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EU-MIDIS II
The Second European Union
Minorities and Discrimination
Survey
Surveying migrants
Jaroslav Kling
Research Officer
April, 2018
2
Council Regulation (EC) 168/2007
▪ to provide assistance and expertise on fundamental rights issues to the European Union institutions and the Member States, when they implement European Union law
▪ to collect, record, analyse and disseminate relevant, objective, reliable and comparable information and data on fundamental rights issues in the EU
▪ to promote dialogue with civil society, in order to raise public awareness of fundamental rights and actively disseminate information about its work
FRA’s mandate
3
FRA’s surveys
▪ EU-MIDIS: European Minorities and Discrimination survey (2008) – EU-27 ➢ 23,500 ethnic minorities & immigrants
➢ 5,000 majority population in 10 EU MS – random sample
▪ Roma pilot survey (2011) – 11 EU MS➢ 22,000 respondents – random sample
▪ Survey on Discrimination and Hate Crime against Jewish people (2012) – 8 EU MS➢ 6,000 respondents – online (opt-in)
▪ LGBT survey (2012) – EU-28➢ 93,500 respondents – online (opt-in)
▪ Violence against Women survey (2012) – EU-28➢ 42,000 women – random sample (general population)
▪ EU-MIDIS II (2015-2016) – EU-28➢ 25,500 ethnic minorities & immigrants (including Roma) – random sample
➢ Cognitive pre-test (2014) – 8 EU Member States, 280 interviews
▪ Fundamental Rights survey (2017-2019) – EU-28 ➢ general population
➢ Pre-test and feasibility study (2016); Pilot (2017-2018)
▪ Second Survey on Discrimination and Hate Crime against Jewish people (2018) online (opt-in) – 13 EU MS
▪ Roma and Travellers survey 2018 – 6 EU MS
4
EU-MIDIS II survey:
Why is it needed?
A. Collect EU-wide comparable data on immigrants and ethnicminorities for effectively assessing the impact of policymeasures:
– Non-discrimination and equality
– Roma inclusion
– Immigrant integration
– Europe 2020
– UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
B. Assess developments and progress made over time
C. Refine survey methodologies for hard-to-reach populations
D. Compare with the general population in EU-28 4
5
EU MIDIS II survey:
Objectives
Methodological:
• Allow for analysis of trends for selected indicators from EU MIDIS I and the Roma survey
• An EU wide comparative survey
• Refine survey methodologies for hard-to-reach populations
Content:
• Enjoyment and violations of fundamental rights: discrimination, victimisation, rights awareness (Employment; Education; Housing; Health; Goods and services)
• Integration of migrants – process/outcome
o Zaragoza indicators and available data sources (LSF, EU-SILC, PISA etc.)
o The added value of EU MIDIS II - gathering information for areas not covered in existing data sources (e.g. welcoming society) + other fundamental rights indicators to be developed by FRA
• Roma social inclusion
5
6
EU MIDIS II survey:
Concepts
• Discrimination and hate crime➢ Racial Equality Directive
➢ Employment Equality Directive
➢ Proposal for a “Horizontal Directive”
➢ Framework Decision on Racism and Xenophobia
• Integration / social inclusion➢ Transition from studying flows to studying conditions for integration and social inclusion in different
areas – EU Common Agenda for Integration; CBP 2004; Europe 2020
➢ Need for common indicators to monitor integration policies and outcomes (Zaragoza Declaration
2010) and harmonised statistical data
▪ Roma social inclusion➢ Europe 2020
➢ EU Framework for National Roma Integration Strategies
7
EU MIDIS II survey:
Timeline
• Survey preparations: October 2013
• Cognitive pre-test study of selected questions in 8 EU
MS (BE, EL, IT, HU, HR, MT, RO, UK), May 2014: o N=280 interviews (60 with Roma in 4 MS – EL, RO, HU, IT; 220 with
other immigrant/minority groups in 8 EU MS)
• Stakeholder & Survey Expert Meeting: March 2014
• Contract with Ipsos MORI: December 2014
• Fieldwork: September 2015 – January 2016
• Launch of the first findings: December 2016
7
8
EU-MIDIS II survey:
Methodology
➢ Survey conducted in all 28 EU MS
➢ Face to face interviews with 25,515 respondents providing
information on 77,659 individuals in households in 2015–
2016
➢ Translation in all official EU languages + Turkish, Kurdish,
Arabic, Russian, Somali and Tamazight (Morocco)
➢ Combination of sampling & weighting approaches allowed
