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7/31/2019 European & New World Farmers
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Early Farmers in Europe
Neolithic 7/4000-3000 BC
Copper Age 6/5000-3000 BC
Bronze Age 3000-1000 BC
Iron Age 1000 BC-AD 1
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Spread of Food Production
7000 BC: southeastern Europe
6000 BC: central & western Europe
inland
5000 BC: temperate Europe
4000 BC: northern Europe
ou eas ernEurope
or wes ernEurope
ou ernEurope
2000 BC
3000 BC
5000 BC
6000 BC
7000 BC
8000 BC
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Neolithic Europe
loess belt river valleys
Bandkeramik Culture
ca. 5000 BC
linear designs on pottery
longhouses w/ 40-60 people
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European Megalithsca. 4000 BC
British Isles
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menhir large, free-standingstone
dolmen roofed chamber
henge enclosed space,often with a ditch
menhir
dolmen
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Menhirs
Carnac, France - ~3000 stones
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Dolmenschamber or tomb
processed bodies few grave goodsdolmens sometimes buried
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Stonehenge
Salisbury Plain, England
multiple building stages
ca. 3000 1500 BC
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7000 BC
hammered copper
Near East
4000 BC
,
copper imported to N. Europe
Bronze Age -1 - egean
2000-800 BC - N. Europe
Iron Age
2000 BC Turkey
800 BC northern Europe
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Archaic Period in Mesoamerica8000 2000 BC
Increased emphasison plants and small
-domestication
settlement patterns
Sedentar life-wa s
by end of period
Diego Rivera (1924)
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omest cate ants
squash & gourd 8000 BC
avocado 7500 BC
chili peppers 4500 BC
maize 3500 BC
tobacco ?
cacao ?
Cacao pods
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omest cate n ma s
dogs
? stingless honey bee
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Selection for Certain Traits
teosinte maize
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EarlyDomesticatesused as floats,
containers, andother non-food
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Tehuacan Valley, Puebla, Mexico
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Richard (Scotty) S. MacNeish
uerea o , - c
Paleoindian - megafauna
-
seasonal macrobands
-
squash, gourds, wild beans
Abe as 3400-2300 bc
corn, permanent camps
Purron (2300-1500 bc)
1st pottery in area
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Guila Naquitz Oaxaca Valley
y
wild plants - corn,maguey, mesquiteseeds
squash by 8000 BC August-December
(rainy season)occupation
eating smaller foodpackets through time
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Explanation for Domestication
K. Flannery & R. S. MacNeish ecological approach resource push
movement b/w ecozones introduces plants fromone area into another
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Archaic Pacific Coast
Barbara Voorhies
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Collectors
pre-agr cu ura se en sm
corn adopted from outside
the region
grafted onto a pre-existingmodel
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South American Domesticates
Early Plants
squash & gourd 8000 BC
co on
lima beans 3000 BCchili peppers 3000 BC
qu noa
potatoes 2000 BC
tobacco ?
Early AnimalsDog ?
llama/ alpaca 3000 BC
guinea pig 3000 BC
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Guitarrero Cave, Peru
8000 BP wild limabeans (from Amazon)
also tubers, squash,and chili peppers
, ,camelids, birds
Early
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North America
Early Plant Domesticates
ourds & s uash 2500 BC
sunflower 2200 BCsumpweed 2000 BC
squash (Cucurbita pepo)
Early Animal Domesticatesgoosefoot (Chenopodium)
dog
marsh elder(Iva annua)
sunflower(Helianhus annus)