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- i -
BI rbbpþac;kar
eTA RbCaFibetyü tameKalKMnitGhigSa
CIn sab viTüasæanGal'bWtGaMgsþaj The Albert Einstein Institution
- ii -
rUbztRkbmux
- xagelI ; elak cn buWK ‘ Jon Bugge’ ©JonBugge
- xageRkam ; elak Exm suvNÑara ©ExmsuvNÑara
rUbztRkbeRkay
- elak nIk evsþÚv&r ‘ Nick Westover’ ©NickWestover
- iii -
CUncMeJHmitþ r¨ug Qun
- iv -
- v -
ebskkmµ viTüasßanGal;bWtGaMgsþaj
ebskkmµénviTüasæanGalbWtGaMgsþaj KWCYyeZVIeGaymankarrIkcMerIn
dlkarsikSaTUlMTUlay nigkareRbIR:sGMeBIGhigSaCayuTÆsaRsþ ~gkaredaH
RsayTMnas´nanaelIEpndIenH .
viTüasæanenHebþC\a ÷
• karJrRbCaZibetyü esrIPaB
• RbqaMgnwgkarCiHCan GMeBIpþackar karsMlabmnusSrg<al nig
• bnæykarBwgEpÁkeTAelIGMeBIhigSa ~gviZankarnana .
ebskkmµenH sMerc:neTAtamviZankarbIya¨g ÷
• karCYyelIkTwkcitþkarRsavRCav karsikSaGMBIviZankarsMrab´
skmµPaBGhigSa nigkareRbIR:sviZankarenHBImun>~gTMnas
RKbEbby¨ag .
• karEckcaylTÆplénkarRsavRCavenH eTAsaZarNCn tam
ry; karpSBVpSay snñisIT nigRbB&nÆB&t(man ehIynig
• karBieRKaH pþl´eyabl´ dl´RkumTaMgLayEdlmanTMnas´
GMBIplEdleKTTYl:nBIyuTÆsaRsþénkareRbIGMeBIGhigSa .
- vi -
GVI>TaMgGsenA~ges[vePAenH sæitenA~gevTikasaZarN;
KWeKGaccMlgeRbIR:s´:n edayBuMcaM:c´mankarGnuJ¦atBIelak CIn sab ß
GñkbkERb . RbsinebIelakGñkcMlgvK<NamYy~ges[vePAenH
sUmemtþabJ¢ak´RbPBedImeGay:nc|as´las´ . sUmGrKuN .
e:HBum¬elIkTImYy Ex ósPa qñaM 2002
e:HBum¬elIkTIBIr Ex mizuna qñaM 2003
es[vePA²BIrbbpþac´kareTARbCaZibetyü³ :nRtUveKecjpSayCaelIkdMbUgbgÁs´
enATIRkug:gkk ~gqñaM1993 edayRkumKN;kmµkar
sMrab´ksaglTÆiRbCaZibetyüeLIgvijenA~gRbeTsPUma
~gshkarCamYyTsSnavdþIjÚveG[ra¨ ‘The New Era Journal’ ‘Khit Pyaing’.
taMgBIeBlenaHmk eK:nbkERbes[vePAenHecjCaR:MbIPasay¨agtic
ehIyeK:npSBVpSayenA~gRbeTssWeb[ «NÐÚensIu nigéz
RBmTaMgbNþaRbeTsmYycMnYneT[t .
enHCaelIkTImYy Edles[vePAenHecjpSayCaPasaExµr e:HBum¬Extula 2005 .
The Albert Einstein Institution 427 Newbury Street
Boston, MA 02115-1801, USA Tel: USA+617-247-4882 Fax: USA+617-247-4035 E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.aeinstein.org
ISBN 1-880813-09-2 (PasaGg´eKøs’
ISBN 1-880813-13-0 (PasaExµr)
- vii -
BIrbbpþac;kar eTARbCaFibetyü
tameKalKMnitGhigSa
- viii -
- ix -
matikaerOg
kMNtGñkbkERb xiii
GarmÖkza xvi
CMBUkTI 1
RbQmmuxnwgrbbpþac´kar 1
bJØaEdlenAmanbnþ 3
esrIPaBtamry;GMeBIhigSa 5
rdðRbhar kare:Heqñat GñkeRsacRsgBIbreTs 7
karTTYls<al´karBit 10
CMBUkTI 2
eRKaHzñakénkarcrca 13
KuNsm|tþi nigkarxUcxaténkic©crca 14
karcuHj¨mtamkarcrca 15
GMNac nigyutþiZm(enA~gkic©crca 17
karyl´RBmrbs´BYkpþac´kar 18
etIsnþiPaBEbbNa 20
mUlehtusMrabesckþIsg¹wm 20
CMBUkTI 3
eBlNaGMNacnwgmkdl´ 23
er]geRBgniTanGMBIm©as´sVa 23
- x -
RbPBcaM:cnanaénGMNacneya:y 25
mNÐlTaMgLayénGMNacRbCaZibetyü 29
CMBUkTI 4
rbbpþac´karmancMNucexSay 33
karsMKalrkemIlEkgeCIgGaKIl 33
cMNucexSayrbs´rbbpþac´kar 34
karvayRbhareTAelIcMNucexSayénrbbpþac´kar 36
CMBUkTI 5
kareRbIR:s´GMNac 39
dMeNIrénkarts)UGhigSa 40
GavuZnigvin&yGhigSa 41
karebIkcMh PaBsMgat nig«riyabzRtwmRtUv 45
karERbRbYlRKwHGMNac 46
ynþkarbYny¨agsMrab´karERbRbYl 47
«TÆiBlRbCaZibetyüénneya:yerIbRmH 49
PaBsµúKsµajénkarts)UGhigSa 51
CMBUkTI 6
esckþIRtUvkareGaymanEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ 53
karer[bcMCaEpnkarCakEsþg 54
óbsK<~gkarer[bcMEpnkar 55
JküeBcn¾bYnsMxan´>~gkareZVIEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ 59
- xi -
CMBUkTI 7
karer[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþ 63
kareRCIserIsneya:y 65
karer[bcMEpnkaredIm|IlTÆiRbCaZibetyü 66
CMnYyBIeRkA 67
karer[bcMyuTÆsaRsþcMbg 68
karer[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþsMrabyuTÆnakar 71
karpSBVpSayKMnitmineZVIshkar 74
karbRg,abnigviZankarTb´Tl´ 75
karRbkan´EpnkaryuTÆsaRsþeGayx¢ab´ 76
CMBUkTI 8
karGnuvtþn¾neya:yerIbRmH 79
karts)UsRmaMg 80
kartTl´CanimitþrUb 81
karEbgEckkarTTYlxusRtUv 83
kartMrg´eTArkGMNacBYkpþac´kar 84
karERbRbYlyuTÆsaRsþ 87
CMBUkTI 9
karbMEbkrbbpþac´kar 89
karBRgIkesrIPaB 91
karbMEbkrbbpþac´kar 93
karkan´kab´C&yCMnHedaykarTTYlxusRtUv 95
- xii -
CMBUkTI 10
kic©karCamUldðansMrabRbCaZibetyürwgbuwg 97
karKMramkMEhgBIrbbpþac´karzµI 98
karTbs,at´rdðRbhar 99
karRJgrdðZmµnuJ¦ 100
neya:ykarJrCatitamRbCaZibetyü 101
karTTYlxusRtUvd*lÁRbesIr 102
óbsm¬&nÆ - meZüa:yénskmµPaBGhigSa 105
GMBIGñkniBnÆ 121
GMBIGñkbkERb 123
- xiii -
kMNt;GñkbkERb
eKalbMNgZMénkic©karbkERbsMrYlenH nwg:nsMercdUcR:zña Rbsin
ebIkare:HBum¬pSBVpSayes[vePArbselaksaRsþacarü CIn sab ²BIrbbpþackar
eTARbCaZibetyü³CaPasaExµr GacCYyCMrujelIkTwkcitþ eGaymankarRtwHriH
BicarNaeGay:nmWugmatGMBIEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ nigskmµPaBGhigSa EdlGac
CYyTajRbeTsNamYyeGayecjputBIPaBRkIRketaky¨ak nigkarcuHj¨m .
karEvkEjkRbEkkKñaza RbeTsNamYymandMeNIrkareTAmux ß zy
eRkayRbEhlCaBuMsUvsMxan´eT . karBitenaHKWRbCaBlrdðRbeTsRkIRkRtUv
qøgkatkarQWcab´EdlmincaM:c . karrgTuk¡evTnaEdlRbCaBlrdð:nRTaM
RT KYrEtCakarkRnþak´das´sµartIeGayP\ak´rlwk sMrabRbeTsRkIRkTaMgLay .
RBwtþikarN¾nanaEdlmanekIteLIgenA~gRbeTsRkIRk hak´dUcCaBuMmanlk¡N;
eKarB eyaKyl´ ßGaNitGasUrdl´RbCaBlrdðeLIy .
RbvtþisaRsþRbeTsRkIRkxøHeJreBjeTAeday ²bdivtþn¾³ EdlTTYl
braC&y . sac´er]gdEdl>ecHEtekItmaneLIg manEttYÉkeTEdlpøas´bþÚr .
mtiriHKnxøHGaccatTukBYkGñkdwknaMTaMgenaH zaCaGPiCnmYyRkumEdlrvl´Et
deNþImKñakac´cg,Útk:¨l´TItak´nic ‘Titanic’ . BYkeKmancitþrIkrayenAeBl
eXIjBYkemdwknaMcasrltrlay ehIyeKxitxMeZVIEbbNa edIm|IkuMeGayKURbECg
rbs´eKmanOkaskøayeTACaGñkTTYlGMNacbnþenAézámux . GñkTaMgenHhak´
dUcCarvlxøaMgNas´~gkareZVIy¨agNa eGayeK:nenAkan´GMNacyUrGEgVg
CaCageZVI GVIedIm|IrMedaHRbCaBlrdðeGayeKcputBIPaBRkIRketaky¨ak Tuk¡evTna
ehIynigBIkardwknaMEdlxVHRbsiTÆPaB .
- xiv -
eKGaceRb[beZ[bRbCaBlrdðeTAkEg,b~gqñaMgTwkRtCak EdleKkMBug
Etbg,at´ePøIgdaMBIeRkam . kEg,benHRbEhlCakMBugEtsMrbsMrYlxøÜneTAtam
kMedATwk EdlecHEtekIneLIgbnþicmþg> . TIbMput karsMrbsMrYledIm|Irs´enH
nwgeZVIkEg,bqÁinsøab erIxøÜnelatecjBITwkBuHBuMrYc eTaHbICaeBlenaH eKcgrs´
EbbNak*eday . RbsinebIeKRtUvkaróTahrN¾CakEsþgsMrab´eRKaHzñak´enH
eKBuMcaM:c´sMLwgemIlÉNaEvgqáayhYsBIRbeTscM:¨eT . buEnþeKRbEhlCa
emIlBuMeXIjeT eRJHRbeTscM:¨:nrlay:t´rUbragrYcyUrNas´eTAehIy .
RbEhlCaeBlevlaEdlRbCaBlrdðRtUveZVIkarrMedaHxøÜnÉg Qb´Bwg
EpÁkelIGñkÉeT[t:nmkdl´ehIy . dUcEdlelaksaRsþacarü CIn sab
:nRsgyksMdIeTAdak~ges[vePAenHza ²esrIPaBminEmn:nedayesrI
gayRsYl³ . elak:nesñICaTUeTAza ²RbCaBlrdðnwgRtUvEter[nGMBIreb[b
qk'ykesrIPaBenH edayxøÜnÉg³ ‘TMB&rTI 103’ .
eKeXIjmanktþaelIkTwkcitþ sMrabeGayRbCaBlrdðRkIRkeZVIy¨agenH
nigrgVan´CaeRcInrg´caM RbsinebIRbCaCatienHmaneCaKC&y . RbeTsRkIRkxøH
mandIZøIEdlmanCIrCati Twkbwg TenøJseBj nigcMnYnBlrdðtic~gmYyKILÚ
Em¨Rtkaer¨ . TaMgenHCaZnZanZmµCati nigekrþ¥mrtk EdlrgcaMEtkarRKb´RKg
d*lÁmYy . GñkesdðsaRsþEdlmanÉkeTsxagkatbnæyPaBRkIRk elak
saRsþcarü eCvRhVI sas ‘Jeffrey Sachs’ :neC]Cak´za RbeTsRkIRkxøH
manKuNsm|tþiCaeRcIn EdlGaceZVIeGayRbCaBlrdðTaMgGs´ manCIvPaBrs´
enACamnusS~gPaBézøzñÚr . ~gEpñkGnuvtþn¾vij es[vePAenH:npþl´nUvKMnitCa
eRcInGMBIreb[bts)UykesrIPaB EdlRbCaBlrdðRtUvkary¨agxøaMgkøa edIm|IcUl
rYm~gkic©karTaMgLay Edlman«TÆiBleTAelICIvPaBrsenA Caer[gral'ézá
rbseK nigRbeyaCn¾Cati . es[vePAenHGacCYyeZVIeGaykarGssg¹wmkøay
eTACamansg¹wm nigeZVIeGayesckþIsg¹wmkøayCakarBit .
- xv -
karpSBVpSayes[vePAenHCaPasaExµr:necjrYc edaysarEtmnusS
mYycMnYn . elaksaRsþacarü CIn sab :nktRtaKMnitCaeRcInTuk~ges[vePA
EdlGacCYyeGayRbCaBlrdðBiPBelakkankabvasnaxøÜnÉgvijmþg . elak
GaZ&r GIuEdlsþaj‘Arthur Edelstein’ énsklviTüal&ykalIhV&rja¨ enA
bWrKøI ‘Berkeley’ :nTak´Tg ehIypþl´eGay` nUvOkasmYyEdl`BuMGac
bdiesZ:n edIm|ICYypSBVpSayKMnit elak CIn sab CaPasaExµr . karbk
ERbCaPasaExµrenH:nTTYlplRbeyaCn¾CaeRcIn BIcMeNHGkSrsaRsþd*eRCA
RCH rbs´RBHPik¡úmYyGg< elak lI skþa elak mYg Naer¨t nig shkarI
mYycMnYneT[t Edl:nCYyeZVIkarBinitüJküeBcn¾ XøaeXøagy¨aghµt´ct´ .
GñkCMnYykar`:nTTYlrabrgxagkarvayGtæbT niger[bcMeGayecjCarUbPaB
es[vePA . mitþP&RkþmYycMnYnenA~gRsuknigbreTs :nCYyelIkTwkcitþ nig
pþl'CaZnZansMrab´e:HBum¬es[vePAenH . GñkCMnYyTaMgenaH suTÆEtCaGñkEdl
bþÚrpþaceTAelIlTÆiRbCaZibetyü nigsiTÆimnusStamskmµPaBGhigSa . `sUm
GrKuNy¨agRCaleRCA cMeJHRBHetCKuN nigGs´elakGñkxagelITaMgGs´
Edl:nCYyeRCamERCgRKbRCugeRCay edIm|IeGayes[vePAenHecjCarUbrag .
eTaHbICay¨agNak*eday kMhusTaMgLayEdlmanenA~ges[vePAenH sæitenA
~gkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs´ Etmñak´ÉgTaMgRsug .
`sUmcat'TuksñaédbkERbenHCakarEzøgGMNrKuNd*sþÜcesþIgmYy cMeJH
Priya nigkUn`TaMgBIr Edl:nKaMRTKMnitnigskmµPaB`Canic© edayKµan
lk¡xNÐ .
smaCikRBwTÆsPa Gwug b)unGag
GñkbkERb
raCZanIPñMeBj ézáTI 11 Ex kJ¦a qñaM 2005
- xvi -
- xvii -
GarmÖkfa
`:ncabGarmµN¾rabqñaMmkehIy eTAelIreb[beZVIyagNa edIm|IbeJ¢{s
nigbM:t´rbbpþac´kar . `rkSaTukGarmµN¾enH mYyEpñkedaysarCMen]za
mnusSelakminKYreGayrbbenH CiHCannigbMpøicbMpøajTalEtesaH . CMen]enH
kan´EtmankMritxøaMgeLIg tamkarGannanaGMBIsar;sMxanénesrIPaBrbsmnusS
GMBIlk¡N;énrbbpþac´kar ‘taMgBIKMnitelakGarIsþÚt [Aristotle] eTAdl
karEvkEjkGMBIpþac´karniym’ nigRbvtþiénrbbpþac´kar ‘CaBiesssæab&nNasIu
[Nazi] nigsþalIn [Stalin] ’ .