representative samples of the selected target groups in each
EU MS
❖ See EU-MIDIS II Technical report – available online – detailed
description of the survey design and methodology
9
EU MIDIS II survey:
Questionnaire
10
EU-MIDIS II survey:
Target groups
7 different survey population “target groups”, 1–3 per MS
➢ Immigrants and descendants (1st or 2nd generation: based on country of birth and country of birth of parents)
➢ Turkey (6 EU MS: AT, BE, DE, DK, NL, SE)
➢ North Africa (5 EU MS: BE, ES, FR, IT, NL)
➢ Sub-Sahara (12 EU MS: AT, DE, DK, FI, FR, IE, IT, LU, MT, PT, SE, UK)
➢ Asia / South Asia (4 EU MS: CY, EL, IT, UK)
➢ Recent immigrants: born outside EU-28 & immigrated within the
last 10 years (2 EU MS: PL, SI)
➢ Roma: self-identification (9 EU MS: BG, CZ, EL, ES, HR, HU, PT, RO, SK)
➢ Russian minority: self-identification (3 EU MS: EE, LV, LT)
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Target group definitions:
migrants
• Immigrants: born in a non-EU country, usual place of residence in the survey
country for the last 12 months, irrespective of their formal residence status and citizenship
• Recent immigrants: immigrated within the last 10 years (since 2004)
• Descendants of immigrants: born in one of the current EU Member
States and who have at least one parent born in a non-EU country
• North Africans and their descendants: Algeria, Egypt, Libya,
Morocco, Sudan, or Tunisia
• Sub-Saharans and persons of African descent: another
African country not listed under ‘North Africans’ or in the Caribbean
• South Asian: India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and
Maldives
• Asians: another country in Asia
12
Target groups by EU MS
13
MSQuestionnaire CAPI script and
showcardsRespondent-friendly paper version of the
questionnaire
Interviewer training manual
and contact sheetsIntroductory letter Postcard
AT German, Turkish Somali, English, Turkish, French German German, Turkish, Somali German
BE French, Dutch Arabic, Turkish, Kurdish French, Dutch French, Dutch, Arabic, Turkish French, Dutch
CY Greek, English Greek, English Greek Greek, English, Tagalog Greek
DE German French, Turkish, Kurdish, English German German, French, Turkish, Kurdish, English, German
DK Danish, Turkish, Somali Turkish, Somali, Kurdish Danish Danish, Turkish, Kurdish, Somali Danish
EL Greek, English English Greek Greek, English Greek
ES Spanish French Spanish Spanish, Arabic, French Spanish
FI Finnish Somali Finnish Finnish, Somali Finnish
FR French French French, Arabic, Tigrinya French
IE English Somali English English, Somali English
IT Italian English, French, Arabic Italian Italian, English, French, Arabic Italian
LU French, Portuguese, English French, Portuguese, English French French, English, Portuguese French
MT Maltese, English English Maltese, English, Somali, French, Arabic Maltese, English
NL Dutch, Tamazight Arabic, Turkish, Kurdish, Tamazight Dutch Dutch, Arabic, Turkish, Kurdish, Tamazight Dutch
PL Polish Russian, English Polish Polish, Russian, English, Vietnamese Polish
PT Portuguese Portuguese Portuguese Portuguese
SE Swedish English, Kurdish Swedish Swedish, English Swedish
SI Slovenian Slovenian Slovenian Slovenian
UK English Somali English English, Hindi, Somali, Urdu English
Languages used in the
fieldwork materials: migrants
14
Respondent‘s eligibility criteria
• Individuals aged 16 years and older
• usual place of residence is in the EU MS surveyed
• living in private households in the EU MS surveyed for at
least the last 12 months
15
Sampling objectives
• Representativeness through random probability
sampling for all TG in 28 EU MS
• A minimum sample size of 500 interviews per MS
and a minimum of 400 interviews per TG
16
Sampling strategies:
migrants
➢ Direct un-clustered single-stage sampling selecting from individual person-level registers (three countries)
➢ Multi-stage area sampling, with primary sampling units (PSUs) selected at the first stage. For the second stage sampling within sample areas the choice is generally between:
• systematic sampling from address registers (4 EU Member States);
• addresses identified via random route (6 EU Member States)
– plus Focused enumeration to increase the efficiency of the sample;
• in Germany random walk route was assessed as not to be feasible and therefore addresses were identified through an onomastic (name matching)process and via referrals.
