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Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on Aquatic Organisms Products on Aquatic Organisms Roger D. Roger D. Meyerhoff Meyerhoff & Alison N. Perkins & Alison N. Perkins Health, Safety and Environmental Lilly Research Laboratories Division of Eli Lilly and Company

Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on ... Effects - Meyerhoff.pdf · Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on Aquatic Organisms ... risk assessment for

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Page 1: Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on ... Effects - Meyerhoff.pdf · Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on Aquatic Organisms ... risk assessment for

Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on Aquatic OrganismsProducts on Aquatic Organisms

Roger D. Roger D. MeyerhoffMeyerhoff &  Alison N. Perkins&  Alison N. Perkins

Health, Safety and EnvironmentalLilly Research Laboratories

Division of Eli Lilly and Company

Page 2: Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on ... Effects - Meyerhoff.pdf · Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on Aquatic Organisms ... risk assessment for

Human Pharmaceuticals Found in SurfaceHuman Pharmaceuticals Found in Surface WatersWaters

Acetominophen – analgesic Albuterol – asthma, bronchitis

Caffeine ‐ stimulant  Carbamazepine ‐ anticonvulsant

Cimetidine ‐ anti‐ulcer Ciprofloxacin ‐ antibiotic

Codiene ‐ analgesic Diltiazem (Cardizem) ‐ Ca blocker

Enalaprilat ‐ ACE inhib. 17a‐Ethinylestradiol  ‐ birth control

Fluoxetine ‐ SSRI Gemfibrozil ‐ cholesterol lowering

Ibuprofen ‐ analgesic  Metformin ‐ anti‐diabetic

Norfloxacin ‐ antibiotic  Oxytetracycline ‐ antibiotic

Progesterone ‐ hormone rep  Ranitidine ‐ anti‐ulcer

Roxithromycin ‐ antibiotic  Sulfamethoxazole – antibiotic

Tetracycline – antibiotic Trimethoprim ‐ antibiotic

Page 3: Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on ... Effects - Meyerhoff.pdf · Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on Aquatic Organisms ... risk assessment for

Regulatory GuidelinesRegulatory Guidelines

US FDAUS FDA Regulations for Environmental Assessments (final rule in 21 CFR Part 

25, 1997) for requirements of NEPA (1969).  Triggered at ≥ 1 μg/L in the effluents of sewage treatment facilities, or expected annual  use of ≥ 44,000 kg, or extraordinary circumstances.

European UnionEuropean Union Council Directive 2001/83/EC requires an environmental 

risk assessment for human drugs.  Triggered at  ≥ 0.01 μg/L in surface waters, or expected individual use ≥ 2mg/day, or potential for reproductive effects at levels < 0.01 μg/L. 

CanadaThe New Substances Notification Regulations of the Canadian Environmental 

Protection Act, 1999, requires environmental assessments.  Use in amounts > 1000 kg/yr or accumulated use > 50,000 kg require environmental data under current New Substance  Notification Guidelines.

Page 4: Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on ... Effects - Meyerhoff.pdf · Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on Aquatic Organisms ... risk assessment for

Risk Assessment OverviewRisk Assessment Overview

Biological EffectsEnvironmentalExposure Levels

Environmental RiskAssessment

Page 5: Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on ... Effects - Meyerhoff.pdf · Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on Aquatic Organisms ... risk assessment for

Distribution and FateDistribution and Fate

Page 6: Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on ... Effects - Meyerhoff.pdf · Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on Aquatic Organisms ... risk assessment for

Environmental Fate Chemistry StudiesEnvironmental Fate Chemistry Studies

Solubility in water (OECD 105)Melting temperature (OECD 102)Dissociation constant (OECD 112)Hydrolysis (OECD 111)Octanol/water partition coefficient (OECD 107or 117)Ultraviolet/visible light absorption (OECD 101)Adsorption and biodegradation in sediments (OECD 308) Sorption to sludge solids (OECD 106 or 121)

Biodegradation in sludge (OECD 302a)Soil adsorption study (OECD 106 or 121)Soil degradation study (OECD 307)

