EV Charging Infrastructure for Smart Cities using IOT & Smart Sensors - v1.00

Technicity - Nov’ 2015 Project Report

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Defining Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure

for Smart Cities using IOT & Smart Sensors

Technicity Project – Nov’ 2015

Prabhdip Singh Rayat

Email: [email protected]


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Foreword

EV Charging Infrastructure is the need of tomorrow

across the Globe, and integration of this

infrastructure to IOT (Internet of Things platform)

with Smart Sensors, will connect together the City

Services, city transportation and City Citizens. This

Smart System will help in planning of City Services,

City Transportation and will help citizens in their

day to day life. The brief of this report will explore,

how EV Charging infrastructure integration to new

era technology IOT, will enable Smart City Services

in near Future.

Objective

Electric Vehicles are increasing in Cities across the

Globe. There is a need to implement Electric

Vehicles Charging Ecosystem in Parking Systems,

City Fleets, household, buildings, commercial and

Industrial sites across the City. A system based on

Internet of Things platform has to be built which

will streamline operation of EV Charging and

address the impacts on Power Grid. This subject is

technology enabler for city transportation systems,

Vehicle to Grid systems, Grid to Vehicle systems,

Optimum use of Renewable resources and smart

charging systems in near future for Smart Cities.

City is a system of complex sub systems; therefore

multiple use cases are required to be evolved to

meet future needs.

In this report, I would be detailing out architecture

and sub systems to connect Electric Vehicle

Infrastructure across the Smart City and will define

the benefits of connected Smart Sensors and

Internet. Various sub systems, centralized control

center, city services and city citizen’s engagement

programs are the key to this Smart City use case.

Utilities and energy suppliers can use of

infrastructure, to do near term and long term

planning of EV penetration and network loads.

These systems will also enable use of renewables

and will benefit maintenance services with

communication and feedback to City citizens.

Report will detail out systems, apps and

connectivity to all new era technologies.

Current Issues

Nowadays, there are systems enabled with

Information Technology to meet City needs and

connected to Individual systems or City

departments. Therefore, going forward a uniform

system would be deployed across the City, to

address the traffic, congestion, road maintenance

and other city services, so that it smoothed the

process and flow of transportation across the

cities.

Electric vehicles are increasing and across the city,

EV charging infrastructure is growing, various

OEMs, system suppliers and vendors are deploying

different type of Electric Vehicle chargers, these

are connected to individual Vendor Central

systems, thus bringing a lots of frustration and

difficulty to citizens to locate and move across the

city. Going forward, this infrastructure would be

increased and will replace GAS stations, and there

is a mandatory need that everything is connected

to common & uniform platform.

In city of Toronto, major players likewise

Chargepoint, Tesla and Sun Country Highway have

deployed EV Charging infrastructure across the City

of Toronto and Greater Toronto Area. These

systems are smart and enabling new era

technology, but these are connected to individual

OEM Vendors Central systems and are not


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connected to City services, city transportation and

have restricted connectivity to City Drivers &

citizens. Therefore there is a huge requirement to

define EV charging infrastructure connected to

Internet and enable ICT technology so that EV

drivers and citizens are connected under one roof.

Who is Most Impacted by Growing EV

Infrastructure across Cities?

Most impacted is Utility, Local Distribution

Companies (Toronto Hydro, Power Stream and

Hydro One), City services, public-private parking

spots, condominiums, buildings-malls, along with

EV owners. Therefore to address this problem,

either Cities Electric infrastructure is so immune to

adopt mass roll out of EVs or optimum

management to operate EV charging infrastructure

required.

Here is one case of problem statement: Slow

charging an EV at home is the equivalent of adding

1-2 new houses to the neighborhood transformer.

A larger Toronto & GTA home might draw 2-3 kW

of power at times of peak electricity demand.

