection with the Symposium, a brochure ‘Overview of Legal and other Measures to Protect Original Craft Products’ has been published in English, French, Spanish and Arabic and widely disseminated.

38. As a follow-up to the Symposium, UNESCO and ITC are presently involved in the implementation of two recommendations:

9 Negotiations with the World Customs Organization (WCO) in view of a possible, separate identification of artisanal products into the Harmonized System (HS). Already, many members of the concerned Sub-Committee in WC0 (Brazil, Canada, USA, European Union) have favourably welcomed the idea of a rpeferential treatment for these products in order to make them more visible in trade flows at national, regional and international levels.

25

ii) Guide to successful participation in international craft fairs: it is foreseen that ITC will provide the technical expertise for the draft substantive contents of the Guide and UNESCO will ensure the editing and printing.

0-9 Regional and non-governmental organizations

39. Close cooperation has been developed and/or strengthened between UNESCO and regional and non-governmental organizations active in the crafts sector. UNESCO has in this way been involved in various initiatives in keeping with the priority objectives of the Ten- Year Plan taken by: the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (ALECSO), the Islamic Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture (IRCICA), the Permanent Secretariat of the International Crafts Show of Ouagadougou (SIAO), the Programa Latinoamericano de Cooperation en Artesania (PLACART), the Asociacion Iberoamericana para el Desarrollo y Comercializacion de las Artesanias (AIDECA), Aid to Artisans (USA), the Crafts Center (USA), the Asean Handicraft Promotion and Development Association (AHPADA), the Mediterranean ARTIFEX Centre and the World Crafts Council (WCC).

40. In cooperation with the International Secretariat of the WCC, two activities have been organized: Design Seminar for Crafts experts from Latin America and the Caribbean (Helsinki, 7-l 8 June 1993) and the Meeting of Experts on the harmonization of craft terminologies (Kyoto, 3-4 March 1997). The WCC regional secretariat have been active in the implementation of UNESCO’s programme and have jointly organized a series of workshops: on woodwork for the African centres (Rabat, 1994), on the application of the Methodological Guide on Data Collection for Latin America (Bogota, 1995) and for Asia (India, 1995).

41. Finally, mention should be made of the special contribution of three publications in publicizing the activities and projects of UNESCO and its main partners: Craft News (edited by Caroline Ramsay), Artesania y Folklore de Venezuela (edited by Ismanda Correa) and WCC-Europe Newsletter (edited by Bemd Roeter).

IV. MAIN ACHIEVEMENTS

42. The Programme has essentially contributed to:

an increased awareness of the public authorities and of international funding agencies of the social, cultural and economic importance of crafts; the collection and the hannonization of data on crafts; the better recognition of talented craftspersons through the UNESCO Crafts Prize at the regional level; the appreciation of the diversity and wealth of craft products through the thematic exhibitions on ‘Crafts from around the world’; the sensitization of the public authorities on the need to uplift the status of the artisan and to protect original crawl items; the recognition of the specific role and importance of craftswomen, namely with the publication of ‘Talented women’.

27 ANNEX1

(in English only)

UNESCO’S FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR MEMBER STATES UNDER THE PARTICIPATION PROGRAMME 1990-1998

AND THE INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR THE PROMOTION OF CULTURE

I AFRICA I

TRAINING AND FURTHER TRAINING

Burkina Faso Africa - Regional project, PP No 6559 (1994) Two training workshops on the occasion of the International African Arts and Crafts Trade Show in Ouagadougou, SIAO (20,000 US%)

Africa - Regional project, PP No 98BKFOlO (1998) Workshop on the theme &afts and Professional Training)) (15,000 USS)

Ghana Africa - National project initiated by the IFPC, No FIC2 (1992) Workshop on Ghana ATA dolls productions (15,000 USS)

Mauritius Africa - National Project, PP No 9312 (1990) Three week regional training seminar on woodwork (15,000 USS)

WCC - Mauritius NGO/AfYica - Inter-Regional Project, PP No 0325 (1992) Salt glazed pottery and construction of special kiln (15,000 US$)

PROMOTION

Benin Africa - National Project, PP No 98BENOll (1998) Exhibition of textiles and fashion show (25,000 USS)

Nigeria Africa - National Project, PP 96NIROO5 (1996) Technological approach to the development of indigeneous women’s craft industry (20,000 USS)

Togo Africa - Regional Project, PP No 0559 (1992) Development and promotion of traditional African crafts, AIIWEFA Project (5,000 USS)

28

MARKETING

Mauritania Africa - National Project, PP No 9206 (1990) Financial contribution for the publication of a guide on Mauritanian crafts (8,000 US$)

RESEARCH / DATA COLLECTION / INVENTORY

Tchad Africa - National Project, 96CHDOO4 (1996) Promotion of crafts in Tchad - Weaving and basketwork (25,000 US!@

ASIA/PACIFIC REGION I


Cambodia Asia/Pacific - National project, PP No 1348 (1992) Revival of traditional silk weaving (5,000 US$)

Cook Islands Asia/Pacific - National Project, PP No 7222 (1990) Programme for the teaching of creative arts and crafts in primary and secondary schools (5,900 US)

Nepal Asia/Pacific - National Project initiated by the IFPC, No FIC3 (1991) Conduct design and technical workshop for local knitters in Nepal, Nepal ATA knitted goods (15,000 US$)

Pakistan Asia/Pacific - Regional Project, PP No 96PAK102 (1996) Workshop on natural dyes (9,860 USS)

PROMOTION

Bangladesh Asia/Pacific - International Project; PP No 13 16 (1993) International seminar and national exhibition on folk arts crafts (15,000 USS)

Pakistan Asia/Pacific - International Project, PP No 8127 (1994) First International Islamic Artisans-at-Work Festival (20,000 US$)

Asia/Pacific - National Project, PP 96PAK103 (1996) Folk ornaments and textiles (15,000 US$)

29

Thailand Asia/Pacific - Regional Project, PP No 7 137 (1990) Seminar, workshop and exhibition on textiles and ornaments of Asia: a cormnon heritage (10,000 US$)

Asia/Pacific - Regional Project, PP 98THA104 (1998) Workshop and exhibition on the revival of natural indigo’dyes (25,000 USS)

MARKETING

Seychelles Asia/Pacific - International Project, PP No 0111(1992) Financial contribution for the establishment of a Coconut Museum (25,000 US$)


Bhutan Asia/Pacific - National Project, PP 98BHU105 (1998) Establishment of a library on arts and crafts (15,000 USS)

Indonesia Asia/Pacific - National Project (1990) Project initiated by the IFPC, OP.314 / Funds-in-trust Feasibility study for development of handicrafts among shifting cultivators in Indonesia as a contribution to forestry (37,227 US$)

Papua-New Guinea Asia/Pacific - National Project, PP No 7032 (1990) Publication of research work on the activities of master craftsmen and women (4,000 USS)

LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN I


Colombia Latin America/Caribbean - National project, PP No 4076 (1992) Preservation and development of traditional crafts in the Convent0 de San Francisco de Cartagena (5,000 US$)

Cuba Latin America/Caribbean - National project, PP No 4114 (1992) Introduction of crafts courses in the plastic arts professional schools (10,000 USS)

.-- --

30

Ecuador Latin America/Caribbean - National Project, PP No 96ECU403 (1996) Technical Professional Training Centre for the Ecuadorian artisan (15,000 US$)