Page 7: Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on ... Effects - Meyerhoff.pdf · Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on Aquatic Organisms ... risk assessment for

Possible Water ConcentrationsPossible Water Concentrations‐ Surface water concentrations can be estimated by probability 

modeling of representative surface waters in a given country

Low Flow

Mean Flow

Page 8: Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on ... Effects - Meyerhoff.pdf · Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on Aquatic Organisms ... risk assessment for

Purpose of Ecological Risk AssessmentPurpose of Ecological Risk AssessmentProtection of Populations and Communities

Ecosystem ResponsesEcosystem ResponsesEcosystem ResponsesEcosystem Responses

Ecosystem ResponsesCommunity Responses

Population ResponsesOrganism Responses

Biochemical Responses

Cellular ResponsesOrgan Responses

Surrogate species tested to protect populations and communities

Biomarkers sometimes assessed

Pathology or physiology canbe evaluated

Page 9: Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on ... Effects - Meyerhoff.pdf · Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on Aquatic Organisms ... risk assessment for

TrophicTrophic SystemSystemEnergy and Material Transfer

Decomposer Microorganisms

Algae/Plants

Herbivores

Carnivores

TopCarnivores

Page 10: Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on ... Effects - Meyerhoff.pdf · Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on Aquatic Organisms ... risk assessment for

Field Evaluation of Aquatic CommunitiesField Evaluation of Aquatic Communities

Page 11: Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on ... Effects - Meyerhoff.pdf · Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on Aquatic Organisms ... risk assessment for

Testing Representative SpeciesTesting Representative Species

Page 12: Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on ... Effects - Meyerhoff.pdf · Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on Aquatic Organisms ... risk assessment for

Special Laboratory FacilitiesSpecial Laboratory Facilities

Page 13: Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on ... Effects - Meyerhoff.pdf · Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on Aquatic Organisms ... risk assessment for

Hazard EvaluationsHazard Evaluations

Representative Species Testing

Aquatic Environment*‐ Activated sludge respiratory inhibition (OECD 209)‐Algal growth inhibition test (OECD 201)‐Daphnia magna acute immobilization test (OECD 202)‐ Fish acute toxicity test (OECD 203)‐Daphnia magna life‐cycle study (OECD 211)‐ Fish early life stage study (OECD 210)

* Exposure concentrations verified by analytical chemistry throughout each study

Page 14: Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on ... Effects - Meyerhoff.pdf · Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on Aquatic Organisms ... risk assessment for

Sludge Respiration Inhibition

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 62.5 125 250 500 1000 3000 10000 30000 100000Concentration (ppb)

Inhi

bitio

n (%

)

Treatment

PositiveControl

No Significantinhibition at or above limit ofsolubility (388 ppb at pH 7)

Sludge Respiration Inhibition StudySludge Respiration Inhibition StudyRuboxistaurin mesylate, 

a protein kinase C β inhibitorN N

N OOH

ONMe2·MeSO3H·H2O

Page 15: Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on ... Effects - Meyerhoff.pdf · Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on Aquatic Organisms ... risk assessment for

Algal Growth Inhibition StudyAlgal Growth Inhibition Study

Algal Cell Density

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

0 1 2 3Time (Days)

Cel

l Den

sity

(cel

ls/m

l)

0.0

20.046.0

110.0

280.0

660.01500.0

Conc. (ppb)

*

*

*

**

* Growth Rate SignificantlyDifferent than Control

Algal EC50 = 450 ppbAlgal NOEC = 20 ppb

Page 16: Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on ... Effects - Meyerhoff.pdf · Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on Aquatic Organisms ... risk assessment for

Results from Acute StudiesResults from Acute Studies

Trout LC 50 > 1700 ppb

Daphnid EC50 = 350 ppb

Page 17: Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on ... Effects - Meyerhoff.pdf · Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on Aquatic Organisms ... risk assessment for

Fish Early Life Stage & Fish Early Life Stage & DaphnidDaphnid Reproduction StudiesReproduction StudiesDaphnia Fecundity

0.002.004.006.008.00

10.0012.0014.00

0 3.8 8.3 22 46 111

Concentration (ppb)Yo

ung

(No.

