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European Nationalism NotesEuropean Nationalism Notes
Main Idea: The rise of nationalism caused the Main Idea: The rise of nationalism caused the formation of two new nations and a new political formation of two new nations and a new political
order in Europe.order in Europe.
Warm-UpWarm-Up What is your favorite sports team?What is your favorite sports team? What would you do to support your favorite sports team?What would you do to support your favorite sports team? Would you put on a t-shirt with the team mascot to show support?Would you put on a t-shirt with the team mascot to show support? Would you go to a game with your t-shirt on and your face totally painted to Would you go to a game with your t-shirt on and your face totally painted to
show how much you love your team and how dedicated you are to show how much you love your team and how dedicated you are to supporting your team?supporting your team?
If your team had lost most of their games for the season and only won two If your team had lost most of their games for the season and only won two would your still show your loyalty and dedication for your team?would your still show your loyalty and dedication for your team?
If someone from another team talked trash about your team and bragged If someone from another team talked trash about your team and bragged about how much better their team is than yours, how far would you go to about how much better their team is than yours, how far would you go to stand up for your team?stand up for your team?
Would you be willing to die for your team?Would you be willing to die for your team?
What does this cartoon mean to you? Explain.What does this cartoon mean to you? Explain.
Nationalism: A Force for Good or Evil?Nationalism: A Force for Good or Evil?
Two Perspectives of NationalismTwo Perspectives of Nationalism Nationalists use their common bonds to build Nationalists use their common bonds to build
nation-statesnation-states Rulers use nationalism to unify their subjectsRulers use nationalism to unify their subjects
Three types of nationalist movements:Three types of nationalist movements: Unification - merges culturally similar landsUnification - merges culturally similar lands Separation - splits off culturally distinct groupsSeparation - splits off culturally distinct groups State-building - binds separate cultures into oneState-building - binds separate cultures into one
Nationalism Shakes Aging EmpiresNationalism Shakes Aging Empires 2 major empires of Eastern and Central Europe 2 major empires of Eastern and Central Europe
were Austrians and Ottoman Turks were Austrians and Ottoman Turks Included diverse ethnic groups Included diverse ethnic groups Nationalist feelings amongst these groups Nationalist feelings amongst these groups
contributed to tension across Europecontributed to tension across Europe
Nationalism Shakes Aging EmpiresNationalism Shakes Aging Empires
Breakup of Austrian Breakup of Austrian EmpireEmpire Austria included people Austria included people
from many ethnic groupsfrom many ethnic groups 1866 defeat in Austro-1866 defeat in Austro-
Prussian War (Seven Prussian War (Seven Weeks War) and Weeks War) and Hungarian nationalism Hungarian nationalism forced emperor to divide forced emperor to divide empire into Austria and empire into Austria and HungaryHungary
• Still ruled by emperorStill ruled by emperor
Austria-Hungary flag represents two kingdoms ruled by one emperor. This was a concession to Hungarian nationalism.
Nationalism Shakes Aging EmpiresNationalism Shakes Aging Empires
Nationalism Shakes Aging EmpiresNationalism Shakes Aging Empires
Nationalism Shakes Aging EmpiresNationalism Shakes Aging Empires
The Russian Empire CrumblesThe Russian Empire Crumbles After 370 years, Russian czars begin losing control After 370 years, Russian czars begin losing control
over their empireover their empire RussificationRussification—forcing other peoples to adopt —forcing other peoples to adopt
Russian cultureRussian culture• Policy further weakens Russia, and strengthens ethnic Policy further weakens Russia, and strengthens ethnic
nationalismnationalism
Nationalism Shakes Aging EmpiresNationalism Shakes Aging Empires The Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire
WeakensWeakens Internal tensions Internal tensions
among ethnic groups among ethnic groups weakens the empireweakens the empire
Rulers grant Rulers grant citizenship to all citizenship to all groups, outraging groups, outraging TurksTurks
Nationalism Shakes Aging EmpiresNationalism Shakes Aging Empires
Case Study: Italy’s UnificationCase Study: Italy’s Unification Cavour Unites ItalyCavour Unites Italy
Italy forms territory from crumbling empiresItaly forms territory from crumbling empires Had not experienced political unity since Roman timesHad not experienced political unity since Roman times 1815-1848 Italian patriots push for independence from 1815-1848 Italian patriots push for independence from
