European V acancy Monitor - Unict

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European Vacancy MonitorIssue no. 3 / July 2011

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INSIDEI. INTRODUCTION 2

II. SHORT TERM TRENDS IN JOB VACANCIES 3

III. ECONOMIC SECTORS 8

IV. OCCUPATIONS 11

V. RELATION OF LABOUR SUPPLY AND DEMAND BY COUNTRY 14

VI. EDUCATION AND SKILLS 17

VII. COUNTRY SPECIAL: GERMANY 18

VIII. OCCUPATIONS PER COUNTRY MOST ON DEMAND 24

Further Information• European Job Mobility Bulletin• Quarterly Labour Market Review

HIGHLIGHTSGrowing demand for staff in EuropeThe demand for labour showed a positive trend between the fourth quarter of 2009 and the fourth quarter of 2010. The number of availa-ble job vacancies increased by 9 percent. The number of job-finders also went up (+6%), together with the inflow of registered job vacan-cies at public employment services (+20%). On a monthly basis, the num-ber of temporary agency workers (+21%), the number of on-line job va-cancies for temporary agency workers registered by Randstad (+11%) and the Monster Employment Index (+26%) all showed positive growth.

Positive trend in most countries, but not for all countriesIn most countries, demand for staff has risen. Looking at the most im-portant indicators (job-finders and open job vacancies) especially Lithu-ania, Latvia, Estonia, together with, Finland and Luxembourg, presen-ted high positive scores. However, Romania and above all Greece showed still a negative development due to the impact of the economic crisis. >> Read more on page 3

Job offers: increase in the private sector and decrease in the public sectorViewed by sector, the private sector showed an increase in the num-ber of open job vacancies (+28%) and job-finders (+10%). Within the pri-vate sector, the industrial sector in particular showed a relatively large growth. In contrast, budget cuts are mirrored in public sector deve-lopment. The overall number of job-finders in the public sector went down, including in public administration, education and health (-6%). >> Read more on page 8

Relatively large increase in demand for technicians The demand for technicians showed a considerable rise, especially the de-mand for plant and machine operators and assemblers (+20%), and craft and related trade workers (+9%). There are some indications that job va-cancies for craft and related trade workers may be – to some extent – more difficult to fill than job vacancies for other occupations, which indicates relatively good job opportunities for qualified job seekers in this field.>> Read more on page 11

Country special: Demand for labour in Germany, a striking recovery In Germany in 2010 the demand for labour recovered relatively quickly. As result, the ratio between unemployed and job vacancies is the lowest in the whole of Europe (3 unemployed per job vacancy), indicating a re-latively tight labour market with the most job opportunities in Europe.>> Read more on page 18

Most new PES job vacancies are for shop salespersons and demonstrators>> Top 25 job finders per country on page 25 >> Top 5 new job vacancies registered at PES per country on page 30>> Top 5 EURES job vacancies on page 31

The European Vacancy Monitor is published quarterly by DG Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion of the European Commission. This is a new publication within the Europe 2020 flagship initiative “An Agenda for New Skills and Jobs”. It will be further refined also taking into account stakeholders’ feedback. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission may be held responsible for the use that may be made of the information contained in this publication. Comments are gratefully received and should be sent to:

DG EMPL C.4European CommissionB-1049 Bruxelles/BrusselEmail: [email protected]

http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=955&langId=en

http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=955&langId=en

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eI. INTRODUCTION

While much is known about unemployment, there is rela-tively little information on the demand for labour. This is partly explained by the fact that unemployment is seen as a bigger problem for society than bottlenecks in fil-ling job vacancies. However, there are bottlenecks on the demand side of the labour market. Some job vacancies can only be filled with difficulty, because there are no skil-led job seekers. This is largely due to the rapid technolo-gical developments setting ever changing requirements for employees. The effects of bottlenecks on the demand side of the labour market are becoming increasingly clear.

Bottlenecks in the supply of labour cause many problems. They can lead to postponement or even cancellation of pro-duction and investments, they can increase pressure on the quality of products and services, and they can create a higher workload for employees. This explains the increasing need for an insight into the scope and nature of the demand for staff. Who are the employers offering job vacancies? What are the skills required to meet the demand in both the short term and the long term? To what extent are certain job vacancies difficult to fill? Better information on the demand side of the labour market will help to answer these important questions.

As part of its Europe 2020 flagship initiative “An Agenda for New Skills and Jobs” the European Commission has launched the “Monitoring Labour Market Developments in Europe” pro-ject. At the heart of the project lies an analysis of job vacan-cies, using a wide range of sources providing relevant data. The project has set up a monitoring and information system, which allows identifying trends in the European labour mar-ket, focussing on changes in the demand of occupational groups and skills. This system allows identifying upcoming la-bour and skills shortages and can be used as an early warning tool by policy makers. Results of the analysis are dissemina-ted on a quarterly basis through two different publications: the European Vacancy Monitor (EVM), mainly targeting po-licy makers and researchers setting the framework for more job mobility and the European Job Mobility Bulletin (EJMB), providing systematic information on trends on the Euro-pean Job Mobility Portal for EURES advisors and job seekers.

The EVM does not address employment development, for this, readers should look at a dedicated bulletin, the Eu-ropean Commission’s Quarterly Labour Market Review.

The European Vacancy Monitor (EVM), targets at a broad audience. It aims to contribute to policy deve-lopment in labour market, education and training is-sues. The EVM provides a dynamic picture of develop-ments in the demand for labour (job market, demand for occupations, indications for areas affected by re-cruitment difficulties and skills shortages), using a wide range of sources to produce valid and relevant data.The key sources of information for the EVM include na-tional statistical offices (NSO), temporary work agen-cies (TWA), public employment services (PES), on-line recruitment services (ORS) and research institutions. Information is also gathered from international agen-cies such as Eurostat (the statistical office of the Euro-pean Communities) and Eurociett (the European Con-federation of Private Employment Agencies). A network of contacts is used to collect data from all 30 partner-countries, including the public employment services.

The European Job Mobility Bulletin (EJMB)The main source of information for the European Job Mo-bility Bulletin is the European Job Mobility portal (EURES portal) to which national public employment services (PES) transfer job vacancies registered at their offices for international mediation every day. The share transfer-red to the EURES portal of the total number of job va-cancies registered at PES varies from country to country depending on the approach of contribution chosen. Some countries, namely Denmark, the Czech Republic, Ireland, Finland, Slovenia and Sweden contribute all their registe-red job vacancies to the portal, while other countries post only selected vacancies. As the daily data feeds to the EURES portal are accumulated and stored in the EURES data base it is possible to analyze developments on the EURES job market (sectors, occupations and skills in high or low demand, vacancies difficult to fill, etc.) for each country and for the EURES portal as a whole over time.

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of job-finders (+6%), the inflow of registered job vacancies at public employment services (+20%), the stock of job vacan-cies for temporary agency workers (+21%), the stock of job va-cancies of Randstad (+11%) and online job vacancies (+26%), as analysed the Monster Employment Index of Monsterboard.

Most, but not all countries benefit from this development

There is a positive trend in the demand for staff in most coun-tries. Looking at the most important indicators (6% growth of job-finders and 9% growth of job vacancies), some countries stand out. Especially countries which were most severely affected by the crisis, have experienced a steep recovery: Lithuania (+60% for job-finders and +49% for job offers), Latvia (+54% and +35%), Estonia (+53% and +29%). However also other countries like Finland (+30% and +44%) and Luxem-bourg (+21% and +75%), presented high positive scores. In Ro-mania (-7% and -3%) and above all in Greece (-19% and -54%) a negative score on both indicators was seen pointing to the persisting impact of the recent international financial crisis.

Obviously, there is a strong relation between the deve-lopment of GDP and the demand for labour. In the EU27, GDP increased by 2.2 percent when comparing the fourth quarter of 2009 and the fourth quarter of 2010 (Euro-stat, 13th May 2011). The high increase of GDP in Estonia (+6.7%), Finland (+5.0%), Lithuania +4.6%) and Luxem-bourg (+4.6%) is reflected in a high rise in demand for la-bour in these countries, while the decline of labour demand in Greece and Romania is correlated with a con-tinuously shrinking GDP (Greece -7.4%, Romania -0.6%).

II. SHORT TERM TRENDS IN JOB VACANCIES

Recovery in economic growth was accompanied by an increase in the num-ber of job vacancies and job-finders.

The following available indicators for labour demand are used:1. Job vacancies (Job Vacancy Statistics), 2. Job-finders (La-bour Force Survey), 3. the inflow of registered job vacancies at public employment services, 4. online job vacancies for temporary agency workers of Randstad (a large internatio-nal temporary work agency) and 5. the Monster Employment Index of Monsterboard (a large online recruitment service). The strongest indicators are the demand for labour as pre-sented by the LFS for job-finders (proxy for hiring) and by the Job Vacancy Statistics for the job vacancies, because these indicators give information across the widest spread of countries. The LFS is given more weight because it concerns flow figures and is very detailed with regard to further break-downs for occupations while the JVS uses stock figures at a gi-ven moment. The best indicator would be the total inflow or outflow of job vacancies, but there is no (comparable) data.

Positive trend in the demand for labour in the fourth quarter of 2010, compa-red to the same quarter in the previous year.

On average there was growth in the stock of job vacancies (+9%) in the fourth quarter of 2010, compared to the fourth quarter in 2009. The private sector stood out showing an in-crease of 28 percent. There was also growth in the number

The European Vacancy Monitor: work in progress – new developments

Comparable data for the whole of Europe is delivered by the Labour Force Survey (which includes the EU’s 27 countries) the Job Vacancy Statistics (24 countries) and the registration data for vacancies and unemployed from public employment services (17 countries). This issue, EVM No. 3, mainly focu-ses on the fourth quarter of 2010 comparing it to the fourth quarter of 2009. Wherever possible, use has been made of more recent data from other sources. The European Vacancy Monitor is work in progress. Compared to the last the rhythm of publication was changed to better adapt it to a com-plete dataset per country for the labour force survey (LFS).

With regard to the demand for occupations the results from all sources are based on the International Standard Clas-sification of Occupations (ISCO). To allow for international comparison in certain specific cases, data from primary sources were harmonised with ISCO, for example the regis-tration data of public employment services. As Europe has no standard survey for employers to share information on job vacancies that are difficult to fill other indicators were used, such as the relation of demand to supply in each coun-try and in each occupational group. Taking into account that the available information about skills requirements currently is scarce, widely scattered and difficult to com-pare, information focuses on training and education, while results from other research will be added in future bulletins.

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The recovery was particularly strong in a number of coun-tries particularly hit by the crisis, i.e. Lithuania, Lat-via and Estonia. Simultaneously, seven other countries (Greece, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Romania, Spain, Por-tugal and Malta) witnessed a decrease in the fourth quar-ter of 2010 compared to the fourth quarter of 2009.

Paradoxically, job vacancies in the Netherlands and in Portugal have increased while the number of job-finders decreased in these countries (Chart 1 and Chart 2). This can be explained by the following:• Labour hoarding: increased labour demand is firstly

captured by employed staff (not job finders). Only when this ‘internal reserve’ hits the ceiling, an increase in job-finders could be expected.

• Vacancies are becoming harder to fill.• Job vacancies are measured at a certain moment, while

the number of job-finders is measured over a period of time. Possibly, the number of job-finders was low at the beginning and high at the end of the period, corresponding to the increased stock of job vacancies.

Stronger growth of stock of job vacan-cies in the private than in the public sector

The growth in the job vacancy stock of the private sector is +28 percent in the fourth quarter of 2010 compared to the fourth quarter of 2009, averaged across 22 countries with 2,072,000 job vacancies available in 22 countries (Chart 1). Including the public sector, growth amounted to 9 percent for 17 EU countries, pointing to a shrinking demand due to budget constraints. Most of the EU and EEA countries (17 out of 22) show that there is a positive trend, especially Luxem-bourg, Austria, Sweden, Lithuania, Finland and Slovenia with more than 40 percent. However, in five countries (Greece, Cyprus, Romania, Slovakia and the Czech Republic) there is a decline in the stock of job vacancies compared to the fourth quarter of 2009. For these countries (except Slovakia), the stock of job vacancies also declined in the previous quarter.

Steady increase in the number of job-finders, however not in all countries

The overall growing number of job vacancies led to an in-crease in hiring. In the fourth quarter of 2010, there were almost 12 million job-finders (Chart 2), which is 6 per-cent higher than in the same quarter in the previous year.