~gry;eBlrab´qñaMmkenH `:nmanOkasCYbs<al´mnusS Edl:n
rs´ nigrgeRKaHeRkamGMNacNasIu rYmmanTaMgGñkEdlrs´putCIvitBIKukeT[t
pg . enA~gRbeTsn&rev¨ (Norway) `:nCYbGñkEdl:nRbqaMgnwgrbb
pþac´karhVasIus ehIy:nrYcCIvit nig:n»GMBIGñkEdl:t´bg´CIvit . `:n
niyayCamYyBYkCVih (Jews) Edl:neKcputBIkNþab´édNasIu nigCamYy
GñkEdl:nCYyrMedaHCIvitGñkrgeRKaHTaMgenaHpg .
eKGac:ndwgeRcInGMBIGMeBIeXaeXAénrbbkumµúynIsþ~gRbeTsnana
tamkarGanes[vePA CagkarTakTgedaypÞal´ . cMeJH` GMeBIeXareXAén
rbbTaMgenHhak´dUcCaKYreGaysþay CaBiess edayGMeBIpþac´karenH:nRtUv
eKGnuvtþ~grUbPaBCakarrMedaHRbCaBlrdðBIkarCiHCan´ nigkarekgRbv&J© .
~gbunµanTsvtScugeRkayenH tamry;GñkeZVIdMeNIrBIRbeTspþac´kar dUcCa
:¨Nam¨a (Panama) bULÚj (Poland) QIlI (Chile) TIeb (Tibet) nigPUma
(Burma) eyIg:ndwgza PaBBitCak´Esþgénrbbpþac´karbc©úb|nñenH mankMrit
- xviii -
kan´EtxøaMgeLIg . BIGñkRsukTIebEdl:nRbyuTÆRbqaMgnwgkarQøanJnrbs´
BYkcinkumµúynIsþ nig BYkrusSIúEdl:neCaKC&yeTAelIrdðRbharrbs´RkumRCul
niym~gExsIhaqñaM1991 ehIynigBYkézEdl:nraraMg edaysnþiviZI min
eGayrbbeyaZavilRtLbmkvij `:ner[nsURtbEnæmGMBIkarecjlk¡N;
sahavsnSwm>énrbbpþac´kar .
smancitþGaNitGasUr nigkMhwgBuHeJrcMeJHGMeBIIsahaveXareXA
CamYynigkaresáIcsresIrdlvIrPaBd*nwghñ énbursRsþId*køahanEdlminKYr
eGayeC]:n kan´EtmankMritxøaMgeLIg enAeBleKeZVIdMeNIreTAdlTIkEnøgekIt
ehtu . KWCaTIkEnøgEdlenAEtmaneRKaHzñak´ buEnþGñkkøahanTaMgenaHenAEt
Rkajts)UteTAeT[t . TIkEnøgTaMgenaHmanCaGaT¥ RbeTs:¨Nama¨ enAeRkam
karRKbRKgrbseQµaH NUrIGIuh<a (Noriega) , dMbnvIulnIGIus (Vilnius) lIZUGaen[
(Lithuania) eRkamkarCiHCanrbssUev[t, TIZøaeZ[nNamin (Tiananmen Square)
énTIRkugebkaMg (Beijing) EdleK:neXIjmha:tukmµd*Gs©arü edIm|IesrIPaB
nigkareTAdl´énkgrzeRkaH Edl:nbJ©b´raRtIenaHy¨ageXareXAÇ TIsñak´kar
~géRBénRkumRbCaZibetyü enAmaN&rpø&r (Manerplaw) ~gtMbn²rMedaHPUma³ .
CYnkal `:neTAdlTIkEnøgEdlGñkTaMgenaH:nbUCaCIvit dUcCa
dgeKamTUrTsSn¾ nigTIkEnøgkbexµacenAvilnIGIusÇ sYnsaZarN;enATIRkug
rIh<a (Riga) CaTIkEnøgEdleK:j´sMlabmnusSmYycMnYnÇ mNÐlEhVra¨ra
(Ferrara) enAEpñkxageCIgRbeTsGIutalI CaTIkEnøgEdlBYkhVasIus tMer[b
BYkGñkRbqaMgCaCYr munnwg:jrHsMlabecal ehIynigTIkbexµacd*samJ¦
mYy enAma¨N&rpø&r EdleJreBjeTAedaysBGñkts)Uekµg> . karBitd*
GaeNacGaZ&mmYyenaHKW rbbpþac´karnImYy>EtgEtbnSl´TuknUvkar:t´bg´
CIvit nigkarxUcxatEbbenH .
karkgVl´ nigbTBiesaZn¾TaMgenaH :nnaMeGaymanesckþIsg¹wm
d*mWugma¨t´za karbeJ¢{srbbpþac´karenHRbEhlCaGaceZVIeTA:nÇ nigkarts)U
- xix -
d*eCaKC&yRbqaMgnwgrbbpþackar GacsMerc:nedayBuMcaM:csMlabKñaeday
rg<aleTAvijeTAmkÇ ehIyza eKGacrMlMrbbpþac´kar ehIyraraMgmineGay
rbbpþac´karzµImYyeT[t elcecjBIKMnrepHTaMgenaH:n .
`:nl|geZVIviPaKyaghµtct GMBIviZankard*manRbsiTÆPaBbMput edIm|I
ruHerIrbbpþac´kar eGay:neCaKC&y edayBuMcaM:c´bg,eGaymankarxUcxat
xøaMg tamry;kareZVIeGaymankar:t´bg´CIvitnigkarQWcab´ . ~gkareZVIEbb
enH `:nBwgEpÁkeTAelIkarsikSarab´qñaMrbs´` GMBIrbbpþac´karnana clna
RbqaMg bdivtþn¾ KMnitneya:y RbB&nÆRKb´RKgrdð nigCaBiess GMBIkarRbyuTÆ
ts)UGhigSad*Cak´Esþg .
es[vePAenH KWCalTÆplénkarsikSarbs´ . `dwgc|as´za sñaéd
enHBuMTan´:nlÁsuRkit «tex©aHenaHeLIy . b¨uEnþlTÆplenH RbEhlCaGac
pþlnUvkarENnaMxøH> edIm|ICaCMnYydlkarKitnigkarer[bcMEpnkar ~gkarbeg,It
eGayecjCaclnarMedaHmYy EdlmanzamBlnigRbsiTÆPaBxøaMgkøa .
CakarcaM:c´ nigeyageTAtamkareRCIserIsd*hµt´ct´ xøwmsarén
karsikSaviPaK~ges[vePAenH nwgepþateTAelIbJØaCaTUeTA EdlJk'B&nÆnwg
kareZVIy¨agNa edIm|IrMlMrbbpþac´kar ehIynigbeJ¢{skuMeGayrbbpþac´karzµI
mYyeT[tmkCMnYs:n . `BuMmansmtæPaBRKb´RKan´sMrab´eZVIkarviPaK nigeZVI
sMeNIeGay:nBisþar sMrab´RbeTsNamYyCakEsþgenaHeLIy . buEnþesckþI
sg¹wmrbs`enaHKW karviPaKsikSaCaTUeTAEbbenH RbEhlCaGacmanRbeyaCn¾
dlmnusS~gRbeTsCaeRcIn EdlkMBugEtRbQmmuxtTlnwgrbbpþackarCak
Esþg . GñkTaMgenaHRtUvBinitüzøwgEzøgxøwmsar énkarviPaK~ges[vePAenH sMrab
krNIBiessrbs´eK ehIysMercza etIeKGacelIkyk ßk*EkécñsMeNIsMxan>
NamYy~ges[vePAenHdl´kMritNaEdr sMrab´karts)UrMedaHrbs´eK .
`mankarCab´CMJk´KuNCaeRcIn~gkarsresres[vePAenH . elak
RbUs EcgXIn (Bruce Jenkins) GñkCMnYykar`:nCYy`CaeRcIn elIsBI
- xx -
karsµan ~gkarrkeXIjkMhusnana ~ges[vePAenH nigkareGayeyabl´
~gkarBnül'KMnitBi:k>eGaygayRsYlyl' CaBiess KMnitEdlJk'B&nÆ
nwgyuTÆsaRsþ .
`k*sUmGrKuNpgEdr cMeJHelak esÞhVin kUDI (Stephen Coady)
Edl:nCYyEksMrYlJküeBcn¾ nigGk¡raviruTÆ . bNÐit RKwsþÚhV&r RKUl&r
(Christopher Kruegler) nigelak rUbWt ehlvI (Robert Helvey) :npþl´
nUvkarriHKnnigeyabl´sMxan>CaeRcIn . elakRsIbNÐit ehsil m¨ahVWsun
(Hazel McFerson) nigelakRsIbNÐit:¨RTIsuIy¨a pakmin(Patricia Parkman)
:npþl´eGay` nUvB&t(manGMBIkarts)U~gTIVbGaRhVik nigGaemrikxagt|Úg .
zVIebIkarsikSarbs´ enH:nTTYlplRbeyaCn¾CaeRcInBIkarKaMRTd*RbesIrTaMg
enHkþI karviPaK nigesckþIsnñidðanTaMgLay~ges[vePAenH KWCakarTTYlxus
RtUvrbs`TaMgRsug .
enA~gkarviPaKrbs`enH BuMmancMNucNamYy Edl`snµtza kartTl
RbqaMgempþac´karTaMgLayCakargayRsYl nigKµankarxUcxatenaHeLIy .
karts)URKb´RbePTEtgEtmanbJØasµúKsµaj nigxUcxatxøHCanic© . karRbyuTÆ
RbqaMgnwgBYkpþac´kar nwgnaMmknUvkarxUcxatBMuxan . buEnþesckþIsg¹wmrbs´
`enaHKW karviPaK~ges[vePAenH nwgCMrujeGayGñkdwknaMkarRbqaMgTaMgLay
KitKUrGMBIyuTÆsaRsþ EdlGacCYyeGaykMlaMgrbseKkanEtmanRbsiTÆPaB
CamYyKñanwgkarbnæykarxUcxat .
eKminKYrbkRsaykarviPaK~ges[vePAenHza enAeBlEdlrbbpþackar
mYy:ndYlrlM bJØaÉeT[tnwgRtUvcbEdrenaHeT . karrlMdYlénrbbmYy
minEmnnaMmknUvrbbzµImYyd*lÁenaHeLIy . karenHRKan´EtebIkpøÚveTArkkic©kar
d*lM:k nigkarxñHExñgd*yUrGEgVgeT[t edIm|IsæabnaeGaymanTMnak´TMngsg<m
kic© esdðkic© nigneya:y d*RtwmRtUv ehIynigbM:tecalnUvPaBGyutþiZm(
nigkarCiHCanÉeT[t . `sg¹wmza karviPaKd*xøI~ges[vePAenH GMBIreb[bkMcat
- xxi -
rbbpþac´kar nwgGacmanplRbeyaCn¾ ~gkrNITaMgLayNa EdlmnusS
rs´enAeRkamkarCiHCan´ ehIyEdlGñkTaMgenaHmanbMNgcg´:nesrIPaB .
CIn sab
ézáTI6 Extula qñaM1993
viTüasæanGal´bWtGaMgsþaj
GKarelx 427 pøÚvjÚvb&rrI RkugbUsþún rdðma¨saCUsit 02115-1801
- 1 - 1
CMBUkTI1
karRbQmmuxnwgrbbpþac;kar
Gs´ry;eBleRcInqñaMknøgeTAzµI>enH rbbpþac´karmYycMnYn Edlman
RbPB~gRsuk nigeRkARsuk :ndYlrlM enAeBlEdlCYbRbQmmuxCamYy
nwgRbCaBlrdð EdlmansµartIrwgbuwg nigkarRbmUlKñaCaRkum . rbbpþac´kar
xøHTaMgenaHhak´dUcCamanPaBmaMmYn EdlKµannrNaGacb¨HJl´:n b¨uEnþTI
bMputBuMmanlTÆPaBRbQmmuxtTl´nwgRbCaBlrdð EdlshkarKña erIbRmH
bdiesZmineZVItambJ¢a xagEpñkneya:y esdðkic© nigxagsg<mkic© . taMgBIqñaM1980 rbbpþac´karmYycMnYn:ndYlrlM enAcMeJHmuxkarerI
bRmHGhigSa rbsRbCaBlrdð enARbeTseGsþÚen[‘Estonia’ Latev[‘Latvia’
lIZUGaen[‘Lithuania’ b¨ULÚj‘Poland’ GaLWm¨g´xagekIt‘East Germany’
eqkUsøÚva¨KI‘Czechoslovakia’ søÚeven[‘Slovenia’ ma¨dah<as,a‘Madagascar’
malI‘Mali’ bUlIev[‘Bolivia’ nighVIlIB¬In‘Philippines’ . karRbqaMgGhigSa
:nCMrujeGaymanclnaeTArklTÆiRbCaZibetyüeTAmux enA~gRbeTs en:l
‘Nepal’ sMeb[‘Zambia’ kUerxagt|Úg‘South Korea’ QIlI‘Chile’ GahSgTIn
‘Argentina’ éhTI‘Haiti’ eRbsIul‘Brazil’ GU)rUh<ay ‘Uruguay’ maLavI
‘Malawi’ b)ulh<arI‘Bulgaria’ hugRKI‘Hungary’ esSer¨‘Zaire’ nIehSrI
‘Nigeria’ nigtMbn´epSg>énGtItshPaBsUev[t ‘edIrtYy¨agsMxan ~gkareZVI
- 2 - 2
eGayBYkRCulniymbraC&y~gkarbunbgeZVIrdðRbhar ~gExsIha qñaM1991’ .
elIsBIenHeTAeT[t neya:yerIbRmH1 BIsMNak´Blrdð k*:nekIt
eLIg~gRbeTscin PUma TIeb ~gry;eBlbunµanqñaMzµI>enHEdr . zVIebIkarts)U
TaMgenaHBuM:nnaMmknUvkarbJ©b´rbbpþac´karßk*karkankab´k*eday k*karts)U
TaMgenaH:nbgØajeGayshKmn¾GnþrCatieXIj PaBsahavénrbbCiHCan´
ehIy:npþleGayBlrdðTaMgenaH nUvbTBiesaZn¾d*mantMél sMrabkarts)U
EbbenH .
kardYlrlMénrbbpþac´karénRbeTsTaMgbunµanxagelIenH c|as´CaBuM
:nlubbM:tnUvbJØaTaMgLayEdlmanenA~gsg<mTaMgenaHeLIy ÷ PaBRkIRk
óRkidðkmµ kic©karrdð:lEdlBuMmanRbsiTÆPaB nigkarbMpøicbMpøajZmµCati Edl
Caer]y> CasñaédénrbbeXareXATaMgenaH . buEnþkardYlrlMénrbbTaMgenaH
:neZVIeGayGñkrgeRKaHrYcBIkarCiHCan´ mankarZUres|Iy ehIyebIkpøÚveGay
mankarksagsg<mTaMgenaHeLIgvij CamYynwgneya:yRbCaZibetyü esrIPaB
buK<l nigyutþiZm(sg<m .
