European Research Group on Mobile Emission Sources...S. Malfettani, G. Zamboni, C. Carraro, M. Capobianco – ERMES group annual plenary meeting - Bruxelles, September 2012 3 Activities

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ICEG activities on PTWs and HDVs emissions

S. Malfettani, G. Zamboni, C. Carraro, M. Capobianco

Internal Combustion Engines Group (ICEG)

Department of Mechanical, Energetic, Management and Transportation Engineering

(DIME)

University of Genoa

European Research Group

on Mobile Emission Sources annual plenary meeting

Bruxelles, 27 - 28 September 2012

S. Malfettani, G. Zamboni, C. Carraro, M. Capobianco – ERMES group annual plenary meeting - Bruxelles, September 2012 2

The Internal Combustion Engines Group (ICEG) is currently involved in four main thematic areas related to the following aspects:

- Experimental investigations on spark ignition and diesel engines

- Bio-diesel characterisation on a CFR engine

- Automotive intake and exhaust system components performance definition

- Road vehicles exhaust emissions evaluation


Activities on road vehicle emissions

- Development of a code for the evaluation of exhaust emissions from a waste

collection vehicles fleet taking into account the specific mission profile

(in cooperation with the Azienda Multiservizi e d’Igiene Urbana of Genoa (AMIU), properly divided according to the different performed services: waste collection, transportation and disposal, streets

cleaning, containers cleaning and auxiliary jobs)

- Experimental definition of real driving conditions for cars and motorcycles on

typical routes with particular reference to the urban environment, through

instantaneous speed measurements with a GPS system

(in cooperation with the Environment Department of the Genoa Provincial Administration)

- Experimental definition of hot and cold emission factors of powered two

wheelers on different driving cycles

(jointly developed with Istituto Motori – CNR of Naples)

- Characterization of driving patterns and operations of HDVs in Genoa port area

and evaluation of related exhaust emissions and fuel consumption

(in cooperation with IFSTTAR)


PTWs emissions

Evaluation of cold and hot emission of powered two wheelers in urban traffic conditions

Different representative speed profiles were selected for chassis

dynamometer tests to measure PTW exhaust emissions

A number of instantaneous speed acquisition with a GPS system have been performed with several scooters (engine displacement of 125 or 150 cm3) in four hourly intervals considering different urban trips in Genoa urban environment


PTWs emissions

A wide investigation on motorcycles and mopeds cold start emissions is being performed using several normalized and real world driving cycles on the Istituto Motori chassis bench.

Instantaneous emission measurements allow to analyse cold transient, focusing on the evaluation of extra-emissions, duration and travelled distance

The influence of engine operating parameters (excess air ratio λ, inlet

catalyst temperature, etc.) is taken into account

Cold start phase is being investigated for different motorcycle classes (defined according to the regulation phase, engine working principle and after-treatment system characteristics).


HDVs emissions

Evaluation of the emission contribution of Heavy duty vehicles (HDVs) reaching/leaving the Genoa urban area

throw highways accesses

Different investigations were recently developed outlining a lack of information on HDV activities in urban environment, in terms of circulating fleet, mileage and speed patterns, thus limiting the possibility of evaluating their influence on pollutant emission and energy consumption.

A specific study is being performed on the HDV flows entering and leaving the urban area at the different highway exits and having the port as Origin –

Destination point


HDVs emissions

Over 2500 vehicles per day cross the

Genoa urban area to reach the port (2008 data)

They represent the 44% of the Genoa

tollgate HDV traffic

More than 50% of these vehicles are

TT/AT over 28 tons

Correlating the highway and port data was possible to quantify the most common HD vehicle classes entering and leaving the port area

Classes are defined according to axle number and vehicle full load mass


HDVs emissions

For each port gate the typical urban trips linking it to the highway exits were identified.

Using a technical survey the relevant mission profiles were identified in terms of operating phases, travelled distances, vehicle speed, engine idling or switched-off, etc.