-60% -40% -20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% Change in the stock of job vacancies (%)

Country

Chart 1: Change in the stock of job vacancies by country Percentages, 2010Q4 compared to 2009Q4, absolute numbers of 2010Q4

Stock of job vacancies

Source: EU JVS data based on surveys of employers held by national statistical offices; own calculations (22 countries).Agriculture is excluded. 1 estimate, 2 excluding public sector.The stock of job vacancies is the number of job vacancies measured at a certain moment in time. A job vacancy is defined as a paid post that is newly created, unoccupied, or about to become vacant.

LuxembourgAustria1

SwedenLithuania

FinlandSlovenia

Germany1,2

France1,2

LatviaEstonia

EU22Portugal1Poland1,2

Hungary1,2

NetherlandsUnited Kingdom

Italy1,2

BulgariaCzech Republic

SlovakiaRomania

CyprusGreece

2,00079,00050,000

6,00031,000

5,000817,000

93,0002,0005,000

2,072,00012,00051,00015,000

123,000485,000

52,00016,00032,00014,00020,000

3,00013,000

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Job vacancies registered by PESAs not all job vacancies are registered at the public em-ployment services the market share of PES differs across countries. A first estimate of the market range of the PES on the basis of the available data shows that approxima-tely one third of all job vacancies are reported to the PES (see definitions in Annex). However, there are huge dif-ferences between countries. The market range of the PES will be studied in more detail in future bulletins.

Most public employment services register more job vacancies

The revival of the European economy not only relates to open job vacancies and job-finders on the total labour market, but also to the inflow of job vacancies registered by PES (Chart 3). The number of new job vacancies (inflow) in PES showed an increase of nearly 20 percent between the fourth quarter of 2009 and the fourth quarter of 2010 for the 17 PES ana-

Country

Lithuania

Latvia

Estonia

Finland

Luxembourg

Ireland

Slovakia

Sweden

Austria

Belgium

Germany

Cyprus

Bulgaria

France

Hungary

EU27

Denmark

Italy

United Kingdom

Poland

Czech Republic

Malta

Portugal

Spain

Romania

Slovenia

Netherlands

Greece

Chart 2: Change in the number of job-finders Percentages, 2010Q4 compared to 2009Q4, absolute numbers of 2010Q4

Change in the number of job-finders (%)Source: EU LFS data - own calculations (27 countries)Job-finders are employed at the moment of the survey and have been employed for at most three months

-20% -10% 0% 20% 40% 50% 30% 10% 60% 70% Job finders

79,000

89,000

46,000

199,000

12,000

91,000

68,000

411,000

262,000

241,000

2,525,000

24,000

103,000

1,893,000

160,000

11,841,000

233,000

874,000

1,484,000

721,000

182,000

6,000

204,000

1,296,000

105,000

41,000

413,000

77,000

-20% -10% 0% 20% 40% 50% 30% 10% 60% 70%

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lysed. At the end of 2010, the inflow of job vacancies at PES amounted to 2.5 million, while this number was equal to 2.1 million at the end of 2009. Although the total number is dis-proportionately influenced by the large UK share (43%), the-re was growth in almost all countries. The strongest growth in the newly registered job vacancies is again seen in Estonia

(+206%), Sweden (+80%) and Lithuania (+70%). There were only three countries with a decline in the fourth quarter: Bulgaria, Denmark and Portugal, while one quarter before there was a decline in the inflow of registered job vacan-cies in two out three countries (see EVM no. 2 comparing the third quarter of 2009 with the third quarter of 2010).

Estonia

Sweden

Lithuania

Spain

Germany

Finland

Belgium

EU17 PESIreland

Slovenia

Hungary

United Kingdom

Slovakia

Czech Republic

Austria

Portugal

Denmark

Bulgaria

9,279

189,383

35,552

170,398

509,650

88,863

164,358

2,543,57412,751

11,783

63,064

1,095,833

10,395

27,344

86,878

24,112

22,588

21,343

Chart 3: Change in the inflow of PES job vacancies Percentages, 2010Q4 compared to 2009Q4, absolute numbers of 2010Q4

Source: PES data - own calculations (17 countries) Inflow of PES registered job vacancies refers to new job vacancies which have been registered in a certain quarter

-40% -20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Country

Change inflow (%)

Inflow PES job vacancies

206%

Increase in temporary agency work

Given the number of temporary agency workers (Chart 4), the temporary work agencies may account for a significant part of job vacancies. After a decline during the economic crisis the demand for temporary work is on the rise again. Between 2009 and 2010 the growth in the average daily number of temporary agency workers in full time equivalents (FTE) was 21 percent (8 countries).There was an extraordinarily strong growth in Ireland where the demand nearly doubled (+94%), but also in Poland (+58%), Sweden (+30%) and Germa-ny (+27%). Only one country shows a small decline in the num-ber of temporary agency workers, the Netherlands for the en-tire year 2010, but on the basis of the Dutch monthly figures, there was a monthly increase since May 2010 (see EVM no. 1).

Temporary agency work is an important indicator of de-velopments in the economy and the labour market. If com-panies perform below expectations, employers will first cut down on temporary agency work. Once the outlook becomes more favourable again they will start hiring temporary agency workers, which creates less economic risk for the company.

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Randstad: 11 percent increase in the number of job vacancies for temporary agency workers

In general, this development is confirmed by figures from Randstad (Chart 5) for five countries featuring with a re-latively high share of Randstad on the TWA-market: Ger-many, Spain, the United Kingdom, France and the Nether-lands. There was an increase of 11 percent in the number of job vacancies for temporary agency workers (pu-blished by Randstad) in May 2011 when compared to May 2010. It is expected that the EU5 average rise in the num-ber of TWA-job vacancies will be followed by an increasing volume of temporary agency work in FTEs and in turnover.

A drop is seen in Spain (-6%) reflecting the lasting effect of the crisis. However, there was also a significant drop in the UK (-30%). This might have been caused by the conti-nuing slow economic recovery in the UK: employers who have under utilised labour are simply increasing activity without recourse to agency workers. Also, the number of migrants dropped during this period, while migrants are likely to have been employed as agency workers.

Ireland

Poland

Sweden

Germany

Italy

EU8

France

Belgium

Netherlands

Chart 4: Change in the average daily number of agency workers (Eurociett) Percentages, 2010 compared to 2009, absolute numbers (FTE*) of 2010

Source: Eurociett*Full Time Equivalent

-20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Country

Percentage change (%)

Average daily number of agency workers (FTE* x1,000)

35

114

60

793

187

1998

520

82

208

More online job vacancies according to Monsterboard

The Monster Employment Index which is based on dai-ly measurements of the number of vacancies for a large number of online portals shows a 26 percent growth in the number of online job vacancies in April 2011, com-pared to April 2010 (7 countries, no chart). The number of online job vacancies includes a relatively strong incre-ase in Germany (+45%), France (+26%) and Sweden (+22%), with lower figures for Italy (+14%), the UK (+14%) and the Netherlands (+10%). This broadly corresponds to the pat-tern presented in the Job Vacancy Statistics (see Chart 1), except for Sweden which showed a much higher growth.

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50

125

275

Dec

-09

Jan-

10

Feb-

10

Mar

-10

Apr

-10

May

-10

Jun-

10

Jul-1

0

Aug

-10

Sep

-10

Oct

-10

Nov

-10

Dec

-10

Jan-

11

Feb-

11

Mar

-11

Apr

-11

May

-11

Inde

x m

onth

ly a

vrag

e nu

mbe

r of v

acan

cies

Month

France

Germany

Netherlands

Spain

United Kingdom

EU5

Chart 5: Development of job vacancies in temporary work agencies (Randstad) Index, December 2009 - May 2011, December 2009 = 100

200

Source: Randstad (5 countries)Numbers are based on the number of open job vacancies published by the subsidiaries of the Randstad Group on the internet. Randstad only publishes job vacancies that cannot be filled directly from the available pool of candidates. The figures are based on daily measurements of the number of open job vacancies.

III. ECONOMIC SECTORS

According to job offers (JVS) and hiring trends (LFS), the demand for labour increased in the industry and trade sectors and the repair and other business services in par-ticular. During the economic crisis, the labour market in transportation and storage saw a sharp decline, making a clear recovery in the fourth quarter of 2010. The public sector, however, shows a decrease of the demand for staff.

Demand for labour shows a relatively strong increase in industry, trade and repair and other business services

Between the fourth quarter of 2009 and the fourth quarter of 2010, the increase in the number of open job vacan-cies per sector (NACE) was particularly strong in manu-facturing (+51%), trade and repair (+42%) and other busi-ness services (+31%) (Chart 6). In the third quarter of 2010 these sectors also showed the highest growth rates, com-pared to the third quarter of 2009. The other business ser-vices sector was responsible for half of all job vacancies.

Not all sectors do equally benefit from the recovery. For example, the accommodation and food services sector stri-kingly shows a decline in the number of open job vacancies (-20%), as opposed to an increase in the previous quarter. Germany and Greece are mainly responsible for this decline, however for different reasons. In Germany the fourth quar-ter of 2009 marked the start of a strong upheaval in the ac-commodation and food services, contrary to the shock of the crisis which continued up to the third quarter of 2010. The decline in the fourth quarter of 2010 compared to the fourth quarter of 2009 in Germany therefore may reflect the return to normal levels. In Greece, the last quarter has always shown a strong off-season decline at the start of autumn. Demand usually picks up in the first quarter, and the next bulletin will show whether this holds in 2011 as well, taking into account that the decline this time was more pronounced than ever.

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-40% -20% 0% 20% 40% 60%Change in the stock of job vacancies (%)

Economic sector

Chart 6: Change in the stock of job vacancies by economic sector (NACE1) Percentages, 2010Q4 compared to 2009Q4, with absolute numbers of 2010Q4

Stock of job vacancies

Source: EU JVS data based on surveys of companies held by national statistical offices; own calculations (16 countries).Countries included: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany1, Estonia1, Greece, Cyprus1, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal1, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Sweden, United Kingdom. 1 estimate, 2 exclusive Germany and Portugal for the public sector.To compare the data for 16 countries, specific sectors had to be taken together and the sectors agriculture, mining, electricity and waterworks had to be excluded from the analysis. There was no data available for these sectors for all 16 countries

Manufacturing

Construction

Trade and repair

Transportation and storage

Accomm. and food services

Other business services

Public administration 2

Education 2

Health and social work 2

Arts and other services 2

EU16 2

180,000

64,000

283,000

83,000

107,000

648,000

54,000

41,000

90,000

33,000

1,583,000

-20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30%

Agriculture and Fishing

Industry

Construction

Trade and Repair

Transportation and Storage

Accommodation and Food Services

ICT

Finance

Other Business Services

Public Administration

Education

Human health and Social work

Arts and Other services

EU27

Change in the number of job-finders (%)

Chart 7: Change in the number of job-finders by economic sector (NACE 1) Percentages, 2010Q4 compared to 2009Q4, absolute numbers of 2010Q4

339,000

1,832,000

1,005,000

1,891,000

526,000

911,000

325,000

226,000

1,290,000

452,000

1,050,000

1,131,000

775,000

Number of job findersEconomic sector

Source: EU LFS data - own calculations (27 countries).Job-finders are employed at the moment of the survey and have been employed for at most three months. The number of job-finders per economic sector (NACE) is used to present a more dynamic picture of the labour market (LFS). All economic sectors are included. The category ‘unknown’ is excluded from the chart.

339,0001,832,0001,005,0001,891,000

526,000911,000325,000226,000

1,290,000452,000

1,050,0001,131,000

775,00090,000

11,841,000

11,841,000

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e Job offers and hiring patterns: increase in the private sector and decrease in the public sector

Contrary to the private sector, publicly funded sectors show signs to be affected by budget cuts: there was no growth in the stock of job vacancies in the public administration (0%) and there was a remarkable decline in education (-36%), health and social work (-7%) and arts and other services (-4%).

This pattern is mirrored by the on-going hiring trends (chart 7). While all private sectors (except for agriculture and fishing) were on the rise, less people were hired in publicly funded sectors. The same pattern holds when comparing the third quarter of 2010 to the third quarter of 2009 (see EVM no. 2). In the industrial sector, the number of job-finders shows a relatively strong growth (+26%). In an improving economic si-tuation, the industry usually takes the lead. The importance of industrial companies for job seekers is considerable, gi-ven the large share of industrial jobs in the total number of job-finders (15%). IT companies also show an increase above average (+17%), as do other sectors including business servi-ces (+13%), transport and storage (+12%) and trade and re-pair (+10%). Corresponding to shrinking demand in terms of

job offers there was a decline in the number of job-finders in public administration (-13%), education (-7%), arts and other services (-4%) and human health and social work (-2%).

