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Introduction
• The scenario in Malaysia• Ethnic Relations: Melaka Era until post-
Independence.• Challenges of inter-intra ethnic in Malaysia• Integration and National Unity• Vision 2020 and its challenges• 1 Malaysia concept
The scenario in Malaysia
• The ups and downs of ethnic relationsGood : Melaka era, Independence era, New Economic PolicyUncertainties: Japanese era, 13 May
• 13 May Tragedy (1969)- communalism exploited by various groups for their own interests
• The role of every citizen to avoid such 13 May incidence
Ethnic Relations: Malaccan Era until post-Independence
• Before colonialism, vibrant inter-cultural relations in the Malay world.
• Based on the concepts of permeable ethnicity & canopy ethnicity (Robert Heffner, 2001).
• Different but live under one umbrella of Malay ethnic & Malay world(language, culture, religion).
…sambungan
• Economy : shared interesst among economic elites, active as global players.
• Politics : stable; various ethnics/races shared power & form government.
• Sosial system : of different groups, but united.• Opposed to extremism & violence.
…sambungan
• After the arrival of the colonialists
• Banton (1983), ethnicity was categorised according to race & enclosed racism (blood relations, superior race & racism).
• Social system rearranged, the Whites on top, while the Chinese, Indian, Malay & Bumiputra below them.
…sambungan
• Economic structure changed, with• Whites – in commerce, tin & rubber.• Chinese – as labourers in tin industry &
business • Indian – labourers in the public sector,
building & infrastructure, road & railway, telecommunication, and as rubber tappers.
• Malay – lower administrative ranks, as farmers & fishermen in the villages.
…sambungan
• Political system based on divide-and–rule policy.
• Changed the ethnic relations patterns which had evolved earlier (in the Malay world).
…sambungan
• Politics : MIC, MCA & UMNO united to demand for Independence from the British.
• After 10 years of independence, the ethnic Chinese & Indian had easy access to citizenship.
• Towards the end of 1960s, there was strained ethnic relationship which culminated in May 13 1969 ethnic incidence.
• Debates on ideology and national identity started..
…sambungan• 2 major policies were introduced after 1969:– New Economic Policy (NEP)– Rukunegara (national principles)
• “Social contract” (pakatan murni) was redeveloped/redesigned through Rukun Negara & life principles.• National Cultural Policy was introduced
after 1970• Rukun Tetangga (a program of
neighbourhood security system) launched in 1975.
CHALLENGES OF ETHNIC RELATIONS
• Inter-ethnic relations : the relationship between one ethnic and the other ethnic(s).
• Became an issue in the process of creating a Bangsa Malaysia which internalize national values & identity, love the country, patriotic, and prepared to defend the nation.
….sambungan
• Intra-ethnic relations: relationship among people of the same ethnic.
• Intra-ethnic challenges :– Politics– Economy – Social– Education– Culture
i. Politics (challenges)
• To create a stable political system• To develop the country (in various
aspects/fields).• To develop leadership of integrity
(accountability, dynamic & just) in administration.
• To develop cooperation between the political parties.
ii. Economy
• There exists a gap between the ethnic groups, (e.g. the Malays in agriculture; the Chinese in commerce & trade)
• New Econ Policy (NEP) launched in 1970• NEP targeted 30% equity shares for the
Bumiputera (Malays + indigenous people).• How to develop the economy that is free from
ethnic considerations?
….sambungan
• To create joint ventures & cooperation between the Bumiputera and non-Bumiputeras.
• Restructuring the pattern of labour utilization between the ethnics.
• The imbalance between urban industrial sector & rural sector.
iii. Social
• The entry of many Chinese & Indian labour in the 19th century
• Physical separation – part of policy of “divide & rule”.
• There were stereotyping, ethnocentrism, prejudice, discrimination between the ethnics.
• A separate education system for the ethnics.
iv. Education
• The education system left by the British created polarisation.
• The British provided schooling for all ethnics under separate systems (vernacular system/education) partly to deny integration among the people.
