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Evaluation of Dysphagia Magdalena Espinoza

Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

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Page 1: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

Evaluation of DysphagiaMagdalena Espinoza

Page 2: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

Objectives

• Define dysphagia • List the phases of normal swallowing• Identify the most common causes of dysphagia• Specify the best diagnostic tests for dysphagia • Takeaway Points  

Page 3: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

Dysphagia 

Odynophagia? Globus sensation?

Page 4: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

Phases of swallowing  

• Oral preparatory/transfer phase • Food chewed, mixed with saliva, transferred to back of tongue

• Pharyngeal phase• Bolus then propelled from pharynx across the relaxed UES 

• Esophageal phase • Bolus transferred by peristalsis through the esophagus across the LES into the stomach

Page 5: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

Classification of dysphagia 

• Location• Oropharyngeal• Esophageal

• Etiology• Mechanical• Motility

http://www.nature.com/gimo/contents/pt1/images/gimo28‐V1.mp4

Page 6: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

A 65yoF w/ a 6‐mo history of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is evaluated for a 1‐mo h/o difficulty swallowing. She experiences choking and coughing while attempting to swallow solids or liquids and has intermittent nasal regurgitation of liquids. Two weeks ago she was treated for pneumonia. Her only medication is riluzole.

On PE, VSS. Tongue fasciculations and jaw clonus are present, and there is definite weakness of the masseter and pterygoid muscles. There is weakness of the proximal arms and the intrinsic muscles of the hands, but deep tendon reflexes are preserved. The plantar response is extensor.

Page 7: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

Which of the following is the most appropriate initial diagnostic test to evaluate this patient's swallowing disorder?

A) EndoscopyB) Esophageal ManometryC) Upper GI series D) Videofluoroscopy

*MKSAP 16 

Page 8: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

Oropharyngeal Dysphagia 

•Difficulty transferring food from mouth to posterior pharynx

• Symptoms?•Differential?

Page 9: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

Differential for Oropharyngeal Dysphagia

OropharyngealOropharyngeal

InfectiousInfectious

IatrogenicIatrogenic

MetabolicMetabolic

MyopathicMyopathic

StructuralStructural

NeurologicNeurologic

Page 10: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

Best test for oropharyngeal dysphagia

Video fluoroscopy or modified barium swallow 

Page 11: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

Esophageal Dysphagia 

• Mechanical disorder – solids only • Motility disorder – dysphagia to solids and liquids

Page 12: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

At what luminal diameter will most patients experience symptoms of dysphagia?

A) 13mmB) 15mmC) 8mmD) 5mm

Page 13: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

Mechanical

Page 14: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

Schatzki Ring

• Thin membrane found at squamo‐columnar junction involving both mucosa + submucosa

• <13mm usually symptomatic• Intermittent dysphagia to solids• Tx: dilation to create a tear 

Page 15: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

Side Note: Dilation Devices 

Balloon Savary

Page 16: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

Food Impactions

• Steak, Chicken, Turkey; coughing, regurgitation, “something stuck”• No issues with liquids until after ingestion of above • EGD is best test • Barium is my enemy 

Page 17: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

Most common cause of dysphagia in young patients? 

A) GERDB) EoEC) Functional D) Rings 

Page 18: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

Eosinophilic Esophagitis 

• Eosinophil deposits in esophagus • Esophageal remodeling + decreased distensibility

• Rings and strictures • DX: EGD w/ Bx >15 Eos per HPF• Tx: PPI  first line

• Steroids (topical and systemic) • dietary modification• intermittent endoscopic dilation

Page 19: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

Plummer Vinson Syndrome

• Esophageal web• Dysphagia• Iron deficiency anemia • High risk of esophageal squamous carcinoma 

• Tx: iron, dilate and rupture the esophageal web

Page 20: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

Zenker’s Diverticulum 

• Mucosal outpouching of the hypopharynx • Proximal to the cricopharyngeus• Dysphagia with delayed regurgitation • Dx: Barium swallow is best • Tx: surgical