Taking the public administration, education, healthcare and arts and other services together, there is a decline of job-finders (-6%) in the public sector. Contrary to the pu-blic sector, the private sector is marked by a growth in the number of job-finders (+10%). There are clear differences between countries. The largest decrease of job-finders in the public sector was found in Estonia (-46%), Greece (-25%), Portugal (-20%) and Spain (-13%). However, also in the Ne-therlands, there is a decrease in the number of job-finders (-38%), which is most likely the result of government policy.

The opposite development, a growth in the number of job-finders in the public sector, can be observed in Latvia (+76%), Finland (+23%), Malta (+19%), Sweden (+18%), Cyprus (+17%) and Lithuania (+13%). The overall strong growth of the num-ber of job-finders (Chart 2) in three of these countries – Li-thuania, Finland and Latvia – can be partly explained by a strong growth of job-finders in the public sector, while in Estonia and Luxembourg the strong growth is caused by the private sector. In fact, growth in the private sector in these countries compensates for a decline in the public sector.

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IV. OCCUPATIONS

In line with the positive development in the industrial sector, the various sources (JVS, LFS and PES) present a similar pic-ture about the demand for occupations: there was more de-mand for technical and specially trained staff, relating to the increasing demand in the industrial sector. A sustained reco-very of the European economy in 2011 could also lead to an increasing demand for people in service sectors and therefo-re to an increasing demand for service-related occupations.

Increasing demand for plant and machine operators and assemblers

The total number of job seekers has a high share of servi-ces and sales workers: around one out of five job-finders (2.5 out of 12 million) found a service or sales job in the

fourth quarter of 2010. The second largest group of job-fin-ders is the so-called ‘elementary occupations’ (2.0 million).Plant and machine operators are not the group with the most job-finders, but it is the fastest growing occupational group (approx. +20%), representing 1.0 million job-finders in the fourth quarter of 2010 (Chart 8). This picture is more or less the same in all countries within the EU. Within the plant and machine operators and assemblers group, growth is most marked for motor vehicle drivers, assemblers, food and re-lated products machine operators, agricultural and other mobile plant operators, and heavy truck and lorry drivers. A growth well above average was also seen with craft and related trades workers (+9%), with 1.5 million job-finders.

0% 5% 10% 15% 20%

Legislators, senior officials and managers

Professionals

Technicians and associate professionals

Clerks

Service and sales workers

Skilled agricultural and fishery workers

Craft and related trades workers

Plant and machine operators and assemblers

Elementary occupations

EU27

change in the number of job finders (%)

Occupational group

Chart 8: Change in the number of job-finders by occupational group (ISCO 1) Percentages, 2010Q4 compared to 2009Q4, absolute numbers of 2010Q4

287,000

1,311,000

1,677,000

1,262,000

2,509,000

161,000

1,481,000

995,000

1,992,000

11,841,000

Number of job finders

Source: EU LFS data - own calculations (27 countries)The LFS contains information about the number of job-finders by occupational group per quarter. Job-finders are employed at the moment of the survey and have been employed for at most three months.

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A breakdown according to occupations produces a job-finders’ ‘Top 25’ (Chart 9). In absolute numbers the list is headed by service and sales occupations, like shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators (958,000), followed by the elementary occupations such as domestic and related helpers, cleaners and launderers (501,000), housekeeping and restaurant services workers (472,000) and personal care and related workers (407,000). Within this top 25, however, the largest growth occupations are the physical and enginee-ring science technicians, cashiers, tellers and related clerks,

architects, engineers and related professionals and manu-facturing labourers. The growth in these occupations pos-sibly reflects the growth of the industry and ICT-sectors. In line with the stated sectoral decline (public sector, agricul-ture and fishing) or low growth (construction) a decline can be observed for mining and construction labourers (- 12%), secondary education teaching professionals (- 12%), agricul-tural, fishery and related labourers (- 4%), but also for do-mestic and related helpers, cleaners and launderers (- 6%).

Public employment services: bias towards elementery occupations

Compared to the overall structure of labour demand as iden-tified by the JVS and LFS the distribution of vacancies newly registered by PES shows a bias towards elementary occupa-tions (612,958 = 24%, chart 10 and chart 8). A particularly high share of PES-vacancies for elementary occupations is found in Sweden (44%), Spain (33%), Hungary (32%) and the UK (26%). This pattern, however, does not hold for all coun-tries, as the share of registered job vacancies for elementary occupations is rather low in Finland (8%) and Slovakia (12%).

With respect to other occupational groups (chart 10), the structure of PES vacancies corresponds to the overall pat-tern identified above with a high demand for service and sales workers (486,038), technicians and associate pro-fessionals (339,605), and craft and related trades workers (292,943). Second to skilled agriculture and fishery wor-kers (+192%), plant and machine operators and assem-blers mark the highest growth of job vacancies (+54%). The strong growth in PES-registered vacancies for skilled agri-cultural and fishery workers is largely caused by a strong increase in job vacancies for these occupations in Spain.

-10 0 10 -20 20 30

80

40

Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators

Housekeeping and restaurant services workersDomestic and related helpers, cleaners and launderers

Personal care and related workers Other office clerks

Building frame and related trades workersManufacturing labourers

Transport labourers and freight handlers

Motor vehicle driversAgricultural, fishery and related labourers

Building finishers and related trades workersFinance and sales associate professionals

Helpers and cleaners in offices and hotelsWaiters, waitresses and bartenders

Mining and construction labourers

Cashiers, tellers and related clerks

Administrative associate professionalsSocial work associate professionals

Customer services clerks

Physical and engineering science technicians

Material-recording and transport clerks

Machinery mechanics and fitters

Secretaries and keyboard-operating clerks

Architects, engineers and related professionals

Change in the number of job finders (%)

Occupation

Chart 9: Top 25 number of job-finders by occupation (ISCO 4) Percentages, 2010Q4 compared to 2009Q4 Absolute numbers, 2010Q4

Number of job finders (x1000)

Absolutegrowth(x1000)

Source: EU LFS data - own calculations (27 countries)Job-finders are employed at the moment of the survey and have been employed for at most three months.

Secondary education teaching professionals

958501472407355297261230215211211206181175161146136135129121118117109107103

52-3114234

60127

-3127-85

22311

3805

2616291024

-1515

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A detailed breakdown according to occupations produ-ces a ‘Top 25’ of the inflow of registered job vacancies re-veals some similarities with the structure of job-finders identified by the Labour Force Survey for lower skilled oc-cupations (Chart 11 and Chart 9). In absolute numbers the list of top 25 for PES is headed by shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators (124,000) and also shows a high demand for (home-based) personal care workers (82,000). However, corresponding to the high share of new PES vacancies for elementary jobs vacancies (Chart 10) a number of low skilled occupations (hand packers and other manufacturing labourers, building caretakers, doorkee-pers, watchpersons, freight handlers, domestic helpers and cleaners and door-to-door telephone salespersons) are ranking higher in the PES top 25. The largest growth within the PES top 25 newly registered vacancies could be identified for stall and market salespersons (+304%), elec-trical mechanics fitters and services (+190%), heavy truck and lorry drivers (+124%), building care takers (+112%) and other machine operators not classified elsewhere (+110%).






Clerks


Professionals


Change inflow (%)

Chart 10: Change in the inflow of PES job vacancies by occupational group (ISCO1) Percentages, 2010Q4 compared to 2009Q4, absolute numbers of 2010Q4

Inflow PES job vacancies Occupational group

Source: PES - own calculations (17 countries included)Countries included: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Estonia, Hungary, Ireland, Lithuania, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.Data on the inflow of job vacancies at public employment services per occupational group is comparable for 17 countries, including Germany with a high share in this total. Inflow of PES registered job vacancies refers to new vacancies which have been registered in a certain quarter.

EU17 PES

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

192%

85,996

183,189

339,605

210,952

486,038

48,860

292,943

274,080

612,958

2,534,621

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eV. RELATION OF LABOUR SUPPLY AND DEMAND BY COUNTRY

Persisting, but decreasing labour surplus

At the end of 2010 Europe continued to show a high labour surplus with 21.9 million unemployed (LFS) in 24 countries applying for 1.7 million job vacancies (JVS) which implies a ratio of 12:1. This picture is even more severe if taking into account that unemployed are competing with other groups of job seekers eligible for the available job vacan-cies (working job seekers, pupils and students, and immi-grants). And if, next to the quantitative discrepancy, the ‘qualitative discrepancies’ (unemployed people with insuf-ficient skills to fill a job vacancy) are factored in it beco-mes clear that at any given moment there are far too few job opportunities for the unemployed. The picture beco-mes slightly less unfavourable only when job vacancies in the agricultural and public sectors enter into the equation.

Indicators to identify mismatches of labour supply and labour demandTwo statistical indicators are used in this publication to iden-tify the relation between supply and demand in the Europe-an labour market: first, the relation between unemployment (LFS) and the stock of job vacancies (JVS), and second, the relation between the number of unemployed registered by PES and the job vacancies registered by PES. The first indica-tor is calculated for the private sector, excluding agriculture, public services and what are called ‘specific other services’ (NACE), to be able to compare all countries for both indicators.

0 50 100 -50 200 300

80

Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators

Technical and commercial sales representativesHand packers and other manufacturing labourers

Home-based personal care workers Heavy truck and lorry drivers

Doorkeepers, watchpersons and related workersBuilding caretakers

Freight handlers

Door-to-door and telehphone salespersonsOther office clerks

Stall and market salespersonsWaiters, waitressers and bartenders

Other machine operators not elsewhere classifiedCooks

Electrical mechanics fitters and services

Managers of small enterprises not elsewhere classified

Receptionists and information clerksHelpers and cleaners in offices, hotels and other establishments

Finance and sales professionals not elsewhere classified

Car, taxi and van drivers

Stock clerks

Agricultural- or industrial-machinery mechanics and fitters

Nursing and midwifery professionals

Lifting truck operators

Change in inflow of job vacancies (%)

Occupation

Chart 11: Top 25 inflow of PES vacancies by occupation (ISCO 4) Percentages, 2010Q4 compared to 2009Q4 Absolute numbers, 2010Q4

Number of job vacancies (x1000)

Absolutegrowth(x1000)

Source: PES data - own calculations (13 countries) Countries included: Austria, Germany, Estonia, Lithuania, Portugal, Sweden, Slovakia, Slovenia, Finland, Ireland, Denmark, Czech Republic and United Kingdom

Domestic helpers and cleaners

124898682767163635554504946403733333130292726222222

-343111042385

168

-3-11-335210

110

-1115

-58

1215-6

350250150

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Compared to the last quarter of 2009 the development shows the positive impact of a recovery in labour demand. The ratio of unemployed to job vacancies has decreased from 13:1 in the fourth quarter of 2009 to 10:1 by the end of 2010. However, as chart 12 reveals, the pattern and the development strongly vary across Europe depending on the national context in terms of starting position, the impact of the crisis and recent developments and labour market characteristics. Most countries showed a decline in the ra-

tio of unemployed to job vacancies. While the ratio is be-low EU average in seven countries, reaching from 3:1 in Austria to 10:1 in Sweden, most countries continue to suf-fer from a relatively high labour surplus. Despite an incre-ase in labour demand the ratio is still very high in Latvia (193:1) and Lithuania (71:1). Due to an overall deteriora-ting economic situation in three countries the mismatch has become even more severe; above all in Greece (79:1) and to a less extent Bulgaria (48:1) and Cyprus (11:1).

Chart 12: Relation stock of unemployed (LFS) to stock of job vacancies (JVS) Ratio, 2010Q4 and 2009Q4, absolute numbers of stock unemployed and stock of job vacancies 2010Q4

Stock of unemployed / stock of job vacancies

Source: EU JVS and LFS data (2010Q4: 23 countries, 2009Q4:22 countries), * indicates the stock of job vacancies is estimated; stock of unemployed: unadjusted, age 15-64. Agriculture and the public sector are excluded from the stock of job vacancies.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Stockunemployed

Stock jobvacancies

193,000711,000282,000713,000618,000380,000377,000

2,174,0001,646,000

92,000462,000

2,662,00081,000

362,000214,00022,000

17,209,000360,000195,000

2,387,00011,000

366,0002,725,000

176,000

1,0009,0004,000

13,00012,0008,0008,000

52,00051,0003,000

15,00093,0005,000

28,00019,0002,000

1,711,00036,00022,000

348,0002,000

93,000817,00070,000

LatviaGreece

LithuaniaRomaniaPortugal*BulgariaSlovakia

Italy*Poland*Estonia*

Hungary*France*

SloveniaCzech Republic

DenmarkCyprus

EU23SwedenFinland

United KingdomLuxembourgNetherlands

Germany*Austria

2009Q4

2010Q4

193229

Overall high labour surplus for PES is accompanied by signals for shortages in the area of technicians

To judge from the figures for PES, the overall picture is similar. Despite a favourable development on the de-mand side still a rather high number of unemployed ap-plying for the registered vacancies (6 : 1) which for methodological reasons is limited to those newly regis-tered with PES (inflow in the fourth quarter of 2010).