Adding a new electric vehicle on a dedicated circuit

could draw 6.6 kW. Adding the current version of a

dedicated fast charge unit will add up to 20 kW of

load. If every motor vehicle owner seeks to do this,

we have a problem. If technology evolves and

consumer expectations drive the demand for rapid

or even instantaneous at-home charging, that

problem gets larger and significantly more complex

Source:

https://www.gowlings.com/KnowledgeCentre/article.as

p?pubID=3152;

http://www.signatureelectric.ca/blog/interview-with-

toronto-hydro-grid-gets-ready-for-evs/

Which Cities are affected and real

scenarios Example?

My hometown Toronto City and Greater Toronto

area (GTA). Toronto & GTA is most populous and

highly diverse culture in Canada.

A: City of Toronto has EV Pilot programs since

2009; there is a need to address EV owner’s

engagement and to bridge the gap between EV

users and City Services,

http://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgne

xtoid=7345fbfa98491410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCR

D&vgnextchannel=a201fbfa98491410VgnVCM1000007

1d60f89RCRD

B: Being populous and government initiates, there

is a huge load on electric distribution network in

next decade and impacts have to be analyzed,

hence a common platform required wherein

multiple EV charging stations vendors can be

integrated to IOT and smart sensors to address

impact on Toronto and GTA Electric Distribution

Network.

C: Toronto has to detail the EV Infrastructure

assessment for technology, Grid integration, public

incentives, renewables integration, and residence

and building requirements.

http://www.signatureelectric.ca/blog/interview-with-toronto-hydro-grid-gets-ready-for-evs/

http://www.signatureelectric.ca/blog/interview-with-toronto-hydro-grid-gets-ready-for-evs/


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http://www1.toronto.ca/city_of_toronto/environment_and_e

nergy/key_priorities/files/pdf/electric_vehicles_cocmment_w

all_summary.pdf

Assumptions

The City municipalities want to avoid the legacy

approach to connect city systems and city

transportation. The City Citizens would seek better

information and communication flow to make their

day to day life easier.

The deployment of proprietary and traditional,

individual systems would be discarded and A

uniform connected infrastructure would be

implemented and accepted across all cities.

The proprietary systems have immediate

advantage to lunch and deploy in short time, but

the cities that seek long term gain and use of

money, will take this EV infrastructure framework

for near term implementations

Brief Overview

Electric Vehicles are rising rapidly on roads and

government has driving policies directives to

decrease CO2 emission and hence to deploy

Electric Vehicle Charging systems across the cities.

The Internet of Things (IoT) along with Smart

sensors have strong benefits since they have ability

to mine new insights from disparate data and

assets – from EV charging station locations,

charging station occupancy, billing operations,

utility network devices, utility power flow to end

customer engagement systems. IoT along with

Smart sensing nodes will help cities streamline

services, save money and create new experiences

for citizens – all by adding & connecting their

existing data and services.

More precisely, how Electric Vehicle charging

stations, city residents, city organizations, and

electric Utilities collaborates together to map

loading on Electric Network, to implement smart

charging strategies with the use of Internet of

Things technology & Smart sensing nodes.

Additionally we will detail out how IOT will provide

real time information to Utility and Grid Systems so

that Grid operation can determine now and future

power needs, along with real time customer

engagement

The integration of various city systems, city services

to address EV Charging will be actualized in next

10-15 years from now.

Smart City Implementations, comprised of EV

charging infrastructure, in the first instance, focus

on goal setting whilst planning a physical EV

Chargers, ICT infrastructure, and logical connected

infrastructure that’s capable of providing a

platform for systems integration in support of

objectives listed in this report. And once

implemented, these systems should have life span

of 15-20 years so that return on Investment can be

gained and would be in line to best utilization of

city funds.

Brief points to address this approach are:

Physical deployment of right Electric Vehicle

chargers


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Connected communications network to

streamline the status, utilization update to

Central system

Connected and centralized systems and sub

systems to address and manage the now

and future needs of EV infrastructure

Network Design and communication

services layout , so that it enables the fast

and rapid data communication flow across

the city

Development of adequate android apps

virtual intelligent infrastructure, so that

these communicate and transport the flow

of information from physical systems, to

central systems, EV driver, Utility crews ,

City workers to City Citizens

Integration of Renewables platform will

enable self-contained and locally generated

energy, so that EV charging infrastructure

can make use of clean energy and less

dependent on traditional Electric Utility

Grid

Implementation of open protocols for

status, health, control, management of

various EVSE, EV and Road Traffic, City

systems etc.

