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Evaluation of Grid‐Interactive Electric Thermal Storage (GETS) Heaters for Islanded Renewable Energy‐Diesel Microgrids
in Cold Regions2014 International Conference on Cold Climate Technology
May 27, 2014
Richard WiesAssociate Professor
University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) Institute of Northern Engineering (INE)
Presented by: Marc Mueller‐Stoffels, Assistant Research Professor,
Alaska Center for Energy and Power
Co‐Investigators:Nick Janssen, Graduate Student, UAF INE
Rorik Peterson, Associate Professor, UAF INE
This work was supported by: 1) Alaska Energy Authority‐Emerging Energy Technology Fund Round 1
2) U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, under Awards #DE‐PS02‐09ER09‐12 and #DE‐SC0004903.
3) Data Management by the Alaska Center for Energy and Power (ACEP)
2
► Goals: Use of Wind Energy► Space Heating & Storage► Grid Frequency Control
► GETS Controller Testing► Steffes 2102 Ratings► Laboratory Test Setup► Results: Response to Frequency
► Wind‐Diesel‐ETS Model► Voltage & Frequency
Dynamics
► Conclusions (Take‐Aways)
Photo Credit: Dennis Meiners, Intelligent Energy Systems
Photo Credit: SteffesCorporation
Evaluation of Grid‐Interactive Electric Thermal Storage (GETS) Heaters for Islanded Renewable Energy‐Diesel Microgrids
in Cold Regions
3
► Electrothermal Space Heating/Storage: ► Excess Wind to Displace Oil Heating► Masonry Heaters (Steffes Units)
► On/off control strategies► Voltage/frequency control
► Secondary (Dump) Load
Use of Excess Wind Energy for Electric‐Thermal Heating/Storage
30%
50%
20%
Fuel Use in Rural Alaska Villages
Electricity
Space Heating
Transportation
Photo Credit: Dennis Meiners, Intelligent Energy Systems
Photo Credit: SteffesCorporation
Credit: Nick Janssen, UAF
4
GETS Controller (Unit Tested)
Reference: Steffes Corporation
(active frequency range: 60‐60.5 Hz; 0.1 sec hold time)
Photo Credit: Steffes Corporation, Grid- Electric Thermal Storage (GETS) Circuit Board Replacement Procedure for 2100 Series, Document # 1200721, Rev. 1, 11/12/2013.
Programmed Frequency Response
Cycles ON & OFF: at four discrete load levels
between 60 Hz and 60.5 Hz with 0.1 sec hold
time to check frequency
(measures frequency of current using CT)
Configuration in ETS
2102 Steffes Unit: single‐phase 120 VAC feed
at 1.33 kW with four heating elements active
GETS: programmable response to frequency
f > 60 Hz with four discrete load steps
(elements) actuated by a solid state relay
5
UAF Power Lab Test Setup
Photo Credit: Nicholas Janssen, UAF INE Graduate Research Assistant
6
Laboratory Test Setup Circuit
7
GETS System Response: Frequency Rise and Dip
Frequency Rise
Frequency Dip
Time to first response (s)
0.50 0.49
Time to appropriate response (s)
1.51 1.35
Ramp rate (Hz/s) 8.00 2.6710 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5
58
60
62
64
66
68
X: 10.03Y: 60.5
Time (s)
Freq
uenc
y (H
z)
Frequency of Voltages
X: 9.984Y: 60.25
X: 9.809Y: 59.95
FanFbnFcn
10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
X: 11.54Y: 6.018
Time (s)
RM
S C
urre
nt
RMS Line Currents
X: 10.53Y: 1.745
IaRMSIbRMSIcRMS
Frequency Rise (60 to 65 Hz)
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
56
58
60
62
X: 2.16Y: 60
Time (s)Fr
eque
ncy
(Hz)
Frequency of Voltages
FanFbnFcn
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.50
5
10
15
X: 3.506Y: 8.832
Time (s)
RM
S C
urre
ntRMS Line Currents
IaRMSIbRMSIcRMS
Frequency Dip (60.5 to 57 Hz)
8
GETS System Response: Cycling to Frequency Change
4 6 8 10 12 14 1656
58
60
62
Time (s)
Freq
uenc
y (H
z)
Frequency of Voltages
FanFbnFcn
4 6 8 10 12 14 160
5
10
15
X: 4.338Y: 9.53
Time (s)
RM
S C
urre
nt
RMS Line Currents
X: 3.338Y: 2.044
X: 13.34Y: 9.707
X: 12.34Y: 1.869
X: 7.332Y: 10.29
X: 6.332Y: 1.501
X: 10.34Y: 9.214
X: 9.34Y: 1.642
IaRMSIbRMSIcRMS
Zero to Full ETS
Load
¾ to Full ETS Load
Delay Time (s) 1.00 2.00
2 4 6 8 10 1255
60
65
70
Time (s)Fr
eque
ncy
(Hz)
Frequency of Voltages
FanFbnFcn
2 4 6 8 10 12
2
4
6
8
10
12
X: 10.51Y: 8.538
Time (s)
RM
S C
urre
ntRMS Line Currents
X: 9.483Y: 9.314
X: 7.483Y: 8.062
X: 6.505Y: 10.02
X: 4.505Y: 8.349
X: 3.483Y: 10.37
X: 1.483Y: 8.393
IaRMSIbRMSIcRMS
Zero to Full ETS Load
¾ to Full ETS Load
9
GETS System Response: Switching to Engage ETS Load
2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.459
60
61
62
Time (s)
Freq