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However, the ratio is much more favourable with regard to higher skilled than to lower skilled occupations. While there are indications for labour shortages for technicians and associate professionals with a ratio of only 3 registe-red unemployed per newly registered vacancy, the ratio is also rather low for craft and related trade workers as well as for the upper segment of high qualified occupati-onal groups, legislators, senior officials, managers and professionals. As result from structural change there is a high surplus of labour in the traditional sector of agri-culture and fishery (11:1). Despite the relatively large increase in job vacancies for elementary occupations the labour surplus continues to be high (approx. 10:1).

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

EU10 PES






Clerks


Professionals


stock of unemployed / inflow job vacancies (PES)

Occupational group

Chart 13: Stock of unemployed PES / inflow job vacancies PES by occupational group (ISCO1) Ratio, 2010Q4

Source: PES - own calculations (10 countries)Countries included: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Germany, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Portugal, Sweden and Slovakia.The ratio between the stock number of registered unemployed at PES and the inflow of PES registered job vacancies indicates labour market shortages.The higher the ratio, the less labour market shortage.

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VI. EDUCATION AND SKILLS

Although the education of job-finders is an indicator for the required education for job vacancies, there is some em-pirical evidence that employers tend to hire people with a higher education than required for the job vacancy. In line with structural changes of labour demand less people with only primary education find a job. This may further worsen the situation of low-skilled with only primary edu-cation on the labour market who in the fourth quarter of 2010 found less jobs than one year earlier (-6%), (Chart 14).

There is a decline in the number of job-

finders with only primary education

No less than 5.3 million of the total of 11.8 job-finders, were educated at the upper secondary level. This groups also shows an increase above average (+9%), while the largest growth in the number of job-finders occurs at the level of the ‘post-secondary non-tertiary education’ (+14%).

-10 -5 0 5 10 15Change in the number of job-finders (%)

Educational level

Chart 14: Change in the number of job-finders by educational level (ISCED) Percentages, 2010Q4 compared to 2009Q4, absolute numbers of 2010Q4

Source: EU LFS data - own calculations (27 countries)

Primary education

Lower secondary

Formal upper secondary

Upper secondary short courses

Post-secondary non-tertiary

Tertiary

EU27

589,000

2,399,000

5,324,000

191,000

353,000

2,589,000

11,841,000

Number of job-finders

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VII. COUNTRY SPECIAL: GERMANY

Recovery of the demand for labour was relatively quick in Germany compared to the rest of Europe. In fact, Germany is one the fastest growing job markets in Europe with regard to the growth of the number of job vacancies, job-finders, job vacancies registered at the PES and temporary work agencies:• 38 percent growth in the number of job vacancies in Ger-

many, compared to 28 percent average for the 22 European countries analysed (this comparison excludes public sector, fourth quarter of 2010 compared to fourth quarter of 2009).

• The number of job-finders in Germany during the same pe-riod also shows stronger growth than the EU average of its 27 member states (+12% in Germany compared to an EU-27 average of +6%). In fact, Germany represents as much as 17 percent of the total number of job-finders in Europe.

• The inflow of registered job vacancies in Germany’s PES in the fourth quarter of 2010 was 27 percent higher than in the fourth quarter of 2009 (against an avera-ge of nearly +20% for the 17 European PES analysed).

• Furthermore, the demand for temporary agency workers grew much faster in Germany than in other countries in Europe. In 2010 in Germany, the average number of temporary agency workers in an equivalent to full time

employment was 27 percent higher than in 2009 (compared to +21% as average for 8 countries). The number of job va-cancies published on the internet by Randstad in May 2011 was 56 percent higher in Germany than it was a year be-fore (compared to +11% in the five countries analysed).

Despite strong recovery not yet back to pre-crisis level of labour demand

On average, 871,000 job vacancies remained open over the four years from January 2007 to December 2010 (Chart G1), including all sectors except job vacancies for subsidised jobs. An average of 84 percent of all job vacancies were to be found in West Germany, compared to 16 percent in East Germany.

After a drop of job vacancies since the first quarter of 2007, the number of job vacancies started to rise from April 2010. At the end of 2010, 996,200 job vacancies were open in Germany, which is still substantially lower than the figure for the first quarter of 2007. Recent data show a rise up to 1,055,000 job vacancies at the end of the first quarter of 2011 (source: IAB).

West Germany

East Germany

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

0

Sto

ck jo

b va

canc

ies

(thou

sand

s)

2007 2008 2009 2010

Source: Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB)The stock of job vacancies is the number of job vacancies measured at a certain moment in time.

Chart G1: Stock of job vacancies in Germany Absolute numbers, 2007Q1 to 2011Q1

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Slightly earlier and stronger recovery in the West of Germany

In 2007 the number of open job vacancies in East Germany showed a sharper drop than in West Germany. During the first quarter of 2008, there were 20 percent less job va-cancies in Germany than in the previous year, but East Ger-many suffered a decrease of 48 percent in the number of open vacancies, while West Germany experienced a drop

of 14 percent. This makes the recovery of East Germany in the first three quarters of 2009 remarkable (Chart G2). After a relapse throughout the whole of Germany in the fourth quarter, the figures show that West Germany reco-vered slightly earlier than East Germany, mainly driven by the higher share of export oriented firms in West Germany.

The growth in the number of job vacancies is related to German economic growth in terms of GDP. German GDP has increased with 4 percent in the fourth qua-ter of 2010, compared to the fourth quarter in 2009. This corresponds to the growth-pattern of job vacan-cies in chart G2. Correlation shows that after a delay of approximately a quarter of a year, the number of open job vacancies react to the economic climate (p<0.01).

West-Germany

East-Germany

Germany (total)

-60%

Per

cent

age

chan

ge (Q

-Q)

2008 2009 2010

Source: Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), own calculationsThe stock of job vacancies is the number of job vacancies measured at a certain moment in time. The percentage change measures the change in the stock of job vacancies in a certain quarter, compared to the same quarter a year before.

-40%

-20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

Chart G2: Growth stock of job vacancies in Germany Percentages, comparing each quarter to the situation in the previous year, 2008Q1 to 2011Q1

There is data of the German Federal Employment Agen-cy (BA) on the number of hirings into positions co-vered by the social insurance system. It appears that these BA figures are very much in line with the results of Labour Force Survey (LFS) on the number of job-fin-ders (Chart G3). According to the LFS there were 5.9 million job-finders in the first three quarters of 2010.

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Germany: growing demand for mana-gers and senior officials, plant and machine operators and assemblers,

and craft and related trades workers

In Germany, there is a relatively high demand for secondary and higher skilled technical staff, and less demand for unskil-led labour for elementary occupations (source: job-finders in the LFS). According to data from the German Job Vacancy Sur-vey, the demand for people with longer experience and addi-tional qualifications has been rising continuously since 2005, especially for engineers and IT professionals (Kettner, 2011).

Germany shows a relatively strong growth in the demand for managers and senior officials, plant and machine ope-rators and assemblers, and craft and related trades workers (Chart G4). In contrast, Germany shows less growth in the demand for service and sales workers, and skilled agricul-tural and fishery workers. In total 12 percent of all job-fin-ders found a job in what are called ‘elementary occupati-ons’. For the EU27, this percentage is slightly higher (17%).

0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

Managers and senior officials

Professionals


Clerks






Total

Occupational group

43,000

269,000

489,000

283,000

449,000

37,000

368,000

158,000

294,000

2,525,000

Source: EU LFS data, own calculations (27 countries)The LFS contains information about the number of job-finders by occupational group per quarter. Job-finders are employed at the moment of the survey and have been employed for at most three months.

Chart G4: Change in the number of job-finders by occupational group (ISCO 1) Percentages, 2010Q4 compared to 2009Q4, absolute numbers of 2010Q4 for Germany

Number of job-finders in Germany

Germany

EU27

change in the number of job-finders (%)

Sum 2010

Q1-Q3BA-registration 1,691,200 1,804,200 2,411,200 5,906,600LFS survey 1,670,600 1,921,700 2,316,400 5,908,700Ratio 101% 94% 104% 100%

Number of job-finders 2010 Q1 2010 Q2 2010 Q3

Chart G3: Number of job-finders Absolute numbers, 2010Q1 to 2010Q3 according to BA-registration and LFS

Source: BA and LFS

Chart G7: Recruitment and hiring channels and their success rates Percentages, 2009 and 2008 in brackets

Source: German Job Vacancy Survey, Institute for Employment Research

Recruitment channels (last filled job vacancy in 2009, 2008 figures are in brackets)

Recruitment (%)

Hiring (%)

Success rate (%)

Own advertisements (newspapers, magazines) 32 (41) 20 (26) 62 (62) Job offers on the internet (without web services of PES) 32 (31) 11 (11) 35 (37) Answer to job-seekers’ advertisements 4 (5) 1 (-) - (-) Contact with PES (without web services of PES) 29 (25) 12 (9) 41 (37) Use of PES web services 20 (18) 6 (6) 32 (35) PES total 36 (34) 18 (16) 50 (46) Private employment services 7 (7) 3 (2) 42 (27) Total external recruitment 124 (127) 54 (54) 43 (43) Internal job advertisements 19 (21) 3 (2) 18 (10) Selection of unsolicited applications/list of applicants 25 (25) 12 (12) 50 (48) Internal placements/internships 3 (3) 2 (2) 54 (59) Employees' contacts, personal contacts 32 (34) 25 (29) 78 (85) Total internal recruitment 79 (83) 42 (45) 54 (54) Other 7 (5)

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PES vacancies – strong increase for ele-mentary occupations

In contrast to the distribution of job-finders in general, the change in the inflow of registered job vacancies at the PES by occupational groups shows a strong increase for elementary occupations. This reflects the fact that in Ger-many job vacancies demanding a low or middle qualifica-tion level are more often registered at the PES than posi-tions for higher qualified staff. PES data show relatively low growth for technicians and associate professionals,

service workers and shop and market sales workers, skilled agricultural and fishery workers, craft and related trades workers (Chart G5). Plant and machine operators and as-semblers show a strong growth in PES job vacancy inflows in the fourth quarter 2010 and the growth rate is much higher than for job-finders according to LFS data. Obvi-ously in this occupational group, the employers announce a relatively large share of all job vacancies to the PES.

Germany: skills requirements higher compared to European average

It is likely that the educational requirements for job vacan-cies have become higher in the past year, because - com-pared to Europe - fewer people who finished school after primary education have found a job (Chart G6). In line with this development there was a relatively strong growth in the number of German job-finders with upper secondary, post-secondary and higher (tertiary) education compared to the overall European development (+15% versus +6% in EU27).

0% 20% 10%





Service workers and shop and market sales workers

Clerks


Professionals


86,635

59,734

102,332

3,795

84,168

61,147

76,107

26,366

5,295

Occupational group

Source: PES - own calculations (17 countries included)Countries included: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Estonia, Hungary, Ireland, Lithuania, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.Data on the inflow of job vacancies at public employment services per occupational group is comparable for 17 countries, including Germany with a high share in the total of these 17 countries. Inflow of PES registered job vacancies refers to new vacancies which have been registered in a certain quarter.

30% 40% 50% 60%

Total 505,579

192%

Chart G5: Change in the inflow of PES job vacancies by occupational group (ISCO1) Percentages, 2010Q4 compared to 2009Q4, absolute numbers of 2010Q4 for Germany

Inflow of PES job vacancies in Germany

Germany

EU17 PES

Change inflow (%)

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Labour shortages above all in the East of Germany

Benefiting from fast recovery and a growing economy Ger-many at the same time faces more pronounced labour shortages and recruitment difficulties due to increasing pres-sure from an ageing population and a shrinking workforce (Dempsey, 2011). As a result, the ratio number of unem-ployed per job vacancy is rather low, being 3:1 at the end of the fourth quarter of 2010 and decreasing compared to 2009. After neighbouring Austria, the German ratio is the lowest in Europe, where the average is 12:1. This indicates that the labour market in Germany is at the moment one of the tightest in Europe. According to the German employ-ers in 2010, 28 percent of filled job vacancies were ‘diffi-cult to fill’ (German Job Vacancy Survey, IAB 2000-2010). Between 2000 and 2010 this percentage fluctuated between 18 and 28 percent. Despite the impact of the crisis the share of ‘difficult to fill’ job vacancies was highest in 2010.

