Ethical-Legal Foundations of Education

Code of Ethics for Professional TeachersRights, privileges and duties of teachersPursuant to R.A. 7836- Philippine teachers Professionalization Act12 articles-

Magna Carta for Public School TeachersPromotes the well-being and safeguards the right of the public school teachers.It promotes the improvement of public school teachers.living and working condition, terms of employment, career prospectsThe right against transfer from one station to another without the teachers consent

Legal Bases of Education1987 Constitution- deals on education, science, Technology, Arts, Culture and Sports.Education act of 1982- general education for the individual, respond to the changing needs and conditions of the nationAct No. 74 of the Philippine Commission- Philippine Public School System,EnglishR. A. converted Philippine Normal College into PNUU.P. Act No. 1870- establishment of University of the PhilippinesR.A 139- selection and adoption of textbookDepartment Order No. 25 s. 1974- Bilingual education MECS Order 44 s. 1983- Procedure for determining honor pupils in elementary gradesDECS order 49 s. 1992- selection of honor students in the secondary educationDECS order 1. S. 1994- school calendar 200 days

Legal Bases of EducationR.A. 7722 puts up the Commission on Higher Education to oversee tertiary education. RA. 7877Anti Sexual Harassment Act of 1995R.A. 7791- stretched the school year from 185- 200 days MECS order 57 s. 1981- protection of school teachersR.A. 7836- LET under PRCE.O 189- all public school teachers under the supervision of DECSR.A. 7796- creation of TESDAR.A- creation of CENTERS OF EXCELLENCE in TEACHER EDUCATION R.A.- 7743- city and municipal libraries

Anthropological and Sociological Foundations of Education

Concepts in Psychological Foundations of EducationLearner, learning process and learning situation- three components of educative process.Learner- center of any educative processLearning- relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge to practice.Growth- the quantitative change s that take place within the personDevelopment- refers to the qualitative changes in various aspect of the organismMaturation- unfolding of characteristics potentially present in the individualHeredity- transmission of innate characteristics from parents to offspringEnvironment-conditions that affect the growth or development of the organism.Assimilation- process of acquiring new skills.

Stages in Life Span DevelopmentPrenatal- conception to birthInfancy- birth- 18 monthsEarly childhood- 18 months- 6 yearsLate Childhood- 6- 13 yearsAdolescence- 13- 20 yearsYoung adulthood- 20- 45 yearsMiddle age- 20- 45 yearsOld age- 65 years to death

Theories of Human DevelopmentPiaget- (cognitive development) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational stage, formal operational stage. Pupils are active learnersGardner- Theory of multiple intelligences- all individual are capable of developing at least seven domainsFreud- Theory of Psycho-sexual Development-effects on the early childhood experiences to adult behavior. (oral, anal, phallic, latency, Genital)Erickson- Theory of Personal Development (trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Doubt and Shame, Competence vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion) Kohlberg- stages of Moral development

Socio- Anthropological Foundations of EducationSociology- science of man and societyAnthropology- past and ancient civilizationSociety- organized group of a populationGroup- unit of inter-acting personalitiesPrimary- intimateSecondary- impersonalOther groups- in group out- groupTypes of status: ascribed status (acquired at birth), achieved (realized through hard work or talent)Culture- sum total of what man has learned in living together

Processing More ItemsMen tend to stay together because of common practices, values and beliefs which can be termed as:AspirationsCultureChangeRolesEducation as cultural transmission regards as most important toThe individual and his personal valuesThe society and its immediate problemsFamily and its practicesHuman group sharing the same cultureAcculturation is one of the process in transmitting culture basically throughObedienceSharingInteractionObservation

