European values, history, and institutions

TEM Summer School 2014

Cédric Gossart

European anthem: Final movement of Beethoven's 9th Symphony (1823).

Bonjour !

A couple of questions to warm up…

Where does Europe end?

http://gossart.wp.mines-telecom.fr/

Cédric GossartPhD from the University of Sussex (SPRU-Science and Technology Policy Studies).

Associate professor in the Institut Mines-Telecom (Telecom Business School).

Outline

I. European values

II. Institutions

III. History

The borders of Europe

EUROPE Year = 1025

EUROPE

Alps

Pyrenees

Taurus

The European Union: How many countries?

a) 6

b) 12

c) 28

d) 50

http://europa.eu/pol/enlarg/index_en.htm

Home quiz

EUROPE

The

European

Union

in 2014

(28 MS)

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Why the EU?

Thanks to Schuman & co.: 60 years of peace in Europe

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DWgEcw6R7NQ

http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/the-european-union-pbIK3112132/

The Eurogroup (€ zone in the EU); 18 MS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozone

http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/borders-and-visas/schengen/index_en.htm

There are a number of countries

whose nationals do not need a visa to visit the EU for three months or

less. The list of countries whose

nationals require visas to travel to the United Kingdom or Ireland differs slightly from other EU countries.http://europa.eu/youre

urope/citizens/travel/entry-exit/non-eu-nationals/index_en.htm

NB: Ireland is not

part of Schengen.

Who can join?

The Treaty on European Union states that any European country may apply

for membership if it respects the EU's democratic values and is

committed to promoting them.

But specifically, a country can only join if it meets all the membership criteria:

political – it must have stable institutions guaranteeing democracy, the

rule of law and human rights;

economic – it must have a functioning market economy and be able to

cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the EU;

legal – it must accept established EU law and practice – especially the

major goals of political, economic and monetary union.

http://europa.eu/pol/enlarg/index_en.htm

Who

joined &

when?

http://europa.eu/pol/pdf/flipbook/en/enlargement_en.pdf

Candidate

countries

http://europa.eu/pol/enlarg/index_en.htm

Why enlargement?

http://europa.eu/pol/pdf/flipbook/en/enlargement_en.pdf

Why joining? Interviews with EU citizens

http://ec.europa.eu/avservices/video/player.cfm?sitelang=en&ref=I073240

New MS have to align with European values.

What are the values of the EU?

Where can we find them?

I. European values

European values

Article 2 of the current EU treaty:

• The Union’s aim is to promote peace, its values and the

well-being of its peoples

• It offers its citizens an area of freedom, security and justice

• It supports the sustainable development of Europe

• It fights social exclusion

• Its contibutes to peace, security, sustainable development

of the planet

http://europa.eu/about-eu/basic-information/decision-making/treaties/index_en.htm

Founding treaty of The Union

Treaty of Lisbon (December 2009)

The Treaty of Lisbon

• ‘Lisbon Treaty’ signed in December 2007, entered

into force in December 2009.

• Similar to Constitutional Treaty but removed

constitutional terminology and symbols. Further opt-

outs and concessions to UK and others (Charter of

Human Rights, voting on foreign policy, …).

http://europa.eu/lisbon_treaty/index_en.htm

The Charter of Fundamental Rights

The Charter is fully endorsed by the Union’s founding treaty.

As a consequence, all Union citizens are on the

same legal playing field and can use European laws

to defend themselves.

http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/default_en.htm

The Charter of fundamental rights

Set out in a single text, for the first time in the European Union's

history, the whole range of civil, political, economic and social

rights of European citizens and all persons resident in the EU.

These rights are divided into 6 sections:

• Dignity

• Freedoms

• Equality

• Solidarity

• Citizens' rights

• Justice

http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/default_en.htm

Chapter I. Dignity

Article 1. Human dignity

Human dignity is inviolable. It must be respected and protected.

Article 2. Right to life

1. Everyone has the right to life.

2. No one shall be condemned to the death penalty, or executed.

Article 3. Right to the integrity of the person

1. Everyone has the right to respect for his or her physical and

mental integrity.

2. In the fields of medicine and biology, the following must be

respected

http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/default_en.htm

Chapter I. Dignity

Article 4. Prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading

treatment or punishment

No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading

treatment or punishment.

Article 5. Prohibition of slavery and forced labour

1. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude.

2. No one shall be required to perform forced or compulsory

labour.

