Chapter 1 Section 1 Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
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Preview: During the Middle Ages there were times of war and
plague. People wanted to celebrate life and the human spirit. They
began to question institutions of the Middle Ages that hadnt
prevented war or relieved suffering. This included questioning the
Catholic Church.
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I. Italys Advantages A. Renaissance (1300-1600) 1. Creativity
in art, word and thought 2. Means rebirth 3. Revival of art and
learning from classical Greece and Rome
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4. Led to innovations in art and literature and new values such
as the importance of the individual 5. Spread from northern Italy
to the rest of Europe
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B. Italys Advantages 1. City states and towns areas where ideas
were exchanged a. Plague killed about 60% b. Those remaining could
ask for higher wages c. Merchants pursued art
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2. Wealthy merchant class a. Merchants dominated politics b.
Did not inherit social rank like nobles made it by wits c. Ex.
Medici family in Florence
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3. Influence of Greece and Rome a. Scholars wanted to return to
learning of Greeks and Romans b. Artists drew inspiration from
Roman ruins c. Studied ancient Latin manuscripts d. Preserved Greek
manuscripts in war times
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II. Classical and Worldly Values A. Classics lead to humanism
1.Humanism intellectual movement that focused on human potential
and achievements 2. Scholars studied classical texts to review
Greek values rather than how they applied to Christianity
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3. Influenced artists and architects 4. Led to creation of the
study of the humanities ex. history. literature and philosophy
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B. Worldly Pleasures 1. Past demonstrate piety (faithfulness)
by wearing rough clothes and eating plain foods 2. Renaissance okay
to enjoy life without offending God 3. Secular (worldly) people
concerned more with the present
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C. Patrons of the Arts 1. Patrons supporters of the arts and
artists 2. Many were supported by leaders of the Catholic Church 3.
Merchants and wealthy families were also patrons 4. Donating art to
churches or cities established importance
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D. Renaissance Man 1. Idea that all educated people should
create art 2. Idea that all should be well-rounded Renaissance Man
3. Ex. B. Castiglione The Courtier taught how to become this
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E. Renaissance Woman 1. Upper class women should know the
classics and be charming 2. Should not seek fame but should inspire
art 3. Some exceptions Isabella DEste, Catherine de Medici
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III. Renaissance Revolutionizes Art A. Painting and Sculpture
1. Styles changed began use of perspective (3D on flat canvas) 2.
Portrayed religious and secular subjects as they saw them realistic
style 3. Painted individuals and showed their feelings and showed
the human body realistically 4. Ex. Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael
Sanzio, Michelangelo, Donatello, Sofonisba Anguissola, Artemisia
Gentileschi
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B. Renaissance Literature 1. Changes in style a. Use of
vernacular (native language) instead of Latin b. Ex. Dante wrote in
Italian c. Wrote for self-expression d. Wrote about individuality
of subjects
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2. Francesco Petrarch a. Father of Ren. Humanism b. Poet
Italian and Latin c. Sonnets Laura 3. Giovanni Boccaccio a. The
Decameron b. Tragic and comic view of life
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4. Niccolo Machiavelli a. The Prince b. Political guidebook c.
Real world of power and politics do whatever is necessary while
appearing as honest and trustworthy
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5. Vittoria Colonna a. Female writer/poet b. In touch with
Michelangelo and helped Castiglione publish
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Chapter 1 Section 2 The Northern Renaissance Preview: By the
late 1400s, the works of da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael and others
spread to areas of Northern Europe, including England, France,
Germany, and Flanders (today part of France and the
Netherlands.)
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I. The Northern Renaissance Begins A. After the plague and the
end of the Hundred Years War populations in Europe grew B. As
wealth grew, patronage of the arts grew, first with rich merchants
in Flanders C. Rulers in England and France became patrons Ex.
