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7/31/2019 ETC: CHAPTER I Executive Summary
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CGORQ@] N
@W@CPQNX@ SPLLO]^
O$ Dol` kh g` Mpsnd`ss: @QC '@dend``}s Qkkis Ck}d`}.
Qg` mpsnd`ss r}krkd`dqs col` pr unqg qg` dol` @QC: @dend``}s Qkkis
Ck}d`}$ @QC ns os od omm}`xnonkd kh g` r}kapcs u` unii m` s`iinde) ugncg o}`
@dend``}nde oda oisk O}cgn`cp}oi kkis oda }`h`}}`a qk os o ck}d`} m`cops` nq
unii m` nd o fnksf) oda `x`}~gnde go g`~ unii d``a m` hkpda g`}`$
M$ Qni` kh g` Spa~: O H`osnmnin~ Spa~ kd @dend``}nde oda O}cgn`cp}`
Sprrin`s Fnksf
C$ Sk}` Ikconkd: SL Lodnio
Ikco`ao Donxnaoa Oil`ao,Ikr`z 'hk}l`}i~ coii`a Ckdc`rcnkd. ck}d`}
O$ Xnii`eos 'hk}l`}i~ coii`a O}}kc`}ks. oda Sod Lo}c`indk S}``s) @}lno)
Lodnio jps d`o} g` Lodnio Cn~ Goii$
Kd` kh g` lojk} hock}s k m` ckdsna`}`a nd so}nde pr o mpsnd`ss ns ns
ikconkd$ Occ`ssnmnin~ kh g` sk}` lps m` ossp}`a oda n lps m` oisk
holnino}nz`a m~ g` o}e` lo}f`$ Nh ns ikconkd ns io`} a``}lnd`a) oda ana
dk locg qk qg` opan`dc`s occ`ssnmninq~) nq lo~ i`oa qk cklrod~s honip}`$
Nh oda kdi~ ~kp cgkks` g` }neg ikconkd hk} ~kp} mpsnd`ss) n lo~ }`ocg
~kp} o}e` lo}f` oda lof` g`n} a`lodas oxoniomi`$
7/31/2019 ETC: CHAPTER I Executive Summary
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7/31/2019 ETC: CHAPTER I Executive Summary
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Qg` ikek kh g` mpsnd`ss }`hi`cs g` `ss`dc` kh g` ugki` cklrod~$
Holnino} kkis nd @dend``}nde oda O}cgn`cp}` u`}` ps`a m`cops` spa`ds h}kl
g` sona ndaps}~ o}` g` cgks`d o}e` lo}f`$
Qg` ikek kh @QC) @dend``}s Qkkis Ck}d`}) ns cklrks`a kh od nloe` kh o
go}a go ndcipande g` ineg) nd g` i`h) kx`} o mip` r}nd oda g` mpsnd`ss dol`)
@QC) nd g` }neg$ Qg` go}a go ns g` s~lmki dk kdi~ kh g` ikek mp kh g` ugki`
mpsnd`ss ns`ih$ N sodas hk} hn}ld`ss kh g` mpsnd`ss$ Qg` ineg o g` kr kh g`
go}a go sodas hk} ci`o} oda ckdcns` cpskl`},k}n`d`a kmj`cnx`s$ Qg` mip`
r}nd }`r}`s`ds co}`hpi rioddnde kh cklrod~ ekois oda r}kh`ssnkdoinsl kh g`
cklrod~$ Qg` @QC nd g` }neg o}` g` ndnnois kh g` mpsnd`ss dol` hk} `os~
}`coii oda u}n`d nd mne cornoi i``}s hk} `lrgosns oda cio}n~$ Qg` ndnnois oisk
soda hk} `c$ l`odnde oda qg` inf` k} kqg`}s$
Qg`}` o}` hkp} ckik}s ps`a nd g` ikek) ~`iiku) mip`) miocf oda ugn`$ Qg`
ckik}s u`}` cgks`d k r}kxna` moiodc` nd g` ikek$ ^`iiku oda mip` o}` g`
orr`oinde ckik}s oda }`r}`s`d g` lond ckik}s kh g` mpsnd`ss$ Qg`d g` uk
}`londnde ckik}s s`}x` os g` sprrk}nde ckik}s k moiodc` g` ikek$
@$ M}n`h A`sc}nrnkd kh g` R}kj`c
Qg` spa~ ns omkp scgkki sprrin`s fnksf khh`}nde `dend``}nde oda
o}cgn`cp}oi kkis os ns lond r}kapcs$ Qg` kmj`cnx` kh g` r}krkd`ds nd
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lofnde gns mpsnd`ss ns k rp pr o sr`cnoi~ sk}` khh`}nde sr`cnhnc ekkas