1 elak rU¨bWt EhlvI ‘Robert Helvey’ :neRbIJküenHCaelIkdMbUg . ²neya:yerIbRmH ¨
KWCakarts)UGhigSa ‘:tukmµ karmineZVIshkar nigkareZVIGnþraKmn¾’ EdleK Gnuvtþn¾y¨agskmµ
y¨agman; sMrab´eKalbMNgneya:y . JküenHeK:neRbICadMbUg edIm|IbM:t´karyl´RcLM
nigkaryl´xusEdlekIteLIgBIkarcat´Tukkarts)U GhigSaCamYynwg ²GMeBIGhigSa ~gn&ysasna
sIlZm( nigkarniymsnþiPaB . ² karerIbRmH ¨ mann&yza KWCakartTl´nwgGaC\aZreday
eRKagTuk tamry;karmineKarB edaymincuHj¨m . ²neya:yerIbRmH ¨ er[brab´GMBIsPaBkar
EdleKeZVIskmµPaB ‘neya:y’ CamYynwgeKalbMNg ‘GMNacneya:y’. eKeRbIJküenH
CaGaT¥ sMraber[brabGMBIskmµPaBrbsRbCaBlrdð edIm|IdeNþImykBIrbbpþackar nUvkarRKbRKg
sæab&nrdð:l tamry;karvayRbhareday«tQbQreTAelIRbPBGMNac ehIy nigeRbIR:s´
karer[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ nigkardak´Gnuvtþn¾ . enA~ges[vePAenH Jkü ²neya:yerIbRmH ¨
²karRbqaMgGhigSa ¨ nig ²karts)UGhigSa ¨ mann&ydUcKña zVIebIJküTaMgBIrcugeRkay CaTUeTA
niyayGMBIkarts)U edIm|IeKalbMNgTUlMTUlay ‘bJØasg<m esdðkic© citþsaRsþ CaedIm’ .
- 3 - 3
bBaðaEdlenAmanbnþ CakarBit eK:nseg,teXIjmancrnþeTArklTÆiRbCaZibetyü nig
esrIPaBenA~gBiPBelak ~gbunµanTsvtSknøgeTAenH . eyageTAtamGg<kar
RhVIdumehas (Freedom House) Edl:ncgRkgCaer[gralqñaM nUvkarsikSa
GnþrCatimYy GMBIRbePTénsiTÆineya:ynigesrIPaBsIuvil cMnYnRbeTsTUeTA
~gelak EdleKGaccatTukzaman ²esrIPaB ¨ :nekIneLIgCaeRcIn ~g
ry;eBl 30qñaMknøgeTAenH2 ÷
esrIPaBeBjelj esrIPaBxøH KµanesrIPaB
1974 41 48 63
2004 89 54 49
b¨uEnþ crnþd*lÁenH :nCYbRbTHnwgkarraMgsÞHxøH edaysarenAman
BlrdðmYycMnYnZMeT[t EdlkMBugrsenAeRkamGMNacpþackar . mkTlnwgExmkra
qñaM1993 31PaKryénRbCaBlrdðBiPBelakEdlmanTaMgGs 5ç450lan
nak :nrsenA~gRbeTsnigEdndI EdleKkMNt´za ²KµanesrIPaB³3 KWCaTI
kEnøgEdleKraraMgyagtwgEtgmineGaymansiTÆineya:y nigesrIPaB sIuvil .
~gqñaM2004 RbeTs EdndIcMnYn 49kEnøgenA~gRbePT ²KµanesrIPaB³ :n
sæitenAeRkamGMNacpþackareyaZa ‘dUcCaenARbeTsPUma nigs)Udan [Sudan]’
rbbraCaniympþac´kar ‘dUcCa RbeTssUDIGaerbIuy¨a [Saudi Arabia] en:¨l
2 RhVIdumehas (Freedom House) esrIPaB~gBiPBelak ; karRsg'sæitiRbcaMqñaMGMBI
siTÆineya:y nigesrIPaBsIuvil ‘jÚvy"k [New York] RhVIdumehas qñaM2004’ .
3 RhVIdumehas esrIPaB~gBiPBelak 1993 TMB&rTI 4 .
- 4 - 4
[Nepal] nigb)Uzan [Bhutan]’ KNbkSneya:ypþac´kar ‘dUcCaRbeTscin
nigkUer¨xageCIg’ BYkQøanJnbreTs ‘dUcCaenATIeb’ ßk*sæitenA~gsæanPaB
Gnþrkal .
~geBlbc©úb|nñenH RbeTsCaeRcInsæitenA~gdMNak'karEdlman
karERbRbYly¨agxøaMg xagesdðkic© neya:y nigsg<m . zVIebIcMnYnRbeTs
EdlmanesrIPaBeBjelj :nekIneLIg~gry;eBl30qñaMknøgeTAenHkþI
k*enAmaneRKaHzñakeRcIneT[t edaysarRbCaCatiCaeRcIn ~gdMNak'karEdl
mankarERbRbYlxøaMgenH nwgvivtþn¾zyeRkayeTArkrbbpþac´karEdlmanrUbPaB
zµI . RkumeyaZa BYkbuK<lEdlmanmhicäta GñkCab´eqñat nigKNbkS
neya:y nwgxMxñHExñgdakbg¡MeGayeKÉeT[teZVItambMNgrbs´xøÜn . kareZVI
rdðRbhar CaRBwtþikarN¾EdlnwgekItmaneLIgCaZmµta . eKnwgenAEtrMelaP
siTÆimnusS nigsiTÆineya:yrbsRbCaBlrdðmYycMnYnZMteTAeT[t .
KWCasMNagGaRkk EdlGtItkalenAEttamCab´CamYyeyIg . bJØa
rbbpþac´karmankMriteRCANas . RbCaBlrdð~gRbeTsCaeRcIn:nqøgkat´
bTBiesaZn¾rab´TsvtS ßk*stvtSénkarCiHCan´ EdlmanRbPB~gRsukßk*
BIbreTs . Caer]y> PaBcuHj¨medaymintva¨eTAGñkkan´GMNac :nkøay
eTACakarZmµta . enA~gkrNIRCulhYsehtu sæab&nsg<m neya:y esdðkic©
ßk*sasna EdlsæitenAeRkAkarRKbRKgrbs´rdð :nRtUveKeZVIeGaycuHexSay
dak´CacMNuH ßk*CMnYsedaysæab&nzµI EdlrdðnigKNbkSkanGMNaceRbIR:s´
edIm|IRKbRKgsg<mTaMgmUl . RbCaBlrdð:nRtUveKbMEbkeGayeTACaGg<PaB
tUc> ‘køayeTACamnusSÉekamYyRkumd*ZM’ EdlBuMGaceZVIkarCamYyKña edIm|I
eGay:nesrIPaB nigeGaymanTMnukTukcitþKñaeTAvijeTAmk ßk*eZVIkarGVImYy
ekItedaymhaCnxøÜnÉg .
eKGacTsSn¾Tayplvi:kénkarbMEbkenH:ny¨agc|as´las´ .
RbCaBlrdðRtUvcuHexSay xVHkarTukcitþxøÜnÉg ehIyKµansmtæPaBnwgts)U
- 5 - 5
RbqaMg . Caer]y> RbCaBlrdðmankarP&yxøac minh)anniyay sUm|ICamYy
RKYsarnigmitþPkþi GMBIkarEdleKsÁb´rbbpþac´kar nigkarEdleKeRskXøan
cg´:nesrIPaB . Caee]y> GñkTaMgenaHminh)anKitKUreGayEmnETn GMBI
karRbqaMgCasaZarN;eLIy . eKnaMKñaecaTsYrza etIKMnitRbqaMgenHnwgman
RbeyaCn¾GIV / emø¨aHehIy eKnwgTTYlyk karrgTuk¡evTnaEdlKµann&y nig
GnaKtmYyEdlKµansg¹wm .
sPaBkarN¾~grbbpþac´karbc©úb|nñ RbEhlCay¨ab´yWunCagBIeBl
mun . ~gGtItkal GñkxøHRbEhlCa:nsakl|geZVIkarRbqaMg . karRbqaMg
rbs´mhaCn nig:tukmµEdlmanry;eBlxøI :nekItmaneLIg . Twkcitþ
RbEhlCaBuHkeRJ¢alekø{vkøamYyry;eBl . eBlxøHeT[t buK<lmñak´>nig
RkumtUc>GaceZVIskmµPaBd*køahan b¨uEnþBuM:npþl´CaplZMduM eRkABIbgØaj
eKalkarN¾ ßk*RKanEtCakarerIbRmH . eTaHbICabuBVehtuTaMgLayézøzøaEbb
Nak*eday skmµPaBRbqaMgTaMgenaH Caer]y> minRKbRKan edIm|IbM:t´
karP&yxøacrbs´Blrdð nigbM:t´TMlab´eKarBtambJ¢aeK EdlCaktþacaM:c´
edIm|IrMlMrbbpþac´kar . KYreGayGaNitGasUr skmµPaBTaMgenaH RbEhlCa
:nRtwmEtbeg,InkarQWcab nigkar:tbgCIvit minEmnCakarnaMeTArkC&yCMnH
ßk*esckþIsg¹wmTal´EtesaH .
esrIPaBtamry³GMeBIhigSa etIeKRtUveZVIy¨agNa ~gkal;eTs;EbbenH / meZüa:yCakEsþg
nana hakdUcCaBuM:nkar . óbsK<xagrdðZmµnuJ¦nigc|ab´ karvinicä&yrbs´
tulakar nigmtisaZarNCn CaZmµtaRtUv:nBYkpþac´karbMePøcecal . eK
Gacyl´:nGMBIkarsnñidðanEdlmanCaer]y>za ~gkartbteTAnwgGMeBIeXar
eXA kareZVITaruNkmµ kar:t´xøÜnmnusS nigXatkmµnana manEtGMeBIhigSa
- 6 - 6
eT EdlGacbJ©b´rbbpþac´kar:n . CYnkal GñkrgeRKaHEdlekþARkhay
:ner[bcMeZVIkarRbyuTÆRbqaMgBYkpþackareXareXA edayeRbImeZüa:yeyaZa
nighigSaEdleKGacRbmUl:n eTaHbIC&yCMnHmankMrittictYcEbbNak*eday .
GñkTaMgenH Caer]y> cUlRbyuTÆy¨agkøahan suxcitþrgeRKaH niglHbg´CIvit .
CYnkal eKTTYl:neCaKC&yEdlKYreGaykt´sMKal´ buEnþeKkRmnwgQñH
:nesrIPaBNas . karbHe:rtamGMeBIhigSa GacnwgnaMeGaymankarsg,t´
sg,ind*eXareXAkan´EtxøaMg EdlCaehtueZVIeGayRbCaBlrdðGs´sg¹wmCag
muneTAeT[t .
buEnþeTaHbICameZüa:yhigSamanlk¡N;lÁRbesIrEbbNak*eday eK
dwgGMBIcMNucmYyy¨agc|as´las´ . tamry;kardakCMen]eTAelImeZüa:y
higSa eK:neRCIserIsykkarts)UmYyRbePT EdlBYkCiHCan´maneRb[besÞIr
RKbeBlevla . BYkpþac´karmanmeZüa:yRKbRKan´ edIm|IGnuvtþGMeBIhigSa
eGay:nxøaMgkøa . eTaHbICaBYkRbCaZibetyüGacbnþmeZüa:yEbbenH ~g
ry;eBlxøIßyUry¨agNak*eday TIbMput eKBuMGaceC[sputBIkarBitd*CUrct´GMBI
kareRbIkMlaMgeyaZaenaHeT . BYkpþac´karmaneRb[bxageRK]gGavuZeyaZa
RKabrMesv kardwkCJ¢Ún nigkMlaMgT&B esÞIrRKbkal;eTs; . eTaHCaman
esckþIkøahanEbbNak*eday BYkRbCaZibetyüBuMGacRbkYt ‘esÞIrRKb´krNI’
tamEbbenH:neLIy .
enAeBlEdleKTTYls<al´za karbHe:rtamkMlaMgeyaZaZmµtaBuM
manPaBCakEsþg GñkRbqaMgxøHEbreTAKaMRTsRg<amqµk´éRB . buEnþsRg<amqµk´
éRBkRmpþlplRbeyaCn¾ dlRbCaBlrdðEdleKCiHCan ßk*GñkKaMRTlTÆi
RbCaZibetyü . sRg<améRBBuMGacpþl´nUvkaredaHRsayeGayc|as´las´eT
CaBiess enAeBlEdlkarxUcxat~gcMeNamRbCaBlrdðGacmankMritZánZár .
meZüa:yenHKµankarZanamineGaybraC¥aHeLIy zVIebIeKmanRTwsþIKaMRT
nigkarEvkEjkyuTÆsaRsþ ehIyCYnkalmanTaMgkarKaMRTBIsMNak´GnþrCati
- 7 - 7
eT[tpgk*eday . Caer]y> karts)UtaméRBenH RtUvkareBlevlayUrGEgVg .
RbCaBlrdðeRcInEtRtUvxÞatecjBITIlMenA CamYynwgkarrgeRKaHQWcab´«t
óbma edaysarEtBYkkan´GMNacpþac´kar .
eTaHbI:neCaKC&yk*eday karts)UsRg<améRB Caer]y> naMmknUv
plvi:k~gry;eBlEvgqáay . Pøam>enaH rbbEdleKvayRbhar nwgkan
Etpþac´kareLIg ~gkartbtrbs´eK . RbsinebIBYkT&BéRB:nTTYleCaKC&y
enATIbMput rbbzµIEdlelcecjeLIg eRcInEtpþac´karCagrbbmun edaysar
buBVehtuBIr . TImYy KWkMlaMgT&Bmankan´EteRcIn tamkarrYmbJ©ÚlKña rvag
BYkeyaZaéRBnigBYkeyaZacas . TIBIr enAeBlts)U ÉkraCPaBénsæab&n
sg<mnana:nRtUvcuHexSay ßk*xUcxat . Gg<karTaMgenH mantYnaTIy¨ag
sMxan~gkarer[bcM nigBRgwgsg<mRbCaZibetyü emøaHehIy eKminRtUveGay
cuHexSayeT . BYkGñkRbqaMgnwgrbbpþac´kar KYrEtriHrkmeZüa:yepSgeT[t .
rdæRbhar kare)aHeqñat GñkeRsacRsg;BIbreTs rdðRbhareyaZaRbqaMgnwgrbbpþac´karhak´dUcCameZüa:ymYy Edl
gayRsYl nigqab´bMput sMrab´rMlMrbbeXareXA . buEnþmeZüa:yenH man
bJØaZM>mYycMnYn . sMxanCagenHeTAeT[t rdðRbharrkSaTukdEdl nUvkarEck
GMNacminRtwmRtUvbc©úb|nñ rvagRbCaBlrdð nigBYkzµIEdlRKb´RKgrdð:l nig
kgkMlaMgeyaZarbs´eK . kardkykbuK<lNamñak´ ßmnusSmYyRkumecj
BItMENgRKbRKg RbEhlRKanEtCakarGnuJ¦ateGayRkummYyeT[t mkcUl
CMnYsEtbueNÑaH . CaRTwsþI RkumzµIenHhak´dUcCaman«riyabz ‘Gakb|kiriya’
ZUrCagBYkmun nigRbEhlCaGnuJ¦ateGaymankMENTMrgtamlTÆiRbCaZibetyü
mYykMrit . b¨uEnþ karBitRbEhlCapÞúyBIenHeTAvij .
eRkayBI:nBRgwgCMhreKehIy RkumzµIGackøayeTACaeXareXA ehIy
- 8 - 8
nigmanmhicätaCagRkumcas´ . bnÞab´mk RkumzµIEdlRbCaBlrdð:ndak´
esckþIsg¹wmeTAelIenH nwgGaceZVIGVITaMgGs´eTAtamcMNg´ edayKµanrvl´nwg
lTÆiRbCaZibetyü ßk*siTÆimnusS . enHKWCakaredaHRsaybJØarbbpþac´kar
EdleKminGacTTYlyk:n .
rbbpþackarminTTYlykkare:Heqñatza CaóbkrN¾mYyd*sMxan sMrab
karpøas´bþÚrxagneya:yeT . rbbpþac´karxøH dUcCaenAelakxaglic Edl
sæitenAeRkamkarRKbRKgrbs´sUev[t :ner[bcMeGaymankare:Heqñat edIm|I
eGaymanrUbPaBCalk¡N;RbCaZibetyü . buEnþkare:HeqñatTaMgenaH RKan´
EtCakarRsgmtiEdleKRKbRKgy¨aghµt´ct´ edIm|IeGaysaZarNCnyl´
RBmTTYlykebk¡Cn EdlBYkpþac´kar:neRCIserIsy¨agRby&tñRbEygTukCa
mun . BYkpþac´karEdlsæitenAeRkamkarKabsg,t´NamYy CYnkalGacyl´
RBmeGaymankare:Heqñat b¨uEnþbnÞab´mk eKnwgéllkbnøMsnøwkeqñat edIm|I
eGayBYkGaygsIuvil:ncUleTA~grdðaPi:lzµI . RbsinebIebk¡CnRkumRbqaMg
:nRtUveKGnuJ¦ateGayQreQµaHcUlRbkYt ehIyCabeqñat dUcCa enARbeTs
PUma~gqñaM1990 nigéNes[rI‘Nigeria’ ~gqñaM1993 lTÆplénkare:Heqñat
EbbenHGacRtUveKbdiesZ ehIy²GñkQñH³nwgRtUvTTYlkarsMLút cab´xøÜn
ßk*Gs´CIvit . BYkpþac´karminEmncUlcitþkare:Heqñat EdlGacdkeKecj
BIblø&g,enaHeLIy .
mnusSCaeRcInEdlkMBugrgeRKaHeRkamrbbpþac´kar ßk*rt´ecalRsuk
edIm|IeC[seGayputBIkNþab´édBYkpþackar BuMmanCMen]za GñkEdleKCiHCan´
GacrMedaHxøÜnÉgekIteLIy . eKrMBwgza manEtGñkÉeT[teT EdlGacCYyeK
ekIt . GñkTaMgenH TukcitþeTAelIkMlaMgBIeRkARsuk . eKeC]za manEtCMnYy
GnþrCatieT EdlmankMlaMgRKbRKan´ edIm|IrMlMrbbpþac´kar .