Francis I of France and da Vinci
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D. Northern Renaissance developed its own style especially
realism E. Some northern humanists developed plans for changing
society based on Judeo- Christian values
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II. Artistic Ideas Spread A. Warfare forced some artists
northward and others who trained in Italy returned to Northern
Europe B. Germany 1. Albrecht Durer woodcuts, engravings, helped
spread style 2. Hans Holbein the Youner-portraits with realism
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C. Flemish (Flanders) 1. Jan van Eyck oil painting 2. Peter
Bruegel the Elder - everyday life, crowds, colors and details
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III. Northern Writers A. Writers wanted to revive classic
languages and texts B. Northern writers used these to examine the
teachings of the Catholic Church which they felt didnt teach people
to live a Christian life C. Known as Christian Humanists new
movement to reform society
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D. Desiderius Erasmus best known Christian humanist believed
that to improve society people should study the Bible E. Thomas
Moore Utopia tried to show an ideal society without greed,
corruption or war wrote in Latin
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F. Womens reforms 1. Those who could afford to educate their
children educated their sons, not their daughters 2. Christine de
Pizan highly educated, spoke out for education of all; one of first
European writers to question different treatment of boys and
girls
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IV. The Elizabethan Age A. Renaissance spread to England in the
mid-1500s B. 1558-1603 Elizabethan Age C. Named for Queen Elizabeth
I reigned from 1558-1603 D. Supported development of English art
and culture
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E. William Shakespeare most famous writer of the age 1. Revered
the classics 2. Used them for inspiration 3. Revealed the souls
through scenes of conflict
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V. Printing Spreads Renaissance Ideas A. Chinese invented types
of printing B. Johann Gutenberg, 1440 1. Developed printing press
2. German 3. 1455 Bible printed with moveable type 4. Could print
hundreds of copies of a single work 5. Book prices dropped 6.
Religious works then other types travel, medical, etc.
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VI. Legacy of the Renaissance A. Period of great social and
artistic change B. Break from ideas centered around the Church C.
Belief in the individual led to democratic ideas D. Movable type
printing led to the spread of ideas E. Changes in the arts F.
Changes in society
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Chapter 1 Section 3 Luther Leads the Reformation Preview:
People began to criticize the Catholic Church saying its leaders
were too interested in earthly pursuits such as gaining political
power and wealth
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I. Causes of the Reformation A. Many forces weakened the power
of the Catholic Church: 1. Emphasis on the importance of the
individual challenged Church authority 2. The printing press helped
spread the ideas 3. Rulers challenged the Churchs power ex. Germany
4. Northern merchants resented paying taxes to Rome 5. Created
demand for change
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B. Criticisms of the Catholic Church 1. Critics claimed the
leaders were corrupt 2. Popes spent money on arts, personal
pleasures, and fought wars 3. Lower clergy many poorly educated or
broke vows
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C. Calls for reform 1. Influenced by reformers, people felt
that priests should meet a higher standard of conduct 2. John
Wycliffe (England) and Jan Hus (Bohemia)called for reform said the
pope did not have worldly power
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3. Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More Christian humanists for
reform 4. People were reading the texts and forming own
opinions
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II. Luther Challenges the Church A.Martin Luther monk and
teacher German B. 1517 Friar John Tetzel selling indulgences
(pardons from sin) pay, sins forgiven
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C.***Luther wrote the 95 Theses attacking the Pardon merchants
D. Posted these on the cathedral doors at Wittenberg E. Theses
taken to printer and circulated
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F.Start of the Reformation movement for religious reform G.
**Led to the founding of churches that did not accept the popes
authority H. Luthers main ideas 1. Achieve salvation through faith
alone, not faith and good works 2. All Church teachings should be
based on words from the Bible 3. All people with faith were equal
no need for priests to interpret the Bible for them
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III. The Response to Luther A. Many who had been unhappy saw
Luthers protest as a way to challenge the Church B. Pope Leo X
excommunicated Luther C. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued Edict
of Worms calling Luther a heretic and outlaw
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D. Prince Frederick of Saxony hid Luther ; Luther translated
the New Testament into German E. **When Luther returned to
Wittenberg he found that his ideas were in practice as the
Lutherans or Lutheran Church
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F. Peasants revolt 1. 1524 German peasants revolted Luther
supported the German princes 2. Revolt was crushed peasants
rejected Luthers religious leadership
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G. Germany at war 1. Northern German princes supported Luthers
beliefs 2. Some agrees with beliefs while others wanted to be able
to seize church property and become independent from the HRE
Charles V 3. **1529 Princes loyal to the pope vs. those who
supported Luther
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4. Luthers supporters signed a protest against those loyal to
the pope 5. *****became known as the Protestants Christians
belonging to non-Catholic churches 6. War settled by Peace of
Augsburg in 1555 said German rulers could determine which religion
their areas would follow
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IV. England Becomes Protestant A. Henry VIII 1. Catholic pope
named him Defender of the Faith 2. Needed a male heir 3. One
daughter Mary, but no woman had been leader of England 4. Wanted
marriage annulled so could remarry and have a son but Pope refused
(Henrys wife was the aunt of the HRE, Charles V)
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5. 1529 called Parliament into session passed laws ending the
popes power in England (Reformation Parliament) 6. 1533 Married
Anne Boleyn and Parliament legalized his divorce from Catherine 7.