locgnde g`n} d``as$ @dend``}nde oda o}cgn`cp}` spa`ds d``a dk k ek k
mnee`} sk}`s oda ikkf hk} g`n} d``a`a lo`}nois oda kkis$ Qg}kpeg kp}
mpsnd`ss) g`~ cod jps a}kr m~) enx` ps g`n} ins) oda u` cod hnda n hk} g`l$
Odkg`} ns go) sndc` g` mpsnd`ss unii m` nd o fnksf) g`~ cod hnda g` r}kapcs
oda kkis `osni~) dk d``a k }kol o}kpda g` sk}`$
Qg` mpsnd`ss r}krkd`dqs xoip` qg` qnl` kh qg` cpsqkl`}s) `ocg kki)
r}kapc oda lo`}noi o}` rioc`a occk}andei~ sk os k m` hkpda `osni~ oda
o}}ode`a m~ m}oda) ~r`s) hk}ls) `c$
H$ Kmj`cnx`s kh g` Mpsnd`ss
Qk r}kapc` oda s`ii ekkas hk} r}khn g}kpeg g` sonshocnkd kh gplod
uods$
Qk c}`o` lo}f`s oda c}`o` cpskl`}s hk} ns r}kapcs oda s`}xnc`s$
Qk kr`}o` nd g` nd`}`s kh g` cpskl`}$
Qk c}`o` d`u r}kapcs) d`u a`sneds oda orrinconkd kh d`u `cgdnqp`s
kh r}kapcnkd ckd}nmp`s k e}kug) cgode` oda `wrodsnkd nd g`
`ckdkl~$
Qk r}kxna` `lrik~l`d hk} g` r`kri`$ N gps g`irs nd ndc}`osnde g`
sodao}a kh inxnde kh g` l`lm`}s kh g` skcn`~$
Qk mpnia o }`rponkd hk} qpoin~) `}}k},h}`` r}kapcs oda s`}xnc`$
Qk mpnia o skina cpskl`} mos` kd ugncg k `wroda r}kapc }ode`
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Qk `dsp}` ckdndpkps sprri~ kh ekkas k l`` g` }`qpn}`l`d kh g`
skcn`~$
E$ ]`s`o}cg oda L`gkakike~
Qg` }`s`o}cg`}s ps`a anhh`}`d `cgdnqp`s nd eog`}nde aoo k co}}~ oda
sprrk} g` spa~$
E$?$ Sp}x`~
Qg` sp}x`~ uos ckdapc`a olkde 122 }`srkda`ds k na`dnh~ g`n}
krndnkd oda spee`snkds hk} g` r}ke}`ss kh g` spa~ oda k a``}lnd` g`n}
fdkui`ae` }`eo}ande omkp g` scgkki sprri~ mpsnd`ss$ Qg` l`gka ps`a ns g`
}odakl solrinde l`gka$
E$=$ Solrinde Q`cgdnqp`s
Qg` }`s`o}cg`}s ps`a }odakl solrinde hk} g`l k eog`} ndhk}lonkd
unqg qg`n} qo}e`q lo}f`q$ Sp}x`~s o}` ckdapcq`a qk fdku qg` r`kri`s a`loda
}`eo}ande g` `dend``}nde sprrin`s soii mpsnd`ss m~ psnde o sr`cnhnc dplm`} kh
r`}skds k} }`srkda`ds h}kl anhh`}`d scgkkis nd g` Pdnx`}sn~ M`i$ Qg`
}`s`o}cg`}s mos`a g` }`srkda`ds h}kl g` `dend``}nde spa`ds d`o} SL
Lodnio$
E$3$ Sp}x`~ _p`snkddon}`s
Hk} g` }`s`o}cg`}s k fdku ndhk}lonkd oda eog`} }`i`xod aoo omkp
qg` sqpa`dqs r}`h`}`dc`s ug`d nq ckl`s omkp `dend``}nde sprrin`s fnksf) g`
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}`s`o}cg`}s oe}``a k ps` qp`snkddon}`s$ Nd spcg r}kc`ss) u` hnda n x`}~
}`inomi` m`cops` kh spcg ndhk}lonkd u` goa eog`}`a$ _p`snkddon}`s o}` loa`
hk} qg` }`s`o}cg`}s qk e`q qg` qo}e`q lo}f`qs r`}skdoi cgknc` ug`d n ckl`s k
`dend``}nde sprrin`s fnksf$ Qg}kpeg g`s` qp`snkddon}`s) g` }`s`o}cg`}s unii
eond ndhk}lonkd oda aoo oda unii m` omi` k a``}lnd` gku g` fnksf unii m` oh`}
ns iopdcg oda k fdku g` a`loda kh spcg sprrin`s$ Qg` e}kpr r}kxna`a 122
sp}x`~ qp`snkddon}`s ugncg o}` oii nd @deinsg iodepoe`$
E$1$ ]`s`o}cg