Labour market mismatches differ per region. It is expected that serious staffing problems in East Germany will emer-ge much earlier than in West Germany (IAB-Kurzbericht 12/2010). In some parts of East Germany, there are serious indications for a lack of skilled staff already today, regar-ding a decreasing number of applicants for open positions and employers increasingly complain about recruiting pro-blems. Expectations for the future are even worse. Be-cause many young and qualified people have left East Ger-many since the reunification, the labour supply has been

-10 0 5 10 15Change in the number of job-finders (%)

Educational level

Source: EU LFS data - own calculations (27 countries)

Primary education

Lower secondary

Upper secondary

Upper secondary vocational

Post-secondary non-tertiary

Tertiary

Total

77,000

618,000

1,198,000

0

183,000

449,000

2,525,000

Number of job-finders in Germany

EU27

Germany 20 25 30-15 -5

Chart G6: Change in the number of job-finders by educational level (ISCED) Percentages, 2010Q4 compared to 2009Q4, absolute numbers of 2010Q4 for Germany

seriously decreasing for several years already. Companies now try to recruit skilled workers from the West regions (Dettmer, e.a., 2010). Still the wage level in Eastern Ger-many is lower than in Western Germany, what hinders qua-lified German job seekers to move to the East. On the other hand, East German firms and regions are very attractive for job seekers because of excellent infrastructure, sufficient child care, redecorated buildings and lower living costs.

Recruitment and hiring channels: Public employment service more important for recruitment than private agencies

More than half of all vacancies in Germany in 2009 are fil-led by the use of external search channels like newspapers or PES registering (54%) and less than half is filled by the use of internal search via networks or internal placements (42%) (chart G7). In 2009 job vacancies were primarily fil-led through employees’ contacts or personal contacts of the employer (25%) and by placing advertisements in news-papers and magazines (20%). These are also the recruit-ment channels with the highest success rate. Public inter-mediaries have a greater role than private intermediaries.

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eFor more than one third of the job vacancies, the pu-blic employment service was used as recruitment chan-nel (36%), in about 18 percent of all recruitments the PES was finally successful. The success rate of PES is there-fore about 50 percent: about every second vacancy that is registered to the PES can finally be filled successfully by the help of PES. The success rate increased by 4 per-centage points compared to 2008. Private intermediaries are used in 7 percent of all searches, 3 percent of all fil-led positions finally have been filled by them (Chart 7).

The development of the number of PES job vacancies com-pared to the total of all open job vacancies (2007-2010) is presented in Chart G8. The figures indicate that the market share of PES in Germany depends on the development of the total job vacancy market: a low PES market share when the total number of job vacancies is high, and vice versa.

Sum 2010

Q1-Q3BA-registration 1,691,200 1,804,200 2,411,200 5,906,600LFS survey 1,670,600 1,921,700 2,316,400 5,908,700Ratio 101% 94% 104% 100%

Number of job-finders 2010 Q1 2010 Q2 2010 Q3

Chart G3: Number of job-finders Absolute numbers, 2010Q1 to 2010Q3 according to BA-registration and LFS

Source: BA and LFS

Chart G7: Recruitment and hiring channels and their success rates Percentages, 2009 and 2008 in brackets

Source: German Job Vacancy Survey, Institute for Employment Research

Recruitment channels (last filled job vacancy in 2009, 2008 figures are in brackets)

Recruitment (%)

Hiring (%)

Success rate (%)

Own advertisements (newspapers, magazines) 32 (41) 20 (26) 62 (62) Job offers on the internet (without web services of PES) 32 (31) 11 (11) 35 (37) Answer to job-seekers’ advertisements 4 (5) 1 (-) - (-) Contact with PES (without web services of PES) 29 (25) 12 (9) 41 (37) Use of PES web services 20 (18) 6 (6) 32 (35) PES total 36 (34) 18 (16) 50 (46) Private employment services 7 (7) 3 (2) 42 (27) Total external recruitment 124 (127) 54 (54) 43 (43) Internal job advertisements 19 (21) 3 (2) 18 (10) Selection of unsolicited applications/list of applicants 25 (25) 12 (12) 50 (48) Internal placements/internships 3 (3) 2 (2) 54 (59) Employees' contacts, personal contacts 32 (34) 25 (29) 78 (85) Total internal recruitment 79 (83) 42 (45) 54 (54) Other 7 (5)

800000

1000000

1200000

IAB all open job

All open jobvacancies (IAB)

PES job vacancies (DESTATIS/BA)

1,200

1,200

800

600

400

200

02007 2008 2009 2010

Chart G8: Market range PES Germany Absolute numbers, 2007-2010

Stoc

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ies

(thou

sand

s)

Source: Institute für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland (DESTATIS) and Bundesagentur für ArbeitThe stock of job vacancies is the number of open job vacancies measured at a certain moment in time. The PES job vacancies are the number of job vacancies registered at the German PES (BA). Comparing to the total number of open job vacancies gives an indication of PES’ market share on the job vacancy market.

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1. Manufacturing labourers (297400; 26%) 2. Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators (960500; 6%) 3. Physical and engineering science technicians (146000; 35%) 4. Assemblers (98700; 53%) 5. Food and related products machine operators (77200; 71%) 6. Helpers and cleaners in offices, hotels and other establishments (175100; 21%) 7. Cashiers, tellers and related clerks (118800; 33%) 8. Motor vehicle drivers (212000; 15%) 9. Material-recording and transport clerks (128700; 26%) 10. Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers, and related trades workers (98500; 34%) 11. Architects, engineers and related professionals (109400; 29%) 12. Personal care and related workers (408000; 6%) 13. Building finishers and related trades workers (181800; 14%) 14. Other machine operators not elsewhere classified (54200; 59%) 15. Computer associate professionals (68800; 41%) 16. Other teaching associate professionals (72900; 36%) 17. Computing professionals (85500; 28%) 18. Finance and sales associate professionals not elsewhere classified (55600; 49%) 19. Metal- and mineral-products machine opera-tors (36100; 98%) 20. Chemical-processing-plant operators (33400; 103%) 21. Customer services clerks (121100; 16%) 22. Motor vehicle mechanics and fitters (36600; 77%) 23. Blacksmiths, tool-makers and related trades workers (47000; 50%) 24. Secretaries and keyboard-operating clerks (103400; 18%) 25. Housekeeping and restaurant services workers (472500; 3%) 1. Finance and sales associate professionals not elsewhere classified (11600; 109%) 2. Other office clerks (16600; 52%) 3. Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators (21600; 26%) 4. Electrical mechanics fitters and services (4100; 335%) 5. Heavy truck and lorry drivers (3000; 448%) 6. Administrative secretaries and related associate professionals (3200; 211%) 7. Painters and related workers (3000; 164%) 8. Tellers and other counter clerks (2500; 189%) 9. Waiters, waitresses and bartenders (12500; 14%) 10. Cooks (6400; 29%) 11. Secondary education teaching professionals (4500; 37%) 12. Helpers and cleaners in offices, hotels and other establishments (15700; 7%) 13. Authors, journalists and other writers (1100; 952%) 14. Assemblers (1000; 937%) 15. Pre-primary education teaching associate professionals (3300; 42%) 16. Secretaries (1700; 128%) 17. Public service administrative professionals (1000; 958%) 18. Physical and engineering science technicians not elsewhere classified (1400; 191%) 19. Domestic helpers and cleaners (1600; 122%) 20. Business professionals not elsewhere classified (1900; 83%) 21. Sociologists, anthropologists and related professionals (800; 719%) 22. Cabinetmakers and related workers (3600; 28%) 23. Lifting-truck ope-rators (1300; 139%) 24. Legal and related business associate professionals (1400; 113%) 25. Manufacturing labourers (6500; 13%) 1. Other office clerks (20200; 42%) 2. Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators (21100; 39%) 3. Assemblers (11000; 88%) 4. Other machine operators not elsewhere classified (5000; 659%) 5. Nursing and midwifery professionals (7800; 78%) 6. Building caretakers, window and related cleaners (3900; 306%) 7. Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers, and related trades workers (5600; 100%) 8. Transport labourers and freight handlers (8300; 41%) 9. Machinery mechanics and fitters (4200; 111%) 10. Other specialist managers (7400; 39%) 11. Motor vehicle drivers (8500; 31%) 12. Artistic, entertainment and sports associate professionals (1800; 1731%) 13. Architects, engineers and related professionals (2000; 511%) 14. Secretaries and keyboard-operating clerks (3600; 86%) 15. Personal care and related workers (11000; 17%) 16. Public service administrative professionals (1600; 1462%) 17. Messengers, porters, doorkeepers and related workers (1800; 199%) 18. Protective services workers (2600; 66%) 19. Nursing and midwifery associate professionals (2100; 97%) 20. Computer associate professionals (1400; 260%) 21. Health professionals (except nursing) (3100; 39%) 22. Cashiers, tellers and related clerks (2300; 54%) 23. Primary education teaching associate professionals (3300; 30%) 24. Material-recording and transport clerks (2700; 40%) 25. Finance and sales associate professionals (4100; 20%) 1. Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators (12200; 28%) 2. Building frame and related trades workers (5100; 100%) 3. Transport labourers and freight handlers (3400; 182%) 4. Cashiers, tellers and related clerks (2700; 158%) 5. Housekee-ping and restaurant services workers (7500; 21%) 6. Wood treaters, cabinet-makers and related trades workers (1200; 530%) 7. Food processing and related trades workers (1800; 89%) 8. Domestic and related helpers, cleaners and launderers (2400; 50%) 9. Physical and engineering science technicians (2400; 51%) 10. Craft printing and related trades workers (800; 741%) 11. Agri-cultural and other mobile plant operators (1300; 119%) 12. Managers of small enterprises (1000; 185%) 13. Primary education teaching associate professionals (700; 645%) 14. Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers, and related trades workers (1200; 104%) 15. Food and related products machine operators (700; 616%) 16. Other office clerks (1700; 58%) 17. Finance and sales associate professionals (2000; 39%) 18. Secretaries and keyboard-operating clerks (2000; 34%) 19. Other personal services workers (1500; 49%) 20. Assemblers (700; 206%) 21. Chemical-products machine operators (400; 348%) 22. Field crop and vegetable growers (1300; 33%) 23. Garbage collectors and related labourers (4500; 8%) 24. Painters, building structure cleaners and related trades workers (700; 90%) 25. College, university and higher education teaching professionals (400; 302%)

VIII. OCCUPATIONS PER COUNTRY MOST IN DEMAND

VIII.1. Top 25 number of job-finders per occupation and country, ranked by the absolute growth of LFS job-finders, 2010Q4 - 2009Q4

absolute number of job-finders in 2010Q4 and percentage growth of job-finders 2010Q4 - 2009Q4 between brackets