Grenada Latin America/Caribbean - National Project, PP No 5066 (1994) Handicraft training for women of rural districts (8,200 U@)

Guyana Latin America/Caribbean - Regional Project, PP No 4323 (1992) Regional training workshop on craft design and production (15,000 L’SS )

Haiti Latin America/Caribbean - National Project, PP No 96HAI40 1 ( 1996 ) Training and promotion of traditional dress-makers (15,000 USS)

St Kitts and Nevis Latin America/Caribbean - National Project, PP No 4380 (1992) Crafts development (3,000 US$)

Venezuela Latin America/Caribbean - National Project, PP N” 4209 (1992) Creation of a crafts initiation centre (25,000 USS)

PROMOTION

British Virgin Islands Latin America/Caribbean - National Project, PP No 98BVI410 ( 199s ) Programme for the building and rebuilding of a local arts and crafts Indust? (10,000 USS)

Colombia Latin America/Caribbean - National Project, PP No 96COL409 ( 19% ) Crafts and development (15,000 USS)

Cuba Latin America/Caribbean - National Project, PP No 4115 (1992) Feasibility study for the creation of a ceramic workshop (15,000 USS )

Guatemala Latin America/Caribbean - National Project, PP No 5020 (1994) Elaboration of ceramic without lead in Jalapa (10,000 USS)

Nicaragua Latin America/Caribbean - National Project, PP No 5 184 (1994) Assistance for the development of the arts and crafts in Nicaragua (20,000 USS)

Uruguay Latin America/Caribbean - National Project, PP 96URU404 (1996) First crafts biennale organized by the Municipality of Montevideo (15,000 US$)

31

Venezuela Latin America/Caribbean - Project initiated.by the IPPC, OP.334 (1993) Creation of a museum of rag dolls at Piritu (5,000 US$)


Ecuador Latin America/Caribbean - National Project, PP No 5 179 (1990) Documentation centre on ceramics (10,000 US$)

Guatemala Latin America/Caribbean - National Project, PP 98GUA405 (1998) Natural dyes (19,000 USS)

Panama Latin America/Caribbean - National Project, PP No 5015 (1994) Crafts centre in the Province of Darien (20,000 US$)


Syria Arab States - National Project, PP No 2035 (1992) Preservation and development of the Syrian brocard (20,000 US$)

PROMOTION

ALECSO IGO/Arab States - PP No 15 14 (1992) Global Arab plan for the development of traditional handicraft (20,000 USS)

OIC/IRCICA IGO - Inter-regional Project, PP No 9960 (1994) International Seminar on (<Creativity in crafts of OIC countries>) (25,000 USS)

IGO - Inter-regional Project, PP 96OIC203 (1996) International symposium on ((Arabesque in traditional crafts of OIC countries)) (25,000 USS)

Yemen Arab States - National Project, PP No 7079 (1994) Development of crafts industry (20,000 USS)

32

MARKETING

Tunisia Arab States - National Project, PP No 8200 (1990) Financial contribution to the Municipality of Tunis in favour of the Medina Safeguarding Association in the field of crafts (5,000 US$)


Lebanon Arab States - National Project, PP No 2 130 (1992) Study on Lebanese crafts and their contribution to rural development (2,500 US$)

Sultanate of Oman Arab States - National Project, PP No 8007 (1990) Consultancy mission in the field of arts and crafts in all Omani regions (20,600 USS)

EUROPE

PROMOTION

Belarus Europe - National Project, PP No 98BYE303 (1998) Restoration of traditional crafts in the ethnographic park of Doudoutki (15,000 US$)

Spain Europe - International Project, PP No 3 114 (1992) XVIth International Congress on glass (12,000 USS)

Norway Europe - Project initiated by the IFPC (199 1) The Sami Dadiddacehpiid Searvi, SDS Arts from the Artic: Exhibitions of arts and crafts of Sami people in Alaska (USA), Canada, Greenland, Samiland in Scandinavia (Finland, Norway and Sweden), and Russia (15,000 US)

Europe - Regional Project, PP 98NOR305 (1998) Celebration of crafts (Riga, Latvia) (12,000 US$)

Portugal Europe - National Project (1990) Research on traditional crafts and the participation of crafts people to community development (15,000 US$)

Romania Europe - National Project initiated by the IFPC, No FIC4 (1992) Safeguarding and promotion of traditional pottery work (17,000 US$)

33


Spain Europe - Regional Project, PP No 3 113 (1992) European bank of information data on crafts (8,000 USS)

Europe - Regional Project, PP 96SPA302 (1996) European network for data collection on crafts (28,725 U$$)

United Kingdom Europe - Regional Project (1992) Project initiated by the IFPC, OP.328 Latino-American Arts Association: Publication on pre-Colombian textiles (Chittenden Condylis) (4,000 US$)

Slovakia Europe - Regional Project, PP 96SLO301 (1996) European network of traditional crafts (26,000 USS)

35

AlNNEx2

PLAN OF ACTION ADOPTED BY THE UNESCO/ITC SYMPOSIUM ON VRAFTS AND TI-IE INTERNATIONAL MARKET:

TRADE AND CUSTOMS CODIFICATION” (Manila, 6-8 October 1997)

The Recommendations adopted by the Symposium on “Crafts and the International Market: Trade and Customs Codification” constitute a Plan of Action, in the short and medium term, as follows:

Definition of artisanal products, adopted by the Symposium

Artisanal products are those produced by artisans, either completely by hand, or with the help of hand tools or even mechanical means, as long as the direct manual contribution of the artisan remains the most substantial component of the finished product. These are produced without restriction in terms of quantity and using raw materials from sustainable resources. The special nature of artisanal products derives from their distinctive features, which can be utilitarian. aesthetic, artistic, creative, culturally attached, decorative, functional, traditional, religiously and socially symbolic and significant.

I. CONCERNING CODIFICATION OF CRAFTS PRODUCTS

Short-term measures

1. At the national level

To establish a list of at least five priority products to be proposed. through ITC, to the World Customs Organization (WCO) for inclusion in the Harmonized System (HS) under a separate status, accompanied with technical distinguishing criteria on a category basis). This material is to be sent by the competent Crafts Ministry or Department to ITC for collation and transmission to WC0 before the end of 1997. These priority products should be selected according to their present/future trade potentials or according to their income generation/employment potential.

To give particular attention to the priority products selected as above in a new effort to be deployed to build statistics on crafts. This new effort should be materialized by organizing a meeting of all administrations involved in order to obtain an evaluation of the importance of crafts activities in the country, using existing statistics and codification (for instance employment, exports, consumption enquiries). Then, to study, in cooperation with crafts promotion bodies and economic administrations, the kind of statistics which would be needed to demonstrate the importance of the crafts sector for the country’s economy (in terms, for instance, of sustained employment/income generation, foreign exchange inflows, poverty alleviation), and to follow the subsequent development of this sector.

36

2. At the regional level (by relevant regional organizations)

To formulate common positions on issues concerning items of priority for the region, in order to help individual Member countries to propose products for separate identification in the HS.

3. At the international level (by relevant international organizations)

To set up a platform for monitoring progress and anchoring all parties concerned to respect the necessary deadlines for proposing new items for separate identification in the HS.

Medium term measures


To establish permanent mechanisms between customs administrations and bodies concerned with export development of artisanal products, aiming at reviewing the need for proposing additional craft items for separate identification in the HS.

To organize a planning of regular meetings with the customs and the foreign trade administrations in order to review the difficulties met by these organizations when taking into account the chosen priority crafts in their statistics.