Qg` }`s`o}cg`}s ps`a g` ndhk}lonkd h}kl anhh`}`d }`h`}`dc`s nd g`
inm}o}~) g` nd`}d` oda skl` nd`}xn`us k o}e` lo}f` oda kg`} r`kri` go
ckpia g`ir g` }`s`o}cg`} k eog`} ndhk}lonkd omkp g` mpsnd`ss) g` ikconkd
kh g` sk}` k} loii oda kg`} ndhk}lonkd go cod hocnino` g` spa~$
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E$0$ Lorrnde
G$ R}kj`c Spllo}~
G$?$ Lo}f` Spllo}~
Lo}f` Kmj`cnx`s kh g` r}kj`c ndcipa` `o}dnde r}khn) c}`onde o sr`cnoi~
soii oda una`dnde xo}n`~ kh cgknc`s hk} `dend``}nde oda o}cgn`cp}oi kkis oda
`sominsgnde o ansndc sk}` na`dn~$ Qg` s`el`d`a lo}f` kh g` r}kj`c
ndcipa`s ckii`e` i`x`i spa`ds mkg loi` oda h`loi` ugk o}` ofnde pr od~
ckp}s`s nd `dend``}nde oda o}cgn`cp}` hn`ia ung oe` }odende h}kl ?0 k =0
~`o}s kia) inxnde k} spa~nde nd Lodnio Cn~) ro}ncpio}i~ d`o} SL Lodnio m`cops`
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gns ns ug`}` g` mpsnd`ss unii m` ikco`a$ Qg`n} rs~cgke}orgnc osr`cs ndcipa`
kpeknde oda oax`dp}kps inh`s~i` oda od nd`iine`d oda nd}kx`}`a r`}skdoin~$
Qg` r}krks`a lo}f`nde s}o`en`s hk} g` mpsnd`ss o}`: hk} ns riocnde
s}o`e~) g` soii unii m` s}o`encoii~ ikco`a ndsna` SL Lodnio) d`negmk}nde
ckii`e`s oda pdnx`}snn`s ugncg khh`} `dend``}nde oda o}cgn`cp}oi ckp}s`s) g`
r}nlo}~ o}e` lo}f`$ Nd `}ls kh r}ncnde) g` mpsnd`ss unii ps` r}nc` r`d`}onkd$
R}klknkdoi s}o`e~ ndcipa`s c}`onde rks`}s oda o}ropinds oda skcnoi
d`uk}fnde sn`s inf` Hoc`mkkf oda un`}) d`usror`} oas oda enh c`}nhnco`s$
Odoi~sns kh g` mpsnd`ss }`x`ois go ns r}nlo}~ s}`deg ns ns
sr`cnoinzonkd kd `dend``}nde oda o}cgn`cp}oi kkis khh`}`a nd spcg o uo~ go ns
lk}` occ`ssnmi` qk nqs lo}f`q$ U`ofd`ss`s }`xkix` kd qg` mpsnd`sss m`nde o
d`u rio~`} oda go g` r}kapcs n unii khh`} o}` inln`a oda dk hos lkxnde$ Os
od krrk}pdn~) g` r}kj`c onls hk} `wrodsnkd oda k m` u`ii fdkud hk} ns m`s
cpskl`} s`}xnc`$ Nll`ano` g}`os ndcipa` gneg }nsf kh hipcponkd oda
oaxodc`l`d nd `cgdkike~$
G$=$ Q`cgdncoi Spllo}~
Qg` Q`cgdncoi osr`c ns nd`da`a k na`dnh~ qg` s`}xnc`+s) I`ox`,o,
L`ssoe`/ qgoq enx`s cpsqkl`}s qg` r}nxni`e` qk i`ox` o insq kh r}kapcs k g`
@QC soii os g`+sg` sgkrs nd g` loii) oda g` xo}n`~ kh r}kapcs g` r}krks`a
mpsnd`ss khh`}s r}nlo}ni~ ugncg o}` xo}nkps @dend``}nde sqpa`dqs scgkki sprrin`s
oda+k} kkis$ Qg` cklrod~ oisk co`}s k g` O}cgn`cp}` spa`ds oda }`io`a
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ckp}s`s$ N oisk s`iis k}ando}~ scgkki sprrin`s inf` r`ds) `}os`}s) ror`})
dk`mkkfs) oda g` inf`$ Osna` h}kl spcg) g` `cgdncoi osr`c oisk ndcipa`s g`
}ou lo`}nois k m` ps`a nd g` soii ckds}pcnkd oda g` ckds}pcnkd ns`ih
ndcipande g` ckds}pcnkd `d`}r}ns`) IOJ Mpnia`}s) ugk unii oss`lmi` g` soii
h}kl co}r`d}~ k g` eioss oda oiplndpl ro}s k g` `i`c}ncoi un}ndes k m`
ndsoii`a oda g` hp}dnsgndes k} rond oda hndoi a`sneds kh g` soii$ Qg` soii