EU

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1. Building frame and related trades workers (1090; 162%) 2. Personal care and related workers (1060; 141%) 3. Cashiers, tellers and related clerks (870; 120%) 4. Other office clerks (1160; 47%) 5. Mining and construction labourers (1070; 42%) 6. Adminis-trative associate professionals (410; 324%) 7. Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers, and related trades workers (400; 362%) 8. Agricultural and other mobile plant operators (320; 356%) 9. Transport labourers and freight handlers (400; 136%) 10. Other personal services workers (460; 85%) 11. Computing professionals (480; 78%) 12. Business professionals (480; 77%) 13. Other teaching professionals (210; 2041%) 14. Library, mail and related clerks (370; 120%) 15. Secondary education teaching professionals (1590; 12%) 16. Field crop and vegetable growers (170; 1554%) 17. Painters, building structure cleaners and related trades workers (160; 1494%) 18. Nursing and midwifery associate professionals (240; 165%) 19. Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics and fitters (230; 168%) 20. Finance and sales associate professionals (620; 30%) 21. Customs, tax and related government associate professionals (150; 1360%) 22. Artistic, entertainment and sports associate professionals (560; 32%) 23. Customer services clerks (270; 74%) 24. Nursing and midwifery professionals (170; 146%) 25. Archi-tects, engineers and related professionals (580; 21%) 1. Cooks (5270; 69%) 2. Welders and flame cutters (3270; 185%) 3. Transport labourers and freight handlers (3020; 115%) 4. Mechanical-machinery assemblers (2700; 121%) 5. Bookkeepers (4730; 44%) 6. Motorised farm and forestry plant operators (1460; 1359%) 7. Metal-, rubber- and plastic-products assemblers (1650; 378%) 8. Bakers, pastry-cooks and confectionery makers (1840; 199%) 9. Computer systems designers, analysts (and programmers) (1260; 1163%) 10. Motor vehicle mechanics and fitters (1900; 133%) 11. Institution-based personal care workers (1990; 90%) 12. Trade brokers (1560; 145%) 13. Manufacturing labou-rers (1280; 223%) 14. Lifting-truck operators (2280; 57%) 15. Telephone switchboard operators (1490; 117%) 16. Secretaries (2770; 40%) 17. Machine-tool setters and setter-operators (1710; 85%) 18. Secondary education teaching professionals (3230; 29%) 19. Other office clerks (2230; 44%) 20. Car, taxi and van drivers (1970; 52%) 21. Sweepers and related labourers (1160; 131%) 22. Baked-goods, cereal- and chocolate-products machine operators (730; 634%) 23. Estate agents (700; 603%) 24. Bus and tram drivers (710; 410%) 25. Technical and commercial sales representatives (2450; 30%) 1. Manufacturing labourers (89500; 35%) 2. Physical and engineering science technicians (48100; 63%) 3. Motor vehicle drivers (75300; 29%) 4. Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers, and related trades workers (42600; 62%) 5. Machinery mechanics and fitters (61100; 35%) 6. Other machine operators not elsewhere classified (21400; 215%) 7. Social work associate professionals (66800; 25%) 8. Building finishers and related trades workers (65000; 21%) 9. Business profes-sionals (32800; 48%) 10. Other office clerks (124600; 9%) 11. Architects, engineers and related professionals (51600; 24%) 12. Computing professionals (30100; 43%) 13. Housekeeping and restaurant services workers (146300; 6%) 14. Material-recording and transport clerks (59600; 17%) 15. Health associate professionals (except nursing) (30900; 36%) 16. Blacksmiths, tool-makers and related trades workers (22900; 50%) 17. Personal care and related workers (110100; 7%) 18. Other specialist managers (16300; 53%) 19. Other teaching associate professionals (12400; 83%) 20. Customer services clerks (17200; 43%) 21. Corporate managers (10900; 86%) 22. Assemblers (10900; 82%) 23. Computer associate professionals (17700; 34%) 24. Library, mail and related clerks (17800; 34%) 25. Protective services workers (12300; 46%) 1. Secretaries and keyboard-operating clerks (13300; 113%) 2. Finance and sales associate professionals (10000; 146%) 3. Computing professionals (5600; 152%) 4. Other teaching associate professionals (7300; 67%) 5. Architects, engineers and related professionals (3800; 306%) 6. Material-recording and transport clerks (4100; 210%) 7. Building frame and related trades workers (7500; 53%) 8. Street vendors and related workers (3400; 176%) 9. Business professionals (4300; 84%) 10. Building caretakers, window and related cleaners (3000; 138%) 11. Optical and electronic equipment operators (2300; 215%) 12. Other office clerks (3500; 65%) 13. Administrative associate professionals (5800; 31%) 14. Library, mail and related clerks (1700; 261%) 15. Mining and construction labourers (2100; 114%) 16. Garbage collectors and related labourers (1100; 1050%) 17. Physical, mathematical and engineering science professionals (1100; 1009%) 18. Safety and quality inspectors (1000; 528%) 19. Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics and fitters (1700; 96%) 20. Fishery workers, hunters and trappers (900; 816%) 21. Protective services wor-kers (1200; 149%) 22. Computer associate professionals (2400; 38%) 23. Legal professionals (900; 250%) 24. Assemblers (600; 1472%) 25. Blacksmiths, tool-makers and related trades workers (2400; 32%) 1. Helpers and cleaners in offices, hotels and other establishments (2200; 290%) 2. Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators (2200; 205%) 3. Receptionists and information clerks (1600; 1465%) 4. Machine-tool operators (1300; 1229%) 5. Photographers and image and sound recording equipment operators (1200; 1147%) 6. Building construction labourers (1300; 574%) 7. Travel attendants and travel stewards (1100; 1049%) 8. Locomotive engine drivers (900; 811%) 9. Cashiers and ticket clerks (900; 795%) 10. Protective services workers not elsewhere classified (1000; 347%) 11. Agricultural- or industrial-machinery mechanics and fitters (900; 470%) 12. Earth-moving and related plant operators (700; 646%) 13. Plumbers and pipe fitters (700; 632%) 14. Safety, health and quality inspectors (1000; 144%) 15. Accountants (700; 567%) 16. Ships engineers (700; 550%) 17. Forestry labourers (600; 500%) 18. Sweepers and related labourers (700; 237%) 19. Child-care workers (800; 153%) 20. Business services agents and trade brokers not elsewhere classified (500; 436%) 21. Building caretakers (500; 426%) 22. Estate agents

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(600; 293%) 23. Heavy truck and lorry drivers (1300; 50%) 24. Compositors, typesetters and related workers (500; 419%) 25. Agronomists and related professionals (500; 400%) 1. Building finishers and related trades workers (34700; 28%) 2. Computer associate professionals (13800; 76%) 3. Computing professionals (7400; 368%) 4. Architects, engineers and related professionals (15400; 56%) 5. Social science and related professi-onals (9400; 112%) 6. Textile-, fur- and leather-products machine operators (7800; 118%) 7. Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators (77700; 6%) 8. Finance and sales associate professionals (28300; 17%) 9. Agricultural, fishery and related la-bourers (133700; 3%) 10. Material-recording and transport clerks (7600; 103%) 11. Managers of small enterprises (3200; 4324%) 12. Metal- and mineral-products machine operators (5700; 93%) 13. Teaching associate professionals (6800; 34%) 14. Housekee-ping and restaurant services workers (110700; 2%) 15. Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics and fitters (7600; 27%) 16. Pelt, leather and shoemaking trades workers (3100; 90%) 17. Blacksmiths, tool-makers and related trades workers (4000; 53%) 18. Primary and pre-primary education teaching professionals (27000; 4%) 19. Secretaries and keyboard-operating clerks (16300; 7%) 20. Food processing and related trades workers (15600; 7%) 21. Printing-, binding- and paper-products machine operators (2900; 48%) 22. Glass, ceramics and related plant operators (1100; 662%) 23. Chemical-products machine operators (1700; 113%) 24. College, university and higher education teaching professionals (2300; 52%) 25. Ship and aircraft controllers and technicians (1100; 215%) 1. Transport labourers and freight handlers (6600; 73%) 2. Builders (4400; 167%) 3. Secondary education teaching professionals (10100; 35%) 4. Helpers and cleaners in offices, hotels and other establishments (11800; 25%) 5. Cooks (4000; 124%) 6. Waiters, waitresses and bartenders (5200; 73%) 7. Child-care workers (10900; 18%) 8. Athletes, sports persons and related associate professionals (3200; 79%) 9. Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators (14600; 10%) 10. Home-based personal care workers (6100; 28%) 11. Mail carriers and sorting clerks (1900; 192%) 12. Nursing associate professionals (4600; 38%) 13. Administrative secretaries and related associate professionals (2000; 159%) 14. Heavy truck and lorry drivers (2600; 65%) 15. Dairy and livestock producers (2100; 88%) 16. Telephone switchboard operators (1100; 661%) 17. Sculptors, painters and related artists (1400; 179%) 18. Tellers and other counter clerks (900; 543%) 19. Mechanical-machinery assemblers (1100; 53%) 20. Sales and marketing managers (2600; 41%) 21. Primary education teaching professionals (3100; 47%) 22. Other office clerks (2700; 819%) 23. Institution-based personal care workers (7600; 11%) 24. Tool-makers and related workers (1200; 142%) 25. Bookkee-pers (1200; 160%) 1. Building frame and related trades workers (87800; 9%) 2. Cashiers, tellers and related clerks (49800; 78%) 3. Assemblers (56400; 212%) 4. Food and related products machine operators (42300; 85%) 5. Physical and engineering science technicians (63500; 119%) 6. Manufacturing labourers (45900; 52%) 7. Chemical-processing-plant operators (26400; 73%) 8. Personal care and related workers (100100; 210%) 9. Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators (132900; 19%) 10. Transport labourers and freight handlers (53100; 13%) 11. Material-recording and transport clerks (29600; 25%) 12. Field crop and ve-getable growers (34800; 55%) 13. Administrative associate professionals (38200; 41%) 14. Metal- and mineral-products ma-chine operators (14900; 30%) 15. Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics and fitters (20600; 141%) 16. Production and operations managers (26600; 53%) 17. Machinery mechanics and fitters (20700; 35%) 18. Agricultural and other mobile plant operators (37400; 47%) 19. Optical and electronic equipment operators (14000; 20%) 20. Glass, ceramics and related plant ope-rators (5800; 76%) 21. Other teaching associate professionals (26700; 5682%) 22. Architects, engineers and related professionals (26400; 27%) 23. Painters, building structure cleaners and related trades workers (8700; 24%) 24. Blacksmiths, tool-makers and related trades workers (9200; 141%) 25. Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers, and related trades workers (18000; 85%) 1. Library, mail and related clerks (1700; 143%) 2. Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics and fitters (1200; 420%) 3. Field crop and vegetable growers (1700; 97%) 4. Messengers, porters, doorkeepers and related workers (1200; 178%) 5. Custo-mer services clerks (1000; 265%) 6. Personal care and related workers (1900; 49%) 7. Architects, engineers and related profes-sionals (800; 109%) 8. Social science and related professionals (800; 107%) 9. Primary and pre-primary education teaching profes-sionals (3600; 12%) 10. Special education teaching associate professionals (700; 122%) 11. Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers, and related trades workers (700; 125%) 12. Painters, building structure cleaners and related trades workers (1000; 62%) 13. Mathematicians, statisticians and related professionals (500; 389%) 14. Building frame and related trades workers (4300; 9%) 15. Chemical-products machine operators (400; 310%) 16. Health professionals (except nursing) (1300; 29%) 17. Numerical clerks (800; 47%) 18. Computer associate professionals (300; 244%) 19. Food processing and related trades workers (600; 63%) 20. Mining and mineral-processing-plant operators (300; 190%) 21. Other teaching associate professionals (400; 149%) 22. Domestic and related helpers, cleaners and launderers (5400; 4%) 23. Agricultural and other mo-bile plant operators (700; 32%) 24. Physical and engineering science technicians (1200; 12%) 25. Miners, shotfirers, stone cutters and carvers (300; 102%) 1. Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators (16100; 54%) 2. Sweepers and related labourers (13900; 46%) 3. Business professionals not elsewhere classified (3500; 375%) 4. Finance and sales associate professionals not elsewhere classi-