Interoperability to meet open standards so

that communications flow can be optimized

and system is scalable to accommodate

physical and virtual infrastructure to meet

future needs

Development of suitable middleware

platform and Centralized connected control

center, which will accommodate City

databases to hold& manage the EV charging

infrastructure all together – Under one roof.

Optimum monitoring and management of

City control center - Self sustained and self-

controlled most of the time, additionally,

enables supervisor control for manual

interventions to program or enable

emergency or ancillary services across the

city

Architecture

Overall architecture of EV Infrastructure system for

Smart cities will cover multiple use cases across the

city, Layout and components of centralized IOT

integrated cloud system which would manage EV

infrastructure. This system will manage Electric

Utility distribution network, in conjunction with

City Municipality. The system would be Network

operations center, will capture from various smart

charging stations, smart sensors deployed across

the city. Integration of this system to IESO Ontario

to enable demand response programs so that EV

charging can be optimized in case of Peak Period,

Grid Emergency and for various seasons/ time of

use periods

Image Source: Self

Smart City is a complex system and is comprised of

various sub-systems scattered across the city. For

EV Charging infrastructure, from Top Layers (Smart


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City systems & Service) to Middle Layer (EV

Charging infrastructure and Bottom Layer( Physical

Infrastructure scattered across the city)

Top Layer is focused to Smart City Services inclusive

of Municipality, Administration, and transport,

Health Care, Utilities and Economy & Cultural

services.

EV Charging infrastructure has mainly three

operations Centre:

1. Centralized EV Charging Infrastructure

Control Centre, which would be integrated

to Smart City Systems

2. Three Mini Control Centers to manage

Network, Utilities and Transport

I. Network Control Centre will manage

the overall network and enable

communication service using IOT and ICT

platform

II. Utilities Control Centre will enable the

power flow, administration of Electric

Network and additionally manage the

billing, EV device management,

maintenance and monitors the overall

health of EV Charging infrastructure

III. Transport Control Center, Captures

all data from Smart Sensors deployed across

the City and enables communication to City

Citizens for transportation, traffic, EV

Charging Map, EV chargers health, and

allows Citizens to communicate two ways

for feedback, participation and overall

engagement.

These three control centers along with one

Centralized system would streamline the

communication in the overall network and

facilitate the communications and ensure

consistent and reliable operation of EV

Charging infrastructure and hence validates

the Citizens feedback and improves

engagement process across the City.

EV Charging IOT & ICT Layer

EV Charging Infrastructure Management Layer is

comprised of Internet connected devices along

with Communications network to facilitate the flow

of information and data to EV Charging Control

Center and eventually enabling Smart City Systems

and Services.

Image Source: Self

Primarily ICT Layer has a middleware, which

integrates with Control Centre and Smart City

systems. The Middleware connects various utility

systems, integrates with Trader and IESO in Ontario

for Electric Network flow and enables billing and

ancillary services.


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Additionally ICT /IOT Layer integrates to physical

infrastructure deployed across the City,

Electric Vehicles and EV Charging stations

Renewable Energy Sources, self-contained

local generation for commercial EVSE’s

Network and Communication Gateways

Smart Phones, EV Drivers and Smart

Citizens

Utility Transformer Monitors to enable

smooth power flow to EV Chargers and

hence balance the Electric Utility Network

City Transport infrastructure to

communicate the traffic, congestion,

Charger Occupancy, Distance, Charger Map

to City EV driver and City Citizens

EV Charging System Middleware

Middleware programs provide messaging services

so that different applications can communicate

using messaging frameworks for Simple Object

Access Protocol (SOAP), Web services,

Representational State Transfer (REST) and

JavaScript Object Notation (JSON). The systematic

tying together of disparate applications, often

through the use of middleware, is known as

enterprise application integration (EAI).