io~kp) hikk} riod io~kp) soii ikconkd) oda xncndn~ lor unii oisk m` niips}o`a
g`}` oikde ung g` r}kc`ss`s akd` nd spcg$ ]ou lo`}nois ps`a nd g`
ckds}pcnkd kh g` soii unii oisk m` niips}o`a g`}` nd o ompio} hk}l$ Locgnd`}n`s
oda `qpnrl`d) sprrin`s) oda hp}dnp}` oda hnwp}`s unii oisk m` niips}o`a g`}`$ N
oisk godai`s g` i`eoi r}kc`ss`s nd a`oinde ung r}nxo` cklrodn`s inf` g` SL
Lodoe`l`d oda+k} skl` ekx`}dl`d oe`dcn`s ckdc`}dnde g` soii
ckds}pcnkd oda r}kc`ss`s$ Qg` `lrik~`` pdnhk}ls: ugn` rkik sgn}s hk} g`
cosgn`} oda c}`u oda mip` rkik hk} g` lodoe`}s) unii oisk m` sgkud g`}` os u`ii
os ns cks oda ro~l`d `}ls$ Oda iosi~) g` iomk} }`qpn}`l`ds) pnin~
}`qpn}`l`ds oda uos` ansrksoi l`gkas unii oisk m` ndcipa`a g`}`$
G$3$ Lodoe`l`d Osr`c
Qgns osr`c kh g` h`osnmnin~ spa~ r}`s`ds c`}ond r}kc`ss`s oda
}`qpn}`l`ds go u`}` d``a`a hk} g` mpsnd`ss k kr`}o`6 gns ndcipa`s g`
hkiikunde: Qg` r}`,kr`}onde r}kc`ap}` ug`}` g` ekx`}dl`d ndsnpnkds go
g` mpsnd`ss d``as k cklri~ ung uos cn`a$ D`w ns g` hk}l kh g` mpsnd`ss
7/31/2019 ETC: CHAPTER I Executive Summary
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k}eodnzonkd) g` }`s`o}cg`}s oe}``a k hk}l o ro}d`}sgnr fnda kh mpsnd`ss
`d`}r}ns`$ Qg` cornoinzonkd+ckd}nmpnkd kh `ocg l`lm`} ns oisk cn`a nd gns
osr`c$ K}eodnzonkdoi cgo} ns oisk hk}loinz`a$ Lodrku`} }`qpn}`l`ds oda
@lrik~l`d r}kc`ss`s o}` oisk cn`a$ I`eoi }`qpn}`l`ds o}` `dpl`}o`a nd gns
osr`c kk sndc` n ns o d`c`ssn~ nd rpnde pr o mpsnd`ss$ Qgns ndcipa`s mpsnd`ss
r`}lns) ci`o}odc`s) MN] oda SSS hk}ls) oda AQN oda S@C akcpl`ds$ Iosi~)
gns osr`c ndcipa`s g` k}eodnzonkd rkincn`s oda r}kc`ap}`s ug`}` `lrik~l`d
}`qpn}`l`ds) ciossnhnconkd kh `lrik~``s) k}n`donkd) r`}skdd`i }`ck}as)
`lrik~l`d ckd}ocs) uk}f scg`api` oda pdnde m`ikdes
G$1$ Hndodcnoi Spllo}~
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N$ Kr }onkdoi Q }ls
H}`dcg cp}x` , o hio a}ohnde nds}pl`d ung cp}x`a `ae`s oda s`x`}oi
sc}kii,sgor`a cpkps) ps`a os o epna` nd a}ounde cp}x`s ug`d
ckds}pcnde e}orgs k} lofnde `dend``}nde a}oundes$
Q}nodepio} Scoi` o a}ohnde nds}pl`d go ns }nodepio} nd c}kss s`cnkd
oda gos o anhh`}`d scoi` kd `ocg `ae`$ Skl` `ae`s gox` uk
krrksnde scoi`s) kd` uk nl`s g` kg`}) spcg os ?+7- oda ?+1- `qpois ?%$
@}osnde Sgn`ia , r}k`c o}`os kh o a}ounde go ~kp ak dk uod k `}os`$
Qg`~ o}` loa` kh o ineg eope`) sr}nde l`oi ung dpl`}kps kr`dndes nd
xo}n`eo`a sgor`s oda snz`s$
Rknd kh Soi` S~s`l 'RKS. , Qg` rknd kh soi` kh`d }`h`}s k g` rg~sncoi
`i`c}kdnc cosg }`ens`}k} a`anco`a RKS go}auo}` 'k} -`}lndoi-. ps`a
hk} cg`cfkp) mp g` RKS ns snlri~ g` ikconkd ug`}` g` soi` ns
ckdapc`a) lkd`~ cgode`s godas oda o }`c`nr ns enx`d) ugncg cod oisk
kccp} kd Slo}rgkd`) omi`) iorkr) k} lkmni` RKS a`xnc` ug`d g` }neg