3. Trafficking in human beings is prohibited.

http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/default_en.htm

Chapter II. Freedoms Article 6. Right to liberty and security Article 7. Respect for private and family life Article 8. Protection of personal data Article 9. Right to marry and right to found a family Article 10. Freedom of thought, conscience and religion Article 11. Freedom of expression and information Article 12. Freedom of assembly and of association Article 13. Freedom of the arts and sciences Article 14. Right to education Article 15. Freedom to choose an occupation & right to engage in work Article 16. Freedom to conduct a business Article 17. Right to property Article 18. Right to asylum Article 19. Protection in the event of removal, expulsion or extradition

http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/default_en.htm

Chapter III. Equality

Article 20. Equality before the law

Article 21. Non-discrimination

Article 22. Cultural, religious and linguistic diversity

Article 23. Equality between men and women

Article 24. The rights of the child

Article 25. The rights of the elderly

Article 26. Integration of persons with disabilities

http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/default_en.htm

Chapter IV. Solidarity Article 27. Workers' right to information & consultation

Article 28. Right of collective bargaining and action

Article 29. Right of access to placement services

Article 30. Protection in the event of unjustified dismissal

Article 31. Fair and just working conditions

Article 32. Prohibition child labour & protection young people at work

Article 33. Family and professional life

Article 34. Social security and social assistance

Article 35. Health care

Article 36. Access to services of general economic interest

Article 37. Environmental protection

http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/default_en.htm

Chapter V. Citizen's rights Article 39. Right to vote and to stand as a candidate at

elections to the European Parliament

Article 40. Right to vote and to stand as a candidate at

municipal elections

Article 41. Right to good administration

Article 42. Right of access to documents

Article 43. Ombudsman

Article 44. Right to petition

Article 45. Freedom of movement and of residence

Article 46. Diplomatic and consular protectionhttp://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/default_en.htm

Chapter VI. Justice

Article 47. Right to an effective remedy and to a fair trial

Article 48. Presumption of innocence and right of defence

Article 49. Principles of legality and proportionality of criminal

offences and penalties

Article 50. Right not to be tried or punished twice in criminal

proceedings for the same criminal offence

http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/default_en.htm

Why the EU? A view from two major artists

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European Union quizHe is one the founding fathers of the EU, who is he?

a) Winston Churchill

b) Charles de Gaulle

c) Jean Monnet

d) Charles Aznavour

When was the treaty currently governing the Union signed?

a) 1957

b) 1985

c) 1993

d) 2007

Lisbon (Portugal)

EU treaties timeline

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_European_Union_history

What is the EU doing for its citizens?

20th Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wallhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x2_3gJ0WW6k

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3p9AhXrcJ4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ljo1hDFOviQ

Rostropovich cello performance in front of the Berlin Wall http://youtu.be/FiwXUJJjL6g

Other suggested short movies:

II. EU institutions

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Since December 2009:

1) A more democratic and

transparent Europe,

2) A more efficient Europe,

3) A Europe of rights, values,

freedom, solidarity,& security,

4) Europe as an actor on the

global stage.

EU institutions

The “Big Five”

Institutions: The “Big Five”

There five main EU institutions:

• European Parliament (legislative power)

• European Council (political power)

• Council of Ministers (legislative power)

• European Commission (executive power)

• European Court of Justice (judicial power) http

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WARNING

The Council of Europe is NOT an

institution of the European Union.

http://www.coe.int/ COE headoffices in Strasbourg

COE: An international organisation

The European Parliament

• Directly elected EU institution that represents the

citizens of the Member States

• Oversees EU institutions, especially Commission

• Shares legislative powers, including budgetary

power, with the Council and the Commission

• 751 new MEPs since 25 May 2014

• Location: Strasbourg (FR)

• Ex-President: Martin Schulz (social democrat, Ger)

http://www.europarl.europa.eu

(16 January 2012 – 18 June 2014)

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The new European Parliament (25 May 2014)

Turnout

43.09%

Highest political body

Made up of the most senior elected political representatives of the Member States — prime ministers and presidents with executive powers.

It gives the EU its political direction and sets its priorities.

President elected by the members of the European Council: Herman Van Rompuy

The European Council

Location : Brussels

http://www.european-council.europa.eu

(conservative, B)

Overview on EU Policy

Sets the political Priorities of the EU

♠ The Lisbon Agenda (competitiveness)

- European research area- Small and Medium Sized enterprises (SME’s)- Life long learning- Unemployment rates

♣ Sustainable Development

♥ Social and territorial Cohesion- The regional policy- The social agenda

The European Council

European

Commission

European

Parliament

Council

of the EU

The decision triangle

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The decision triangle according to Plantu

The European Commission

• EU executive branch

• Accountable to the European Parliament.

• Shares with the Parliament the power to initiate proposals for

legislation.