At a basic level, EV Charging systems middleware

provides services required to connect applications

together such as concurrency, transaction

management, threading and messaging. More

sophisticated implementations of middleware

principles are baked into modern integration

infrastructure such as enterprise service bus (ESB)

and API management software to provide greater

governance, risk management and accountability.

Image Source: Self

Design Elements and Data Analytics

Following are key design elements:

I. IOT enabled Electric Vehicle

charging station

II. Communication systems integrated

to EV charging stations & sensing

elements to transport real time

information to Central system

III. Communication technologies –

ZigBee, 3G, Wi-Fi and Ethernet

broadband - which Facilitate real

time transport of data to various

Internet Enabled systems

components

IV. Smart Sensors to monitor

Transformer metering, operation

and health

V. Demand Response based scheduling

strategies

VI. Smart phones –android to capture

customer data points.

Following are detailed data acquisition points and

Data analytics for EV Charging Control Centre:


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Data Points:

a) Smart Charging stations – Location,

Occupancy, Metering, Connectivity, Use,

Health, Event/Alarm/Fault, RFID Security

status

b) Smart Sensors – Meter on Utility

Distribution Transformers, Commercial/

residential Energy monitoring

c) Smart phones- app use based , billing

based, customer participation based,

surveys based

d) Existing Infrastructure Data: Utility SCADA

points, historical Electric Network

Monitoring data, Electric Asset Health data

Data analytics

a) Data analytics for Utility Distribution

network – Transformers, Distribution Line

loading

b) EV use based analytics, - User behavior,

User engagement

c) EV Charging station based – Occupancy ,

Health

d) City ancillary services based – Parking lots,

commercial/ buildings

e) Price based, Electricity Use based

f) Driving Patterns based

g) Renewables Use Based – Green energy and

CO2 Emission based.

EV Charging Integration Standards

EV charging infrastructure has to be integrated

with city systems and ICT infrastructure using

standards framework. The Following are list of

open standards accepted globally to address

interoperability for integration of EV infrastructure

across cities.

The list includes Micro Grid integration,

Middleware integration and EV Chargers

integration to Smart City Sub systems.

Image Source: Self

EV Charging Integration Infrastructure

Connected to Grid

In an intelligently controlled EV charging system,

the controller must obtain basic information to

make decisions and fulfill the required tasks such

as track users, queue charging, take payment, track

power consumption, allocate resources, etc. The

first piece of data that the control center requires

to begin a charge sequence is user/vehicle

identification and the charge point that the EV is

connected to. Correct mapping of each

user/vehicle ID with the ID of the charge point it is

connected to, is critical. This ensures that the

proper charge point is energized and provides

power to the customers EV. Correct mapping also

facilitates accurate payment transactions, optimal

resource allocation, and statistics tracking to

enhance the system. The implementation of the EV

charging system requires the user to have signed

up for an account. When the user arrives at a

charge port, the vehicle must be connected to an


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EVSE port and the port ID must be noted in order

to relay that information to the control server.

Users log into the EV charging system’s control

website with an internet enabled device such as a

smart phone or a computer, identifying oneself or

the vehicle, then choosing from the menus the

identification of the charging station and the

charge port the vehicle is plugged into. In this way

the control server has associated the vehicle or

user with a given charge port and charging can be

initialized. This method works, but has a few

shortcomings. It requires the user to have an

account, and the user may find the process

cumbersome. These issues can be overcome by

adding features such as accepting credit cards and

automatic user identification.

Image Source: Self Customized

SAE J1772 is a North American standard for

connecting EVSEs to EVs. This standard includes the

cables, the communication interface and the safety

system requirements. The communication between

the EVSE and the EV through the J1772 system is

limited to the state of cable connection, whether

devices are ready to power up, the electric voltage

and current available to the vehicle to charge. No

vehicle ID or battery charge information is

communicated through the J1772 cable. In order to

obtain a vehicle ID or battery state of charge, other

communication channels must be implemented.