To organize a yearly meeting between crafts development and national economic planning authorities in order to set up priority actions for the development of crafts using the new statistics.


To monitor and study the effects of the new separate positions in the HS in terms of their contribution to future strategy formulation for trade development of the products concerned.

To develop educational materials and guides enabling all concerned to follow the required steps towards codification and to assess/identify true artisanal products for international trade.

II. CONCERNING PROTECTION OF ARTISANAL CREATIONS

Short term measures


To attract attention of all governments on making use of the existing provisions regarding copyright, geographical indications, industrial designs and trademarks, in home country as well as in key export markets.

37


To hold seminars/workshops on the advantages and weaknesses of the existing protection systems, on the use and adaptation of the experience of countries which have combined protective measures with promotional actions, on the relevance and advantages of labelling of craft products and the use of trademarks distinctive of a given community of producers.


To study urgently the problems of protection and to provide information, advice and training to national and regional organizations involved in crafts development.

Medium-term measures


To link protection with codification and to hold seminars to exchange views/results and plan activities in these areas.

To take these issues into account in both legal enforcement and trade/export promotion strategies.

To promote the cultural value of original craft items.

10. At the international level

To provide technical assistance to the craft sector on the effective use of the legal tools for crafts protection.

III. CONCERNING MARKETING OF ARTISANAL PRODUCTS

Short-term measures


To undertake a survey on the availability of statistical information showing the significance of the link which exists between tourism (local and foreign) and crafts development and trade. Once identified, these data should be further refined by means of a standard questionnaire on tourists’ expenses in crafts, in order to allow for analytic comparisons at international level. With a view to formulating a universally acceptable questionnaire, each country should submit a copy of the proposed outline to ITC or UNESCO.

To strengthen and promote capacity building of local designers, and to establish an electronic network to exchange data on raw materials, design information and other resources.

To build an integrated approach between craft organizations and the relevant marketing bodies.

38


To compile a directory providing information on the profile of available funding facilities, both at regional and international level, especially for small-scale artisans. The information should be comprehensive with names of contact offices, types of assistance programmes available and procedures of application.

13. At the international level (by relevant intemational’organizations)

To develop a guide on how to participate successfully in international craft fairs, together with a directory of these fairs.

To produce a directory on training facilities available.

To set up special programmes to train crafts organizations in the use of Internet and electronic data processing and banks.

Medium-term measures


To incorporate the concept and policy of craft tourism into the plan of action for domestic development of crafts: by encouraging the different forms of promotion of tourist crafts (for instance: crafts villages, organized tour packages to crafts centres and museums, craft markets at the various points of entry into the country, display outlets for crafts as well as interior decoration using artisanal products in hotels); and by ensuring a regular - quantitative and qualitative - evaluation of craft tourism.

To involve trend-setters and government patronage in developing products (supported by the corresponding training facilities) which appeal to the specific target groups and which give the competitive edge to imports in terms of aesthetics, function and pricing.

To build up, through public awareness campaigns, an appreciation for local crafts as a national heritage of high cultural value and craftsmanship, whilst instilling a sense of pride in buying a piece of tradition.

To gain the support of media in publicizing the works of artisans and recreating public interest.

To develop the use of technology and encourage dissemination of results amongst producers (through the Internet and electronic data processing and banks).

15. At the regional level

To organize - every two years - a regional meeting of all national organizations in charge of crafts development in order to determine, on the basis of updated statistics, which kind of projects could be undertaken at regional level for the benefit of all artisans involved (for instance: common promotion on certain foreign markets, common process to obtain raw materials which may be lacking, common training programmes of trainers which may not be feasible at the level of individual countries).

39


To increase the use of modem technologies to respond to artisans’ information needs for marketing (including in the areas of production, protection of intellectual property rights, and especially in setting up data banks on the subject).

To prepare two practical manuals: on data collection, codification, evaluation and interpretation of the link between tourism and trade in crafts; and on the effective implementation of tourism activities for crafts promotion (as, for example, the successful development of crafts villages, tours and shops).

.

41

LIST OF THE MEMBER STATES WHICH HAVE ANSWERED TO THE QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE EVALUATION OF CRAFTS DEVELOPMENT

APPENDIX 2

AFRICA ARAB STATES ASIA-PACIFIC EUROPE LATIN AMERICA / ORGANIZATIONS CARIBBEAN

Benin Algeria Iran Azerbaidjan Argentina AHPADA (Asean Burundi Egwt Korea (Rep.) Belgium Brazil Handicraft Promotion and Cameroon Lebanon Malaysia Bosnia-Herzegovina Colombia Development Association) Ethiopia Morocco Pakistan Canada Costa Rica - Thailand Gambia Palestine Sri Lanka Finland Cuba Lesotho Saudi Arabia Thailand (Finnish Crafts Org. + Ecuador WCC (World Crafts Madagascar Syria Tuvalu Finnish Association of El Salvador Council) Mali (Ministry of Industry f Uzbekistan Designers) Guatemala Malawi Direction of Technical Germany Mexico Muestra de Artesania Mauritania Education) Greece Saint-Lucia Iberoamericana Mauritius United Arab Ireland Uruguay (Venezuela) Niger Emirates Italy Venezuela Rwanda Yemen Kazakstan Crafts Council of India Seychelles Latvia South Africa Lithuania (National Crafts Council + Norway Department of Arts and Romania Culture) Slovakia Togo Spain Zimbabwe Sweden

Switzerland

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APPENDIX 3

DETAILED ANALYSIS OF THE REPLIES TO THE QUESTIONNAIRE

1.1

CHAPTER 1: CRAFTS PRIORITIES IN NATION& DEVELOPMENT

ACCORDING TO THE UNESCO PLAN OF ACTION

LAST TEN YEARS : LEVEL OF IMPORTANCE GIVEN NATIONALLY TO EACH OBJECTIVE IN THE SPIRIT OF THE UNESCO TEN-YEAR PLAN OF ACTION FOR CRAFTS DEVELOPMENT IN THE WORLD (1990-1999)

Afkica Crafts promotion : high or very high priority by 2/3 of the countries. Further training of crafispeople: $4 consider as a priority.

The other objectives were selected as high or vev high priority, but less than half of the countries: - Funding of crafts projects: a little less than ?4.

Pilot activities: l/3. Data collection: average priority.

Arab States High or very high priority:

Data collection: practically all. Crafts promotion: majority. Training and funding: average priority. Pilot activities: average priority.

Asia Data collection, training, crafts promotion and pilot activities: almost all high priority. Funding: lowest priority.

Europe and North America Training and crafts promotion: high or very high priority by almost half. Pilot activities and tiding: low or very Zow priority by a majority.

Latin America Training and data collection: very high, high andfair, and then promotion.

Comments

During the last ten years, the objectives which were given the highest priority by most regions are: crafts promotion and training of craftspebple. Then comes data collection and, last, with low priority, pilot activities and funding.

44

1.2 PRESENT: APPRECIATION ABOUT THE SELECTION OF THESE OBJECTIVES

Africa In this region, all the objectives were considered as well chosen by around % of the responses. Only l/4 of the countries did not totally agree with the choice of some objectives and each for different reasons.

Arab States Practically all replies stated that the objectives can be considered at present as having been well chosen.

Asia Theresponse to this question is largely in the affirmative. Most Member States felt that the objectives were well chosen. Only one objective (funding) was not considered as well chosen by a minority of countries.