Act of Supremacy 1535 said Henry was the official head of the
English Church 8. Some opposition ex. Thomas More found guilty of
treason and executed
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B. Consequences 1. Anne had a daughter (Elizabeth) was charged
with treason and beheaded 2. Henry married Jane Seymour had one son
then died 3. Henry was married 3 more times no more children
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4. All three children ruled a. Edward became king at 9 led by
Protestant advisors only ruled for 6 years b. Mary Catholic had
Protestants executed c. Elizabeth began rule in 1558
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C. Elizabeth and Protestantism 1. 1559 Parliament set up the
Church of England or Anglican Church 2. Only legal church in
England 3. Made changes a. Priests could marry b. Sermons in
English not Latin c. Changes in services to be more pleasing to
Catholics
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D. Elizabeths Other Challenges 1. Challenges from Protestants
and Catholics 2. Money concerns 3. Fear of Philip II of Spain
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Chapter 1 Section 4 The Reformation Continues Preview:
Protestantism spread to other areas of Europe. I.Calvin Continues
the Reformation A. Huldrych Zwingli Switzerland 1. called for
reform 2. wanted believers to have more control over the Church
3.war broke out, Zwingli was killed
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B. John Calvin 1536, published Institutes of the Christian
Religion 1. Summary of Protestant theology (religious beliefs) 2.
Cannot earn salvation 3. Said God chooses those to save the elect
known to God from beginning of time
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4. **called predestination 5. Religion called Calvinism 6. 1541
Calvin controlled Geneva theocracy 7. Strict rules, religion
classes, punishment for not following, model city?
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II. Spread of Calvinism A. Scotland John Knox Presbyterians B.
France Protestants were called Huguenots clashed with Catholics St.
Bartholomews Day massacre 1572
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III. Other Protestant Reformers A. Groups began to interpret
the Bible and had differences in beliefs B. Anabaptists adult
baptism, church and state should be separate, refused to fight in
wars, shared possessions
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C. Other Protestants and Catholics both persecuted the
Anabaptists D. Forerunners of the Mennonites and the Amish;
influenced the Quakers and Baptists
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IV. Women in the Reformation A. Francis I, Marguerite of
Navarre protected Calvin while he was in France B. Katherina von
Bora Luthers wife; former nun, married and had children, managed
finances and fed all C. Womens roles were limited to the home, not
the church
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V. The Catholic Reformation A. Reform of the Church from Within
1. Ignatius of Loyola a. Society of Jesus Jesuits b. Founded
schools c. Convert non-Catholics sent out missionaries d. Stop
spread of Protestantism
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2. Pope Paul III 1534-1549 a. Council of cardinals to
investigate sale of indulgences b. Approved the Jesuit order c.
Inquisition to punish heretics d. Council of Trent agreed on
specific doctrines of the Church 3. Pope Paul IV a. Carried out
Councils decrees b. Index of Forbidden Books destroy these
including Protestant Bibles
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V. The Legacy of the Reformation A. Set the stage for the
modern world B. Ended the Christian unity of Europe C. Left Europe
culturally divided D. Protestant churches grew and denominations
developed E. Catholic Church more unified
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F. More emphasis on education parish schools, universities G.
Monarchs and states gained power as the power of the Church
declined H. Led to modern nation-states leaders sought power
through warfare, exploration and expansion I. *Led to questioning
beliefs and authority, leading to the Enlightenment