uenc
y (H
z)
Frequency of Voltages
FanFbnFcn
2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.48
9
10
11
X: 2.69Y: 9.76
Time (s)
RM
S C
urre
nt
RMS Line Currents
X: 2.79Y: 9.163
X: 2.97Y: 10.08
X: 3.07Y: 9.496
X: 3.251Y: 10.54
X: 3.351Y: 9.883
IaRMSIbRMSIcRMS
Off: ~0.1 sec
On: ~0.2 sec
10
GETS System Response: Switching to Disengage ETS Load
3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 4.258.5
59
59.5
60
60.5
61
Time (s)
Freq
uenc
y (H
z)
Frequency of Voltages
FanFbnFcn
3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 4.21
2
3
4
5
Time (s)
RM
S C
urre
nt X: 3.926Y: 4.373
X: 3.608Y: 1.574
X: 3.507Y: 4.389
X: 3.407Y: 1.491
X: 3.29Y: 4.421
X: 3.19Y: 1.368
X: 3.708Y: 4.421
X: 3.826Y: 1.698
RMS Line Currents
IaRMSIbRMSIcRMS
On: ~0.1 sec
Off: ~0.1 sec
11
ETS‐Wind‐Diesel Model (ACEP PSIL)active frequency range: 60‐60.5 Hz (1‐1.0083 pu); 0.1 sec hold time
12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14-5
0
5
10
15x 104
Time (s)
Pow
er (W
}
WTG Real Power
No ETS Units5 Units/Phase10 Units/Phase15 Units/Phase20 Units/Phase
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 140.96
0.98
1
1.02
1.04
Time (s)
Freq
uenc
y (p
u)
Bus Frequency
No ETS Units5 Units/Phase10 Units/Phase15 Units/Phase20 Units/Phase
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14400
450
500
550
600
Time (s)
Vol
tage
(V)
Bus Voltage
No ETS Units5 Units/Phase10 Units/Phase15 Units/Phase20 Units/Phase
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 140
10
20
30
40
Time (s)
Rot
or A
ngle
(°)
SM Rotor Angle
No ETS Units5 Units/Phase10 Units/Phase15 Units/Phase20 Units/Phase
Zoom-in on next slide (voltage stability)
75 kW
61.2 Hz with 15 units
550 V with 15 units
125 kW with 15 units
Multiple GETS‐PSIL Model Results f & V Response to 15, 45 & 75 kW Steps in Wind Power Output
13
8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5-5
0
5
10
15x 104
Time (s)
Pow
er (W
}
WTG Real Power
No ETS Units5 Units/Phase10 Units/Phase15 Units/Phase20 Units/Phase
8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5400
450
500
550
600
Volta
ge (V
)
Bus Voltage
Time (s)
No ETS Units5 Units/Phase10 Units/Phase15 Units/Phase20 Units/Phase
8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.510
20
30
40
Rot
or A
ngle
(°)
SM Rotor Angle
Time (s)
No ETS Units5 Units/Phase10 Units/Phase15 Units/Phase20 Units/Phase
9.4 9.6 9.8 10 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11 11.2 11.40.99
1
1.01
1.02
1.03
Freq
uenc
y (p
u)
Bus Frequency
Time (s)
No ETS Units5 Units/Phase10 Units/Phase15 Units/Phase20 Units/Phase
61.2 Hz with 15 units
550 V with 15 units
125 kW with 15 units
65.6 kW
Multiple GETS‐PSIL Model Results Zoomed in f & V Response to +75 kW Step in Wind Power Output
14
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
5
10
x 104
Time (s)
Pow
er (W
}
WTG Real Power
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0.99
1
1.01
Time (s)
Freq
uenc
y (p
u)
Bus Frequency
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20470
475
480
485
Time (s)
Vol
tage
(V)
Bus Voltage
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
10
20
30
Time (s)
Rot
or A
ngle
(°)
SM Rotor Angle
no GETS30 GETS
Multiple GETS‐PSIL Model ResultsResponse to Rayleigh Wind Regime (50 kW Mean Wind Power)
15
► Excess Wind to Electric Heat► Displace oil heat & storage potential
► Wind‐Diesel System Stability► GETS could assist with frequency regulation► Effect on voltage stability with multiple ETS loads
► Further Investigation► Effect of multiple GETS units coming “ON” at same time► Distributed control and sequential timing of GETS units
Conclusions (Take Aways)
16
Questions?Contact Info:Richard Wies, Ph.D., P.E.Electrical and Computer EngineeringEmail: [email protected]: (907) 474‐7071‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐Rorik Peterson, Ph.D.Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Alaska FairbanksEmail: [email protected]: (907) 474‐5593
The Heat is ON in the Arctic!!
Photo Credit: Dennis Meiners, Intelligent Energy Systems
17
Steffes 2102 Ratings (As Tested)
Electric Ratings Heat Elements: 120 V; 1.33 kWBlower: 120 V; 30‐100W
Weight Bricks (16): 176 lbsHeater: 105 lbs
Storage Capacity 46,062 BTU or 13.5 kWh
Heat Capacity (Bricks) 0.22 BTU/°F*lb
Temperature Rise 1100 °F (900 K)
Loss of Heat through Insulation 2.4 BTU/°F*h
Heat Delivered on Demand 20,000 BTU/hPhoto Credit: SteffesCorporation