Once the control server has the vehicle/user ID and

the ID of the charge port the vehicle is connected

to, the server can put the vehicle into the charging

queue and initiate charging as appropriate. The

charge sequence and queuing will depend on the

algorithms implemented in the server. How the

EVSE reacts to charge instructions depends on the

type of EVSE. There are two types of EVSEs in the

deployed charging system. The first is a level 1

only, trickle charge device that that turns 120V

household outlets on and off while allowing the

120V EV cable provided with each EV to fulfill all

the J1772 communication protocols and safety

requirements regarding EV charging. The second is

a level 1 or 2 box that uses J1772 cables to connect

directly with the EVs. This EVSE fulfills all the

standard J1772 communication and safety

requirements.

System Network Topology: In order to provide the

above mentioned flexibility, the central control

system needs to be highly configurable. Because

this EV charging system is network and hardware

neutral, its controls can be any collection of

processing and memory capability whether it is a

server, a network of computing assets or cloud

based. How intelligently the control system

manages the EV charging with respect to fairness

to the users, the stabilizing effects it has on the

wider grid and amount of money it can save by

optimally and dynamically scheduling EV charging

is only limited by the capabilities of the software,

the computing hardware and the network that

support it. The system can be set up to aggregate


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demand and participate in the energy market, it

can be set up to respond to DR (demand response)

signals, or it can focus solely on meeting the

customers demand. It also can be configured to

work seamlessly with Micro-grid controllers. The

network topology between charging systems can

be optimized to match the given circumstance.

These topologies may range from one central

controller directly controlling all EVSEs, to local

networks connected to a more centralized

controllers that branch together making a tree like

topology. The optimal topology depends on the

goals of the system and how to best interact with

the larger grid. There are some opposing

motivations. A centralized controller may give the

network more influence over the larger grid,

making it a bigger asset in terms of DR and grid

control. A centralized controller may not be as

robust as more localized controllers. Furthermore,

a localized controller that directly communicates

with the local grid may better respond to the local

needs of the grid in terms of power quality and

response to local shortages and outages. The

current setup uses one central server connected to

a network and controls all the EVSEs on the

network, regardless of where the EVSE is located.

New, locally controlled networks will be setup to

control independent charge systems. In the future,

these independent networks could be connected

with another central controller that allows the

larger network that can influence the grid and

respond to DR signals on mass.

Cloud-Based Load Management – This IOT enabled

cloud based Load Management Engine allows

Middleware to manage thousands of stations at

under a 5-second latency. EV Chargers and

contained controllers are capable to communicate

and respond to even faster grid events by

uploading local response profiles. All the EV

charging station, Electric Vehicles are connected to

the centralized EV Charging Control Center to

respond to local grid events and eventually

performing billing operations.

This cloud based technology integrated to IOT, also

enables ancillary service for Smart City needs. Due

to IOT it has scalability to enhance and consume

more advanced services on the same platform.

Table : Typical Charging Times by Power Level

and Electric Vehicle

Charger Voltage

/Amperage

Demand

Impact

Plug-in

Hybrids

All

EVs

120 volts/<20

amps

1.4-2.0

kilowatts

6-9

hours

12-14

hours

240 volts/<80

amps

<19

kilowatts

2-3

hours

3-4

hours

250-450 volts-

dc/<200 amps

<90

kilowatts

NA 80% in

30

minutes


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Android App - 01:

IOT enabled app for EV owner to trace EV charging

station location, occupancy, real time billing, and

will illustrate the cost saving and will enable bi-

directional power flow (to and from Grid – V2G,

G2V,V2H, V2B), and additionally will provide

information about use of Renewable resources and

carbon footprint

The App screen shots for Green Energy use, EV

charging source and EV Charge Grid Connectivity

profile and a collective report for daily, weekly and

monthly usage.

