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EthiopiaAssessment of Food Security and Nutrition Situation
Bart MintenIFPRI Country Program Leader in Ethiopia
Roundtable DiscussionMarch 28, 2016 | Addis Ababa
Ethiopia Roundtable Discussion, March 2016
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Mill
ion
s
Perc
ent
Prevalence (%)Number of undernourished (Millions)
Progress in reducing hunger, but more to
be done
• Hunger fell from 75% to 32% (1990-2015)
– Yet no. of hungry people only fell from 37 to 32 million in same period
• Ethiopia food deficit: 236 kcal/day
• Poor spend 55% of income on food
Undernourishment in Ethiopia
Sources: FAO 2015, Hassen et al. forthcoming
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Ethiopia Roundtable Discussion, March 2016
Poverty persists despite strong economic
growth
• Low income country with impressive GDP growth
– 9.6% average growth from 2000-2014
• Poverty greatly reduced, but 34% live below $1.90/day (2010)
• Majority of poor live in rural areas, where poverty and hunger are highest
GDP per capita (ppp, current international dollar) and poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day (2011 ppp, % of
population)
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67.9
55.3
36.3 33.5
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Pove
rty
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dco
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Intl
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GDP per capita
Poverty headcount ratio
Ethiopia Roundtable Discussion, March 2016
Food availability increasing with room for
improvement
• Food production and productivity have increased; from 2000-2013,
– Yield increased for cereals (+60%)
– Production increased for roots and tubers (+80%)
• Yet there is room for improvement; for smallholders,
– Only 23% use improved seeds
– 8.6% irrigate their farmland
Sources: FAO 2016, CSA 2013
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Ethiopia Roundtable Discussion, March 2016
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57
51
4440
1992 2000 2005 2011 2014
Despite progress, child undernutrition is
high
• Child stunting fell from 51% to 40% (2005-2014)
– 2.7% reduction per year
• Child wasting: 9% (2014)
• Anemia, women of productive age: 19% (2011)
• Child vitamin A deficiency: 50% (2015)
• No current obesity problem
Prevalence of under-5 stunting (%)
Sources: FAO 2015, Stevens et al. 2015). , UNICEF/WHO 2015
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Ethiopia Roundtable Discussion, March 2016
Stunting prevalence varies by region
Source: Mason et al. 2015
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Ethiopia Roundtable Discussion, March 2016
Selected determinates of nutrition
• Diet diversity: Ethiopia average proportion of calories from non-staple crops from 1991 to 2011 : 25% (Africa average: 37%)
• Water, Sanitation, & Hygiene (WASH): Increased coverage from 1990 to 2013
– Safe drinking water: 13% to 57%
– Improved sanitation coverage: 7% to 42%
• Women empowerment is shown to improve nutritional outcomes in Ethiopia
– Ranks 126 of 146 countries in the WEF Global Gender Gap Index (2015)
Source: WHO/UNICEF JMP 2015, Yimer and Tadesse 2015, WEF 2015
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Ethiopia Roundtable Discussion, March 2016
National frameworks and plans for food
security and nutrition
Strategy/Plan Relation to food security, nutrition
2nd Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP-II, 2015/16-2019/20)
• Includes stunting as a key indicator
• Emphasizes food security and nutrition as main priorities of economic development
Seqota Declaration • Expresses government’s commitment to end child undernutrition by 2030
• Includes social protection, education, WASH, and other goals/sectors
Health Sector Transformation Plan (2015/16-2019/20)
• Guides implementation of health interventions, monitoring key indicators, including nutrition indicators
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Ethiopia Roundtable Discussion, March 2016
National Nutrition Programme (NNP,
2013-2015)
Five strategic objectives
1. Improve the nutritional status of women and adolescents
2. Improve the nutritional status of infants, youth children and children under 5
3. Improve the delivery of nutrition services for communicable and non-communicable /life style related diseases (all age groups)
4. Strengthen implementation of nutrition sensitive interventions across sectors
5. Improve multi-sectoral coordination and capacity to ensure NNP implementation
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Source: Government of Ethiopia, National Nutrition Program 2015
Ethiopia Roundtable Discussion, March 2016
Coordinating and implementing NNP
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Source: Government of Ethiopia, National Nutrition Program 2015
Ethiopia Roundtable Discussion, March 2016
Food and nutrition security institutional
architecture
Source: Adapted from Droppelmann et al. 2015
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Food & Nutrition Security Coordination by
Government through DRMFSS
HumanitarianResponse with coordination
through UN cluster approach
Agricultural Development with donor coordination
through RED&FS
Nutrition Mainstreaming through NNBC & NNP Linkage to
NGO group
Elements of the food and nutrition security architecture in Ethiopia
Key food security, nutrition bodies
• Drought Risk Management and Food Security Sector (DRMFSS), within Ministry of Agriculture
• Rural Economic Development and Food Security (RED&FS)
• Humanitarian Response (UN cluster)
• National Nutrition Coordinating Body (NNBC)—mainstreaming nutrition
• NGOs e.g. Consortium of Christian Relief and Development Association (CCRDA)
Ethiopia Roundtable Discussion, March 2016
Selected policy gaps
• Scaling up investments in agric. R&D and research capacity
• Leveraging agriculture for growth, reduced poverty, and better nutrition and health
• Examining and improving key policies driving diet diversity and quality
• Enhancing multisectoral approach through nutrition mainstreaming in all relevant sectors
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Ethiopia Roundtable Discussion, March 2016
Selected implementation gaps
• Improving coverage of key nutrition activities in zones/woredas of most need
• Strengthening capacity and support to health and farmer extension workers
• Improving coordination across sectors AND levels of government
• Addressing logistic and transportation constraints to implementation of nutrition programs
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Ethiopia Roundtable Discussion, March 2016
Selected knowledge gaps
• Understanding agriculture-nutrition pathways in Ethiopia
– E.g. Women’s empowerment, behavior change communication
• Stimulating agricultural innovation
– E.g. Greater investment in agric. R&D for local crops
• Generating evidence and success stories in nutrition, especially looking beyond food security
– E.g. Evidence on WASH and nutrition
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Ethiopia Roundtable Discussion, March 2016
In summary
Challenges and opportunities
Strengths
• High level of political will for food security and nutrition
• Political structure in place for multisectoral collaboration
• Strong social protection (i.e. PSNP)
• Delivery mechanisms for nutrition in place, e.g. PSNP, Community health workers/ extension workers
Weaknesses
• Incomplete coverage of nutrition programs
• Lack of capacity for multisectoral collaboration at community level
Opportunities
• Momentum from Sustainable Development Goals, global initiatives supporting Ethiopia
• Integrating nutrition into social protection
• Investing in local crop production (i.e. teff)
Threats
• Climate change
• Risk of natural disasters
• Population growth/demographics
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