/Rep

ro. D

ay)

Fish ELS

0102030405060708090

0 33 71 130 250 480Concentration (ppb)

Dry

Wei

ght (

mg)

Daphnid Repro. NOEC from    two studies: 6.6 to 22 ppb

***

* *

Fish ELS NOEC = 71 ppb

Page 18: Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on ... Effects - Meyerhoff.pdf · Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on Aquatic Organisms ... risk assessment for

Hazard EvaluationsHazard EvaluationsSpecial Studies for the Aquatic Environment‐ Spiked sediment study with Benthic Invertebrates (OECD 218) 

to evaluate the toxicity of a chemical to aquatic invertebrates that are associated with sediment

‐ Fish bioconcentration study (OECD 305) for evaluation of bioaccumulation of a chemical in fish when octanol/water partition coefficient is high (Log Kow >3)

‐ Fathead minnow full life cycle study (no guideline)for evaluation of chemical effects on reproduction in fish

Page 19: Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on ... Effects - Meyerhoff.pdf · Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on Aquatic Organisms ... risk assessment for

Hazard EvaluationHazard Evaluation

Special Studies for the Aquatic Environment

Physiological biomarkers‐ Vitellogenin production in male fish exposed to 17‐alpha ethinylestradiol (EE2)

Pharmacological biomarkers‐ Pharmaceutical receptors known to exist in fish thatproduce pharmacology similar to that in mammals

Pathological evaluations‐ Gross or microscopic evaluation of fish tissues

Page 20: Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on ... Effects - Meyerhoff.pdf · Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on Aquatic Organisms ... risk assessment for

Risk Assessment CalculationsRisk Assessment CalculationsSewage Treatment Micro‐organismsPredicted no‐effect concentration (PNEC) should be greater than the 

concentration calculated to enter sewage treatment facility

Aquatic EnvironmentThe predicted concentration of the chemical in surface water must be below the predicted no‐effect concentration for all aquatic organisms.  

The lowest PNEC for all aquatic organisms is usually determined by  dividing the most sensitive of the 3 chronic no‐effect concentrations by 10

PEC/PNEC Ratios for Ruboxistaurin MesylateSewage treatment:  0.45/100 = 0.0045Aquatic Organisms:  0.045/0.66 =  0.068

Any ratio less than 1 is considered to be an insignificant risk 

Page 21: Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on ... Effects - Meyerhoff.pdf · Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on Aquatic Organisms ... risk assessment for

Risk Assessment CalculationsRisk Assessment CalculationsFish Risk Assessment Based on Mammalian Data

• When the mode of pharmacological action and target tissues in mammals and fish are similar, plasma levels from mammalian studies can be used to evaluate potential risk to fish (Huggett et al., 2005).

• Measure or estimate plasma conc. in fish from log P and PEClog Pb:w = 0.73 x log P – 0.88 (Fitzsimmons et al., 2001)Plasma conc. = PEC x Pb:w

• Assume pharmacological action and target tissues are functionally the  same (eg. 1/1), or measure differences.

• If plasma exposure ratio (mammal:fish)/(FER mammal:fish) is 10 or less, then further investigation is needed. 

• The plasma exposure ratios for ruboxistaurin and its metabolites are over 35

Page 22: Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on ... Effects - Meyerhoff.pdf · Evaluating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on Aquatic Organisms ... risk assessment for

SummarySummaryEvaluating the potential impact of a pharmaceutical on 

aquatic organisms is influenced by:• Predicted concentrations in the aquatic environment• Knowledge of target mechanism and metabolism• Results from standard laboratory tests with sludge 

microorganisms, algae, invertebrates and fish• Results from special studies used to determine effects

on sediment organisms, fish reproduction, or biomarkers

• An understanding of how expected effects can carry through levels of biological organization and impactorganisms at different trophic levels

Risk assessments are conducted before pharmaceuticals are registered for use by patients