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Hernando Cortés and Montezuma II. Art
(19th century), Gallo Gallina.
NEXT
Europeans explore
North America, and
European
colonization has a
strong effect on
Native Americans.
Slavery develops in
the colonies.
European Exploration of the Americas, 1492–1700
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SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
Spain Claims an Empire
European Competition in North America
The Impact of Colonization
European Exploration of the Americas, 1492–1700
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Section 1
Spain Claims an EmpireSpain claims a large empire in the Americas.
Spain and Portugal Compete
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• Treaty of Tordesillas moves Line of
Demarcation 800 miles west:
- Portugal claims much of eastern South
America, Spain claims rest
1
SECTION
Spain Claims an Empire
• European countries have 3 main reasons to
explore:
- spread Christianity beyond Europe
- expand their empires
- become rich
• Mercantilism—country gets rich by having
more exports than imports
• Colonies make parent country rich, give raw
materials, market goods
Map
Europeans Explore Foreign Lands
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1
SECTION
• (1501) Italian Amerigo Vespucci sails to find
route to Asia
• The “Americas” are named after Amerigo
Vespucci
• Realizes land he sees on voyage is not Asia
• Spaniard Vasco Núñez de Balboa reaches
Pacific Ocean (1513)
• Portuguese sailor Ferdinand Magellan sails
west to Asia, dies during trip
• Crew finishes voyage, become 1st people to
sail around the world
Image
NEXT
1
SECTION
• Conquistadors—soldiers explore Americas,
claim them for Spain
• Aztec emperor Montezuma greets Cortes
warmly, relations collapse
• Conquistador Hernando Cortés, troops land
in Mexico (1519)
• Spaniards, allies conquer Aztec empire
• Spaniards driven out, regroup, smallpox
weakens Aztecs
The Invasion of the Americas
Continued . . .
Map
continued The Invasion of the Americas
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1
SECTION
• Conquistador Francisco Pizarro conquers
Inca empire in Peru (1531)
• Spanish defeat Aztec, Inca empires for 3 main
reasons:
- spread of European diseases, kill millions of
Native Americans
- Spanish are excellent soldiers, sailors, have
superior weapons
- Spain’s alliances with Native American
enemies of Aztecs, Incas
Other Spanish Explorers
1
SECTION
• Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca hears rumors
about cities of gold
• All 3 expeditions fail to find fabled cities of gold
NEXT
• 3 Spanish expeditions set out to find these
cities:
- Francisco Vázquez de Coronado explores
southwest
- Hernando de Soto explores southeast
- Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo sails up California
coast
Image
NEXT
Other European countries compete with
Spain for control over territory in the Americas
Section 2
European Competition in North America
The Search for the Northwest Passage
NEXT
2
SECTION
• Northwest Passage—theoretical westward
all-water route:
- through North America to Asia
• John Cabot sails for English, lands in
Newfoundland (1497, 1498)
• Henry Hudson sails for Dutch, explores New
York, Canada (1610)
• Other European explorers set off to find
Northwest Passage
European Competition in North America
• Jacques Cartier, French, explores St.
Lawrence River (1534, 1536)
• For French, Giovanni de Verrazzano explores
Atlantic coast (1524)
Interactive
Spain Responds to Competition
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2
SECTION
• Spain claims North America, angry about
English, French claims
• Spanish troops land nearby, build fort,
St. Augustine, massacre French
• French Protestants, Huguenots found colony,
Fort Caroline (1564)
Image
Spain and England Clash
2
SECTION
• Spain plots to dethrone Protestant Queen
Elizabeth I of England
• English attack Spanish galleons laden with
gold, silver
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• Englishman Sir Francis Drake, 3-year voyage,
plunders Spanish ships
• Returns home with crew in 1580, 1st
Englishman to sail around world
The Defeat of the Spanish Armada
2
SECTION
• Angry at English, Spain’s king sends Spanish
Armada (1588) to:
- conquer England
- restore Catholicism to England
• Using smaller, faster craft, English defeat the
Spanish warships
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• Spain rebuilds navy, keeps colonies, never
regains power had in 1588
• England remains independent, Protestant,
Spain’s image suffers
• England challenges Spanish claims in North
America
• Slow to colonize, private citizens, not state,
must finance colonies
Image
NEXT
2
SECTION
• Frenchman Samuel de Champlain explores
St. Lawrence River
• Founds Quebec, 1st permanent French
settlement in North America
• Opens fur trade with Native Americans, colony
called New France
The French and Dutch Seek Trade
• Dutch build colony called New Netherland,
present-day New York• Buy Manhattan Island from Native Americans
(1626)
• Start town of New Amsterdam on Manhattan,
site of New York City
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Spanish rule in the Americas has terrible
consequences for Native Americans and
Africans.
Section 3
The Impact of Colonization
Life in Spanish America
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• Spain’s American empire, 2 provinces
(viceroyalties), New Spain, Peru
3
SECTION
• Society in the Spanish colonies is divided into
4 classes:
- Spanish hold most power
- Creoles—Spanish descent, born in colonies
- Mestizos—mixed Spanish, Native American
ancestry
- Native Americans, enslaved Africans least
power
• Catholic Church builds missions—settlements
with church, town, farms
The Impact of Colonization
Continued . . .
Map
continued Life in Spanish America
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3
SECTION
• Missions try to convert Native Americans,
increase Spanish land control
• Spanish rulers create large estates called
haciendas:
- provide food for the colony
- often become plantations
• Some Spanish colonists get encomiendas—
grants, Native American labor
• Plantations—large farms, cash crops, force
Native Americans to work
• Popé leads Pueblo in rebellion against
Spanish (1680)
• Missionary Bartolomé de Las Casas fights
abuse of Native Americans
Image
The Emergence of American Slavery
3
SECTION
• Many Native Americans die from overwork,
European diseases
• Slavery—practice of holding person in
bondage for labor
Continued . . .
NEXT
continued The Emergence of American Slavery
NEXT
3
SECTION
• Europeans use enslaved Africans for 4
reasons:
- Africans immune to most European
diseases
- Africans have no friends, family in Americas
to rebel, escape
- enslaved Africans provide permanent
source of cheap labor
- many Africans worked on farms in their
native lands
Continued . . .
continued The Emergence of American Slavery
NEXT
3
SECTION
• African Diaspora—forced removal, Africans
to Americas for slave labor
• By late 1800s, about 12 million Africans,
enslaved, sent to Americas
• Middle passage—voyage of slave ships,
Africa to America
• Triangular trade—movement of trade ships,
Europe, Africa, Americas
• About 2 million Africans die during middle
passage
• Survivors work as servants, do forced labor in
farms, mines
Continued . . .
Chart
continued The Emergence of American Slavery
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3
SECTION
• Slave codes—law to control, punish slaves,
prevent rebellion
• Europeans connect slavery with black
Africans:
- dark skin with inferiority
• Racism—belief that some people inferior
because of their race
• Trade lasts 400 years, by 1700s all American
colonies have slaves
• Africans cling to their cultures, heritage to help
survive slavery
• Slave trade creates common African culture in
Americas
The Columbian Exchange
3
SECTION
• Arrival of Europeans starts Columbian
Exchange
• Includes germs, cause diseases, Native
Americans have no immunity
• Columbian Exchange—transfer, living things,
East, West hemispheres
• Causes huge loss of Native American life
NEXT
• Spanish bring many plants, animals that thrive
in Americas
• American crops become part of European diet,
feed hungry
Chart
Map
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