go}auo}` oda RKS skhuo}` ns cklmnd`a ung g` lkmni` a`xnc`$
Qg`}loi Ror`} , ns o sr`cnoi hnd` ror`}go ns cko`a ung o cg`lncoi go
cgode`s ckik} ug`d `wrks`a k g`o$ N ns ps`a nd g`}loi r}nd`}s oda
ro}ncpio}i~ nd nd`wr`dsnx` k} inegu`neg a`xnc`s spcg os oaande
locgnd`s) cosg }`ens`}s) oda c}`an co}a `}lndois$
http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/cross-section.htmlhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/scale.htmlhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/time.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_registerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receipthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_fine_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_printerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adding_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adding_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_registerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_card_terminalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_card_terminalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_registerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adding_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adding_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_printerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_fine_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receipthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_registerhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/time.htmlhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/scale.htmlhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/cross-section.html7/31/2019 ETC: CHAPTER I Executive Summary
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Nskl`}nc Anoe}ol , O hk}l kh g}``,anl`dsnkdoi r}kj`cnkd nd ugncg oii kh
g` r}ndcnroi riod`s o}` a}oud ro}oii`i k ck}}`srkdande `sominsg`a ow`s
oda o }p` anl`dsnkds6 gk}nzkdois pspoii~ o}` a}oud o 32 h}kl g`
dk}loi gk}nzkdoi ow`s6 x`}ncois }`lond ro}oii`i k g` dk}loi x`}ncoi
owns$
J$ Sckr` oda Inlnonkds
Qg` spa~ hkcps`a kd `dend``}nde oda o}cgn`cp}oi sprrin`s sndc` g`
co`ek}~ kh scgkki sprrin`s ns x`}~ m}koa oda khh`}nde oii kh gks` ukpia
cks o ik kd g` ro} kh g` r}krkd`ds$
Qg` ckx`}oe` kh g` spa~ uos inln`a k g` lks mkpeg oda ckdspl`a
scgkki sprrin`s kh `dend``}nde oda o}cgn`cp}` spa`ds$ Qgns uos akd`
k gox` od pda`}sodande os k ugo u`}` g` lks ps`a sprrin`s oda g`
r}kmomnin~ kh rpnde pr o fnksf khh`}nde g`s` sprrin`s$
Qg` }`srkda`ds kh g` spa~ u`}` cklrks`a kh 122 `dend``}nde oda
o}cgn`cp}` spa`ds$ ]odakl solrinde ns g` `cgdnqp` ps`a nd
ckdapcnde g` sp}x`~$ Qg` qp`snkddon}`s u`}` oalndns`}`a nd
pdnx`}snn`s oda ckii`e`s d`o} SL Lodnio ug`}` g` fnksf unii m` ikco`a$