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fied (3200; 117%) 5. Waiters, waitresses and bartenders (4700; 48%) 6. Computer systems designers, analysts (and programmers) (1200; 1103%) 7. Cooks (2700; 51%) 8. Computer equipment operators (900; 1126%) 9. Structural-metal preparers and erectors (2500; 47%) 10. Riggers and cable splicers (1400; 102%) 11. Construction and maintenance labourers: roads, dams and similar constructions (3900; 23%) 12. Pre-primary education teaching professionals (1300; 118%) 13. Insurance representatives (900; 375%) 14. Precision-instrument makers and repairers (800; 384%) 15. Managers of small enterprises in wholesale and retail trade (700; 638%) 16. Farm-hands and labourers (2800; 28%) 17. Machine-tool operators (1200; 93%) 18. Accountants (700; 571%) 19. Welders and flame cutters (1300; 74%) 20. Secondary education teaching professionals (2100; 37%) 21. Earth-moving and related plant operators (800; 263%) 22. Physical and engineering science technicians not elsewhere classified (800; 189%) 23. Messengers, package and luggage porters and deliverers (1200; 84%) 24. Data entry operators (900; 125%) 25. Business services agents and trade brokers not elsewhere classified (600; 511%) 1. Other specialist managers (3300; 135%) 2. Business professionals (2700; 96%) 3. Manufacturing labourers (4400; 40%) 4. Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators (12900; 10%) 5. Nursing and midwifery professionals (2200; 124%) 6. House-keeping and restaurant services workers (7900; 17%) 7. Customer services clerks (1400; 457%) 8. Numerical clerks (1600; 127%) 9. Architects, engineers and related professionals (1600; 138%) 10. Assemblers (1000; 479%) 11. Motor vehicle drivers (1700; 85%) 12. Health professionals (except nursing) (1900; 58%) 13. Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers, and related trades workers (900; 356%) 14. Material-recording and transport clerks (1100; 90%) 15. Protective services workers (1300; 58%) 16. Personal care and related workers (5300; 9%) 17. Building finishers and related trades workers (1700; 35%) 18. College, university and higher education teaching professionals (1100; 50%) 19. Managers of small enterprises (1600; 29%) 20. Administrative associate professionals (400; 476%) 21. Agricultural and other mobile plant operators (600; 118%) 22. Food processing and related trades workers (600; 95%) 23. Other teaching professionals (800; 50%) 24. Field crop and vegetable growers (500; 84%) 25. Cashiers, tellers and related clerks (1500; 17%) 1. Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators (77500; 43%) 2. Motor vehicle drivers (30700; 81%) 3. Other office clerks (26500; 70%) 4. Customer services clerks (22900; 54%) 5. Writers and creative or performing artists (8000; 176%) 6. Metal- and mineral-products machine operators (5800; 475%) 7. Other teaching associate professionals (9200; 88%) 8. Building caretakers, window and related cleaners (30700; 15%) 9. Textile-, fur- and leather-products machine operators (4300; 1456%) 10. Manufacturing labourers (21400; 20%) 11. Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers, and related trades workers (15200; 31%) 12. Messengers, porters, doorkeepers and related workers (15000; 31%) 13. Food and related products machine operators (6200; 129%) 14. Other machine operators not elsewhere classified (7000; 97%) 15. Housekeeping and restaurant services workers (65600; 5%) 16. Mining and construction labourers (20600; 19%) 17. Computer associate professi-onals (9900; 50%) 18. Pelt, leather and shoemaking trades workers (5900; 117%) 19. Building finishers and related trades workers (17100; 22%) 20. Administrative associate professionals (14000; 25%) 21. Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics and fitters (7700; 55%) 22. Street vendors and related workers (2800; 2697%) 23. Special education teaching associate professionals (8400; 46%) 24. Protective services workers (8300; 46%) 25. Potters, glass-makers and related trades workers (2700; 2614%) 1. Car, taxi and van drivers (3000; 375%) 2. Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators (6100; 55%) 3. Cooks (2300; 920%) 4. Helpers and cleaners in offices, hotels and other establishments (3100; 195%) 5. Secondary education teaching profes-sionals (3000; 129%) 6. Motor vehicle mechanics and fitters (2700; 151%) 7. Other teaching professionals not elsewhere classified (1600; 770%) 8. Building construction labourers (1400; 884%) 9. Other specialist managers not elsewhere classified (1200; 1071%) 10. Steam-engine and boiler operators (1800; 148%) 11. Forestry workers and loggers (1100; 979%) 12. Business professionals not elsewhere classified (1700; 118%) 13. Sweepers and related labourers (2000; 78%) 14. Production and operations managers in manufacturing (1000; 866%) 15. College, university and higher education teaching professionals (1500; 96%) 16. Bricklayers and stonemasons (800; 2351%) 17. Metal-, rubber- and plastic-products assemblers (800; 716%) 18. Primary education teaching associate professionals (800; 669%) 19. Plumbers and pipe fitters (1000; 180%) 20. Protective services workers not elsewhere classified (1400; 80%) 21. Home-based personal care workers (700; 1237%) 22. Forestry labourers (700; 633%) 23. Cabinetmakers and related workers (700; 614%) 24. Doorkeepers, watchpersons and related workers (1000; 106%) 25. Wood-products machine operators (600; 524%) 1. Waiters, waitresses and bartenders (12400; 21%) 2. Economists (1100; 452%) 3. Secretaries (500; 881%) 4. Legal professionals not elswhere classified (500; 507%) 5. Secondary education teaching professionals (400; 685%) 6. Nursing associate professionals (800; 52%) 7. Administrative secretaries and related associate professionals (300; 278%) 8. Pharmacists (500; 38%) 9. Finance and sales associate professionals not elsewhere classified (200; 253%) 10. Broadcasting and telecommunications equipment operators (200; 253%) 11. Transport labourers and freight handlers (200; 237%) 12. Roofers (200; 234%) 15. Electrical mechanics fitters and services (200; 220%) 13. Insurance representatives (200; 209%) 14. Lawyers (200; 204%) 16. Hairdressers, barbers, beauticians and related workers (100; 174%) 17. Child-care workers (200; 97%) 18. Receptionists and information clerks (400; 22%) 19. Motor vehicle mechanics and fitters (100; 132%) 20. Stock clerks (300; 25%) 21. Technical and commercial sales representatives (100; 119%) 22. Mail carriers and sorting clerks (100; 110%) 23. Heavy truck and lorry drivers (100; 107%) 24. Mining engineers, metal-

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lurgists and related professionals (100; 107%) 25. Statistical and finance clerks (100; 95%) 1. Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators (5000; 99%) 2. Motor vehicle drivers (4300; 81%) 3. Building frame and related trades workers (3000; 175%) 4. Wood-processing- and papermaking-plant operators (2000; 385%) 5. Power-production and related plant operators (2800; 126%) 6. Artistic, entertainment and sports associate professionals (1700; 1317%) 7. Material-recording and transport clerks (1600; 1510%) 8. Business professionals (2800; 117%) 9. Garbage collectors and related labourers (6100; 30%) 10. Personal care and related workers (2300; 162%) 11. Blacksmiths, tool-makers and related trades workers (1500; 1162%) 12. Transport labourers and freight handlers (2300; 159%) 13. Health professionals (except nursing) (1500; 1392%) 14. Manufacturing labourers (12600; 12%) 15. Machinery mechanics and fitters (1700; 339%) 16. Metal moulders, welders, sheet-me-tal workers, structural-metal preparers, and related trades workers (1300; 1152%) 17. Agricultural, fishery and related labourers (2400; 70%) 18. Business services agents and trade brokers (1000; 919%) 19. Customer services clerks (1000; 480%) 20. Compu-ting professionals (800; 711%) 21. Other specialist managers (800; 688%) 22. Other personal services workers (700; 683%) 23. College, university and higher education teaching professionals (700; 616%) 24. Other office clerks (700; 580%) 25. Assemblers (700; 556%) 1. Secondary education teaching professionals (390; 670%) 2. Electronics mechanics and servicers (190; 278%) 3. Nursing associ-ate professionals (200; 334%) 4. Other specialist managers not elsewhere classified (160; 216%) 5. Medical equipment operators (140; 188%) 6. College, university and higher education teaching professionals (190; 213%) 7. Doorkeepers, watchpersons and related workers (250; 87%) 8. Aircraft engine mechanics and fitters (120; 144%) 9. Business professionals not elsewhere clas-sified (110; 124%) 10. Plastic-products machine operators (110; 124%) 11. Accountants (150; 166%) 12. Helpers and cleaners in offices, hotels and other establishments (260; 57%) 13. Domestic helpers and cleaners (140; 190%) 14. Architects, town and traf-fic planners (100; 96%) 15. Police officers (100; 92%) 16. Cashiers and ticket clerks (80; 66%) 17. Plumbers and pipe fitters (80; 66%) 18. Metal-, rubber- and plastic-products assemblers (80; 64%) 19. Finance and administration managers (130; 122%) 20. Special education teaching professionals (80; 58%) 21. Library and filing clerks (80; 58%) 22. Builders (80; 54%) 23. Telephone switchboard operators (120; 112%) 24. Decorators and commercial designers (70; 38%) 25. Glass, ceramics and related decora-tive painters (70; 38%) 1. Waiters, waitresses and bartenders (24900; 19%) 2. Cashiers and ticket clerks (10500; 40%) 3. Business services agents and trade brokers not elsewhere classified (9400; 38%) 4. Street (food) vendors (5800; 65%) 5. Plumbers and pipe fitters (2700; 522%) 6. Computer systems designers, analysts (and programmers) (5100; 68%) 7. Statistical and finance clerks (3800; 100%) 8. Gardeners, horticultural and nursery growers (3500; 79%) 9. Architects, engineers and related professionals not elsewhere clas-sified (4000; 53%) 10. Mechanical engineers (1800; 344%) 11. Car, taxi and van drivers (2600; 95%) 12. Legal professionals not elsewhere classified (2400; 103%) 13. Technical and commercial sales representatives (1600; 264%) 14. Accounting and book-keeping clerks (1900; 127%) 15. Architects, town and traffic planners (1100; 970%) 16. Mail carriers and sorting clerks (7500; 15%) 17. Lawyers (1000; 926%) 18. Travel agency and related clerks (900; 849%) 19. Veterinarians (900; 835%) 20. Hairdressers, barbers, beauticians and related workers (2200; 59%) 21. Securities and finance dealers and brokers (1500; 119%) 22. Data entry operators (900; 755%) 23. Crane, hoist and related plant operators (900; 750%) 24. Production and operations managers (1600; 78%) 25. Construction and maintenance labourers: roads, dams and similar constructions (700; 641%) 1. Manufacturing labourers (32500; 36%) 2. Protective services workers not elsewhere classified (15300; 73%) 3. Helpers and cleaners in offices, hotels and other establishments (31600; 19%) 4. Stock clerks (16000; 45%) 5. Building frame and related trades workers not elsewhere classified (6900; 190%) 6. Pre-primary education teaching professionals (9500; 90%) 7. Cabine-tmakers and related workers (8400; 104%) 8. Bricklayers and stonemasons (18700; 29%) 9. Motor vehicle mechanics and fitters (8900; 67%) 10. Carpenters and joiners (6500; 106%) 11. Home-based personal care workers (4900; 199%) 12. Concrete placers, concrete finishers and related workers (4000; 388%) 13. Directors and chief executives (3200; 897%) 14. Computing professionals not elsewhere classified (2800; 2733%) 15. Technical and commercial sales representatives (14200; 24%) 16. Mail carriers and sorting clerks (2800; 2661%) 17. Plasterers (5300; 100%) 18. Estate agents (2600; 2517%) 19. Social work associate professionals (3200; 303%) 20. Waiters, waitresses and bartenders (14200; 20%) 21. Building construction labourers (20000; 13%) 22. Sculp-tors, painters and related artists (2900; 268%) 23. Glaziers (2100; 2032%) 24. Library and filing clerks (2100; 2028%) 25. Building and related electricians (4800; 71%) 1. Housekeeping and restaurant services workers (19000; 50%) 2. Motor vehicle drivers (9000; 45%) 3. Wood treaters, cabinet-makers and related trades workers (2600; 609%) 4. Personal care and related workers (11100; 25%) 5. Textile-, fur- and leather-products machine operators (2300; 565%) 6. Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators (19200; 8%) 7. Metal- and mineral-products machine operators (1800; 444%) 8. Domestic and related helpers, cleaners and launderers (13900; 12%) 9. Pelt, leather and shoemaking trades workers (2700; 82%) 10. Social science and related professionals (3500; 47%) 11. Fishery workers, hunters and trappers (1500; 248%) 12. Blacksmiths, tool-makers and related trades workers (2600; 70%) 13. Production and operations managers (1500; 173%) 14. Optical and electronic equipment operators (1200; 291%) 15. Cashiers, tellers and re-lated clerks (3000; 40%) 16. Library, mail and related clerks (1400; 154%) 17. Food processing and related trades workers (1500;

