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Ethics of AdministrationEthics of Administration
Chapter 1Chapter 1
Imposing your values?Imposing your values?
Values are more than personal Values are more than personal preferencespreferences
Human beings are moral agentsHuman beings are moral agents
Duty to make choices in responsible Duty to make choices in responsible wayway
Moral ClaimsMoral Claims
Not value judgments that Not value judgments that belong to a personal or group belong to a personal or group preference preference
Ethical ReasoningEthical Reasoning
Possible and importantPossible and important
Ethical decisions are not just a matter of Ethical decisions are not just a matter of preferencepreference
Ethical decisions can be based on reasons Ethical decisions can be based on reasons that others can understandthat others can understand
Ethical decisions are often made under Ethical decisions are often made under complex and ambiguous circumstancescomplex and ambiguous circumstances
Moral PrinciplesMoral Principles
Moral reasoning has a moral pointMoral reasoning has a moral point
Moral dilemma – What is the right Moral dilemma – What is the right thing to do?thing to do?
Right, ought, just, fairRight, ought, just, fair
Duties or obligationsDuties or obligations
Facts Facts
Relevant to deciding an ethical issueRelevant to deciding an ethical issue
Not sufficient – can not tell what is Not sufficient – can not tell what is right or fair by themselvesright or fair by themselves
Moral ConflictMoral Conflict
How do you decide between How do you decide between conflicting ethical principlesconflicting ethical principles Identify the PrinciplesIdentify the Principles
Fairness and Parents RightsFairness and Parents Rights HierarchyHierarchy
Why should the principle be Why should the principle be considered?considered?
What purpose does it serve? What purpose does it serve?
Learn Moral ReasoningLearn Moral Reasoning
Identify conceptsIdentify concepts Use intuitive moral reactions about Use intuitive moral reactions about
what is right or wrongwhat is right or wrong Describe principles that underlie your Describe principles that underlie your
feelingsfeelings Test “gut” feelings by supporting Test “gut” feelings by supporting
with moral principleswith moral principles
Ethics of AdministrationEthics of Administration
Chapter 2Chapter 2
Consequential Consequential
Principle of Maximum BenefitPrinciple of Maximum Benefit Judges what is right or wrong by known Judges what is right or wrong by known
consequencesconsequences
Whatever gains the greatest good for Whatever gains the greatest good for the most number of peoplethe most number of people
Ex. utilitarianismEx. utilitarianism
Non-consequentialNon-consequential
Principle of equal respectPrinciple of equal respect People are moral agents that have equal People are moral agents that have equal
worthworth
Follow the Golden RuleFollow the Golden Rule
Respect individual freedom of choice Respect individual freedom of choice even if we don’t agreeeven if we don’t agree
Need both FrameworksNeed both Frameworks
Consequential ProblemsConsequential Problems Requires information you don’t always Requires information you don’t always
knowknow Utilitarianism can produce morally Utilitarianism can produce morally
abhorrent consequencesabhorrent consequences
Non-Consequential ProblemsNon-Consequential Problems How can one decide a moral law?How can one decide a moral law? How do we express the moral principal How do we express the moral principal
that underlies it?that underlies it?
John Stuart MillJohn Stuart MillThe Marketplace of IdeasThe Marketplace of Ideas
Ideas are tested to discover truth.Ideas are tested to discover truth.
Truth is best sought by process of Truth is best sought by process of criticism and debate. Debate helps criticism and debate. Debate helps us remember why we hold ideas.us remember why we hold ideas.
CON---------------NONCONCON---------------NONCON
Informing the Informing the public is a servicepublic is a service
How can voters How can voters make a decision make a decision without informationwithout information
Contributes to Contributes to welfare of societywelfare of society
Contributes to Contributes to personal happinesspersonal happiness
Promotes personal Promotes personal growth through growth through debatedebate
Individuals have Individuals have the responsibiblity the responsibiblity to make decisions to make decisions for themselvesfor themselves
Duty to make wise Duty to make wise choiceschoices
Right to evaluate Right to evaluate and chooseand choose
Intellectual LibertyIntellectual Liberty
Is the teacher free to express Is the teacher free to express her opinions in the her opinions in the newspaper or does the state newspaper or does the state of negotiations of the district of negotiations of the district have precedence?have precedence?
Freedom of ExpressionFreedom of Expression
Inquiry to discover the truthInquiry to discover the truth
Ideas are tested in debate to refine Ideas are tested in debate to refine ideasideas
Debate promotes personal growthDebate promotes personal growth
QuestionsQuestions
Does free press include the right to Does free press include the right to be wrong? be wrong?
Rights are general, not absolute. Rights are general, not absolute. Conflict can occur between rights Conflict can occur between rights and interests of different parties. and interests of different parties.
How is balance found?How is balance found?
(Both Con and Noncon theories are needed, neither (Both Con and Noncon theories are needed, neither is sufficient to make a decision alone.)is sufficient to make a decision alone.)
Realization of Free Moral AgencyRealization of Free Moral Agency
Free moral agents of equal worthFree moral agents of equal worth
Have the ability to make moral Have the ability to make moral decisionsdecisions
Have responsibility to make decisionsHave responsibility to make decisions
Duty to make choices wiselyDuty to make choices wisely
Resolve the ConflictResolve the Conflict
Presuppose the principle of equal Presuppose the principle of equal respect of persons.respect of persons. Why? People are of equal intrinsic worth. Why? People are of equal intrinsic worth. Con – Be concerned with the benefit of people so Con – Be concerned with the benefit of people so
that they will be as well off as possible. that they will be as well off as possible. Everyone’s happiness is of equal value.Everyone’s happiness is of equal value.
Noncon –Value the welfare of others equally to Noncon –Value the welfare of others equally to my own. Respect people even if it results in my own. Respect people even if it results in less happiness.less happiness.