foreign rulersforeign rulers Between 1820 and 1848 nationalist revolts exploded across Between 1820 and 1848 nationalist revolts exploded across
the regionthe regionEach time Austria sent troops to crush the rebelsEach time Austria sent troops to crush the rebels
Case Study: Italy’s UnificationCase Study: Italy’s Unification
Cavour Leads Italian Cavour Leads Italian UnificationUnification Camillo di CavourCamillo di Cavour—Prime —Prime
Minister of the Kingdom of Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1852Sardinia in 1852
Gets French help to win Gets French help to win control of Austrian-control of Austrian-controlled Italian landcontrolled Italian land
Case Study: ItalyCase Study: Italy Garibaldi Brings UnityGaribaldi Brings Unity
Giuseppe GaribaldiGiuseppe Garibaldi—leads —leads nationalists who conquer southern nationalists who conquer southern ItalyItaly
Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite southern Italy with Sardiniasouthern Italy with Sardinia
Garibaldi steps aside, allowing the Garibaldi steps aside, allowing the King of Sardinia to ruleKing of Sardinia to rule
Control of Venetia and Rome finally Control of Venetia and Rome finally unites Italyunites Italy
Case Study: Germany’s UnificationCase Study: Germany’s Unification
In early 1800s , German-In early 1800s , German-speaking people, Austrians, speaking people, Austrians, and Prussians lived in small and Prussians lived in small and medium-sized statesand medium-sized states
Under Napoleon’s control the Under Napoleon’s control the people of the area united to people of the area united to overthrow himoverthrow him
After Napoleon, the After Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna created Congress of Vienna created the German Confederationthe German Confederation
Ruled by AustriaRuled by Austria
Case Study: Germany’s UnificationCase Study: Germany’s UnificationBeginning in 1815, thirty-nine German states Beginning in 1815, thirty-nine German states
formed the German Confederationformed the German Confederation Prussia leads German unificationPrussia leads German unification
Prussia has advantages that help it to unify Prussia has advantages that help it to unify GermanyGermany• mainly German populationmainly German population• powerful armypowerful army• creation of liberal constitutioncreation of liberal constitution
Case Study: GermanyCase Study: Germany Bismarck Takes ControlBismarck Takes Control
JunkersJunkersconservative wealthy landownersconservative wealthy landownerssupported Prussian King Wilhelm Isupported Prussian King Wilhelm I
RealpolitikRealpolitikPolitical belief that decisions Political belief that decisions
should be made based on reality should be made based on reality of situationof situation
Junker realpolitik master Junker realpolitik master Otto Otto von Bismarckvon Bismarck becomes Prime becomes Prime MinisterMinister
Bismarck defies Prussian Bismarck defies Prussian ParliamentParliament
Case Study: GermanyCase Study: Germany
Prussia ExpandsPrussia Expands Prussia and Austria fight Prussia and Austria fight
Denmark, gain two Denmark, gain two provincesprovinces
Quick victory makes other Quick victory makes other German nations respect German nations respect PrussiaPrussia
Bismarck leads all Bismarck leads all victoriesvictories
Seven Weeks WarSeven Weeks War Bismarck creates a border Bismarck creates a border
dispute with Austria to dispute with Austria to provoke a warprovoke a war
Prussia seizes Austrian Prussia seizes Austrian territory & northern territory & northern GermanyGermany
Eastern and western parts Eastern and western parts of Prussian kingdom are of Prussian kingdom are joined for the first timejoined for the first time
Case Study: GermanyCase Study: Germany The Franco-Prussian The Franco-Prussian
WarWar Bismarck provokes war Bismarck provokes war
with France to unite all with France to unite all GermansGermans
Wilhelm is crowned Wilhelm is crowned KaiserKaiser—emperor of a united —emperor of a united Germany—at VersaillesGermany—at Versailles
Bismarck creates a Bismarck creates a Germany united by Germany united by Prussian dominancePrussian dominance
•Positive perspective•He was the greatest and noblest of Germany’s leaders•Almost singlehandedly unified the nation
•Negative Perspective•He abused his powers and led Germany to dictatorship
•Speeches, letters, memoirs show him to be both crafty and deeply religious
•“It is the destiny of the weak to be devoured by the strong.”•“We Germans shall never wage aggressive war, ambitious war, a war of conquest.”
Bismarck
A Shift in PowerA Shift in Power Balance Is LostBalance Is Lost
In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five powers in In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five powers in Europe:Europe:
• AustriaAustria• PrussiaPrussia• BritainBritain• FranceFrance• RussiaRussia
By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) dominate the By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) dominate the continentcontinent
Austria and Russia are weaker militarily and economicallyAustria and Russia are weaker militarily and economically