Europe and North America More than % of the countries stated that the objectives had been weZZ chosen. Not a single country felt that the objectives as a whole had been wrongly chosen.

Comments

At present, 10 years after the choice of objectives for the Plan of Action to develop handicraft in the world, the objectives chosen by UNESCO are considered as well chosen by at least 3/ of the countries in all regions. This is a remarkable result. The Ten-Year Plan has been a reference for the development of handicrafts in most Member States.

1.3 AT PRESENT: CONTRIBUTION OF THE PLAN TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL AND REGIONAL OBJECTIVES

Af?ica All the countries in the region felt that UNESCO Plan of Action has contributed in part to the implementation of the objectives at national level. None of the countries declared that the Plan has contributed entirely to this objective. At the regional level, more than ?4 of the countries responded that the Plan has contributed also in part to the objective.

Arab States At the national level, most countries stated that the broad objective of the UNESCO Plan of Action has contributed entirely to provide a common framework for the implementation of national crafts development policies. A minority of countries stated that the Plan has contributed only in part. Only one country stated that the Plan has not at all contributed.

Asia The national governments response to the Plan of Action towards development of policies, which would lead to a development of national policies conductive to the crafts sector, was very positive by a large majority of countries.

45

Europe and North America At the national level, no country considered that the Plan has contributed entirely, but % believed that it has contributed in part. At the regional level, more than l/3 of the countries considered that the Plan has contributed at least in part to providing a framework for regional crafts development policies.

Latin America At national level: l/3 of the countries answered that the Plan has contributed entirely to the implementation to the objectives. l/3 answered in part. At regional level: ‘/ of the countries responded it has contributed in part.

Comments

At national level: except in Europe and North America, all regions felt, with a large majority of countries, that UNESCO Plan of Action has contributed in part or entirely to provide a common framework for national development policies. The Latin American region seems to be especially satisfied with this contribution.

At regional level: the percentage of satisfaction is lower at this level but still high. More than l/3 of the countries felt that it has contributed in part.

The difference between the national and the regional level shows that this plan which offered the opportunity for a regional concertation was not fully utilized as a catalyst, creating and exploiting synergies derived from shared, common experiences and resulting in solutions to common problems.

1.4 IN THE MEDIUM TERM: LEVEL OF IMPORTANCE WHICH SHOULD BE GIVEN TO EACH OBJECTIVE AT NATIONAL LEVEL

Africa In the medium term, practically all the countries responded that they want to give a very high importance to most of the suggested objectives: crafts promotion, data collection, training and funding. Implementation of pilot activities was the only one given high priority. Almost none of the objectives were given very low, low, or even average priority.

Arab States Data collection was given very high priority by all the respondents. Training, crafts promotion and funding were also given very high priority by around ?4 of the respondents. Pilot activities came last.

Asia The responses here are all very enthusiastic and all the objectives which had been part of the previous Plan of Action were given a very high priority: data collection, training, promotion, funding, pilot activities.

Europe and North America Data collection, training, promotion and pilot activities were selected by more than % of the countries as high or very high priority.

46

Latin America All the objectives selected in the questionnaire were given a very high or high importance.

Comments

It is clear that practically all the respondents are in total agreement that all five objectives should be given high importance in their country, in the medium term, This contrasts with the actual position already analyzed that these objectives are often given a lower importance.

CH-APTER 2: ROLE OF UNESCO IN DATA COLLECTION

2.1 IN THE PAST: UNESCO’S EFFORTS TOWARDS DATA COLLECTION ON THE IMPORTANCE OF CRAFTS

Africa 38% of the respondents considered UNESCO efforts as satisfactov or very satisfactory.

Arab States A minority (2/6) of countries considered that these efforts were satisfactuly. Only one considered it as not at all satisfactory.

Asia A minority of countries considered these efforts as satisfactory or vev satisfactory. Most countries considered that it was unsatisfactory.

Europe and North America Only 20% of the respondents considered UNESCO’s efforts as satisfactory or very satisfactory while 30% answered unsatisfactory or not at all satisfactory. This is a clear comment on the limited number of data. collection projects with which UNESCO has been involved in the region.

Latin America 58% of the respondents considered the efforts as satisfactory or very satisfactory. It is the region where the proportion of very satisfactory is the highest: 17%.

Comments

Expectations are very high in this field where practically nothing existed before the Ten-Year Plan. UNESCO managed to attract the attention and to sensitize the authorities in each region with a relatively large proportion of satisfactory and very satisfactory, especially in Latin America. Clearly, the needs here are very important and previous projects like the Methodological Guide to the Collection of Data do not fulfil them. A new approach is necessary to prove, as soon as possible, and efficiently, that crafts is a major component of economic and social development. All those who are involved in this sector know this intuitively, but it has not yet been proven by official statistics. A new way to gather these statistics has to be found;

47

2.2 AT PRESENT: CHANGES IN THE CRAFTS SECTOR AT NATIONAL LEVEL DURING THE LAST TEN YEARS

Very significant changes have been occurring in the crafts sector during the last ten years. The most notable of these changes are the following:

Africa

Production Mauritius 80% Malawi 75% Lesotho 60% Gambia 55% Madagascar 30% Rwanda 28%

Exports Gambia Malawi Lesotho Mauritius

50% 45% 30% 30%

Employment Gambia 60% Mauritius 40% Rwanda 36% Madagascar 30%

It should be noted that 15 countries out of 21 were able to provide these figures.

Arab States

Production Employment Syria +75% +60% Yemen +75% &YPt +60% Palestine -20%

QYPt Morocco

+30% 12%

MP Syria

+60% +20%

Asia Very few figures are available in this region. 6 out of 8 respondents did not have any data relating to this subject. The only estimates are the following:

Malaysia: “expansion as a whole”. Sri Lanka: “improvement was marginal”. Republic of Korea: “crafts market has decreased”. Uzbekistan: “around 10% increase in all areas”.

Europe Most of the countries “don ‘t know”, but some gave estimates:

Production Ireland 600% Kazakhstan 300% Finland 40% Lithuania -30%

Exports Kazakhstan 500% Ireland 300% Italy 0% Poland 0% Spain -5%

Employment Ireland 300% Finland 50% Bosnia 12% Lithuania -30%

The situation in this region appears to be reasonably positive. What seems to be happening is a reduction in sales and employment in traditional crafts matched by increases in contemporary crafts, but the balance between these two differs in different countries. Ireland is an interesting example as there appears to be documented proof that a deliberate policy to increase employment in the crafts in certain rural areas, was successful.

Latin America

48

Production Exports Employment Cuba 494% Cuba 950% Cuba 214% Costa Rica 100% Saint-Lucia 40% El Salvador 50% Saint-Lucia 50% Mexico 30% Mexico 20% El Salvador 40% Colombia 30% . Ecuador 18%

It seems that the opening of a country to the outside world can lead to a considerable development of the crafts sector.

Comments

Throughout all the regions, we start to have hard data on the crafts economy, even if great care is needed when comparing one country with another. These data show that improvement of the crafts sector can be very significant during a ten years period at the production level as well as in exports and employment. It is essential to note that the employment created is not always related to the level of increase of exports. This shows that the real importance of crafts in an economy is not always reflected in its exports figures. One key component of this difference seems to be the sales to tourists. When tourism is developing, the sector of crafts develops very quickly. In some cases sales to tourists can be more important than the export market. A better knowledge of the tourist market could complement the present international trade statistics on crafts which relies completely on import-export figures.

