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European Antitrust Policy 1957-2004 An Analysis of Commission Decisions. EC Competition Enforcement Data, Amsterdam April 10, 2008 Martin Carree Andrea Guenster Maarten Pieter Schinkel. Agenda. European Antitrust Policy Commission Decisions over Time by Type and Origin - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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European Antitrust Policy 1957-2004 An Analysis of Commission
Decisions
EC Competition Enforcement Data, AmsterdamApril 10, 2008
Martin Carree
Andrea Guenster
Maarten Pieter Schinkel
2
Agenda• European Antitrust Policy
• Commission Decisions over Time by Type and Origin
• Commission Decisions by Type of Economic Conduct
• Commission Decisions by Economic Sector
• Enforcement of the Competition Rules
• Findings of an Infringement
• Remedies and Sanctions
• Appeals before the CFI and the ECJ
3
European Antitrust Policy• Literature Review
Posner (1970, 2001)
Gallo et al. (1985, 1986, 2000, 2001)
Davies et al. (1999) and Lauk (2002)
Gual et al., Harding et al. (2005)
• Article 81, 82, 86 and Procedural Issues Reg. 17/62
• Data (538, 1964-04)• Reports of the Commission Decisions Relating to
Competition, 1964-98• Report on Competition Policy (1971) - XXXIV Report on
Competition Policy (2004) • Harding et al. (2005), Ritter et al. (2005), Jones and et al.
(2006), Geraldine et al. (2005)
4
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004
Decisions
5
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004
Interim Measure
Infringement
Exemption
Negative Clearance
6
1964-77
Negative Clearance
24%
Exemption28%
Infringement48%
1978-90
Negative Clearance
15%
Exemption31%
Infringement54%
1991-04
Negative Clearance
7%
Exemption29%
Infringement64%
7
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004
Leniency
Commission
Complaint
Notification
8
1964-77
Notification70%
Complaint9%
Commission21%
1978-90
Notification58%
Complaint18%
Commission24%
1991-04
Notification38%
Complaint24%
Commission24%
Leniency14%
9
Negative Clearance Exemption InfringementInterim
MeasureTotal
Notification 73.25 150.75 62 0 286
Complaint 1.25 1.75 92 4 99
Commission 1 3 119 1 124
Leniency 0 0 29 0 29
Total 75.5 155.5 302 5 538
10
Horizontal41%
Dominance9%
Licensing6%
Vertical23%
Joint Venture11%
Procedural6%
Article 864%
11
Negative Clearance Exemption Infringement Interim Measure Total
Horizontal 29 59 131.83 0 219.8
Dominance 1 0 45.33 3.5 49.83
Licensing 10.5 10.5 9.83 0.5 31.33
Vertical 24 32.5 66.5 1 124
Joint Venture 11 48.5 2 0 61.5
Article 86 0 5 16 0 21
Procedural 0 0 30.5 0 30.5
Total 75.5 155.5 302 5 538
12
1964-77
Horizontal48%
Dominance6%
Licensing9%
Vertical22%
Joint Venture7%
Procedural8%
1978-90
Horizontal37%
Dominance8%Licensing
6%
Vertical28%
Joint Venture12%
Procedural7%
Article 862%
1991-04
Horizontal41%
Dominance12%
Licensing4%
Vertical19%
Joint Venture13%
Procedural3%
Article 868%
13
Negative Clearance Exemption Infringement Total
Agriculture 1 1 11 13
Mining 2.5 0 3.5 6
Manufacturing 91.5 38.5 177 307
Food & Drinks 6 3 31 40
Textile, Leather & Paper 5 3 8 16
Chemicals 24.5 11 49.5 85
Plastics, Rubber & Glass 8 7 34 49
Metal Products & Engineering 48 14.5 54.5 117
Electricity & Gas 5 1 3 9
Construction 0 4 5 9
Trade & Hotels 6.5 14.5 9 30
Transport 9 2 30.5 41.5
Banking & Insurance 13.5 5.5 7 26
Communication 25.5 9 22.5 57
Public Service 1 0 3 4
Total 155.5 75.5 271.5 502.5
14
Horizontal Dominance Licensing Vertical JV Article 86 Total
Agriculture 7 1 2 3 0 0 13
Mining 6 0 0 0 0 0 6
Manufacturing 136.83 23.83 19.83 89.5 37 0 307