When man discovers or modifies/existing materials and tools to increase production, he is making aSocial changeTechnological changeCultural changeSocietal changeThe age level which tend to be the most teachable isInfancyChildhoodAdolescenceAdulthoodThe classification of group members according to certain criteria in a society is calledSocial statusSocial stratificationSocial roleSocial mobilityDivorce is observed in the West while it is still taboo for Filipinos. What does it illustrate about culture?Culture is adaptiveCulture is symbolicCulture is valuedCulture is relativeFollowing Piagets theory of learning, Ms Victoria provides her students varied activities that enable them to classify objects according to more than one variable. These development can be performned byPresscholersCollege studentsHigh school studentsElementary students

Principles of Learning andTeaching

Concepts Basic to Classical conditioning

Learning is a change in an individual caused by experience.Unconditional stimulus- stimulus that naturally elicits unconditioned responseUnconditioned response- a response to unconditioned stimulusConditioned stimulus- a stimulus that has acquired the power generate a conditioned response.Conditioned response-a response elicited after a conditioning processContingency- a situation in which one event happens only another event has happened.

Some Applications of Classical Conditioning to Classroom Teaching1. Facilitate emotional, behavioral, and cognitive response neutral stimuli through positive association with stimuli.2. Build positive associations between teaching and learning activities3. Relate learning activities with pleasant events4. Assist every student to experience success5. Maintain a positive learning environment6. Develop skills in recognizing differences and similarities among situations to enable them to discriminate and generalize situations.

Basic Concepts in Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning- using pleasant or unpleasant consequences to control the occurrence of behavior.Reinforcers- any consequences that strengthens a behavior* Primary reinforcer- related to basic needs e.g. food* Secondary reinforcer- value of something is acquired when associated with primary reinforcer e.g. money* Positive reinforcer- consequences given to strengthen behavior* Negative reinforcer- release from an unpleasant situation to strengthen behavior* Intrinsic- pleasure is inherent in the activity* Extrinsic- praises or rewards given to motivate people to engage in behavior

Basic ConceptsRetention-occurs when learning have been incorporated into the learners behaviorForgetting-memory fades awayTransfer of learning- application of knowledge learnedGeneralization- use of principles in new situationsTransposition- understanding of the relationships among facts.Formal discipline theory- faculties of the mind could be strengthenedIdentical elements theory- elements present in the original learning situation must be present in the new learning situation.

Instinct theory- innate instinctsAssociation theory- deprivation of need will cause the individual to actDrive theory- innate instinctNeed gratification- to satisfy needsCognitive theory- man is rational and consciously decides what he will and what he will not.Self determination- an attitude of determinationIntrinsic- an individuals internal desireExtrinsic- promoted by factors external to the individualLearnability- all attitudesStability- learned attitudes become strongerPersonal-societal significance- attitudes are of high-importanceAffective-cognitive contents- attitudes have both factual information Affection- pertains to emotions or feelingsAffective learning- consists of responses acquired as one evaluates the meaning.

Which of the following changes is an instance of learningGrowing heavierLearning to walkAssociating red light with stopFeeling drowsy after taking drugAll are outcomes of learning, except one. Which is the exception?Maturation and developmentKnowledge and understandingHabits and attitudesAbilities and skillsWhich of the following is an operant behavior?Writing an essayGetting high gradesReceiving a medalBeing scolded

In classical conditioning, which are paired together in order to elicit the desired response?Unconditioned stimulus and neutral stimulusConditioned stimulus and neutral stimulusUnconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulusUnconditioned response and neutral stimulusWhich of the following instructional events support learning at retrieval phase?Signal learningStimulus-response learningDiscrimination learningConcept learningWhich of the following is an operant behavior?Writing an essayGetting high gradesReceiving a medalBeing scolded

Peter was praised for writing legibly and continues to do so. Which principle of behavior learning is observed?PremackConsequenceContingencyPrimary reinforcementThe teacher excuses Zaldy who completed her assignment from clean-up activity which she does not like to do. This is a consequence ofPositive reinforcementNegative reinforcementPresentation punishmentNo reinforcementMs. Umalis lesson is on the different provinces of the Philippines. What is the best way to organize this particular different factual information to achieve meaningful association?By attributesBy relationshipAlphabeticallyBy land area