2.3 RECOGNITION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF CRAFTS BY THOSE IN CHARGE OF NATIONAL ECONOMIES

This recognition is very different from one region to the other:

Africa Half of the respondents feel that the recognition of crafts in their county is very satisfactory or satisfactory. The countries which answered that crafts had only fair recognition were those which accorded to “collection of data” the lowest, very low, or average priorities.

Arab States The reaction on the importance of crafts is also relatively positive: half of the countries show that recognition for the sector is satisfactory. However, two countries find it unsatisfactory.

Asia Very few countries felt that the situation was satisfactory. Most of the responses indicated that the recognition of the importance of crafts is only fair in their region.

Europe and North America Few countries (16%) felt that the recognition of crafts in their countries was satisfactory or very satisfactory. A majority felt that it was unsatisfactory or not at all satisfactory.

49

Latin America Only one quarter of the respondents answered satisfactory or very satisfactory. Half felt it was unsatisfactory.

Comments

The recognition of crafts by those in charge of the economy is relatively high in Africa and the Arab States, surprisingly low in Latin America and Asia, less surprisingly low in Europe and North America. It should be noted that, very often, crafts is not recognized when there is no data to prove its importance. A lot of efforts has to be made for crafts to be recognized as important in most regions.

2.4 IN THE MEDIUM TERM: PRIORITIES RECOMMENDED TO UNESCO TO PROMOTE A BETTER KNOWLEDGE OF THE IMPORTANCE OF CRAFTS

Africa “National Economic Surveys and Studies”, as well as “Regional Data Banks”, came top of the list. All countries that answered give a top priority to these two ways to improve the situation. The other two priorities were also mentioned with a very score.

Arab States 5 out of 6 replies indicated their wish to UNESCO to promote all the mentioned priorities. All of the 6 countries agreed on the first three priorities, leaving behind the constitution of data banks.

Asia Theresponse from most of the Member States were positive to all the proposals made for mid-term priorities.

Europe and North America Most countries (around 90%) agreed on National Economic Surveys and Studies, as well as Regional Consultation Symposium. The other two possibilities are also accepted by a large percentage (around 70%).

Comments

The answers to these questions reveal a great demand for UNESCO to take action to promote a better knowledge of the importance of crafts, especially through economic surveys and data banks. It is a clear indication that all the countries understand that accurate and up to date information at regional as well as national level are the best way of ensuring that the importance of crafts is fully recognized. Only when they are armed with this crucial information will they be able to champion the cause of crafts development and receive adequate funding at national, regional and international level.

50

2.5 IN THE PAST: UNESCO’S EFFORTS TOWARDS DATA COLLECTION ON THE IMPORTANCE OF CRAFTS

Africa 38% of the respondents considered UNESCO efforts as satisfactory or very satisfactory.

Arab States A minority (2/6) of countries considered that these efforts were satisfactory. Only one considered it as not at all satisfactory.

Asia A minority of countries considered these efforts as satisfactory or vev satisfactory. Most countries considered that it was unsatisfactory.

Europe and North America Only 20% of the respondents considered UNESCO’s efforts as satisfactory or very satisfactory while 30% answered unsatisfactory or not at all satisfactory. This is a clear comment on the limited number of data collection projects with which UNESCO has been involved in the region.

Latin America 58% of the respondents considered the efforts as satisfactory or very satisfactory. It is the region where the proportion of very satisfactory is the highest: 17%.

Comments

Expectations are very high in this field where practically nothing existed before the Ten-Year Plan. UNESCO managed to attract the attention and to sensitize the authorities in each region with a relatively large proportion of satisfactory and very satisfactory, especially in Latin America. Clearly, the needs here are very important and previous projects like the Methodological Guide to the Collection of Data do not fulfil them. A new approach is necessary to prove, as soon as possible, and efficiently, that crafts is a major component of economic and social development. All those who are involved in this sector know this intuitively, but it has not yet been proven by official statistics. A new way to gather these statistics has to be found.

2.6 AT PRESENT: CHANGES IN THE CRAFTS SECTOR AT NATIONAL LEVEL DURING THE LAST TEN YEARS

Very significant changes have been occurring in the crafts sector during the last ten years. The most notable of these changes are the following:

Exports Employment Gambia 50% Gambia 60%

Malawi 75% Malawi 45% Mauritius 40% Lesotho 60% Lesotho 30% Rwanda 36% Gambia 55% Mauritius 30% Madagascar 30% Madagascar 30% Rwanda 28% It should be noted that 15 countries out of 21 were able to provide these figures.

51

Arab States

Production Employment Syria +75% +60% Yemen +75% QYPt +60% QYPt +30% %YPt +60% Palestine -20% Morocco 12% Syria -t20%

Asia Very few figures are available in this region. 6 out of 8 respondents did not have any data relating to this subject. The only estimates are the following:

Malaysia: “expansion as a whole”. Sri Lanka: “improvement was marginal”. Republic of Korea: “crafts market has decreased”. Uzbekistan: “around 10% increase in all areas”.

Europe Most of the countries “don ‘t know”, but some gave estimates:

Production Exports Employment Ireland 600% Kazakhstan 500% Ireland 300% Kazakhstan 300% Finland 40% Lithuania -30%

Ireland 300% Italy 0% Poland 0% Spain -5%

Finland Bosnia Lithuania

50% 12%

-30%

The situation in this region appears to be reasonably positive. What seems to be happening is a reduction in sales and employment in traditional crafts matched by increases in contemporary crafts, but the balance between these two differs in different countries. Ireland is an interesting example as there appears to be documented proof that a deliberate policy to increase employment in the crafts in certain rural areas, was successful.

Latin America

Production Employment Cuba 494% 950% Cuba 214% Costa Rica 100% Saint-Lucia 40% El Salvador 50% Saint-Lucia 50% Mexico 30% Mexico 20% El Salvador 40% _ Colombia 30% Ecuador 18%

It seems that the opening of a conntry to the outside world can lead to a considerable development of the crafts sector.

Comments

Throughout all the regions, we start to have hard data on the crafts economy, even if great care is needed when comparing one country with another. These data show that improvement of the crafts sector can be very significant during a ten years period at the production level as well as in exports and employment. It is essential to note that the employment created is not always related to the level of increase of exports. This shows that

52

the real importance of crafts in an economy is not always reflected in its exports fi,gures. One key component of this difference seems to be the sales to tourists. When tourism is developing, the sector of crafts develops very quickly. In some cases sales to tourists can be more important than the export market. A better knowledge of the tourist market could complement the present international trade statistics on crafts which relies completely on import-export figures.

2.7 RECOGNITION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF CRAFTS BY THOSE IN CHARGE OF NATIONAL ECONOMIES

This recognition is very different from one region to the other:

Africa Half of the respondents feel that the recognition of crafts in their county is very satisfactory or satisfactoy. The countries which answered that crafts had only fair recognition were those which accorded to “collection of data” the lowest, very low, or average priorities.

Arab States The reaction on the importance of crafts is also relatively positive: half of the countries show that recognition for the sector is satisfactory. However, two countries find it unsatisfactory.

Asia Fry few countries felt that the situation was satisfactory. Most of the responses indicated that the recognition of the importance of crafts is only fair in their region.

Europe and North America Few countries (16%) felt that the recognition of crafts in their countries was satisfactory or very satisfactory. A majority felt that it was unsatisfactoy or not at all satisfactoy.

Latin America Only one quarter of the respondents answered satisfactory or very satisfactoy. Half felt it was unsatisfacto y.