CYnkal karyl´eXIjza GñkEdleKCiHCan´BuMGaceZVIGIV>eGayman
RbsiTÆPaB CakarRtwmRtUv~gry;eBlmYy . Caer]y> GñkEdleKCiHCan´
- 9 - 9
mincg´ ehIyk*BuMGacts)U ~gry;eBlxøI BIeRJHGñkTaMgenaHKµanCMen]eTAelI
smtæPaBrbsxøÜnÉg ~gkarRbQmmuxtTlnwgrbbpþackard*eXareXA ehIy
eKmindwgeZVIy¨agNa edIm|ICYyxøÜnÉgekIt .
dUecñH eKGacyl:nza mnusSCaeRcIn:ndakesckþIsg¹wmeTAelI
GñkdéT ~gkarrMedaHenH . kMlaMgBIeRkAenH manCaGaT¥GacCa²mtisaZarN
Cn³ Gg<karshRbCaCati RbeTsNamYy ßk*kardak´TNÐkmµxagesdðkic©
nigneya:yBIsMNak´GnþrCati .
rUbPaBEbbenHhak´dUcCaeZVIeGayeKRsYlGarmµN¾ buEnþkarrMBwgelI
GñkCYyBIeRkAenH manbJØaeRcIn . karTukcitþEbbenHGacxusRsLH . Ca
Zmµta KµanbreTsNamkeRsacRsg´eT ehIyRbsinebImanbreTsNamYy
cUlmkeZVIGnþraKmn¾Emn eKBuMGacTukcitþelIbreTsenaH:neLIy .
eKRtUvbJ¢akGMBIkarBitCak´Esþg EdleKmincg´dwg» Jk'B&nÆeTAnwg
karBwgEpÁkelIGnþraKmn¾breTs dUcxageRkamenH ÷
• Caer]y> BYkbreTsnwgGt´eGan ßk*CYyrbbpþac´kar edIm|I
eGay:nplRbeyaCn¾eKxagesdðkic© ßneya:y . • BYkbreTsk*Gace:HbgecalBYkGñkEdleKCiHCan´ edIm|I
plRbeyaCn¾Gaz(kM:MgmYyepSgeT[t CaCagrkSaJküsnüa
za CYyeZVIkarrMedaH . • BYkbreTsxøHnwgRbqaMgtTl´rbbpþac´kar ~gkrNIEdleK
cg´RtYtRtaRbeTsxagEpñkesdðkic© neya:y ßk*kMlaMg
eyaZa . • BYkbreTsGaccUlrYmy¨agskmµ edIm|IeKalbMNglÁRtwm
RtUv Et~gkrNINaEdlclnats)U~gRsuk :neZVIeGay
rbbpþac´karepþImreg<aHregI<rYceTAehIy tamry;kareZVIeGay
GnþrCaticab´GarmµN¾eTAelIPaBeXareXArbs´rbbenaH .
- 10 - 10
CaZmµta rbbpþac´karekItmaneLIg edaysarkarEbgEckGMNacépÞ
~genA~gRsuk . RbCaBlrdð nigsg<mmanlk¡N;Tn´exSay EdlBuMGac
bg,beg,ItCabJØadl´rbbpþac´kar:n . zVIebIrbbpþac´karGac:ncMeNjßk*
cuHTn´exSay edaysarGMeBIrbsGnþrCati CIvitrbs´eKsæitelIktþa~gRsukesÞIr
EtTaMgRsug . buEnþkardak´sMJZGnþrCati Gac:nplRbeyaCn¾eRcIn enA
eBlEdleKKaMRTclnats)U~gRsuk EdlmankMlaMgxøaMg . óTahrN¾ kareZVI
Bhikaresdðkic©GnþrCati karpþacskmµPaBGnþrCatiGVImYy kardkTUt karbeNþj
ecjBIGg<karGnþrCatinana karez,aleTasBIRkumnanaénGg<karshRbCaCati
ßk*GMeBINamYyEbbenH GacCaCMnYyy¨agxøaMg . buEnþ RbsinebIKµanclna
ts)UépÞ~geGay:nxøaMgkøaeTenaH GMeBIbreTsEbbenH k*RbEhlCaKµanEdr .
karTTYlsÁal;karBit kareZVIesckþIsnñidðanKWCakarlM:k . enAeBlEdleKcgrMlMrbb
pþac´kar eGay:nsMercdUcR:zña CamYynwgkarxUcxaty¨agticbMputenaH eK
mankatBVkic©bYn EdlRtUveZVIPøam> ÷
• eKRtUvBRgwgclnaRbCaBlrdðEdlsæitenAeRkamkarCiHCan´
eGaymanTwkcitþmWugmat karTukcitþelIxøÜnÉg nigeTBekaslü
xagkarts)U .
• eKRtUvBRgwgÉkraCPaBénsæab&nnanarbs´RbCaBlrdðEdl
sæitenAeRkamkarCiHCan´ .
• eKRtUvbeg,IteGaymanRkumRbqaMgépÞ~gEdlxøaMgkøa .
• eKRtUver[bcMeGaymanEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþcMbgsMrab´karrMedaH
nigGnuvtþEpnkarenHy¨agbuinRbsb´ .
- 11 - 11
karts)UrMedaHKWCaeBlsMrabkarBwgJk´elIxøÜnÉg ehIynigkarBRgwg
épÞ~grbs´Rkumts)U . dUcEdlelak qal sÞÜtpaeNl ‘Charles Steward
Parnell’ :nERskRbkas enAeBleKeZVIyuTÆnakarkUdkmµRbqaMgnwgézøQñÜl
pÞH enARbeTsGayLin ‘Ireland’ ~gqñaM1879 nig1880 ÷
²karBwgJkelIrdðaPi:lCakar«tRbeyaCn¾çççGs´elakGñkRtUvrMBwg
EteTAelIkartaMgcitþrbs´Gs´elakGñkçççsUmCYyxøÜnÉg edayQrCamYyKña
çççBRgwgKñaÉgEdlTnexSayçççRbmUlpþúMKña er[bcMxøÜnççç ehIyGs´elakGñk
RtUvQñHçççenAeBlEdlGselakGñktMrUveGayeKedaHRsaybJØaenH eBlenaH
eTIbbJØaenHRtUveKedaHRsay:n³ .
enAcMeJHmuxkgkMlaMgEdlBwgEpÁkelIxøÜnÉg EdlmanyuTÆnakarlÁ
skmµPaBEdleJreBjeTAedayesckþIkøahannigvin&y rbbpþac´karnwgRtUv
dYlrlMenATIbMput . buEnþlk¡xNÐTaMgbYnxagelI KWCakargarticbMputEdl
eKRtUvbMeBj .4
karBieRKaHxagelIenHbJ¢ak´za karrMedaHBIrbbpþac´karenATIbMput sæit
enAelIsmtæPaBRbCaBlrdð~gkarrMedaHxøÜnÉg . krNIeCaKC&yénneya:y
erIbRmH ßk*karts)UGhigSaedIm|IplRbeyaCn¾neya:yxagelIenH mann&y
za eKmanmeZüa:ysMrabeGayRbCaBlrdðrMedaHxøÜnÉg buEnþeKBuMTan´:nyk
meZüa:yenaHeTABRgIkeRbIR:s´ . eyIgnwgBinitüemIlmeZüa:yenH eGay
:nBisþar ~gCMBUkxageRkay . buEnþCadMbUg eyIgKYrviPaKGMBIviZIcrca Edl
eKzaGacCameZüa:ymYysMrab´ruHerIrbbpþac´kar .
4 :"RTIk sasShVIl GUehKh<aZI (Patrick Sarsfield O'Hegarty)Ç RbvtþisaRsþénRbeTs
GayLin (Ireland) eRkamshB&nÆÇ 1880-1922Ç Lúndun (London) ; emZUn (Methuen)
TMB&rTI 490-491
- 12 - 12
- 13 - 13
CMBUkTI2
eRKaHfñak;énkarcrca
enAeBleKRbQmmuxnwgbJØa ~gkartTl´CamYyrbbpþac´kar ‘dUcCa
~gCMBUkTI 1’ GñkxøHGacvilRtLbeTArkkarcuHj¨m edayesá{msáat . GñkxøH
eT[t edayemIlBuMeXIjzaeKGacsMerc:nlTÆiRbCaZibetyü Gacsnñidðanza
eKRtUvEtTTYlykGVIEdlhakdUcCa rbbpþackarGciéRnþy¾CamYynwgesckþIsg¹wm
eTAelI ²karpSHpSa³ ²karsMrbsMrYl³ nig ²karcrca³ EdleKRbEhlCa
GaceRsacRsg´lk¡N;lÁxøH ehIybJ©b´GMeBIeXareXA . RbsinebIeKemIl
esI> edayKµanmeZüa:yCak´EsþgÉNaepSgeT[t karKitEbbenH hakdUc
CasmrmüEdr .
karts)UEmnETnRbqaMgnwgrbbpþac´kareXareXA minEmnmanlk¡N;
gayRsYleT . dUecñHehtuGIV:nCaeKRtUvedIrtampøÚvenHCacaM:c / ehtuGIV:n
CaeKRKb´Kña mineyaKyl rkmeZüa:yCYbKña crcarkpøÚv edIm|IbJ©b´rbb
pþac´karsnSwm> / ehtuGVI:nCaBYkRbCaZibetyü minGacGMJvnaveGayBYk
pþac´karmancitþmnusSZm( ehIyBnül´eGayGñkTaMgenaHbnæykarCiHCan´rbs´
eKbnþicmþg> ehIyTIbMput QaneTArkkarGnuvtþn¾lTÆiRbCaZibetyü /
CYnkaleKBnülza karBitminEmnmanenAEtm¡ageT . BYkRbCaZibetyü
RbEhlCaylRcLMGMBIBYkpþackar EdlRbEhlCaeZVIGMeBICiHCanTaMgenaH eday
- 14 - 14
suqnÞ; ~gkal;eTs;d*lM:klMbinEmn . ßk*GñkxøHyl´za BYkpþac´karnwg
sb|aycitþdkxøÜnecjBIsæankarN¾d*lM:kEdlRbeTseBIbRbTH RbsinebI
eK:nTTYlkarelIkTwkcitþ ßk*plRbeyaCn¾GIVmYy . eKEvkEjkza eKGac
eGayBYkpþac´kar nUvkaredaHRsay²QñH-QñH³mYy EdlKUbdibkSTaMgGs´
:ncMeNjer[g>xøÜn . eKGacBnülza eRKaHzñak nigkarQWcab´énkarts)U
bnþ RbEhlminEmnCakarcaM:c RbsinebIBYkRbqaMgylRBmedaHRsayTMnas
edaysnþiviZItamkarcrca ‘EdlGñkCMnajkar ßk*rdðaPi:lmYyeT[tGacCYy
:n’ . etIkarenHminRbesIrCagkarts)Ud*lM:klMbin tamry;karts)UGhigSa
ßk*sRg<ameyaZaeTß /
KuNsm,tþi nigcMNucexSayénkic©crca karcrcaCaóbkrN¾d*manRbeyaCn¾mYy ~gkaredaHRsaybJØaTMnas
RbePTxøH ehIyeKminRtUvTatecal ~gkrNINaEdlsmrmü . ~gsæan
karN¾EdlminJk´B&nÆeTAnwgbJØaCamUldðan EdleKGacpSHpSa:n kic©crca
GacCameZüa:ysMxan edIm|IedaHRsayTMnas . kUdkmµrbskmµkrEdlTamTar
eLIgR:k´Ex CaóTahrN¾d*lÁsMrab´crcaedaHRsayTMnas . dMeNaHRsay
EdlGacelcecjBIkarcrcaenH KWkarRBmeRB[gKñaykkMriteLIgR:k´ExmYy
EdlenAcenøaHkMritEdlKUcrcaTaMgBIrTamTar . buEnþTMnas´kargarCamYynwg
shCIB manlk¡N;xusBITMnasJk´B&nÆnwgvtþmanbnþénrbbpþac´kareXareXA
ßk*karbeg,IteGaymanesrIPaBneya:y .
enAeBlEdleKRtUvedaHRsaybJØasMxan´ Jk´B&nÆeTAnwgeKalkarN¾
sasna esrIPaBmnusS ßk*GnaKtTaMgmUlénkarGPivD¿sg<m kic©crcaBuMGac
pþl´nUvdMeNaHRsay EdlCaTIeBjcitþsMrab´KUPaKITaMgsgxagenaHeLIy .
cMeJHbJØaCaRKwHxøH eKBuMKYrTTYlykkarsMrbsMrYleT . manEtkarpøas´bþÚr
- 15 - 15
GMNaceTAeGayBYkRbCaZibetyüeT EdlGackarJrbJØaEdlCaRKwH . karpøas
bþÚrenH nwgekItmaneLIgtamry;karts)U BuMEmnkic©crcaeT . b"uEnþkarenHmin
Emnmann&yza eKminKYreRbIkic©crcaenaHeLIy . cMNucsMxanenATIenH KWza
kic©crcaminEmnCameZüa:yCakEsþg edIm|IrMlMrbbpþac´karEdlxøaMgkøa ~g
krNIEdlRkumRbCaZibetyüBuMmankMlaMgRbqaMgd*sVitsVajenaHeT .