Food & Drinks 17 3 5.5 14.5 0 0 40
Textile, Leather & Paper 8 0 3 3 2 0 16
Chemicals 51 8 1 13.5 11.5 0 85
Plastics, Rubber & Glass 27 4 3 11 4 0 49
Metal products & engineering 33.83 8.83 7.33 47.5 19.5 0 117
Electricity & Gas 2 1 2 2 2 0 9
Construction 8 0 0 1 0 0 9
Trade & Hotels 10 0 1.5 18.5 0 0 30
Transport 18.5 10 0 2 4 7 41.5
Banking & Insurance
21 1 0 2 1 1 26
Communication 8.5 8.5 5.5 4 17.5 13 57
Public Service 2 1 0 1 0 0 4
Total 219.83 46.33 30.83 123 61.5 21 502.5
15
1964-77
Food & Drinks9%
Chemicals23%
Plastics, Rubber & Glass
14%
Metal products & Engineering
43%
Trade & Hotels9%
Communication2%
1978-90
Food & Drinks11%
Chemicals20%
Plastics, Rubber & Glass
12%Metal products & Engineering
28%
Trade & Hotels10%
Communication8%
Banking & Insurance
8%
Transport3%
1991-04
Food & Drinks8%
Chemicals16%
Plastics, Rubber & Glass
9%
Metal products & Engineering
13%
Trade & Hotels3%
Communication22%
Banking & Insurance
7%
Transport22%
16
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004
Duration
17
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004
Recitals
18
Commissioner Period Months Decisions Infringements Diligence
Walter Hallstein (acting)
01/58-06/67 113 9 1 0.08
Jean Rey (acting) 06/67-06/70 36 22 3 0.67
Franco M. Malfatti (acting)
06/70-03/72 21 25 11 1.19
Sicco Mansholt (acting)
03/72-01/73 10 13 10 1.30
Francois-Xavier Ortoli (acting)
01/73-07/76 43 25 15 0.58
Raymond Vouel 07/76-01/81 54 56 40 1.04
Frans Andriessen 01/81-01/85 48 63 42 1.31
Peter Sutherland 01/85-01/89 48 77 32 1.60
Leon Brittan 01/89-01/93 48 66 38 1.38
Karel van Miert 01/93-09/99 81 88 41 0.92
Mario Monti 09/99-11/04 50 57 57 0.74
19
Director General Period Months Decisions Infringements Diligence
Meter VerLoren van Themaat
04/58-09/67 113 9 1 0.08
Ernst Albrecht 10/67-12/70 38 25 5 0.66
Willy Schleider 01/71-04/81 124 126 82 1.01
Manfred Caspari 05/81–12/89 107 155 78 1.45
Claus Dieter Ehlermann
03/90–04/95 61 88 49 1.44
Alexander Schlaub
05/1995-08/02
88 97 60 1.10
Philip Lowe 09/02-12/04 27 38 27 1.41
20
1964-77
Horizontal53%
Dominance16%
Licensing6%
Vertical25%
1978-90
Horizontal49%
Dominance15%
Licensing7%
Vertical29%
1991-04
Horizontal55%
Dominance21%
Licensing0%
Vertical24%
21
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004
Total Fine
22
Horizontal Dominance Licensing Vertical
Sum of Fines 1964-77 10,591 1,650 0 506
1978-90 194,975 53,280 145 15,384
1991-04 4,456,228 850,611 795 478,898
Average Fine per Case per Firm 1964-77 45.2 108.9 0 12.7
1978-90 2,223.5 3,977.3 2.8 528.2
1991-04 48,800.2 50,474.3 11.4 21,337.2
23
Marginal Coefficient Coefficient Standard Error
Food & Drinks -0.038 -0.096 0.370
Textile, Leather & Paper -0.125 -0.321 0.567
Chemicals 0.059 0.148 0.348
Plastics, Rubber & Glass
-0.086 -0.216 0.396
Metal products & engineering
-0.121 -0.303 0.347
Trade & Hotels -0.308 -0.774 0.591
Transport -0.218 -0.546 0.386
Banking & Insurance 0.280 0.755 0.614
Communication 0.079 0.197 0.409
Average Party Fine 0.031*** 0.077 0.016
Number of Parties 0.008 0.020 0.011
Duration 0.001 0.002 0.002
Recitals 0.002*** 0.005 0.001
Horizontal 0.041 0.102 0.215
Dominance 0.321*** 0.804 0.281
Vouel -0.026 -0.066 0.323
Andriessen -0.066 -0.167 0.328
Sutherland -0.019 -0.049 0.345
Brittan 0.063 0.157 0.337
van Miert 0.047 0.119 0.380
Monti -0.216 -0.560 0.431
Mean dependent variable 0.46, R²=0.31
24
Conclusion
• Shows tendencies and changes in composition
• Historical changes in legal or procedural settings can be seen
• Case reduction and faster processing achieved
• Efficiency versus effectiveness?
• Network Analysis
• Success of Appeal
• Handbook DGComp