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103%) 18. Building finishers and related trades workers (4400; 18%) 19. Artistic, entertainment and sports associate professionals (1000; 205%) 20. Mining and mineral-processing-plant operators (900; 148%) 21. Business professionals (1300; 59%) 22. Painters, building structure cleaners and related trades workers (1200; 66%) 23. College, university and higher education teaching profes-sionals (500; 421%) 24. Manufacturing labourers (4400; 10%) 25. Industrial robot operators (500; 457%) 1. Bricklayers and stonemasons (3800; 458%) 2. Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators (14000; 27%) 3. Elec-trical mechanics fitters and services (1900; 1803%) 4. Metal-, rubber- and plastic-products assemblers (1800; 1676%) 5. Civil engineers (1900; 422%) 6. Vehicle, window and related cleaners (1900; 362%) 7. Manufacturing labourers (5400; 37%) 8. Mecha-nical engineering technicians (1300; 1216%) 9. Transport labourers and freight handlers (3400; 56%) 10. Wood-processing-plant operators (1200; 1124%) 11. Pre-primary education teaching associate professionals (1400; 303%) 12. Other machine operators not elsewhere classified (1100; 1014%) 13. Tool-makers and related workers (1100; 994%) 14. Blacksmiths, hammer-smiths and forging-press workers (900; 846%) 15. Production and operations managers not elsewhere classified (900; 786%) 16. Cooks (1300; 143%) 17. Receptionists and information clerks (800; 737%) 18. Production clerks (800; 687%) 19. Composite products assemblers (1000; 227%) 20. Forestry workers and loggers (700; 636%) 21. Housekeepers and related workers (1000; 143%) 22. Motor vehicle mechanics and fitters (800; 322%) 23. Field crop and vegetable growers (900; 169%) 24. Electrical line installers, repairers and cable jointers (700; 566%) 25. Upholsterers and related workers (700; 564%) 1. Technical and commercial sales representatives (8500; 83%) 2. Personal care and related workers (47900; 7%) 3. Helpers and cleaners in offices, hotels and other establishments (24700; 14%) 4. Metal-, rubber- and plastic-products assemblers (3300; 365%) 5. Child-care workers (12400; 20%) 6. Cooks (7300; 38%) 7. Social work associate professionals (6400; 39%) 8. Building frame and related trades workers not elsewhere classified (5200; 50%) 9. Other office clerks (6800; 33%) 10. Primary education teaching professionals (7300; 29%) 11. Mechanical-machinery assemblers (2400; 203%) 12. Armed forces (1700; 649%) 13. Other teaching professionals not elsewhere classified (2000; 293%) 14. Business professionals not elsewhere classified (4500; 48%) 15. Transport labourers and freight handlers (3100; 89%) 16. Manufacturing labourers (6400; 29%) 17. Cashiers and ticket clerks (7500; 24%) 18. Accounting and book-keeping clerks (4400; 47%) 19. Garbage collectors (1600; 554%) 20. Electrical-equipment assemblers (2000; 220%) 21. Bakers, pastry-cooks and confectionery makers (2000; 190%) 22. Medical doctors (3400; 62%) 23. Motor vehicle mechanics and fitters (2700; 80%) 24. Heavy truck and lorry drivers (7400; 19%) 25. Agricultural- or industrial-machinery mechanics and fitters (2000; 114%) 1. Manufacturing labourers (1400; 147%) 2. Institution-based personal care workers (1000; 182%) 3. Computer systems designers, analysts (and programmers) (700; 303%) 4. Fur- and leather-preparing-machine operators (600; 498%) 5. Sales and marketing ma-nagers (500; 703%) 6. Sheet-metal workers (500; 434%) 7. Directors and chief executives (600; 225%) 8. Metal wheel-grinders, polishers and tool sharpeners (500; 362%) 9. Rubber-products machine operators (500; 359%) 10. Child-care workers (500; 189%) 11. Sewing-machine operators (400; 375%) 12. Personnel and industrial relations managers (400; 312%) 13. Draughtsper-sons (400; 360%) 14. Chemical engineering technicians (400; 304%) 15. Legal professionals not elswhere classified (400; 148%) 16. Tool-makers and related workers (300; 239%) 17. Primary education teaching professionals (1700; 14%) 18. Farm-hands and labourers (600; 55%) 19. Employment agents and labour contractors (300; 202%) 20. Life science technicians (300; 205%) 21. Se-wers, embroiderers and related workers (300; 177%) 22. Electrical mechanics fitters and services (300; 174%) 23. Other teaching professionals not elsewhere classified (300; 166%) 24. Earth-moving and related plant operators (200; 181%) 25. Public service administrative professionals (300; 150%) 1. Stock clerks (2600; 302%) 2. Electronic-equipment assemblers (2000; 416%) 3. Transport labourers and freight handlers (1400; 1288%) 4. Administrative secretaries and related associate professionals (2400; 101%) 5. Waiters, waitresses and barten-ders (3800; 37%) 6. Garbage collectors (1700; 120%) 7. Helpers and cleaners in offices, hotels and other establishments (2700; 49%) 8. Industrial robot operators (1000; 347%) 9. Safety, health and quality inspectors (1400; 106%) 10. Manufacturing labourers (1100; 148%) 11. Bookkeepers (1300; 97%) 12. Carpenters and joiners (700; 630%) 13. Accounting and book-keeping clerks (800; 220%) 14. Cooks (1800; 42%) 15. Computer systems designers, analysts (and programmers) (600; 514%) 16. Insurance represen-tatives (500; 410%) 17. Glass, ceramics and related decorative painters (500; 394%) 18. Wood and related products assemblers (600; 163%) 19. Building caretakers (400; 341%) 20. Religious associate professionals (400; 340%) 21. Heavy truck and lorry dri-vers (1700; 25%) 22. Pre-primary education teaching professionals (600; 121%) 23. Jewellery and precious-metal workers (400; 320%) 24. Statistical, mathematical and related associate professionals (400; 304%) 25. Painters and related workers (800; 66%) 1. Helpers and cleaners in offices, hotels and other establishments (55900; 46%) 2. Finance and sales associate professionals not elsewhere classified (35100; 66%) 3. Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators (189300; 5%) 4. Food and related products machine operators (17800; 102%) 5. Motor vehicle mechanics and fitters (10900; 372%) 6. Customer services clerks (41200; 24%) 7. Domestic and related helpers, cleaners and launderers (43200; 19%) 8. Door-to-door and telephone salespersons (16600; 57%) 9. Biologists, botanists, zoologists and related professionals (6800; 331%) 10. Cashiers, tellers and related clerks (11000; 69%) 11. Personnel and careers professionals (11700; 58%) 12. Home-based personal care workers (48800; 9%) 13. Stock clerks (9200; 80%) 14. Managers of small enterprises in wholesale and retail trade (9500; 76%) 15. Construction and maintenance

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EU14 1. Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators 2. Hand packers and other manufacturing labourers 3. Technical and commercial sales representatives 4. Home-based personal care workers 5. Heavy truck and lorry driversAT 1. Housekeepers and related workers 2. Waiters, waitresses and bartenders 3. Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators 4. Cooks 5. Freight handlersBE 1. Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators 2. Secretaries 3. Assembling labourers 4. Domestic helpers and cleaners 5. Helpers and cleaners in offices, hotels and other esta-

blishmentsCZ 1. Fashion and other models 2. Technical and commercial sales representatives 3. Heavy truck and lorry drivers 4. Manufacturing labourers 5. CooksDE 1. Hand packers and other manufacturing labourers 2. Finance and sales associate professionals not elsewhere

classified 3. Other office clerks 4. Stock clerks 5. Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstratorsDK 1. Institution-based personal care workers 2. Helpers and cleaners in offices, hotels and other esta-

blishments 3. Door-to-door and telephone salespersons 4. Pre-primary education teaching associate professionals 5. Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstratorsEE 1. Heavy truck and lorry drivers 2. Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators 3. Technical and commercial sales representatives 4. Helpers and cleaners in offices, hotels and other esta-

blishments 5. Electronic-equipment assemblersES 1. Field crop and vegetable growers 2. Building construction labourers 3. Bricklayers and stonemasons 4. Construction and maintenance labourers: roads, dams

VIII.2. Top 5 new registered job vacancies at PES, per country (inflow 2010Q4)

and similar constructions 5. Farm-hands and labourersFI 1. Finance and sales associate professionals 2. Building caretakers, window and related cleaners 3. Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstra-

tors 4. Nursing and midwifery professionals 5. Waiters, waitresses and bartendersIE 1. Technical and commercial sales representatives 2. Other office clerks 3. Computer equipment operators 4. Waiters, waitresses and bartenders 5. Protective services workers not elsewhere classifiedLT 1. Forestry labourers 2. Prison guards 3. Construction and maintenance labourers: roads, dams

and similar constructions 4. Other machine operators not elsewhere classified 5. Ships’ deck crews and related workersPT 1. Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators 2. Manufacturing labourers 3. Sewers, embroiderers and related workers 4. Cooks 5. Waiters, waitresses and bartendersSE 1. Building caretakers 2. Technical and commercial sales representatives 3. Vehicle, window and related cleaners 4. Business professionals not elsewhere classified 5. Pre-primary education teaching associate professionalsSI 1. Stall and market salespersons 2. Manufacturing labourers 3. Helpers and cleaners in offices, hotels and other

establishments 4. Waiters, waitresses and bartenders 5. Welders and flame cuttersSK 1. Stock clerks 2. Fashion and other models 3. Welders and flame cutters 4. Cooks 5. Waiters, waitresses and bartenders

UK labourers: roads, dams and similar constructions (7900; 106%) 16. Authors, journalists and other writers (4100; 3978%) 17. Other teaching professionals not elsewhere classified (10200; 62%) 18. Draughtspersons (3800; 3709%) 19. Secondary education teaching professionals (38600; 10%) 20. Travel agency and related clerks (4100; 529%) 21. Library and filing clerks (14300; 28%) 22. Accountants (10000; 45%) 23. Housekeepers and related workers (4300; 239%) 24. Chemical and physical science technicians (5200; 104%) 25. Computer associate professionals (8700; 38%)

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UK 1. Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstra-tors

2. Home-based personal care workers 3. Technical and commercial sales representatives 4. Doorkeepers, watchpersons and related workers 5. Heavy truck and lorry drivers

VIII.3. Top 5 in the EURES Job Mobility Portal EURES ‘Top 5’ vacancies (31 May 2011):1. Finance and sales associate professionals

(98,600 vacancies)2. Shop salespersons and demonstrators (77,700) 3. Housekeeping and restaurant services workers

(47,000)4. Personal care and related workers (43,800)5. Modern health associate professionals (42,200)

ANNEX A2 ABREVIATIONS, DEFINITIONS

Country abbreviationsAT Austria BE Belgium LV LatviaBG Bulgaria LT LithuaniaCY Cyprus LU LuxembourgCZ Czech Republic MT MaltaDK Denmark NL NetherlandsEE Estonia NO NorwayES Spain PL PolandFI Finland PT PortugalFR France RO RomaniaDE Germany SK SlovakiaGR Greece SI SloveniaHU Hungary SE SwedenIE Ireland UK United KingdomIT Italy

ANNEX A1 REFERENCES

Dempsey, J., As Germany booms, it faces a shortages of workers, in: New York Times, February 4, 2011Dettmer, M., A. Neubacher and J. Tietz, Eastern Germany confronts skilled labour shortage, in: Der Spiegel, November 18, 2010Van der Ende, M.A. et al., Labour hoarding door bedrijven. Personeelsbeleid en strategische overwegingen, Ministry of Social Af-fairs and Employment, The Hague, 2010Kettner, A., Labour shortages, skills shortages and recruitment difficulties, notions and ways forward for companies, IAB, Nurem-berg, 2011

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EJMB European Job Mobility BulletinEVM European Vacancy MonitorEURES EURopean Employment ServicesISCED International Standard Classification of Education (1, 2 = primary, lower secondary, 3, 4, 5 = upper, post-secondary, 6 = tertiary education) ISCO International Standard Classification of OccupationsNACE Classification of Economic Activities in the European CommunityJVS Job Vacancy Statistics (EUROSTAT)

Job vacancy (definition EC)The official definition of a job vacancy is included in Ar-ticle 2 of Regulation (EC) No 453/2008 and is used by EU-ROSTAT. A job vacancy shall mean a paid post that is ne-wly created, unoccupied, or about to become vacant: a) for which the employer is taking active steps and is prepared to take further steps to find a suitable candi-date from outside the enterprise concerned, and b) which the employer intends to fill either immediately or wit-hin a specific period of time. This is a ‘stock’ number. Job-findersJob-finders are people who are employed in a ‘reference week’ of that quarter and have started their job in a month, or, at most, three months earlier than the month of the ‘re-ference week’. The number of job-finders is calculated quar-terly using the EU Labour Force Survey supplied by Eurostat. Stock, inflows and outflowsA ‘stock’ number is a statistical term measuring a vari-able at a certain moment in time. For example, the num-ber of job vacancies available in Germany at 1 January 2011. A ‘flow’ number is measured in a period of time. For example, the ‘inflow’ is the number of new vacancies in the first half year of January. Obviously, this number is always higher than the stock number, because some va-cancies are immediately filled and others are withdrawn. Job vacancy rateThe Job Vacancy Rate (‘JVR’) is the proportion of total posts that are vacant: the number of job vacancies divi-ded by the number of occupied posts plus the number of job vacancies. For these purposes, ‘employment’ only re-fers to the employees on the payroll, excluding the self-employed. This is a ‘stock’ figure. The ‘JVR’ is often used to contrast with the unemployment rate, showing the in-

verse relation between job vacancies and unemployment. Job-finder rate The job-finder rate (JFR) is the number of job-finders com-pared to employment (the number of employed people). The job-finder rate is a proxy for the vacancy mobility rate. Vacancy mobility rateThe job vacancy mobility (VMR) is the ratio between the number of filled job vacancies and employment (number of employees). The number of job-finders is used as a proxy for the number of filled job vacancies. This indicator re-flects the dynamics at the demand side of the labour market. Job vacancy durationThe job vacancy duration is the period a vacancy is open. As the counterpart of the period of unemployment, the vacancy duration is important in the analysis of the labour market. The vacancy duration can be calculated on the basis of the ratio between the stock and the flows of vacancies, and vice versa. Job vacancy range or market rangeThe job vacancy range or market range of a recruitment channel (for example the PES) is the number of job vacan-cies that has been reported in this channel, set off against the total number of job vacancies in the total labour mar-ket. This can be stock, inflow or outflow information. Job vacancy share or market shareThe job vacancy share or market share of a recruitment channel (for example a PES) is the number of job vacan-cies that has been filled by the specific channel, set off against the total number of filled job vacancies in the la-bour market. By definition, this is outflow information.

LFS Labour Force Survey (EUROSTAT)PES Public Employment ServicesQ1 First quarter of the yearTAW Temporary Agency Work(er)TWA Temporary Work Agency

ANNEX A3 DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS

Documents

European V acancy Monitor - Unict