Comments

The recognition of crafts by those in charge of the economy is relatively high in Africa and the Arab States, surprisingly low in Latin America and Asia, less surprisingly low in Europe and North America. It .should be noted that, very often, crafts is not recognized when there is no data to prove its importance. A lot of efforts has to be made for crafts to be recognized as important in most regions.

53

2.8 IN THE MEDIUM TERM: PRIORITIES RECOMMENDED TO UNESCO TO PROMOTE A BETTER KNOWLEDGE OF THE IMPORTANCE OF CRAFTS

Africa “National Economic Surveys and Studies”, as well as “Regional Data Banks”, came top of the list. All countries that answered give a top priority to these two ways to improve the situation. The other two priorities were also mentioned with a very score.

Arab States 5 out of 6 replies indicated their wish to UNESCO to promote all the mentioned priorities. All of the 6 countries agreed on the first three priorities, leaving behind the constitution of data banks.

Asia Theresponse from most of the Member States were positl\.e to all the proposals made for mid-term priorities.

Europe and North America Most countries (around 90%) agreed on National Economic Surveys and Studies, as well as Regional Consultation Symposium. The other t\\‘o possibilities are also accepted by a large percentage (around 70%).

Comments

The answers to these questions reveal a great demand fo: KSESCO to take action to promote a better knowledge of the importance of crafts, especiali\, through economic surveys and data banks. It is a clear indication that all the counties understand that accurate and up to date information at regional as well as national level are the best way of ensuring that the importance of crafts is fully recognized. Only when they are armed with this crucial information will they be able to champion the cause of crafts development and receive adequate funding at national, regional and international level.

CHAPTER 4: PROMOTION OF CRWI’S

4.1 IN THE PAST: APPRECLATION OF THE PRO.\lOTION INITIATED BY UNESCO IN THIS FIELD DURING THE LAST TEX YEARS

Af?ica Only l/3 of the countries answered that they consider the promotion initiated by UNESCO as satisfactoy or vey satisfadoy, but if u’e add the fair responses we come to almost all responses.

Arab States Here also, l/3 of the countries answered very satisfactoq- or satisfactoy, but if we add the fair answers, we come to 2/3 of the responses.

Asia Here also, l/3 of the countries answered vey satisfactoy or satisfactory, but if we add the fair answers, we come to 3/4 of the responses.

54

Europe and North America Only l/5 of the responses are for satisfactory or vey satisfactoy and if we add the fair answers we come to only V.2 of the responses.

Latin America The proportion of satisfacto y and very satisfactory responses are much higher here: more than l% (58%) and if we add the fair answers we have almost unanimity.

Comments

In spite of all the promotion activities of UNESCO during the last ten years in all regions (especially the crafts prizes and exhibitions), the level of satisfaction is low in most regions except in Latin America. There is a great deal more that UNESCO could do to promote crafts in most regions.

4.2 AT PRESENT: APPRECIATION OF THE CRAFTS PROMOTION SITUATION BY NATIONAL CRAFTS ASSOCIATIONS

Africa l/3 of the respondents answered satisfacto y or ve y satisfacto y to this question and if we add the fair answers we come to 2/3.

Arab States The proportions are the same as in Africa.

Asia Thelevel of satisfaction on how crafts associations consider the promotion of crafts is much higher: 2/3 for satisfactoy or vey satisfacto y, but there is unanimity if fair is added.

Europe and North America The level of satisfaction is lowest here with only l/5 of the answers for satisfactory and very satisfactoy and half the responses if we add fair.

Latin America We find here the same level of satisfaction as in Africa and the Arab States: l/3 for satisfactory and vey satisfacto y. If we add the fair response, we have the same, 2/3 of the answers.

Comments

Crafts associations feel the same relatively low level of satisfaction on the situation of crafts promotion in their countries in three regions: Africa, Arab States and Latin America. The satisfaction is much higher in Latin America and much lower in Europe and North America. If we compare with the previous question, we find that the same low level of satisfaction is experienced by crafts associations in Africa and in the Arab States for the promotion initiated by UNESCO. However, Latin America is much more satisfied by the promotion initiated by UNESCO and Asia associations find a higher level of satisfaction in the present situation.

55

4.3 IN THE SHORT TERM: PROMOTION MEANS WHICH SHOULD BE RJXOMMENDED BY TJNESCO

All the promotion means suggested by the questiorrnaire were considered as useful but each region had its own set of priorities:

Africa Crafts fairs in general constitute the promotion means selected by all correspondents. Promotion through tourism comes second with 2/3 of the responses. Exhibitions in official places are selected by around ?4. Promotion through Internet is also selected by around l/3.

Arab States Crafts fairs in general are selected by all countries. Internet is also selected by almost all countries. Exhibitions in official places come after with % of the responses. Promotion through tourism is selected by ‘/z like the other remaining means.

Asia Crafts fairs in general are selected by all. Internet is also selected by almost all. Promotion through tourism and exhibitions in official places come after with % of the responses.

Europe and North America Here, it is Internet which is selected by all. Exhibitions in official places is also selected by almost all. Crafts fairs is selected only by 2/3. Promotion through tourism is then selected by % like the other remaining means.

Latin America Here, promotion through tourism is selected by almost all. Crafts fairs and showrooms come immediately after. Internet and the other means of promotion are selected by 213 of the responses.

Comments

In the short term, the promotion means selected by the respondents are:

Crafts fairs in general are considered unanimously as the best means of promotion in Africa, Arab States and Asia. It is ranking second in Latin America and third in Europe and North America. Promotion through tourism is considered the best in Latin America and comes second in At&a, third in Asia, fourth in the Arab States, Europe and North America. Promotion through Internet comes first in Europe, almost first in the Arab States, second in Asia, third in Latin America. This new means of promotion has very quickly gained recognition.

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4.4 IN THE MEDIUM TERM: THE MEANS OF PROMOTION UNESCO SHOULD PROMOTE

Africa Crafts fairs in general remain the means recommended by almost all respondents. The most notable change with the selection for the short term is, here, an increase in the promotion through artisan circuits.

Arab States Crafts fairs in general and the previous selection for the short term remain about the same for the medium term. Internet use remains recommended by all.

Asia Crafts fairs keep the same rank with a preference for crafts fairs in the countries of the region. Internet use becomes overwhelmingly recommended Promotion through tourism becomes recommended by’ all countries.

Europe and North America Internet remains first as well as exhibitions in official places. Showrooms of selected products have some more posm\.e responses. Promotion through tourism remains recommended b\ 1 2 of the responses like the other means of promotion.

Comments

The previous means of promotion selected for the short term remain, on the whole, valid for the medium term with some progress of Internet use and promotion through tourism.

CHAPTER 5: FINANCING OF CR4FTS

5.1 IN THE PAST: APPRECIATION OF THE NEW’ hIE.L\NS OF FINANCING ENCOURAGED BY UNESCO DURING THE LAST TES \‘EARS

Half of the countries in this region answered unsatisfacto?. or not at all satisfactoy. % of the countries only answered satisfacto y and very sathctov.

Arab States 213 of the countries answered unsatisfactoy and not at all satisfactoy. No country answered satisfactory.

Asia Almost ?h of the countries answered unsatisfactory and not at all satisfactory. The proportion of satisfacto y is a little higher than in Africa.

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Europe and North America Almost ?4 of the countries answered unsatisfactoy and not at all satisfactoy. Almost all the other % answered fair.