• Enforces the Union’s policies, ensures that the budget is

implemented, manages EU programmes, represents the EU

in international negotiations and makes sure that the treaties

are applied properly.

• Location: Brussels

• President: José Manuel Barrosohttp://ec.europa.eu

The Council of the EU (Council of Ministers)

http://www.consilium.europa.eu

• Made up of 28 government ministers representing each

of the Member States

• The Presidency of the Council of the European Union is

held in turn by each Member State for a period of 6 months

• Coordinates the EU’s economic policies and plays a

central role in foreign and security policy.

• Shares lawmaking and budgetary powers with the

European Parliament.

(2014: Gr; It)

Specific one depending on the issue discussed.

Examples: EcoFin (financial and budget issues)Agriculture Council (for CAP issues)General Affairs (foreign policy)

The Council of the EU (Council of Ministers)

http://www.consilium.europa.eu/council/voting-system-at-the-council

• 28 Member States

• 352 Votes

• EU laws and decisions open to

interpretation that lead to disputes

that cannot be settled by negotiation

• One judge from each member state

• Appointed for six years by common

accord of the member states'

governments

• Location: Luxembourg

28 Judges

and 9

Advocates

General

http://curia.europa.eu

High Representative of the Unionfor Foreign and Security Policy

• The High Rep. is also Vice-Pdt of the

Commission

• A new position heading up the EU’s common

foreign and security policy and common defense

policy.

• It combines two existing posts: the High

Representative for Common Foreign and Security

Policy and the External Relations Commissioner.

Catherine Ashton (socialist, UK, since November 2009)

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1951: European Coal and Steel Community (6 founding members)

1957: Treaties of Rome (Common market)

1973: 9 members + development of common policies

1979: 1st European elections (universal suffrage)

1981: 1st Mediterranean enlargement

1993: Internal market opens

1993: Maastricht treaty enters into force => « European Union »

1995: 15 members

2002: the Euro (€)

2004: 25 members

2007: 27 members; 2013: 28 MS

December 2009: Treaty of Lisbon

III - History

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About recent events: http://europa.eu/about-eu/eu-history/2010-today/index_en.htm

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50 years of the EU

http://youtu.be/f6mvgKGZozY

2 European pioneers:

• Victor Hugo (1802-1885)

• Jean Monnet (1888-1979)

We will study:

• Their historical context

• Their legacy

History

http://www.ena.lu

Victor Hugo(1802-1885)

http://ec.europa.eu/avservices

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo

1848 : Spring of Nations, then back to autocracy, nationalism, growth

Austria

Riots in Prague and Vienna

Ferdinand, the Emperor of Austria abdicates

Weakness of the Empire, revolutions in Hungaria and Austria

Hungaria

Feudal regime abolished

Independence in April 1849… crushed in August 1849

1867: Kingdom with Croatia + Transylvania : dual monarchy : Austro-Hungarian

Empire until october 1918.

Victor Hugo (1802-1885) - Historical context

France• 1st Empire (1804-1815), Restauration (1814-1830), July

monarchy (1830-1848) : corruption + economic crisis.• No freedom to meet => republican feasts• February 1848 : feast forbidden in Paris => demonstrations,

shots, riots, king abdicates, 2d Republic (univ. suffrage,

slavery abolished, 10 h. working day)• December 1848 : Napoléon III elected president• 2 December 1951 : Coup d’Etat => 2nd Empire (1852-1870).

Autoritarian, écon. growth, right to strike (1864), Parliament

initiates laws (1869)• Victor Hugo goes into exile in Guernesey.

Victor Hugo (1802-1885) - Historical context

Germany

• 1848: Riots in Berlin

• Elected Assembly suggests to unite Germany (King

refuses, only takes orders from God...)

• Novembre 1850: back to 1815…

• 1862: Bismarck president Prussia (wins / Austria)

• 1870: France declares war => Germans unite

• Jan. 1871: German Empire, annexation

Alsace/Lorraine.

Victor Hugo (1802-1885) - Historical context

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Italy

Risorgimento (unification, 1848-1870)

• 1st phase (1848-1849): Peninsula divided (see next map), riots,

Roman Republic, Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia.

• 2nd phase (1859-1860) : unification + annexation Rome 1870.