CYnkal kic©crcaRbEhlminEmnCaCMerIsmYyeT[tpg . BYkpþac´kar
EdlkþabGMNacyagx¢ab RbEhlCaminRBmcrcaCamYynwgPaKIGñkRbCaZibetyü
eLIy . ßmYyk*enAeBlEdlkic©crca:ncabepþIm GñkcrcaxagRbCaZibetyü
RbEhlCaRtUv:txøÜn ehIy:t´dMNwgsUnüQwgEtmþg .
karcuHj:mtamkarcrca buK<lnigRkumTaMgLayEdlRbqaMgnwgrbbpþackar ehIyKaMRTkic©crca
Caer]y> EtgmanehtupllÁRtwmRtUv . CaBiess enAeBlEdlkarts)U
tamsRg<am:nekItmaneLIgrab´qñaM RbqaMgnwgrbbpþac´kareXareXA ehIyBuM
:nC&yCMnHpþac´RB&Rt eKGacyl´:nza GñkTaMgenaH eTaHCamanExSbnÞat
neya:ylMeG[geTAxagNak*eday k*cg´:nsnþiPaBEdr . ~gkrNIenH
karcrcanwgkøayeTACabJØaenA~gcMeNamGñkRbCaZibetyü CaBiess enAeBl
EdlBYkpþac´karmankMlaMgeyaZaxøaMgelIslb´ ehIyRkumts)UBuMGacRTaMRT
karvinasxUcxatteTAeT[t:n . enAeBlenaH eKnwgmancMNg´y¨agxøaMgkøa
riHrkmeZüa:yepSgeT[t EdlGacCYyeRsacRsg´eKalbMNgrbs´Rkum
RbCaZibetyü RsbKñanwgkarbJ©b´nUvGMeBIhigSaeTAvijeTAmk .
karpþl´snþiPaBBIrbbpþac´kar tamry;kic©crcaCamYynwgRkum
RbCaZibetyü kMrnwg:nedaysuTÆcitþNas . ~gkrNIenH GMeBIhigSaGac
cbPøam RbsinebIempþackarbJ©bsRg<amRbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdðedayÉkÉg .
- 16 - 16
BYkenHGacepþImKMnit edayBuMcaM:c´mankarcrca er[bcMeGaymankareKarB
PaBézøzñÚr nigsiTÆimnusSeLIgvij edaHElgGñkeTasneya:y bJ©b´kareZVI
TaruNkmµ pÁakskmµPaBeyaZa dkxøÜnecjBIrgVgrdðaPi:l ehIyEzøgsuMeTas
eTARbCaBlrdð .
~gkrNIEdlrbbpþac´karmankMlaMgxøaMgkøa ehIykarts)UenAEtrMxan
eKteTAeT[t BYkpþac´karRbEhlCacgcrcaCamYynwgRkumRbqaMg edIm|IeGay
RkumenHcuHj¨m ~grUbPaBzaCakarsag²snþiPaB³ . karGMJvnaveGayman
karcrca GacCakarKYreGaycab´GarmµN¾ buEnþeRKaHzñak´Zán´nwgGacelcecj
eLIg enA~gbnÞbcrca .
pÞúyeTAvij enAeBlRkumRbqaMgmankMlaMgxøaMgkøa ehIyrbbpþac´kar
sæitenAeRkamkarKMramkMEhgEmnETn BYkpþackarRbEhlCasuMeZVIkarcrca edIm|I
eRsacRsgGMNacnigRTBüsm|tþieGay:neRcIn eTAtamkarEdlGaceZVIeTA
:n . ~gkrNIenH BYkRbCaZibetyüBuMKYrCYyempþac´kareGaysMerctam
bMNgrbs´eKenaHeT .
RkumGñkRbCaZibetyü KYrEtRbugRby&tñGnÞak´ Edlempþac´karer[bcM
dak´cUleTA~gkmµviZIcrca . karsuMeGaymankic©crca enAeBlEdlJk´B&nÆ
nwgbJØaRKwHxagesrIPaBneya:y RbEhlRKan´EtCakarxMxñHExñgrbs´BYk
pþac´kar edIm|IlYgelameGayBYkRbCaZibetyü cuHcaj´edaysnþiviZI enAeBl
EdlGMeBIhigSarbs´rbbpþackarenAEtmanCabnþeTAeT[t . enA~gTMnas´Ebb
enH tYnaTId*smrmüEtmYyénkic©crca RbEhlCaGacekItmaneLIg~gvK<bJ©b´
énkarts)Uy¨agbþÚrpþac´ enAeBlEdlGMNacrbs´BYkpþac´kar:nRtUvxUcexÞcxÞI
ehIyBYkenHcrcariHrkpøÚveTAkan´RBlanynþehaH edIm|IsuvtæiPaBpÞalxøÜn .
- 17 - 17
GMNac nigyutþiFm’enAkñúgkic©crca RbsinebIkarvinicä&yEbbxagelIenH enAEtmanlk¡N;minsUvtwgEtg
RbqaMgnwgkarcrcaeTenaH RbEhlCaeKKYrEtbnæymenasec©tnarevIrvay eTA
elIplRbeyaCn¾énkic©crcaenHxøHehIy . eKRtUvEtKitKUreGay:nhµt´ct
za etIeKRtUvGnuvtþkic©crcaenHEbbNa /
²kic©crca³BuMEmnmann&yza KUPaKIGg<úycuH ~glk¡N;esµIPaBKña
ehIyBieRKaHKña edIm|IedaHRsaybJØaEdlnaMeGaymanTMnasrvageKTaMgBIrnak
enaHeT . eKRtUvcgcaMGMBIkarBitBIry¨ag . TImYy GVIEdlnwgsMercenATIbJ©b´
dakcUleTA~gkic©RBmeRB[g BuMEmnGaRs&yeTAelIPaBsmrmüRtwmRtUvéneyabl
nigeKalbMNgNaenaHeT . TIBIr GIVEdlnwgmanenA~gkic©RBmeRB[genH KW
GaRs&yeTAelIkMlaMgénPaKInImYy> .
eKRtUvKitdlsMNYrBi:k>mYycMnYn . etIPaKInImYy>GaceZVIGVIxøH enA
ézáeRkay edIm|IeGay:nsMercdUceKalbMNg RbsinebIeKBuM:neCaKC&y BuM
RBmeRB[gKñaenAelItucrca / etIPaKInImYy>GaceZVIGIVxøH eRkayBImankic©RBmeRB[g
rYcehIy RbsinebIeKmineKarBtamJküsnüa ehIyeRbIkMlaMg:y sMerctam
eKalbMNgrbs´eK zVIebIeKmankic©RBmeRB[grYceTAehIyk*eday /
karylRBmKñaEdleK:nsMerctamkarcrca minEmnsæitenAelIkarEvk
EjkzaGVIxusGVIRtUvenaHeT . zVIebIktþaTaMgenaH nwgRtUveKykeTABieRKaHCajwk
jab lTÆplEmnETnénkarcrca elcecjBIkaryleXIjGMBIkMlaMger[gxøÜn
énKUPaKITaMgBIr . etIRkumGñkRbCaZibetyüGaceZVIGVIxøH edIm|IkuMeGayKUcrca
bdiesZkarTamTaryagticbMputrbseK / etIBYkpþackarGaceZVIGVIxøH edIm|IeGay
:nenAkan´GMNacdEdl ehIybnSabkMlaMgBYkRbCaZibetyü / eKGac
niyaymüa¨geT[tza RbsinebIeK:nkic©RBmeRB[gmYy kic©RBmeRB[genH eRcIn
EtCalTÆplénkarvaytMélrbs´PaKImYyGMBIsmtæPaBkMlaMgénPaKImYyeT[t
- 18 - 18
kareRb[beZ[bkMlaMgrbs´KUPaKITaMgBIr rYcehIyeTIbeKKitGMBIkarEdleKGac
bJ©b´karts)UedaycMhenH .
eKk*RtUvEtRby&tñGMBIGVIEdlPaKITaMgBIrsuxcitþlHbg´ecal edIm|IeGay
:nsMerckic©RBmeRB[gmYy . ~gkic©crcaEdlmaneCaKC&y eKEtgeXIjman
karsMrbsMrYl bnæysar;sMxan'éneyabl´EdleKmanxusKña . PaKInImYy>
:nTTYlmYycMENkénGVIEdleKcg´:n ehIylHbg´eKalbMNgrbs´eKmYy
cMENk .
~gkrNIEdleKRbTHnwgrbbpþackard*xøaMgkøa etIkMlaMgKaMRTRbCaZibetyü
RtUvlHbg´GVIxøH eGayeTABYkpþac´kar / etIeKalbMNgBYkpþac´karGVIxøH Edl
kMlaMgRbCaZibetyünwgTTYlyk / etIBYkRbCaZibetyünwgeGayeTABYkpþackar
‘CaKNbkSneya:y ßCaRkumemT&B’ nUvtYnaTICaGciéRnþy¾smRsbtamrdð
ZmµnuJ¦ enA~grdðaPi:lzµIEdrßeT / etIkareZVIEbbenH manlk¡N;RbCaZibetyü
RtgNaeTA /
RbsinebIeKsnµtza kic©crcamandMeNIrlÁRbesIr eKRtUvecaTsYrCa
caM:cza etIeKnwg:nsnþiPaBEbbNaEdr / etICIvPaBrsenAnwg:nlÁRbesIr
ßk*y¨ab´yuWnCagmun RbsinebIBYkRbCaZibetyüepþIm ßk*bnþkarts)U /
karyl;RBmrbs;BYkpþac;kar BYkpþac´karRbEhlCamanmUlehtu nigeKalbMNgmYycMnYn Edl
CMrujeGaymankarCiHCaneK ÷ GMNac buNüs&kþi RTBüsm|tþi karEkTMrg
sg<mCaedIm . eKRtUvEtcgcaMza eKnwg:tbg´nUvmUlehtu nigeKalbMNg
TaMgenaH RbsinebIeK:tbg´karRtYtRtarbs´eK . dUecñH ~gkarcrca BYk
pþac´kar nwgxitxMEzrkSaeKalbMNgrbs´eKTaMgenH .
eTaHCaBYkpþac´karsnüaEbbNa enA~gkic©RBmeRB[g eKminKYrePøcza
- 19 - 19
BYkpþac´karGacsnüaGIVTaMgGs´ edIm|IeGayKUbdibkSyl´RBmbnÞn´«riyabz
rYcehIyeTIbeKrMelaPTaMgkMeral eTAelIkic©RBmeRB[genaHEtmþg .
RbsinebIBYkRbCaZibetyüylRBmpÁakkarts)URbqaMg edIm|IeGay:n
ZUres|IyBIkarCiHCan eKRbEhlCaxkcitþyagxøaMgCaBuMxan . karpÁakkarts)U
kRmbnæykarCiHCan´Nas´ .
enAeRkayeBlEdlkMlaMgRbqaMgépÞ~g nigGnþrCatidkxøÜnzyehIy
enaH BYkpþac´karRbEhlCabeg,InkarCiHCan´ nigGMeBIhigSaeGayxøaMgCagmun .
kardYlrlMénkarts)UrbsRbCaBlrdð Caer]y> KWCakardkykecjnUvkMlaMg
Tb´Tl EdlZøab´EtKabmineGayBYkpþackarRbRBwtþGMeBIeXareXAxøaMgeBk .
eBlenaH BYkpþac´kar nwgcat´viZankarkMcatGñkNak*:ntamcMNg´citþ .
elak RKisñaLal´ RsIuzaranI ‘Krishnalal Shridharani’5 :nsresrza ÷
²BYkpþac´karmanGMNaceZVITuk¡ enARtgEtkEnøgNa EdleyIgKµankMlaMgTb
Tl´³ .
karts)Uedaymincrca KWCakarcaM:csMrab´karpøas´bþÚr enA~gTMnas
EdlJkB&nÆbJØaRKwH . esÞIrEtRKbkrNI karts)URtUvEtbnþ edIm|IdkBYkpþackar
ecjBIGMNaceGayTalEt:n . C&yCMnH Caer]y> minGaRs&yeTAelIkarcrca
eT buEnþsæitenAelIkarbuinRbsb ~gkareRbImeZüa:yEdlmanRbsiTÆPaB .
KMnitts)Urbs´eyIg EdleyIgnwgBinitüBieRKaHy¨agBisþarbnþiceT[tenH KW
neya:yerIbRmH ßk*karts)UGhigSa EdlCameZüa:yd*xøaMgkøabMput sMrab´
GñkTaMgLayNaEdlts)UedIm|IesrIPaB .
5RKisñaLal RsIuzaranI ‘Krishnalal Shridharani’ sRg<amedayKµanhigSa ; karsikSaGMBI
meZüa:yelak KnÆI (Gandhi) nigeCaKC&yÇ jÚvy"k (New York);harxt eRbs
(Harcourt Brace) 1939 nige:HBum¬eLIgvijenARkugjÚvy"k nigLúndun; h<alin bu"pøIssIug
(Garland Publishing) qñaM 1972 TMB&rTI 260 .
- 20 - 20
etIsnþiPaBEbbNa RbsinebIBYkpþac'kar nigBYkRbCaZibetyüniyayGMBIsnþiPaB eKRtUv
KiteGay:nlÁitlÁn' edaysarkarenHTak'TgnwgeRKaHzñak' . GñkEdleRbI
Jkü ²snþiPaB³ minEmnmann&yza GñkenaHcg':nsnþiPaBEdlRbkbeday
esrIPaB nigyutþiZm(enaHeLIy . karcuHj"meTAtamkarsg,t'sg,ind*eXareXA
nigenAsáat'esá{m enAcMeJHmuxBYkpþac'karkacsahavEdl:neZVITaruNkmµ
dl'Blrdðrab'mWunnak' minEmnCasnþiPaBeT . GuIEtørEtgGMJvnaveGayman
snþiPaB Edlmann&yza eKRtUvcuHj"meTAtambMNgrbs'xøÜn . snþiPaBrbs'
BYkpþac'kar Caer]y> minxusBIsnþiPaBenA~gKuk ßenA:¨qaexµacenaHeLIy .
enAmaneRKaHzñak'epSg>eT[t . BYkGñkcrcaEdlmaneKalbMNglÁRtwmRtUv
CYnkal yl'RcLM GMBIeKalbMNgénkic©crca nigdMeNIrkarkic©crca . elIs
BIenHeTAeT[t BYkGñkcrcaRbCaZibetyü ßk*BYkÉkeTsbreTsxagkic©crca
EdlsuxcitþCYy~gkarcrca ~geBlmYyrMeBcenaH GacCYypþl'dl'BYkpþac'kar
nUvPaBRtwmRtUvtamc|ab'CatinigGnþrCati EdlBYkpþac'kar:n:t'bg' edaysar
karrMelaPkan'kab'rdð karrMelaPelIsiTÆimnusS nigGMeBIeXareXAnana . Rbsin
ebIeKKµanPaBRtwmRtUvtamc|ab'EdleKRtUvkary"agxøaMgeTenaH BYkpþac'karmin
GacbnþkarRKb'RKgrdð edayKµanTIbJ©b'enaHeLIy . dUecñH BYkEdlKaMRT
snþiPaB minKYrpþl'PaBRtwmRtUvtamc|ab' eTABYkenaHeT .
mUlehtusMrab;esckþIsgÇwm dUcEdl:nviPaKBImunrYcehIy BYkGñkdwknaMRkumRbqaMg RbEhlCa
bg¡Mcitþ gakeTArkkic©crca edaysarkarGs'sg¹wmeTAelIkarts)URbCaZibetyü .
b"uEnþ eKGacEkGarmµN¾Gs'kMlaMgGs´TwkcitþenaH:n . rbbpþac'karminGac
- 21 - 21
enAbnþKµanTIbJ©b':neLIy . BlrdðEdlrs'enAeRkamrbbpþac'kar mincaM:c'
enAEtTn'exSayenaHeT ehIyBYkpþac'kark*minRtUveKGnuJ¦ateGayenAkþab'
GMNacrhUt:nEdr . elakGarIsþÚt (Aristotle) :nkt'sMKal'CayUrNas'
mkehIyza ÷ ²ççç rbbpþac'karmanGayuxøICagsæab&nnanaÉeT[tTaMgGs'ççç
TIbMputrbbpþac'karrs'enAmin:nyUreT³ .6 rbbpþac'karCMnan'zµIk*manlk¡N;
Tn'exSayenHEdr . eKGaceZVIeGaycMNucexSayTaMgenHkanEtexSayeLIg
ehIyeBlenaH GMNacBYkpþac'karnwgRtUvEbkexÞcxÞI . ‘enA~gCMBUkTI 4 eyIg
nwgBinitüemIlcMNucexSayTaMgenHeGay:nBisþar .’