…sambungan
• Education – an important mechanism in developing human capital with the moral, ethical, tolerant, and accomodating characteristics.
• Polarisation is also reflected in secondary schools & institutions of higher learning (among the students)
v. Culture
• The way of thinking, behaviour, and lifestyles emulating the West..
• A pattern of liberal and free living developing especially among the youngsters
• The influence of ideology, hedonistic culture, and negative values...
vi. Religion
• Different religions among the ethnics.• Freedom for the individuals to practice own
religion is guaranteed under the Constitution (Perkara 3(1)).
INTEGRATION & UNITY
• To form an integrated society based on the principle of unity in diversity.
• Unity : a process of uniting the people in all aspects of life.
• National Integration : a dynamic process to form one Bangsa Malaysia with own identity based on the Constitution and Rukun Negara.
…sambungan
• Understanding national identity- strengthening integration bridge- sowing the spirit of integration among the ethnics- social interaction & long-term inter-ethnic relationship.
Are the majority of Malaysian people understand the identities of the ethnics?
…sambungan• Vision School
- a strategy to harmonise the multi-ethnic society.- to close the gaps, and to have an open mind (as opposed to a “closed mindset”). - sharing school facilities.
• Spirit of Patriotism- love the people & country - proud to be citizens of Malaysia - spirit of togetherness - contribute & be productive- aware and sensitive to current issues and development
TOWARDS ETHNIC UNITY
• PLKN (National Service Training Program) • Rukun Negara• Formation of National Front (BN)• Setting up of Pakatan Rakyat (PR)• 1 Malaysia concept
Objectives of Rukun Negara• To develop a just society – the resources ofe the country to be
shared justly by the people, and every member has the same opportunity to benefit from the richness of the country
• To protect the democratic way of life, the Constitution guarantees freedom of basic rights of the people and freedom of political activities as long as they do not violate the laws
• To achieve stronger unity all people should uphold the spirit to develop one people and one nation where everyone regards him/herself as citizen of Malaysia irrespective of ethnicity and religion/system of belief
• To develop a liberal attitude toward the rich cultural traditions of the people , free to practice own religion, custom and culture in accordance with the objective of national unity.
• To build a society that is progressive that uses science and modern technology. To create a society that achieves progress in science & technology in line with the current technological development in the world in this era of glabalisation.
Challenges to improve Ethnic Relations
• The uniting of political parties (which are based on ethnic).
• Inculcate the spirit of patriotism.• Increase the level of ethnic awareness &
sensitivity.• Rational attitude & fairness in ethnic
demands.• Readiness to cooperate sincerely.
VISION 2020
• OBJECTIVE:
to create a bangsa Malaysia that is united, progressive, prosperous, and increase the people’s resilience and competitiveness.
9 CHALLENGES OF VISION 2020
1. To create a united country.2. To create a society of free spirit, peaceful and
advanced with self-confidence.3. To create a mature democracy that is examplary.4. To create a moral and ethical society.
…sambungan
6. To create a mature society which is liberal and tolerant. The people are free to practice own culture and religion.
7. To develop a scientific & progressive society, a society which is also creative and visionary.
8. To develop a caring society.9. To develop a prosperous society whose economy is
competitive, resilient and dynamic.
1 MALAYSIA CONCEPT
• Introduced by Dato’ Sri Najib Tun Abd Razak, 6th PM.
• ‘1 Malaysia, Rakyat Didahulukan, Pencapaian Diutamakan’ (the people first, achievement prioritised).
• Main principles: Unity, harmony, equality. • 4 aspects underlined : Integrity, ability,
loyalty, commitment.
Thrusts of Unity
Acceptance Principles of Nationhood
Social Justice
Virtues
Respectful
Humbleness (Tawadhuk)Moderation Etiquette Berbudi-bahasa
Strong willpower
IntegrityLoyalty
Knowledge cultureWisdom
Innovative culture Time conscious
High performance culture