Latin America Here also ?4 of the countries are for unsatisfactoy and not at all satisfactory. But 113 answered satisfactoy. It is the highest score of all the regions.

Comments

The new means of financing encouraged by UNESCO during considered with a very low level of satisfaction. This dissatisfaction connected with the necessity to collect data on the subject.

the last ten years are does not seem to be

5.2 AT PRESENT: APPRECIATION OF THE FINANCING OF CRAFTS BY THE NATIONAL CRAFTS ASSOCIATIONS

Africa 2/3 of the national crafts associat,ions consider the financing of crafts as unsatisfacto y or not at all satisfacto y.

Arab States ‘/ of the responses are for unsatisfacto y and not at all satisfacto y. l/4 of the responses consider the situation as fair.

Asia 1/3f the responses are for unsatisfacto y and not at all satisfacto y. The satisfaction in this region is the highest: 2/3 of the responses.

Europe and North America More than % answered unsatisfactory and not at all satisfactory. There is no response for very satisfactory and satisfactoy.

Latin America More than % of the responses are for unsatisfacto y and not at all satisfacto y.

Comments

At present, most national crafts associations consider that the situation of financing of crafts is in general unsatisfactoy or not at all satisfactoy. It should be noted that there is no quantitative data to back this impression. Only the associations in Asia seem to be satisfied.

5.3 IN THE SHORT TERM: FUNDING SOURCES WHICH UNESCO SHOULD RECOMMEND

Africa Most countries in the region felt that UNESCO should recommend, as a source of funding, all together in concertation. Then comes individual funding by international organizations. l/3 recommended private funding. l/5 only recommended funding on national budget.

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Arab States Most countries recomended also funding by all together in concertation. % recommended individual funding by international organizations. l/3 by private funding.

Asia %ost all countries recommended also funding by all together in concertation. Then comes funding on national budget. Very few recommended funding by individual international organizations. Practically none recommended funding by private funds.

Europe and North America Most countries recommended here also funding by all together in concertation. Then l/3 recommended the national budget and % private funding. Only l/5 recommended an individual funding by international organizations.

Latin America Most countries (3/) recommended individual funding by international organizations. But more than half recommended also all together in concertation. % recommended the nationaZ budget. l/3 recommended private funding.

Comments

There is a very large consensus that, in the short term, UNESCO should recommend funding by all together in concertation. This is very encouraging for UNESCO to play a catalyst role in funding crafts projects with all other international and national organizations. It should be noted that funding by the nationaZ budgets is not considered as realistic. This is probably because national administrations are requesting a quantitative justification of the effectiveness of such funding. However, it should not be forgotten that this justification has to be provided anyway when the request for funding is made through the national administration to an international organization. The other sources of funding recommended should not be neglected. For instance funding by private sources is mentioned by all regions except Asia, by ?4 to l/3 of the responses, which is coherent with the policy of international organizations like the World Bank.

5.4 IN THE MEDIUM TERM: FUNDING WHICH SHOULD BE RECOMMENDED BY UNESCO

Africa Funding by international organizations remains recommended for the medium term by practically all responses, but it is now followed by microcredit for more than 2/3 of the respondents.

Arab States Funding by international organizations is still mainly selected for the medium term. Microcredit is only selected by l/3.

Asia Funding by international organizations remains at the top. It is followed by national funding. Then comes private funding and microcredit.

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Europe and North America The situation here is different from the short term: almost % recommend funding by the national budget. Then comes funding by international organizations (for about 2/3). Then microcredit by ?4 and, la&funding byprivate funds.

Latin America International organizations remain the preferred funding by practically all respondents. Then comes nationaZ funding and microcredit by around % of the respondents.

Comments

Outside Europe and North America, there is very little hope that funding for crafts can come from the national budget. By far the most preferred funding is through international organizations. Microcredit is a relatively new source of funding, but it has gained a lot of attention and should probably be better understood by those who are not yet fully aware of its potential, particularly in the Arab States.

CHAPTER 6: IMPLEMENTATION OF PILOT ACTIVITIES

6.1 IN THE PAST: PILOT ACTMTIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRAFTS SET UP BY UNESCO DURING THE LAST TEN YEARS

Africa ‘/z of the countries in this region responded that no pilot activity for the development of crafts was implemented by UNESCO during the last ten years. At the other extreme, l/5 of the countries reported that pilot activities have been implemented in four different areas each. Training of young peopZe was the most often mentioned activity (by l/3 of the countries).

Arab States Around l/3 of the countries reported no pilot activity. At the other extreme, one country reported pilot activities in all the six fields suggested. The most often mentioned fields are, at the same level: women promotion, cultural tourism, national exhibitions and regional exhibitions.

Asia Theresponse here is also more or less negative. The most often mentioned activities are national exhibitions and regional exhibitions. Then comes women promotion and training of youth in crafts.

Europe and North America There was also very pilot activities in this region. Only cultural tourism and national exhibitions were mentioned significantly.

Latin America It is the only region where it seems that pilot activities have been undertaken seriously in the following fields: women promotion and environment protection by almost % of the respondents. Training of young people and cultural tourism by about % of the respondents.

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Comments

We cannot expect that pilot activities be undertaken everywhere, but they are probably meeting stumbling blocks which should be identified. What is surprising is that, in most regions, there is a concentration of pilot activities on a very small number of countries. There is no pattern among the regions, on the areas chosen for these pilot activities.

6.2 AT PRESENT: PILOT ACTIVITIES WHICH HAVE BEEN FOLLOWED BY BROADER ACTIVITIES

Africa The countries which reported the most pilot activities reported also a very high degree of satisfaction. These pilot activities have been followed by broader activities: for instance, promotion of women pilot activity is now included in gender equality programmes, national exhibitions become more regular.

Arab States In this region also, the countries with the highest concentration of pilot activities reported that they have been followed by broader activities and are relatively satisfied.

Asia Here also, the few countries where there was a higher concentration of pilot activities responded that they were followed by broader activities: for instance, cultural tourism has let to the creation of crafts villages developed by local communities with workshops, souvenir shops and museums, which has led to more tourism and more training of new intrants.

Europe and North America There are very few countries which implemented pilot activities so that the follow up reported is not significant.

Latin America Here also, the countries with the highest proportion of pilot activities reported more that they were followed by broader activities, especially in the fields of product design, product development and exhibitions.

Comments

Experience gained during the implementation of pilot activities contributes to the success of the programmes which followed with the same or similar focus. There seems to be all the more a follow up from pilot activities to broader activities when there is a concentration of pilot activities in one country. Isolated pilot activities do not seem to lead to further satisfactory results. This should be an encouragement for many countries to undertake more pilot activities.

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6.3 IN THE MEDIUM TERM: THE PILOT ACTMTIES WHICH SHOULD BE PROMOTED BY UNESCO

Africa The most often mentioned pilot activities which should be promoted by UNESCO in the medium term are: for around % of the respondents, women promotion and employment of young people. Women promotion is still more requested in the medium term than in the short term. Then comes training of young people which shared a second place with cultural tourism and environmentprotection.

Arab States The countries of this region had a very wide spread of interest in the medium term. No pattern appeared clearly here.

Asia The priorities of the region for the medium term are: youth training and cultural tourism. Then comes women promotion.

Europe and North America There is here a wide interest, in the medium term, for training. Then, the objectives chosen for the Ten-Year Plan of Action are reinforced.