RbvtþisaRsþzµI>enH:nbgØajeGayeKeXIjBIPaBTn'exSayrbs'rbb
pþac'kar ehIybJ¢ak'za BYkenHGacdYlrlM~gry;eBld*xøI . enAeBlEdl
eKRtUvkareBl 10qñaM BIqñaM1980 eTA1990 edIm|ITMlak'rbbpþac'karkumµúnIsþ
enARbeTsb"ULÚj(Poland)Ç rbbpþac´karGaløWm"g'xagekIt(East Germany) nig
eqkUsøÚva"KI(Czechoslovakia) :ndYlrlM ~gry;eBlEtb"unµanGaTitübueNÑaH .
~gRbeTsEGlsava"d&r(El Savador) nigh<Úetma"La (Guatemala) ~gqñaM1944
karts)URbqaMgnwgBYkpþac'kareyaZaRtUvkarEt 2GaTitü . rbbeyaZad*xøaMgkøa
énRBHecAGZiraCsah¾énRbeTsGIur"g'(Iran) :nRtUvcuHexSayEtb"unµanExb"ueNÑaH .
rbbpþac'karma"rkUs(Marcos) énRbeTshVIlIB¬In(The Philippines) :ndYl
rlM enAcMeJHmuxkMlaMgRbCaBlrdð ~gry;eBlEtb"unµanGaTitü~gqñaM1986
- rdðaPi:lGaemrik:nedaHédlHbg'ecalRbZanaZibtIma"rkUsPøam enAeBl
EdleKeXIjkMlaMgRkumRbqaMgelcecjeLIgxøaMg . karl|geZVIrdðRbharBI
sMNak'BYktwgEtg ~gshPaBsUev[t~gExsIhaqñaM1981 :nRtUvneya:y
6 GarIsþÚt (Aristotle)Ç neya:yÇ ERbsMrYleday tçGçsIunEkør (T.A. Sinclair)Ç (hamn'sVt
[Harmond Sworth] mIudlesc [Middlesex]Ç RbeTsGg'eKøsÇ nig :l'TIm&r
[Baltimore]Ç ma"rIELn [Maryland] ; epnKUevn b)uk [Penguin Books] qñaM 1975 [1962]’Ç
es[vePATI 5 CMBUkTI 12 TMB&rTI 231 nigTI 232 .
- 22 - 22
erIbRmHxÞb'Cab'~gry;eBlEtb"unµanézábueNÑaH . taMgBIeBlenaHmk rdðnana
CaeRcIn EdlshPaBsUev[t:nRKb'RKgCayUrNas'mkehIyenaH k*:negIb
eLIg ehIyk*:nÉkraCü~grvagb"unµanézá GaTitü nigExEtb"ueNÑaH .
KMnitcas'mYyEdlza meZüa:yhigSaEtgEtmanRbsiTÆPaBqab'rh&s
ehIymeZüa:yGhigSaEtgEtRtUvkareBlyUrGEgVg KWCakaryl'RcLM . zVIebI
eKRbEhlCaRtUvkareBlevlaeRcIn sMrab'karERbRbYl~gsæankarN¾nigsg<m
karRbyuTÆEmnETnRbqaMgrbbpþac'kar CYnkal GacekIteLIg~gry;eBld*xøI
tamry;karts)UGhigSa .
kic©crcaminEmnCaRckedIrEtmYy eRkABIkarbg,sRg<amy"aghinehac
nigkarGs'sg¹wmcuHj"menaHeLIy . óTahrN¾xagelI nig~gCMBUkTI 1 :n
bgØajeGayeXIjza eKenAmanmeZüa:ymYyeT[tsMrab'GñkTaMgLayNa
Edlcg':nsnþiPaB nig esrIPaB ÷ karerIbRmHneya:y .
- 23 - 23
CMBUkTI3
eBlNaGMNacnwgmkdl;
karsMerc:nsg<mmYyEdlmanesrIPaBnigsnþiPaB minEmnCakargay
RsYleT . karenHtMrUveGaymaneTBekaslüd*eRCARCH xagyuTÆviZI karer[bcM
CaGg<kar nigEpnkar . sMxan´bMput karenHtMrUveGaymanGMNac . BYk
RbCaZibetyüBuMGacmansg¹wmza nwgrMlMrbbpþac´kar ehIyer[bcMeGayman
esrIPaBneya:y RbsinebIeKBuMGaceRbIR:s´GMNacrbsxøÜnÉgpÞal eday
RbsiTÆPaB .
b¨uEnþ etIeKGaceZVIkarenH:n tamEbbbTNaeTA / etIGMNacRbePT
NaEdlRkumRbCaZibetyüRbqaMgGacRbmUlpþúM EdlmankMritRKb´RKan´sMrab´
rMlMrbbpþac´kar nigbNþajeyaZa-bUlisd*TUlMTUlayrbs´eK / cMelIyeTA
nwgsMNYrenH sæitenAelIkaryl´GMBIGMNacneya:y EdleKeRcInEtePøc .
karecHdwgGMBIGMNacneya:yenH minEmnCakarlM:kTalEtesaH . karBit
CamUldðanxøH manlk¡N;samJ¦ ehIygayyl´CaTIbMput .
erOgeRBgniTanGMBIm©as;sVa er]geRBgniTancinmYyEdler[ber[gedayelak lIv CI‘Liu-Ji’ ~g
- 24 - 24
stvtSTI 14 :nbJ¢akyagRKbRKan GMBIkarminylnUvGVICaGMNacneya:y .7
enA~grbbskþiPUmimYyénrC¢kalCU‘Chu’ manburscMNasmñak man
CIvitrs´enA:nedaysarkarciJ©wmsVamYycMnYnEdlbMerIKat´ . GñkRsukehA
Kat´za ²CUkug‘ju gong’³ ‘m©as´sVa’ .
Caer[gral´RBwk CUkugekaHRbCuMsVaTaMgGs´ ehIybJ¢aeGaysVaEdl
cas´CageK dwknaMsVaTaMgLayeTAeLIgPñM edIm|IRbmUlEpøeQInana . bTbJ¢a
enaHKW sVanImYy>RtUvEtRbKl´eGayeTAtacas´enHcMnYn 10PaKryénGVIEdl
BYkvaRbmUl:n . sVaNaEdlminGnuvtþtambJ¢aenHeT nwgRtUvrMJt´ya¨g
eXareXA . sVaTaMgenaH:nTTYlrgeRKaHy¨agQWcab´ buEnþBuMh)anrG)UrTaM .
ézámYy kUnsVamYy:nsYreTAsVaÉeT[tza ²etItacas´enHCaGñkdaM
edImeQITaMgenaHEmneT /³ sVaÉeT[ttbza ²minEmneT ! edImeQITaMgenaH
duHtamZmµCati³ . kUnsVaenaH:nsYrteTAeT[tza ²ehtuGIV:nCaeyIgmin
GacebHEpøeQITaMgenaH edayKµankarGnuJ¦atBItaenH /³ . sVaÉeT[ttbza
²:nÇ eyIgGaceZVI:n³ . kUnsVak*sYrCabnþeT[t ²ebIdUecñH ehtuGVI:nCa
eyIgKYrBwgEpÁkeTAelItaenH / ehtuGVI:nCaeyIgTaMgGsKñaRtUvEtbMerIKat /³ .
enAmuneBlkUnsVaenHniyaycb´ sVaÉeT[tTaMgGsk*P\ak´xøÜneRBIt .
dl´yb´ggwt enAeBldwgzatacasedklg´lk´eTAehIyenaH BYk
sVak*naMKñaruHerI ehIyrMlMRTugEdltacasdak´XuMsVaTaMgenaH . vanaMKñaRbmUl
EpøeQITaMgGs´ EdlCUkugrkSaTuk~gXøaMg ehIynaMKñart´cUléRBrhUt . enATI
bMput tacas´k*:nsøab´:t´bg´CIvit edaysarkarGtXøan .
7 er]genHEdlmancMNgeCIgedImza ²karRtYtRtaedayyuTÆviZI³ Rsg'ecjBIyUlIhSI (Yu-li-zi) niBnÆedaylIvCI (Liu-Ji) qñaM1311-1375 bkERbedaysIudnIét EdlrkSa siTÆiRKb'y"ag .
yUlIhSICaeQµaHEkøgkøayrbs'lIvCI.GtæbTERbsMrYlenHe:HBum¬pSayCaelIkdMbUg ~gRBwtþib&Rt
eQµaH ²kardak'TNÐkmµGhigSa ; dMNwgBIviTüasæan Gal´bWt GaMgsþaj ‘xaMRbIud ma"saQUsit’
ExS 4 elx 3 ‘rdUvRtCak' qñaM1992-1993’ TMB&rTI 3 .
- 25 - 25
elak yU lIsuI‘Yu-li-zi’ :neBalza ²GñkxøHenA~gelakenH RtYt
RtamnusS edayeRbIyuTÆviZIbMPan´eK mineyageTAelIeKalkarN¾RtwmRtUveT .
etIGñkTaMgenaHmindUctam©as´sVaenHeTß / GñkTaMgenaHmindwgGMBIkaryl´RcLM
rbs´xøÜnÉg . dUecñH enAeBlNaEdlRkumGñkEdlRtUveKe:kP\ak´xøÜneLIg
yuTÆviZIbMPan´rbs´eKk*Gs´manRbsiTÆPaBPøam .³
RbPBcaM)ac;nanaénGMNacneya)ay eKalkarN¾enHKWgayRsYlyl . BYkpþac´karRtUvkarCMnYyBIGñk
EdleKRtYtRta . RbsinebIKµanCMnYyenHeT eKk*BuMGacRKbRKg nigbnþRbPB
énGMNacneya:yrbseKeLIy .
RbPBnanaénGMNacneya:ymanCaGaT¥ ÷
• GMNacGaC\aZr KWCaCMen]~gcMeNamRbCaBlrdðza rbbenH
manPaBRsbc|ab ehIyzaeKmankatBVkic© eKarBtambJ¢a
rbs´GñkRKb´RKg .
• ZnZanmnusS KWCacMnYn nigsar;sMxanénmnusS nigRkumTaMg
Lay EdleKarB eZVIshkar ßk*pþl´CMnYydl´GñkRtYtRta .
• eTBekaslü nigcMeNHdwg EdlrbbenHRtUvkar edIm|IGnuvtþ
viZankarNamYy ehIyEdlpþleGayedaybuK<l nigRkum
mnusS EdleZVIshkar .
• ktþaGrUbIy¾ KWCaktþaJk´B&nÆeTAnwgcitþsaRsþ nigmenaKmviC¢a
EdlCMrujeGaymnusSeZVItambJ¢a nigCYyRTRTgGñkRtYtRta .
• sm|tþiZnZan KWCakMritEdlGñkRKbRKg GacRtYtRta nigeRbI
R:s´dIZøI ZnZanZmµCati ZnZanhirJ¦vtæú RbB&nÆesdðkic©
ehIynig óbkrN¾sMrabkarTakTg nigkardwkCJ¢Ún .
- 26 - 26
• kardakeTas KWCakardak´TNÐkmµ tamkarKMram ßk*Gnuvtþ
mWugm¨at´ eTAelIGñkEdlmineZVItambJ¢a nigmineZVIshkar
edIm|IeGaymankarcuHj¨m nigshRbtibtþikarEdlrbbenH
RtUvkar edIm|Irs´ nigedIm|IGnuvtþviZankarrbs´eK .
buEnþRbPBTaMgenH GaRs&yeTAelIkarTTYlykrbbenH eTAelIkarcuH
j¨m nigkareZVItambJ¢arbs´RbCaBlrdð ehIynigeTAelIshRbtibtþikarrbs´
RbCaBlrdð nigsæab&nnana~gsg<m . eKBuMGacZanaeGaymanlk¡N;
TaMgGs´enHrhUteTA:neT .
shRbtibtþikar kareZVItambJ¢anigkarKaMRT nwgBRgwgRbPBGMNac
EdleKRtUvkar ehIynwgBRgIkGMNacénrdðaPi:lNamYy .
pÞúyeTAvij karQb´shRbtibtþikarCamYyBYkpþac´kar BIsMNak´
RbCaBlrdðnigsæab&nnana nwgbnæyßk*RbEhlCapþac´RbPBénGMNac Edl
GñkRKbRKgBwgEpÁk . RbsinebIKµanRbPBGMNacTaMgenaHeT GMNacrbs´
RkumRtYtRtanwgcuHexSay ehIyTIbMputnwgrlayedaysV&yRbvtþi .
CaZmµta BYkpþac´karqab´ejac eTAelIskmµPaB nigKMnitnanaEdl
KMramkMEhgdllTÆPaBénkarcatEcgeRscEtcitþrbseK . dUecñH BYkpþackar
nwgKMramkMEhg dak´TNÐkmµCnTaMgLayNa EdleZVIkUdkmµ ßminshkar .
b¨uEnþ karenHminEmncbEtRtwmenHeT . karCiHCan ßk*GMeBIeXareXA minc|as
CaGaceZVIeGaymankarcuHj¨m ßk*shkareLIgvijBIsMNakGñkP\ak´rlwk edIm|I
eGayrbbenHmandMeNIrkareTAmuxeT[teLIy .
eTaHbIImankarCiHCanyagNak*eday RbsinebIeKGacbnæy ßk*pþacRbPB
énGMNacTaMgenH:nyUr lTÆpldMbUg Gacbg,eGaymanPaBRsBicRsBil
minc|aslas nigPaBRcbUkRcbl~grbbpþackar . GVIEdlnwgekItmanyag
c|as´CabnþeT[tenaH KWkarcuHzyGMNacrbs´BYkpþac´kar . eRkaymk karBüÜr
RbPBGMNacGaceZVIeGayrbbpþac´karKaMg KµandMeNIrkar ehIy~gkrNItwg
- 27 - 27
EtgEmnETn rbbpþac´karnwgRtUvdYlrlM . GMNacrbs´BYkpþac´karnwgrlt´
qab´ßk*el]n k*GaRs&yeTAelIkarbgÁt´RbPBGMNac .
dUecñH kMriténesrIPaBßk*GMeBIpþac´karenAeRkamrdðaPi:lNamYy PaK
eRcInGaRs&yeTAelIkartaMgcitþrbs´RbCaBlrdð zaetIeKcg´:nesrIPaBdl
kMritNa ehIyzaetIeKmancMNg´ nigsmtæPaBkMritNa edIm|ItTl´nwgBYk
pþac´karEdlcg´CiHCan´eK .
pÞúynwgeyabl´CaTUeTA rbbpþackarBwgJk´eTAelIRbCaBlrdð nig
sg<mEdleKkankab . dUcEdlGñkR:C\neya:y xal dWc‘Karl W Deutsch’
:nkt´sMKal´enA~gqñaM1953 ÷
²GMNacpþackarmankMritxøaMg EtenA~gkrNINaEdleKmincaM:ceRbI
R:sGMNaceGayjwkjab . RbsinebIeKeRbIGMNacpþackarenaHCaRbcaMRbqaMg
nwgRbCaBlrdð eKRbEhlCaminGacsæitenA~gGMNac:nyUreT . edaysar
rbbpþac´karTaMgenHRtUvkarGMNac sMrabRKb´RKgRbCaBlrdðeRcInCagRbePT
rdðaPi:lÉeT[t rbbEbbenHRtUvkary"agxøaMg eGaymanTMlab´eZVItambJ¢a
eK ~gcMeNamRbCaBlrdð . elIsBIenHeTAeT[t eKRtUvEtBwgEpÁkeTAelI
karKaMRTd*skmµ y¨agehacNas´ BIsMNakRkumRbCaBlrdðmYycMnYnZM ~g
krNIEdleKRtUvkar . ¨8
elak cn GUsÞIn ‘John Austin’ GñkR:C\xagc|ab´CatiGg´eKøsenA
stvtSTI 19 :ner[brabGMBIsæankarN¾ EdlrbbpþackartTlnwgRbCaBlrdð
Edlminsb|aycitþ . elak GUsÞIn:nBnülza RbsinebIRbCaBlrdðPaKeRcIn
taMgcitþza nwgrMlMrdðaPi:l ehIysuxcitþRTaMRTkarsg,tsg,in edIm|IsMerckar
8 xaldWc (Karl W. Deutsch) ²sñameRbHenA~gzµ³ enA~ges[vePAcgRkgeday xal
eRhVdWrIk (Carl J. Friedrich) pþac´karniym ‘xaMRbIud ma"saQUsit eragBum¬sakl
viTüal&yhavad (Harvard, 1952) TMB&rTI 313-314 .