Screen Shot – 01, 02 & 03:

1. Energy Charge , EV charge status, Source

used for Charge

2. EV Charge – Grid Profile and green energy

use

3. Report – Daily, weekly and monthly KWh

consumed and delivered to Grid

Charge / Source

119k

EV Charge – Grid Profile

Charge / Source

119k


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Android App – 02

IOT and Smart Transformer sensors enabled app

for Utility crew, to manage the EV charging

network with real time asset information, which

will facilitate streamline operation and diagnosis of

Electric distribution network and hence will

determine overall health of utility systems

This helps crew and utility staff to monitor the

overall asset health and provides real time

information flow with the use of Smart Sensors

Two images depicted below, comprised of four

apps sample screen shots:

1. Distribution Network – Transformer Health

Status, provides Oil temperature value

2. Line Fault: Line Health Status and depicts if there

is a need of cable replacement

3. Crew Repair Progress and type of repair required

and updated utility asset Current Status

4 Crew Status: Crew status – reached or in-transit,

time to reach to fault location, and depicts fault

criticality

Distribution Network

Maintenance Required Yes Replacement Required No

Line Fault

Line Fault

Cable Replacement

Line Status Flag

Yes

No

Crew Repair - Progress

Crew Repair under Progress Yes

Transformer Replacement No

Crew Status

Fault Type Critical

SCADA Flag

Time to Restoration:02 Hrs. Time to Reach : 0.5 Hrs.

Severe


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Vehicle to Grid Integration

The term vehicle-grid integration or VGI, as used in

this roadmap, encompasses the ways EVs can

provide grid services. To that end, EVs must have

capabilities to manage charging or support two-

way interaction between vehicles and the grid.

Managed charging refers to the technical capability

to modulate the electric charging of the vehicle

through delay, throttling to draw more or less

electricity, or switching load on or off. Two-way

interaction refers to the controlled absorption and

discharge of power between the grid and a vehicle

battery or a building and a vehicle battery. VGI is

enabled through technology tools and products

that provide reliable and dependable vehicle

charging services to EV owners, and potentially

additional revenue opportunities, while reducing

risks and creating cost savings opportunities for

grid operators. Such tools might include

technologies such as inverters, controls or

chargers, or programs and products, such as time

of use tariffs or bundled charging packages. Use

cases can help define the many combinations

possible with VGI and their benefits, costs, and

possible regulatory barriers

The four use cases categories are:

1. Unidirectional power flow (V1G) with one

Resource and unified actors

2. V1G with aggregated resources

3. V1G with fragmented actor objectives

4. Bidirectional power flow (V2G)

Time-of-use price-based charging using a standard

outlet to charge an EV in a residential setting could

be classified in use case 1

Bidirectional power flow at multiple workplace

electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE),

coordinated by an aggregator in response to

information based on local grid conditions would

be classified in use case 4.

Image Source: Self

Image Source: http://www.ieahev.org/by-

country/denmark-research/

EV to Grid Integration has major impact on Smart

City Infrastructure. Above diagrams explain the use

case and communication infrastructure to bi-

directional power flow and hence enable more

sustainable energy use across the City

http://www.ieahev.org/by-country/denmark-research/



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Lessons Learned

Learning is about the integration of various city

systems to address EV Charging needs in next 10-

15 years from now. More precisely, how Electric

Vehicle charging stations, city residents, city

organizations, and electric Utilities collaborates

together to map loading on Electric Network, to

implement smart charging strategies with the use

of Internet of Things technology & Smart sensing

nodes.

IOT will provide real time information to Utility and

Grid Systems so that Grid operation can determine

now and future power needs, along with real time

customer engagement.

The IOT technology is still evolving and it will take

another 3 years down the line to mature the

technology

Implementations would be accepted gradually

across the Globe. But Europe and North America

will be among leader to adopt and implement in

real time across Smart City Projects

Conclusion

Electric Vehicles are increasing in Cities across the

Globe. EVs are adopted by developing and

developed countries; there is a huge motivation to

promote green energy and carbon reduction. EV

Charging infrastructure systems are being deployed

by EV Charging Network Vendors, but as of now all

systems operate in silos, and are not uniformly

integrated to one common platform to enable

Smart City service.

Down the line , in next 5 years from now: Electric

Vehicles Charging Ecosystem in Parking Systems,

City Fleets, household, buildings, commercial and

Industrial sites, would be integrated with City

Municipality Services across the City.