• Garibaldi : hero Risorgimento against Austria + defends republicans

• Economic growth

• 1882 : more people can vote (0,5 → 2 M)

Victor Hugo (1802-1885) - Historical context

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Victor Hugo (1802-1885) - Legacy

“You insist on the example [of the

death penalty]. Why? For what it

teaches. What do you want to

teach with your example? That

thou shalt not kill. And how do you

teach thou shalt not kill? By killing.” http://senat.fr/evenement/archives/D24/hugo.html

Victor Hugo (1802-1885) - Legacy

« A day will come when there will be no battlefields, but markets

opening to commerce and minds opening to ideas. A day will

come when the bullets and bombs are replaced by votes, by

universal suffrage, by the venerable arbitration of a great

supreme senate which will be to Europe what Parliament is to

England, the Diet to Germany, and the Legislative Assembly to

France. A day will come when a cannon will be a museum-

piece, as instruments of torture are today. And we will be

amazed to think that these things once existed!  »

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Victor Hugo (1802-1885) - Legacy

« A day will come when we shall see those two immense

groups, the United States of America and the United States

of Europe, facing one another, stretching out their hands

across the sea, exchanging their products, their arts, their

works of genius, clearing up the globe, making deserts

fruitful, ameliorating creation under the eyes of the Creator,

and joining together, to reap the well-being of all, these two

infinite forces, the fraternity of men and the power of God.  »

Discours d'ouverture, congrès de la paix, [Opening address, Peace Congress], Paris (21 Aug. 1849); published in Actes et paroles - Avant l'exil (1875)

Victor Hugo (1802-1885) - Legacy

Conclusion on Hugo’s context

Democracy and social fights

Development of capitalism …

… and of colonialism.

First European fights for a pan-European

cooperation in favour of peace and prosperity

Jean

Monnet

(1888-1979)

Colonisation

• 1492 : Europe starts conquering the world

• 1875-1914 : 25% world shared btw a few states (most

intensive phase of colonisation)

• 1914 : not a single independent state in the Pacific, hardly

any in Africa, Asia strongly affected (India : 3,3 M km² by

UK: 0,24 M km² : 14 times smaller)

Why ?

Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Historical context

Ideology

• Enlightenment: civilize the ‘primitives’

• Kipling (1894-95) : « burden of the white man »: feels

responsible of civilising the world

• Jules Ferry : « Superior races » (Speech 28/07/1885)

• Res nullius : first-come, first-served!

Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Historical context

Economy

• Crisis 1873-1895 + protectionism => need outlets

• First-come, First-served

Geopolitical strategy

• Naval bases to protect maritime routes (UK : Gibraltar,

Malta, Cyprus, South Africa, Suez).

Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Historical context

Intra-european competition

Colonialism heels national pride (France

lost the Alsace-Lorraine region to Germany

in 1871, Portugal lost a war against the

USA in 1898, Spain loses its last colonies

in 1898 : Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines).

Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Historical context

The rise of nationalisms

• Beg. 20th c.: destructive nationalism rejecting other nations

• « new secular religion » : all European states seek to « build

peoples ».

• School programmes are instrumentalised for this purpose

(see example in the next slide).

Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Historical context

A Tour de France by two children : 6 millions copies

printed by 1900 (used until 1950s).

Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Historical context

From patriotism to nationalism (all across Europe)

1882 : Patriots League (Paul Déroulède + general

Boulanger) : anti-Dreyfus, spirit of revenge against Germany

1898 : Ligue de la patrie française (Degas, Renoir, Maurice

Barrès : Les Déracinés, very emotional, criticised jews for

being genetically greedy, petty, corrupt, etc.)

1905 : Action Française (Charles Maurras, monarchist)

Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Historical context

Peace and

reconstruction

Born in 1888, leaves

school at the age of 16,

goes to London to work

and study English and

then works abroad for his

family cognac firm.

Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Legacy

« The community invention »

• 1945 : The new French leader de Gaulle asks Monnet to

conceive a plan to rebuild the French economy with the

support of the Marshall plan (April 1948: OEEC, Organisation

for European Economic Co-operation, now OECD)

• Condition to receive the money: Europeans need to

cooperate…

Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Legacy

• March 1948 : Defense treaty between UK,

France, Benelux, against USSR.

• May 1950 : Robert Schuman declaration (Min.

Foreign affairs) prepared by Monnet : he

suggests to create the European Coal and Steel

Community ECSC, Monnet 1st president in 1952).

Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Legacy

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1955 : « Commitee for the united

states of Europe » (parties and unions

for a common market and monetary

system, a European Council, UK

membership, European Parliament

election with universal suffrage).

Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Legacy

“We are not forming coalitions

of states, we are uniting men”  http://www.historiasiglo20.org/europe/monnet.htm

Aristide Briand (1862-1932)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand

French statesman who served eleven terms as Prime

Minister of France during the French Third Republic

and was a co-laureate of the 1926 Nobel Peace Prize.

Supported a Federation of European states.

The former French PM Jean-Marc Ayrault (1950 - )

puts flowers on his grave every year…

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

AND YOUR TIME IN FRANCE!

ENJOY THE SUMMER SCHOOL

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