- 28 - 28
enH kMlaMgénrdðaPi:lEdlrab´bJ©ÚlTaMgBYkKaMRTeKpgenaH BuMGackarJr
rdðaPi:lEdlBlrdðsÁbminKaMRT:neLIy eTaHbIrdðaPi:lenH:nTTYlCMnYy
BIbreTsk*eday . elakGUsÞIn:nsnñidðanza BuMmannrNamñakGacbg¡MRbCaBl
rdðEdlerIbRmH eGayvileTArkkareKarBeZVItambJ¢a eRkamkarRKbRKgCaGciéRnþy¾
:neLIy .9
elak nIkULÚ ma¨kaEvlIø ‘Niccolo Machiavelli’ :nBnül´taMgBIyUr
Nas´mkehIyza RBHGg<m©as´ ²çççEdlmansaZarNCnCasRtUv minGac
mankarkkekþAeT . ehIyenAeBlEdlGMeBIeXareXArbsRTgkanEtxøaMg eBl
enaH rbbRKbRKgrbsRTg´k*cuHexSayeTAtamenaHEdr³ .10
eK:neXIjkarelIkykKMnitneya:yd*eRCARCHenH eTAGnuvtþeday
Cak´Esþg ~gkrNIts)Urbs´RkumvIrCnNrev¨‘Norway’ RbqaMgnwgkarkan´kab´
Rsukrbs´BYkNasIu . dUcEdl:ner[brab~gCMBUkTI 1 RbCaBlrdðbULÚj
‘Poland’ GaløWm¨g eqkUsøÚva¨KI nigGñkÉeT[td*køahan :nRbqaMgtTlnwg
karQøanJnnigrbbpþackarrbsBYkkumµúynIsþ ehIyenATIbMput :nCYyeGay
rbbRKb´RKgkumµúynIsþdYlrlM~gTVIbGWr¨ub . EmnETneTA RBwtþikarN¾TaMgenH
minEmnCaer]gzµIeT . krNIRbqaMgtTl´edayGhigSa :ncabmaneLIg y¨ag
ehacNas´ taMgBIqñaM494munRKwsþskraC enAeBlEdlRbCaBlrdðsamJ¦
CaTaskrsMerccitþ Qb´eZVIshRbtibtþikarCamYynwgBYkrUmEdlCam©as´RtYt
9 cn GUsÞIn (John Austin) emer[nGMBIc|ab'ßk*TsSnviC¢aGMBIc|ab'viC¢man ‘karpSayelIkTI 5
Binitü nigEksMrYleday rUbWt xaMbil [Robert Campbell], BIrExS RkugLúndun ; cn m"ray [John Murray] qñaM 1911 [1861] , ExSTI1 TMB&rTI 296 .’ 10 nIkULÚ m"akava¨lIø (Niccolo Machiavelli) GtæaZib|ayGMBIes[vePAelIkdMbUg 10rbs'lIvI
‘Livy) enA~gGtæaZib|ayén nIkULÚ ma"kava"løI Lúndun ; r"UelC (Routledge) nig XIh<in
epal (Kegan Paul) qñaM 1950 ExSTI1 TMB&rTI 254
- 29 - 29
Rta .11 karts)UGhigSa:nRtUvRbCaBlrdðykeTAeRbIR:s ~geBlxus>
Kña CaTUeTA~gTVIbGasIu GaRhVik Gaemrik GURsþalI ekaH:¨sIuhVikTaMgLay
nigTIVbGWr¨ub .
dUecñHktþasMxan'3 EdlkMNt'za etIeKGacRKb'RKg ßminRKb'RKg
GMNacrdðaPi:l:ndl'kMritNa KW ÷
1- kMriténTwkcitþ RbCaBlrdð~gkarcg'dak'sMJZeTAelIGMNacrdð
2- kMritkMlaMgsæab&n nigGg<karÉkraCnana rbs'BlrdðEdlcg'
dkRbPBGMNacecj ~geBlRsbKña nig
3- kMritlTÆPaB RbCaBlrdðEdlGacdkkaryl'RBm nigCMnYy
rbs'eKBIrdðaPi:l .
mNÐlTaMgLayénGMNacRbCaFibetyü lk¡N;mYyénsg<mRbCaZibetyü KWvtþmanénGg<karßRkumeRkArdðaPi:l
EdlÉkraCdac'ecjBIrdð . Gg<karTaMgenH manCaGaT¥ RkumRKYsar sæab&n
sasna smaKmvb|Zm( køwbkILa viTüasæanesdðkic© shCIB smaKmnisSit
KNbkSneya:y PUmi smaKmGñkrs'enACitxagKña køwbsYnc|ar Gg<kar
siTÆimnusS RkumePøg sg<mGkSrsil|¾ nigRkumÉeT[t> . Gg<karTaMgenH
mansar;sMxan'~gkarbMerIeKalbMNgxøÜnÉg ehIynigCYybMeBjesckþIRtUvkar
rbs´sg<mEdr .
elIsBIenHeTAeT[t Gg<karTaMgenHmansar;sMxanxagneya:y .
11 sUmGanes[vePA CIn sab (Gene Sharp)Ç neya:yénskmµPaBGhigSa bUsþún
(Boston) ; ptT&r saCin (Porter Sargent) qñaM 1973 TMB&rTI 75 ehIyniges[vePA
ÉeT[tEdlmanóTahrN¾CaRbvtþisaRsþCaeRcIn .
- 30 - 30
eKpþl'CamUldðanßevTika EdlRbCaBlrdðGacbeJ©j«TÆiBl eTAelITisedA
éndMeNIrvivtþn¾rbs´sg<mTaMgmUl ehIytTl'nwgGg<karßrdðaPi:lNa Edl
eKeXIjza :neZVIGVIb"HJl' edayGyutþiZm( eTAelIplRbeyaCn¾ skmµPaB
nigeKalbMNgrbs'eK . BYkrs'enAÉeka EdlminEmnCasmaCikénRkumNa
mYyenaH eRcInEtBuMGacman«TÆiBlGIVxøaMgkøaeTAelIsg<m kMuzaeLIydl'rdðaPi:l
ehIyc|as'CaKµanGanuPaBGVIeTAelIrbbpþac'karesaHeLIy .
dUecñH RbsinebIBYkpþac'karGacdkTukPaBsVy&tnigesrIPaBrbs'Gg<kar
TaMgLayenH RbCaBlrdðk*:t'bg'CMnYytamenaHEdr . RbsinebIGg<karTaMg
enHZøak'eTA~gkNþab´édrbs´rdðGMNac ßk*RtUvCMnYsedayGg<karepSgEdl
eKGacRtYt:n rbbpþac´karGaceRbIGg<karTaMgenH eGayeTACiHCan'smaCik
nana nigEpñkNamYyénsg<menaH .
b"uEnþ RbsinebIeKGacrkSaßk*Tak'TajykmkvijnUvsV&yPaB nigesrIPaB
énsæab&nÉkraCsIuvilTaMgenaH ‘eGaysæitenAeRkAkarRtYtRtarbs'rdðaPi:l’
sæab&nTaMgenaHnwgmanRbeyaCn¾y"agxøaMgdl'karGnuvtþn¾neya:yerIbRmH .
lk¡N;rYmmYyEdlman~góTahrN¾ GMBIkrNIrbbpþac'karEdl:nZøak´cuH
exSay KWkarGnuvtþn¾d*køahannigRsuHKñanUvneya:yerIbRmH edayRbCaBlrdð
nigsæab&nnanarbs'eK .
dUcEdlbJ¢ak'rYcmkehIy mNÐlGMNacTaMgenHCasæab&nRKwH Edl
RbCaBlrdðeRbIR:s' edIm|Idak'sMJZßk*Tb'Tl'nwgkarRtYtRtapþac'kar . enA
~geBlGnaKt mNÐlTaMgenHnwgkøayeTACaEpñkmYyénrcnasm¬&nÆcMbgEdl
eKBMuGackat'ecal:n sMrab'sg<mesrImYy edIm|Ikarts)UrMedaHeGay:neCaK
C&y .
RbsinebIrbbpþac'kar:nTTYlC&yCMnH ~gkarrMlMßk*RtYtRtaGg<kar
ÉkraCTaMgenaH BYkGñkRbyuTÆts)URtUvEtbeg,ItRkumsg<m nigsæab&nÉkraCzµI>
ßk*eZVIy"agNaTak'TajGg<karEdlenAesssl' eGaycUlmkenAeRkamkarkan'
- 31 - 31
kab'tamEbbRbCaZibetyüvij . ~gOkasbdivtþn¾enARbeTshugRKI (Hungary)
qñaM1956-1957 RkumRbwkSaRbCaZibetyüCaeRcIn :nelcecjeLIg ehIy
:nTaMgcab'édKñaer[bcMCaRbB&nÆshB&nÆénsæab&nnanapg . ~gRbeTsb"ULÚj
enAcugTsvtS1980 BYkkmµkr:nrkSaTuksaxashCIB²sUlIdarIZI³ (Solidarity
samK<I) mYycMnYnxusc|ab' ehIy~gkrNIxøH :nkþab'ykshCIBCapøÚvkar
rbs'BYkkumµúynIsþ:neT[tpg . karlUtlas'xagsæab&nEbbenH Gacman
«TÆiBlneya:yd*sMxan'>CaeRcIn .
CakarBitNas' TaMgenHBMuEmnmann&yza kareZVIeGayexSaynwgrMlM
rbbpþac'kar CakargayRsYleT ßzakarl|gNamYynwgsuTÆEt:neCaKC&y
enaHeLIy . karenHc|as'CaBMuEmnmann&yza karts)UnwgRbRBwtþeTAeday
KµankarxUcxat BIeRJHGñkTaMgLayEdlenAEtbMerIBYkpþac'karnwgvayRbhar
bkmkvij ~gkarRbwgERbgrbs'eK edIm|Ibg¡MeGayRbCaBlrdðepþImeZVIshkar
nigeZVItambJ¢aeKeLIgvij .
b"uEnþ karyl'eXIjeRCARCHGMBIGMNacxagelIenH mann&yzakar:k'
Ebkénrbbpþac'kar KWCaRBwtþikarN¾EdlGacekIteLIg . CaBiess rbbpþac'kar
manlk¡N;c|as'las'mYycMnYn EdleZVIeGayrbbenHTn'exSay enAcMeJH
muxneya:yerIbRmHmYyEdleKGnuvtþy"agbiunRbsb´ . eyIgnwgBinitüEvk
Ejklk¡N;TaMgenaHeGay:nBisþar .
- 32 - 32
- 33 - 33
CMBUkTI4
rbbpþac;karmancMNucexSay
Caer]y> rbbpþac'karmanrUbPaBCarbbminexSay . Pñak'garsMgat'
eyaZa b"Ulis kMlaMgeyaZa Kuk mnIÞrTaruNkmµ nigRkumRbharCIvit sæit
enAeRkamkarRKb'RKgrbs'mnusSd*manGMNacmYycMnYntUc . BYkpþac'kar Ca
er]y> eRbIR:s'RTBüsm|tþiCati manCaGaT¥ luykak' ZnZanZmµCati nig
kMlaMgplitkmµy"agx¢Hx¢ay nigedIm|IbMeBjbMNgxøÜnÉg .
~gkareRb[beZ[b kMlaMgRbqaMgRbCaZibetyü Caer]y> hak'dUc
CaexSaysMebImNas' KµanRbsiTÆPaB ehIyKµanGMNacGVITaMgGs' . karyl'
eXIjGMBIPaBxøaMgkøa tTl'nwgPaB«tGMNacEbbenH eZVIeGaykarRbqaMgBMuGac
manRbsiTÆPaB .
b"uEnþsac'er]genHenAminTan'cb'sBVRKb'eT .
karsMKal;rkemIlEkgeCIgGaKIl (Achilles) er]geRBgmYy~gGkSrsil|¾Rkik (Greece)buraN :nbJ©aMgy"agbiun
Rbsb' eGayeKeXIjcMNucexSayénGVIEdleKzaminTan'exSay . GaKIlCa
GñkcM:MgmYyrUbEdll|IeQµaHza KµannrNaGaceZVIVIeGayeKrbYs ehIyBMuman
davNamYyGacmutEs|keK:neLIy . kalenACaTark mþayrbs'GaKIl:n
- 34 - 34
ykkUneTAmuCTwk~gTenøTiBVmYyeQµaHsÞIk(Styx) Edl:neZVIeGayEs|ksVit
kab'minmut . b"uEnþeKenAmanbJØamYy . edaysarmþayRtUvkan'EkgeCIgkUn
eBlmuCTwk edIm|IkMueGayrsat'tamcrnþTwk TwkTenøTiBVenaHBMu:nRCabcUleTA
karJrRtg'kEnøgEkgeCIgenHeT . enAeBlEdlGaKIleBjv&y eKhak'dUc
CabursEdlKµanGavuZsRtUvNaGaceZVIeGayrbYs:neLIy . b"uEnþ enA~g
sRg<amRbqaMgnwgTIRkugRty (Troy) edayeZVItambJ¢arbs'mnusSmñak''Edldwg
GMBIcMNucexSayenH TahansRtUvmYyrUb:n:j'RBYjtRmg'eTArkEkgeCIg
GaKIlEdlKµanGIVkarBar EdlCakEnøgEtmYyEdlGaceZIVeGayGaKIlrbYs .
rbYsenH:neZVIeGayGaKIl:t'bg'CIvit . rhUtmkTl'ézáenH BaküGg'eKøs
"Achilles’ heel" ‘EkgeCIgGaKIl’ :nRtUveKeRbI enAeBleKniyayGMBIcMNuc
exSayrbs'mnusS Epnkar ßk*sæab&nNamYy EdleKKµanmeZüa:ykarBar
RbsinebIKUsRtUvvayRbharcMkEnøgenaH .
eKGacGnuvtþeKalkarN¾dUcKñaenH eTAelIrbbpþac''kareXareXATaMg
Lay . eKGacQñHrbbenH:nedayqab'rh&s ehIyxUcxattic RbsinebIeK
dwgc|as'GMBIcMNucexSay ehIyepþatkarvayRbhareTAelIEtcMNucexSayTaMg
enaH .
cMNucexSayrbs;rbbpþac;kar cMNucexSayrbbpþac'karmanCaGaT¥dUcteTA ;
1- karbnæy ßkarpÁakshRbtibtþikar BIsMNak'mnusS Rkum nig
sæab&nTaMgLay EdleKRtUvkaredIm|IeGayRbB&nÆTaMgmUlman
dMeNIrkar .
2- esckþIRtUvkarß«TÆiBlénEpnkarcas' GacraraMgmineGayeK
GnuvtþEpnkarzµIEdlminsIusgVak'Kña .
- 35 - 35
3- RbB&nÆkargarGackøayeTACaTMlab eZVIeGaykarERbRbYleTAtam
sæankarN¾zµI> BuM:nqab'rh&s .