This EV Charging Infrastructures based on Internet

of Things platform will be built and strongly

adopted to streamline operation of EV Charging

and address the impacts on Power Grid.

This subject is technology enabler for city

transportation systems, Vehicle to Grid systems,

Grid to Vehicle systems, Optimum use of

Renewable resources and smart charging systems

in near future for Smart Cities.

City is a system of complex sub systems; therefore

still more use cases would be evolved and

eventually need to be explored to meet future

generation service for Smart Cities, Smart EV

drivers and Smart Citizens


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Acronyms Used

IOT Internet of Things

ICT Information Communications

Technology

EV Electric Vehicle

EVSE Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment

V2G Vehicle to Grid

G2V Grid to Vehicle

V2B Vehicle to Building

V2H Vehicle to Home

GTA Greater Toronto Area

ON Ontario

RFID Radio frequency identification

Wi-Fi wireless fidelity

3G 3rd Generation Cellular

GPRS General Packet radio service

V1G Vehicle to Grid (Uni-directional)

V2G Vehicle to Grid (Bi-directional)

SOAP Simple Object Access Protocol

REST Representational State Transfer

JSON JavaScript Object

EAI Enterprise application integration

SCADA Supervisory control and data

acquisition

ESB Enterprise service bus

WSDL Web Service Definition Language

OCPP Open Charge Point Protocol

SEP Smart Energy Profile

ZIGBEE ZigBee RF Communication protocol

DPWS Device Profiles for Web Services

References

A. http://www.ieahev.org/by-country/denmark-

research/

B. http://www1.toronto.ca/city_of_toronto/environm

ent_and_energy/key_priorities/files/pdf/electric_ve

hicles_cocmment_wall_summary.pdf \

C. http://www.w3.org/TR/wsdl

D. http://www.service-architecture.com/articles/web-

services/web_services_description_language_wsdl.

html

E. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Charge_Point_

Protocol

F. https://www.chargepoint.com/files/OCPP-Fact-

Sheet.pdf

G. http://cleantechnica.com/2015/03/12/vehicle-grid-

integration-revenue-could-be-worth-nearly-21-

million-by-2024/

H. https://www.caiso.com/Documents/Vehicle-

GridIntegrationRoadmap.pdf

I. http://www.edison.com/home/innovation/electric-

transportation/vehicle-to-grid-technology.html

J. http://www.caa.ca/evstations/

K. http://www.plugshare.com/

L. http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/vehicles/electric

/charging-electric-vehicle.shtml

M. http://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?v

gnextoid=7345fbfa98491410VgnVCM10000071d60f

89RCRD&vgnextchannel=a201fbfa98491410VgnVC

M10000071d60f89RCRD

N. https://plugndrive.ca/condo



http://www1.toronto.ca/city_of_toronto/environment_and_energy/key_priorities/files/pdf/electric_vehicles_cocmment_wall_summary.pdf%20/



http://www.w3.org/TR/wsdl

http://www.service-architecture.com/articles/web-services/web_services_description_language_wsdl.html



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Charge_Point_Protocol

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Charge_Point_Protocol

https://www.chargepoint.com/files/OCPP-Fact-Sheet.pdf

https://www.chargepoint.com/files/OCPP-Fact-Sheet.pdf

http://cleantechnica.com/2015/03/12/vehicle-grid-integration-revenue-could-be-worth-nearly-21-million-by-2024/



https://www.caiso.com/Documents/Vehicle-GridIntegrationRoadmap.pdf

https://www.caiso.com/Documents/Vehicle-GridIntegrationRoadmap.pdf

http://www.edison.com/home/innovation/electric-transportation/vehicle-to-grid-technology.html

http://www.edison.com/home/innovation/electric-transportation/vehicle-to-grid-technology.html

http://www.caa.ca/evstations/

http://www.plugshare.com/

http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/vehicles/electric/charging-electric-vehicle.shtml

http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/vehicles/electric/charging-electric-vehicle.shtml

http://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=7345fbfa98491410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD&vgnextchannel=a201fbfa98491410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD




https://plugndrive.ca/condo