➢ Location sampling or centre-based sampling (7 EU Member States)
➢ A non-probability sampling in Luxembourg (quota sampling) after requests for register data were rejected and other forms of sampling were not feasible
Combination of various strategies in one country
17
Coverage and efficiency of design:
migrants
➢ To improve the efficiency of the screening and fieldwork related efforts
and costs, country sampling plans were:
➢ optimised through stratification of the frame according to degree of concentration of
the target population (i.e. percentage of target population in the total population of
the PSU)
• excluding empty or low concentration strata from the sample by setting a minimum level of concentration ‘cut-off’ (2,6% - 16%; coverage 17%-100%*)
• oversampling more concentrated strata; this resulted in lower sample efficiencies
18
Sampling frames:
migrants
• Census 2011 (BE (& address register), CY, EL, ES, FR, IT,
PL, PT; IE, UK (& post system))
• Population register (DK, FI, SE, SI; AT, NL (& post system))
• General Social Security Inspectorate (IGSS) statistics
2015 (LU)
• H&S onomastic (survey) and Microcensus 2013
(population adjustments) (DE)
• No official statistics, desk research estimations (MT)
19
Samples achieved in the EU MS:
migrants
EU MS Number of
interviews
EU MS Number of interviews
AT 1,054 IT 1,722
BE 1,339 LU 402
CY 436 MT 411
DE 1,419 NL 1,270
DK 851 PL 429
FI 502 PT* 1,078
FR 1,640 SE 802
EL* 1,023 SI 404
ES* 1,563 UK 1,216
IE 425
* Includes also Roma sample
20
Weighting
• Design– PSU selection stage (PPS)
– Address selection stage
• Adaptive cluster sampling adjustment
– Respondent selection stage
• Non-response– Neighbourhood characteristics at household level
– Respondent characteristics at individual level
• Post-stratification– Not possible due to unavailability of reliable data for the covered
population (except NL, FI)
– Region, urbanity
– Cross-country weights: estimated size of covered population
21
EU-MIDIS II survey:
Challenges
➢ Limited access to sampling frames and registers
➢ Operation outside the European statistical system
➢ Cooperation with national market research institutes
➢ Limited resources
➢ Diversity of sampling approaches
➢ Small sample sizes & coverage
➢ Random probability sampling in most countries
➢ Multilingual interviewers not available in all countries
➢ Ethical and cultural considerations relevant for training of interviewers
➢ Flexibility of interviewer matching
➢ Interviewers not used to the specificity of such surveys – screening
ineligibles is part of the work
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➢ Possibility to reach out:
With targeted sampling approaches
Selection of target groups in relevant countries
With trained interviewers
Supporting materials
➢ Providing with EU wide and comparable data
On discrimination, victimisation, police stops
On social inclusion
Meeting policy needs
„Leaving no one behind“: Roma, immigrants and their descendants
Collecting data on hard-to-reach
groups: possible endeavour
23
EU-MIDIS II:
Publications
Publications:
• Roma Selected Findings - December 2016
• Muslims Selected Findings - September 2017
• Main results - December 2017
• Technical Report – December 2017
• Online visualisation – December 2017
FRA data explorer
Upcoming
• Thematic reports
• Microdata available
fra.europa.eu
Thank you!