The evaluation of the related fuel consumption and exhaust emissions can be a difficult task if emission models based on average speed functions are applied.


HDVs emissions

Phase Duration

[min:s] Average speed

[km/h] Distance

[m]

P1 21:47 1.4 520

P2 01:37 12.5 337

P3 15:51 0.05 13

P4 00:45 16.2 203

P5 01:32 19.5 499

Total 41:34 2.3 1572

To define the most representative speed patterns through a proper statistical data processing, instantaneous speed measurements are being performed on the typical

urban trips with a GPS instrument fitted on different HDVs

Even if in the assumed mission profile lowest speed values were expected for each single step, the overall experimental average speed proved to be very low. Moreover, a strong difference among the first phase and the others was apparent, in terms of traffic situation and average speed.


HDVs emissions

In collaboration with IFSTTAR, PHEM model was applied to estimate emission and fuel

consumption factors using the selected speed profile for different HDV classes

The comparison with COPERT and HBEFA models shows significant differences, mainly

related to the very low speed levels in real conditions.


HDVs emissions

A number of further steps are scheduled with a view to deepen different issues of this investigation:

- enhancement of the experimental database on speed profiles, taking also into account the connections between highway network and port accesses, with an aim to define the representative speed patterns through a dedicated processing procedure

- a more extended fuel consumption and exhaust emissions calculation applying PHEM model will then be performed, aiming at evaluating the contribution of the HDV fleet involved in port activities to the total emissions and energy consumption related to road transport within the Genoa urban area

- all the developed methodologies will then be available for the application in different urban and port zones.


M. Capobianco, M. Cerulli, P. Cinquetti, G. Zamboni – “Exhaust Emissions from a Waste Collection Vehicles Fleet: a Case Study” – SAE Paper 2005-24-23, 7th International Conference on Engines for Automobile (ICE2005), Capri, 2005.

M. Capobianco, G. Zamboni – “On the Definition of Two Wheelers Exhaust Emission Factors” – 2nd Conference Environment and Transport including 15th Conference Transport and Air Pollution Reims, 2006.

G. Zamboni, C. Carraro, M. V. Prati, M. A. Costagliola, M. Bonfantini – “Cold Emissive Behaviour of Motorcycles” – 8th International Conference on Engines for Automobile (ICE 2007), Naples, 2007, SAE Paper 2007-24-0111.

G. Zamboni, M. Capobianco, E. Daminelli – “Estimation of road vehicle exhaust emissions from 1992 to 2010 and comparison with air quality measurements in Genoa, Italy” – Atmospheric Environment Volume 43, Issue 5, pp. 1086 - 1092, 2009.

G. Zamboni, C. Carraro, M. Capobianco – “On-road instantaneous speed measurements on powered two-wheelers for exhaust emission and fuel consumption evaluation” – Energy 36, pp. 1039-1047, 2011.

M. V. Prati, G. Zamboni, M. A. Costagliola, G. Meccariello, C. Carraro, M. Capobianco – “Influence of driving cycles on Euro 3 scooter emissions and fuel consumption” – Energy Conversion and Management 52, pp. 33279-3336, 2011.

G. Zamboni, S. Malfettani, M. André, C. Carraro, S. Marelli, M. Capobianco – “Characterization of Driving Patterns and Operations of Heavy Duty Vehicles in a Port Area and Their Influence on Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Consumption Evaluation Through Different Emission Models” – paper accepted for ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition, Houston, November 2012 , IMECE2012-86303.

Thank you for the attention

www.iceg.unige.it

Stefano Malfettani: [email protected]

Giorgio Zamboni: [email protected]

ICEG bibliography and contacts

Documents

European Research Group on Mobile Emission Sources...S. Malfettani, G. Zamboni, C. Carraro, M. Capobianco – ERMES group annual plenary meeting - Bruxelles, September 2012 3 Activities