Europe and Christendom before the Crusades and a Brief History of Islam before the 11th

Century

HIST 30049/4/13

Monasticism• Spiritual athletes• Religious professionals removed from the world• The Benedictine Rule:

– Govern the behavior of monks living in monasteries.– Balance of work and devotion.– Obligations of celibacy, poverty, and obedience to the abbot.– Regular clergy: living apart from society. Benedict of Nursira (ca. 480-547)

Cluny Abbey

• Cluny: Benedictine abbey in eastern France– Founded in 910, free from secular and papal authority.– Donation from William I, Duke of Aquitaine– Center of reform movement.– Authority over all other Benedictine abbeys.

The Roman Empire

The Tetrarchy

Germanic Migrations

Divided Western Europe

Manors and Serfs

• Manors: Self-sufficient land holdings

• Serfs: Unfree peasants, exchange labor on manors for military protection.

Early 15th century representation of a French Manor

Feudalism• Network of obligation

• Titles to lands exchanged for military service and loyalty

• Payment of the militaryand government officials through sources of wealth instead of money.

Roland pledges his fealty to Charlemagne

Carolingians (751-ca. 888)

• Charles Martel (737-741)Battle of Tours (732)

• Pepin (751-768)Deposes Merovingian kings with support of Pope Zachary

Charlemagne (r. 768-814)

• Donation of Constantine

• Dec. 25th, 800: Pope Leo IIIcrowns CharlemagneEmperor of Rome

Holy Roman Empire• 962: Otto I, first non-Carolingian Holy Roman Emperor, crowned by Hildebert, Archbishop of Mainz

Investiture Controversy• Who has the right to appoint clergy? Lay lords or the Pope.• Simony• Gregory VII (r. 1073-1085): Reformist pope, assert church authority• Excommunication of Henry IV• Conquest of Rome and establishment of counter pope

Peace and Truce of God

• Attempt to limit violence• Protect non-combatants• Preserve Sundays and holy days• Attempt to exert control over lay leaders• Threats of excommunication

The Origins of Islam

• 610 CE: Muhammad receives first revelations from Jibrail

• 622 CE: Hijra and foundation of the first Muslim community

• 632 CE: Death of Muhammad• Codification of the Qur’an• Spread of Islam

Muhammad and Jibrail

The Rise of Islam

• When we say “the Rise of Islam,” what exactly are we referring to?

• A religion…• A state…• A culture…• All of the above…

The Great Umayyad Mosque of Damascus

Islam, the religion

• Monotheism• Shahada: lā ‘ilāha ‘illa Allāh• Abrahamic Religions

A gold dinar minted in 696 in Damascus; mihrab in Mosque of Ibn Tulun, Cairo, 1177; flag of Saudi Arabia

Abraham, Muhammad, and the Kaʿbah

Destruction of idols from 11th century manuscript; Muhammad at the Kaʿbah from a 14th century Ottoman manuscript