Page 21: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

Motility

Page 22: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

Esophageal Spasms 

• Uncoordinated or rapid contractions• 3% of patients with unexplained CP• Diagnosis: esophageal manometry or barium study

• Tx: treat reflux, smooth muscle relaxants (CCB or nitrates) 

Page 23: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

Manometry, Simplified

Page 24: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

Nutcracker esophagus 

• High esophageal pressures• Normal amplitude of esophageal contractions is between 30 and 180mmHg

• Average > 180mmHg for this condition• Chest pain and dysphagia • TX: PPI if reflux, smooth muscle relaxants such as CCB or nitrates 

Page 25: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

Achalasia

• Poorly relaxed LES• Chronic inflammation leading to:

• Loss of post‐ganglionic inhibitory neurons

• Loss of NO, VIP

• Unopposed post‐ganlionic excitatory peptides ‐> Ach‐> High LES pressures 

• Dx: Barium esophagram w/ fluoroscopy; HRM gold standard; EGD

• Different types of achalasia 

Page 26: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

Achalasia‐ Chicago Classification • Type I: Classic

• Impaired relaxation• No significant pressurization of esophageal body

• Type II: • Swallowing water causes rapid panesophageal pressurization

• >30mmHg• May exceed LES pressure causing esophagus to empty

• Type III: Formerly vigorous • Rapid pressurization• Normal lumen• Can appear like spasms

Page 27: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

Treatment for Achalasia 

• All treatment aimed to decrease LES pressure• No treatment to return peristalsis to the esophagus, yet• Medications

• Nitrates• CCB

• Botox Injections• Temporary effect 4‐6 mo, decreased benefit with time

• Endoscopic Pneumatic dilation • Subsequent• 5% risk of perforation

• Surgery• Heller myotomy +/‐ (loose) fundoplication (to prevent post‐op GERD)

• *POEM (Per Oral Endoscopic Myotomy)

Page 28: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

Best diagnostic studies for esophageal dysphagia?

• Fluoroscopy: (barium) good for structural lesions‐ rings, webs, strictures, masses, diverticula, fistulas, sometimes achalasia 

• Endoscopy: for direct luminal visualization, biopsies (EOE, GERD)• Manometry: catheter with various pressure sensors is placed, allows measurement of the upper esophageal sphincter, esophageal body, and lower esophageal sphincter. Evaluates intraluminal pressure and coordination of pressure activity. Most sensitive for detection of esophageal motility disorder detection. 

• Impedance study: direct measurement of bolus flow and can be useful adjunct to motility. Mainly used for nonacid reflux

Page 29: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

Takeaway Points

• Thinking food impaction? NO Barium! Barium is my enemy.• Be kind to one another 

Page 30: Evaluation of Dysphagia - samaritan.edu Evaluation.pdf · • Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat ClinPractGastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:393‐403. • DellonES, Gonsalves

References 

• Bredenoord AG, Fox M, Kahrilas PJ, et al. Chicago classification criteria of esophageal motility disorders defined in high resolution esophageal pressure topography. Neurogastroenterol Moltil 2012; 24(Supp 1): 57‐65.

• Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol2008;5:393‐403.

• Dellon ES, Gonsalves N, Hirano I, Furutura GT, Liacouras CA, Katzaka DA. ACG clinical guideline: evidence based approach to the diagnosis and management of esophageal eosinophilia and eosinophilic esophagitis. AM J Gastroenterol2013;108:679‐92. 

• McNally P. GI/Liver secrets plus. Swallowing disorders and dysphagia. Fifth edition, chapter 1 2015;7‐13. 

• Spechler SJ. American gastroenterological association medical position statement on treatment of patients with dysphagia caused by benign disorders of the distal esophagus. Gastroenterology 1999;117:229‐33.