Latin America The priorities are also here depending on each country ranging from environment protection to women promotion, cultural tourism and incorporation of the educative aspect of crafts into the curriculum of the country.

Comments

In the medium term, most regions do not seem to have a clear vision of the pilot activities which should be especially promoted by UNESCO. It probably depends on the priorities chosen at a more general level for crafts development.

CHAPTER 7: CONCERTATION AT REGIONAL LEVEL

7.1 IN THE PAST: APPRECIATION OF THE INITIATIVES TAKEN BY UNESCO TO STRENGTHEN REGIONAL CONCERTATION

Africa The initiatives taken by UNESCO in the past to strengthen regional concertation in this region are considered -as fair by l/3 of the responses. Then ?4 consider these initiatives as satisfactory and also l/4 consider them as unsatisfactory.

Arab States ?4 of the countries in this region responded fair and the other responses are scattered in satisfactory and unsatisfactory.

. .

Asia

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More than ‘/ of the countries consider the initiatives taken by UNESCO as satisfactory or very satisfactory. Almost all the other % answered fair. The level of satisfaction in this region seems to be relatively high.

Europe and North America The responses to this questions are approximately equal among: fair (l/3), satisfactory and very satisfactory (l/3) and unsatisfactory or not at all satisfactory (l/3).

Latin America Around % of the countries answered fair or satisfactory and the other ?4 responded unsatisfactory or not at all satisfactory.

Comments

The initiatives taken by UNESCO in the past to strengthen regional concertation are considered positively in Asia and Latin America, but as insufficient in the other regions.

7.2 AT PRESENT: APPRECIATION FOR REGIONAL CONCERTATION

Africa At present, regional concertation is considered as fair by about ?4 of the countries. l/3 consider it as unsatisfactov or not at all satisfactory.

Arab States At present, the situation is considered also as fair by % of the respondents. l/3 consider it as unsatisfactory or not at all satisfactory.

Asia Also here, ?4 of the respondents consider the present situation as fair. But about % consider it as satisfactory.

Europe and North America About l/3 consider the present situation as fair or satisfactory. % consider it as unsatisfactory or not at all satisfactory.

Comments

The only region where the present situation of regional concertation seem to be considered as positive is Asia. ln the other regions, the responses show very clearly that a great deal of work needs to be done for regional concertation both at inter-governmental level as in term of networking between ‘national and international non-governmental organizations working in each region.

,

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7.3 IN THE MEDIUM TERM: PRIORITIES WHICH SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED BY UNESCO.FOR REGIONAL, CONCERTATION

Aflica Regional concertation should be encouraged by UNESCO with the following priorities:

Women: for practically all respondents. Then comes: training, financing and youth for 3/4 of the respondents. Then comes: promotion for 213 of the respondents.

Arab States Promotion is chosen by all respondents. Then comes: financing, training and data collection for 213 On the other hand, the pilot activities selected by most countries of this region concern women and environment.

Asia Promotion and training are the most often chosen priorities here. Then comes data collection. On the other hand, the pilot activities selected concern first women, then tourism and education.

Europe and North America Training, promotion andjnancing are selected by most respondents. Then comes tourism and data collection still by a majority of respondents.

Latin America Training and tourism are selected by a large majority of respondents (%). Then comes promotion, environment and women.

Comments

Although many respondents chose a wide variety of priorities, it seems that the priority which should be chosen by UNESCO for regional concertation in the medium term is training, selected by all regions.

Then the priority could be: in Africa on women, in the Arab States, Asia, Europe and North America onpromotion, in Latin America on crafts promotion through tourism.

-

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CHAPTER 8: STATUS OF THE CRAFTSPEOPLE

8.1 IN THE PAST: APPRECIATION OF THE STATUS OF THE CRAFTSPEOPLE INITIATED BY UN-ESCO DURING THE LAST TEN YEARS

Africa In this region, the improvement of the status of the craftspeople initiated by UNESCO during the last ten years is considered as:

Fair by ?4 of the responses. Satisfactory or vev satisfactory by %. Unsatisfactory or not at all satisfactov by l/6.

Arab States The responses are:

Satisfactory or very satisfactory by l/3. Unsatisfactory or not at all satisfactory by l/3.

Asia Here also there is a balance around the fair response:

Fair: l/3. Satisfactory: l/3. Unsatisfactory: l/3.

Europe and North America The balance is almost the same here with a little more weight on not at all satisfactory.

Latin America There is also a balance around the fair, but with more weight in the middle:

Fair: !A. Satisfactory: %. Unsatisfactory: %.

Comments

We could say that the improvement of the status of the craftspeople, initiated by UNESCO in the last ten years is considered, on the average, as fair. There is still a lot to do in this field.

8.2 AT PRESENT: THE COMPONENTS OF THE STATUS OF THE CRAFTSPEOPLE CONSIDERED AS SATISFACTORY

Let us see now in more details what components for the status of the craftspeople are, at present, considered as satisfactory:

Africa Some components are considered satisfactory by a large majority of responses:

rights of the crafts people for training, national coordination between all organizations concerned with crafts.

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On the other hand, there is a high level of dissatisfaction for: introduction of crafts courses in schools and universities, copyrights registration and measures for the respect of these copyrights.

Arab States In this region, the highest satisfaction is for:

legislative and administrative measures for the respect of the copyrights and the struggle against imitations.

There is a high level of dissatisfaction on: legislative and administrative measures for the improvement of the living and working conditions of the craftspeople, rights of the craftspeople to the training.

Asia The responses, in this region, indicate much more fields of satisfaction, for the following components:

First: training. Second: copyrights matters, introduction of crafts courses in schools, national coordination. Last: improvement of the working conditions.

Europe and North America There is satisfaction in the areas of

training (almost all countries), introduction of crafts courses in schools (about 1 : of the countries).

However, many countries find that most components of the status of craftspeople are presently unsatisfactory.

Latin America The components considered as satisfactory are:

legislative measures for the improvement of li\xng and ivorking conditions, rights of the craftspeople to the training.

However, there is a special dissatisfaction on: registration and respect of copyrights.

Comments

Inside the relatively low level of present satisfaction on the status of craftspeople, some components appear to be found as satisfactory:

rights of craftspeople to the training is considered as positi\*e by almost all regions, improvement of living and working conditions is mentioned by ?4 the regions.

The components which are considered as least satisfactoq at present seem to be: copyrights issues, introduction of crafts courses in schools and universities. national coordination between all organizations concerned by crafts.

-. __--._~ -~

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8.3 IN THE MEDIUM TERM: COMPONENTS WHICH SHOULD BE PROMOTED IN COLLABORATION WITH UNESCO

Africa The components of the status of the craftspeople which should be promoted in collaboration with UNESCO are the following:

introduction of crafts courses in schools and universities (for % of the responses), rights of the craftspeople to training (by 2/3 of the countries), copyrights matters and national coordination (for almost 2/3 of the responses).

Arab States Most countries agreed with all the components suggested, with a priority for:

measures to improve living and working conditions, rights of craftspeople to the training.

Asia Most countries also agreed on the components suggested, with a priority for:

introduction of crafts courses in schools and universities, rights of the craftspeople to the training.

Europe and North America The most important components suggested are:

introduction of crafts courses in schools and universities, national coordination between all the organizations.

Latin America Most countries agreed on the components suggested, but the most important components suggested are also:


Comments

Although most suggested components of the status of craftspeople are considered as important, in the medium term, it is wished by most regions that two main components be promoted in collaboration with UNESCO:


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