4- buK<lik nigZnZanEdl:nEbgEckeTAtamkargarbc©úb|nñ ehIy
enaHBuMGacpøas'bþÚrPøam> eTAtamesckþIRtUvkarzµI> .
5- GñkenAeRkambg<ab' Edlxøacp<ab'citþecAhVaynaymin:n RbEhl
Caminh)aneZVIr:ykarN¾Bit ßk*eGayB&t(manRKb''sBV Edl
BYkpþac'karRtUvkar edIm|IsMerccitþeGay:nRtwmRtUv .
6- menaKmviC¢aGaccuHexSay ehIyCMen]nignimitþrUbénrbbmYy
RbEhlCaRtUvreg<aHreg<I .
7- RbsinebImenaKmviC¢aNamYymankMritxøaMg ehIyman«TÆiBleTA
elIGIVEdleKyl'za CakarBit karRbkan'x¢ab'ykmenaKmviC¢a
enH GacraraMgmineGayeKcab'GarmµN¾eTAelIsæankarN¾ nig
esckþIRtUvkarCak'Esþg .
8- RbsiTÆPaB nigsmtæPaBénrdð:lEdlcuHexSay ßbTbJ¢aRtYt
RtahYsehtu GaceZVIeGayEpnkar nigkarGnuvtþn¾nanaBuMman
RbsiTÆPaB .
9- TMnas'épÞ~g karRbkYtRbECg nigkarRbTUsþraypÞal'xøÜn Gacnwg
eZIVeGaymankarxUcxat ßk*sÞHkic©Rbtibtþikarénrbbpþac'kar .
10- bJ¦v&nþnignisiSt GacrMeCIbrMCYl~gkareqøIytbeTAtamsæan
karN¾ karKabsg,t' nigkarbRg,ab .
11- saZarNCn bnÞab'BImYyry;eBl GacmanGarmµN¾ElgrvI
rvl' mankarsgS&y nigGacRbTUsþraynwgrbbenH .
12- TMnas'xagCatisasn¾ vNÑ; vb|Zm( nigtMbn' GacmankMritkan'
EtxøaMgeLIg .
13- fananuRkmGMNacénrbbpþac'kar EtgEtminsUvmansæirPaB ehIy
- 36 - 36
CYnkal sæirPaBenHGacmankMritxøaMg . buK<lnImYy> minenA
kan''tMENgdEdl> b"uEnþGaceLIgcuH ßk*RtUveKdkecjEtmþg
ehIyCMnYsedayGñkepSgeT[t .
14- EpñkxøHénRkumb"Ulis ßk*kmøaMgeyaZa RbEhlCaGaccat'kar
edIm|IsMerceKalbMNgpÞal'xøÜn eTaHbICaRtUvRbqaMgnwgrbbpþac'kar
k*eday manCaGaT¥ kareZIVrdðRbharCaedIm .
15- RbsinebIrbbpþac'karenHzµIezµag eKRtUvkareBlevla edIm|IBRgwg
xøÜneGay:nmaMmYn .
16- edaysarbJØamaneRcIn ehIyGñksMerckarmantic Epnkar
neya:ynana nigkarGnuvtþn¾xus RbEhlCaekIteLIgCajwk
jab' .
17- RbsinebIeKcg'eC[svagBIeRKaHzñak'EbbenH ehIyrMElkkarRtYt
Rta nigkarsMerccitþeGayeTAGñkdéTxageRkam karRtYtRtaelI
GMNackMBUlRbEhlCaRtUvcuHGn'exSayeTAtamenaHEdr .
karvayRbhareTAelIcMNucexSayénrbbpþac;kar CamYynwgkardwgGMBIcMNucexSay Edlrbbpþac'karc|as'Caman Rkum
RbCaZibetyüRbqaMgGacriHrkmeZüa:ybMe:¨g ²EkgeCIgGaKIl³ edIm|IeGay
RbB&nÆpþac´karmankarEkERbxøaMg ßk*bMEbkrMlayRbB&nÆenaHEtmþg .
dUecñH eKGacmanesckþIsnñidðand*c|as´las´mYy ÷ zVIebIeKmanrUbPaB
xøaMgkøa rbbpþackarTaMgGssuTÆEtmancMNucexSaymYycMnYn karxVHRbsiTÆPaB
épÞ~g karRbkYtQñanIsbuK<l karxVHRbsiTÆPaBCasæab&n nigTMnas´Kña~g
cMeNamEpñkepSg>énrdð:l . cMNucexSayTaMgenH ~gry;eBlmYy Gac
eZVIeGayrbbpþac´karminsUvmanRbsiTÆPaB ehIyrgeRKaHBIkarERbRbYl nigBI
- 37 - 37
karts)U EdleKer[bcMeLIgy"agc|aslas . rbbpþac'karc|as´CaBuMGac :n
eCaKC&yeTAelIGVI>TaMgGs EdleKcg:nenaHeLIy . óTahrN¾ maneBl
xøH sUm|IEtJkübJ¢apÞal´rbs´GIuEtør k*RtUveKpÁibTukecalEdr BIeRJHGñkEdl
enAxageRkam:nbdiesZ minRBmykeTAGnuvtþ . eBlxøH rbbpþac´kar
RbEhlCa GacdYlrlMy¨agqab´rh&s dUcEdleyIg:nseg,teXIjrYcmk
ehIy .
karenHminEmnmann&yza eKGacrMlMrbbpþac´kar:n edayKµaneRKaH
zñak´nigkarxUcxateT . viZankarnImYy>edIm|IesrIPaB nwgmaneRKaHzñak´ ehIy
nigkarQWcab´ RBmTaMgRtUvkareBlevlapgEdr . ehIyKµanviZankarNa
mYy EdlGacZanaeGay:neCaKC&yd*qab´rh&sRKb´kal;eTs;enaHeLIy .
buEnþ RbePTénkarts)UEdlepþateTAelIcMNucexSayénrbbpþac´kar EdleK
dwgc|as´enaH Gac:nTTYleCaKC&y CagKMeragts)UNaEdlRbQmmuxtTl´
CamYycMNucxøaMgénrbbpþac´kar . sMNYrenAeBlenHKW etIeKGaceZVIkarts)U
enHtamEbbNa /
- 38 - 38
- 39 - 39
CMBUkTI5
kareRbIR)as;GMNac
enA~gCMBUkTI 1 eyIg:nkt´sMKal´za karts)UtamkMlaMgeyaZa
RbqaMgnwgrbbpþackar BuM:nvayRbhareTAcMkEnøgNaEdlrbbenHexSay buEnþ
enARtgkEnøgEdlrbbenHxøaMgCaTIbMputeTAvij . enAeBlEdleKeRCIserIs
eTARbkYttamkMlaMgT&B karp<t´p<g´eRK]gGavuZ bec©keTsxageRbIGavuZCaedIm
clnaRbqaMghakdUcCa:ndak´xøÜnÉgeGaycajeRb[beKrYceTAehIy . rbb
pþac´karc|as´CaGacRbmUlpþúMZnZanEbbenH :neRcInCagBYkRbqaMgesÞIrRKb´
kal;eTs; . eyIgk*:nBieRKaHehIyEdr GMBIeRKaHzñak´énkarBwgEpÁkeTAelI
kMlaMgbreTs sMrab´karrMedaHenH . enA~gCMBUkTI 2 eyIg:nBinitüemIl
bJØaTaMgLay EdlJkB&nÆeTAnwgbJØaBwgEpÁkeTAelIkic©crca edIm|IkMcat´
rbbpþac´kar .
dUecñH etIeKGacenAmanmeZüa:yNaeT[t EdlGacpþl´eGayRkum
RbCaZibetyüRbqaMg nUvPaBmaneRb[b ehIynigCYyeGayeKbMe:¨gcMNuc
exSayénrbbpþac´kar / etIbec©keTsEbbNaEdlGacGnuvtþRTwsþIénGMNac
neya:y EdleyIgBieRKaHenA~gCMBUkTI 3 / CMerIsepSgmYy KWneya:y
erIbRmH .
neya:yerIbRmHmanlk¡N;dUcteTA ÷
- 40 - 40
• eC[svagmineRbIkMlaMg:ynigGavuZ nigmeZüa:yÉeT[t Edlrbb
pþac´karniymeRbIR:s´ .
• eZVIeGayrbbpþac´kar mankarlM:k~gkartbt .
• eZVIeGaycMNucexSayTaMgLayénrbbpþackar mankMritkanEtxøaMg ehIy
pþac´RbPBGMNacrbbenH .
• er[bcMCaskmµPaB EdleKGacykeTAGnuvtþ:nyagTUlMTUlay buEnþ
k*GacepþateTAelIeKalbMNgNamYyd*c|as´las´Edr .
• eZVIeGayempþac´karKitxus ehIynigcat´viZankarxus .
• neya:yerIbRmHenHGacBwgEpÁkeTAelIRbCaBlrdðTaMgmUl Rkumsg<m
nigsæab&nnana y¨agmanRbsiTÆPaB ~gkarts)UbJ©b´GMeBICiHCan´d*
eXareXArbs´mnusSmYyRkumtUc .
• CYypSBVpSayGMBIkarEbgEckGMNacd*manRbsiTÆPaBenA~gsg<m edIm|I
sMrYldlkarbeg,ItnigkarEzrkSaeGaysg<mRbCaZibetyü mandMeNIr
kareTAGnaKt .
dMeNIrénkarts‘UGhigSa dUcCakMlaMgeyaZaEdr eKGaceRbIneya:yerIbRmH edIm|IGacsMerc
:nnUveKalbMNgmYycMnYn rab´cab´BIkarxñHExñgrujeGayKUbdibkSGnuvtþ
viZankarepSg eTAkarbeg,ItOkassMrab´eGaymankaredaHRsayTMnas´eday
snþiviZI ßk*eTAdl´kareZVIeGayrbbKUbdibkSrlM . b¨uEnþneya:yerIbRmHman
dMeNIrkarxusKña BIkareRbIGMeBIhigSa . zVIebIviZITaMgBIrenH CaóbkrN¾sMrab
eZVIkarts)U viZIenHeZVItamEbbbTxusBIKña ehIyecjCalTÆplepSgBIKña .
eK:ndwgc|as´ehIyGMBIreb[b nigplvi:kénTMnashigSarYcehIy . eKeRbI
eRK]gGavuZsMrab´KMramkMEhg eZVIeGaymanrbYs kar:t´bg´CIvit ehIynig
- 41 - 41
karrMlMecalGVI>TaMgGs' .
karts)UGhigSamanPaBsµúKsµajxøaMgCag ehIymanviZIts)UeRcInEbb
CagkareRbIGMeBIhigSa . ~gkarts)UenH eKeRbIGavuZxagcitþsaRsþ sg<mkic©
esdðkic© nigneya:y edaymankarcUlrYmBIsMNakRbCaBlrdð nigsæab&n
epSg>~gsg<m . eK:ns<al´viZITaMgenH zaCa:tukmµRbqaMg kUdkmµ karmin
eZVIshRbtibtþikar Bhikar karminsb|aycitþ ehIynigGMNacRbCaBlrdð .
dUcEdl:nkt´sMKal´BImunrYcehIy rdðaPi:lTaMgGs´GacRKbRKg:n Et
enAeBlNaEdleK:nTTYlCMnYyBIRbPBGMNacepSg>rbseK EdleKRtUvkar
ehIyEdlecjBIshRbtibtþikar karcuHj¨m nigkareZVItambJ¢aBIsMNak
RbCaBlrdð nigsæab&nnanaénsg<m . neya:yerIbRmH mindUckareRbI
higSaeT KWCaGavuZEtmYysMrab´kat´pþac´RbPBGMNacrbbpþac'karTaMgenaH .
GavuFnigvin½yGhigSa kMhusmYyEdlyuTÆnakarneya:yerIbRmHBImun>:neZVI KWkarBwgEpÁk
eTAelIEtviZImYy ßBIr dUcCa kUdkmµ nig:tukmµZM> . karBit viZImaneRcIn
RbePTsMrab'Gñker[bcMyuTÆnakarRbqaMg ykeTAGnuvtþtamRtUvkar .
eK:ndwgc|as'GMBIviZIRbmaN 200Ebb ehIyenAmaneRcIneT[t .
viZITaMgenHEckecjCa bIRkumZM> ÷ :tukmµRbqaMgnigkarBnül'ENnaM karmin
eZVIshRbtibtþikar nigkareZVIGnþraKmn¾ . viZI:tukmµRbqaMg nigkarBnül'
ENnaMedayGhigSa KWkareZVI:tukmµCanimitþrUb manCaGaT¥ karedIrCak|Ün nig
karRbmUlpþúMKñaedaysáat'esá{m ‘manRbmaN 54viZI’ . karmineZVIshkar
manbIRbePT ÷ k’ minshkarsg<mkic© ‘16viZI’Ç x’ minshkaresdðkic©man
CaGaT¥ Bhikar ‘26viZI’ nigkUdkmµ ‘23viZI’Ç nig K’ minshkar neya:y
‘38viZI’ . GnþraKmn¾GhigSatamEbbcitþsaRsþ ragkay sg<mkic© esdðkic©
- 42 - 42
ßk*neya:y dUcCakarGt'Gahar karkan'kab'TIkEnøgNamYyedayGhigSa
nigrdðaPi:lTnÞwm ‘karbeg,ItCardðaPi:lmYyeT[t RsbKñanwgrdðaPi:l
pþac'kar’ sæitenA~gRkumTI3 . bJ¢IEdlman 198viZI manP¢ab'enAxagcugén
es[vePAenH .
kareRCIserIsy¨aghµt´ct´ ykviZITaMgenaHeTAGnuvtþeGay:nsBV
TisTI eTAtamKMeragyuTÆsaRsþmYyd*c|aslas´ eZVIeGayrbbminRtwmRtUvNa
mYy rabbJ©ÚlTaMgrbbpþac´karpgEdr mankarreg<aHreg<I .
pÞúynwgviZankareyaZa eKGacepþatviZIénkarts)UGhigSaTaMgenHeday
pÞal' eTAelIbJØananaEdleKtMrg'cg':n . óTahrN¾ edaysarbJØa
rbbpþac'kar eRcInCabJØaneya:y karts)UGhigSaRbePTneya:ynwgman
sar;sMxan'xøaMg . viZITaMgenHmanCaGaT¥ karmineGayPaBRtwmRtUvtamc|ab'
eTABYkpþac'kar nigkarmineZVIshkarCamYyrbbGñkTaMgenH . eKk*GaceRbIviZI
mineZVIshkarenH~gEpnkarBiessNamYyEdr . Caer]y> edaysáat'esá{m
nigsMgat' eKRbEhlCaGaceZVIeGaykarGnuvtþn¾Epnkarpþac'karNamYyrGak'
rGYl nigxateBlevla . CYnkaleT[t eKGacRbEkkmineZVItambJ¢a nig
eZVIkUdkmµ-:tukmµRbqaMgeBjmuxCasaZarN; . pÞúyeTAvij RbsinebIcMNucexSayénrbbpþac´karmankarb¨HJl´dl´
esdðkic© ßk*RbCaBlrdðrGU)rrTaMxøaMgGMBIbJØaesdðkic© skmµPaBeGayraMgsÞH
esdðkic© dUcCa Bhikar ßk*kUdkmµ GacCaviZId*manRbsiTÆPaB sMrab'Rkum
ts)U . karxMxñHExñgrbsBYkpþackar edIm|IekgRbv&J©ykcMeNjBIRbB&nÆesdðkic©
GaceBIbRbTHnwgkUdkmµCaTUeTA kareZVIkaryWt> nigkarRbEkkmineZVIshkar
ßk*kareKcxøÜnrbs´GñkCMnajkarEdlrbbenHRtUvkarCacaM:c . eKGaceRbI
R:s´RbePTénkUdkmµmYycMnYn enA~gEpñksMxan>énkarplit énkardwknaM én
karp<t´p<g´vtæúZatuedIm nig~gkarEckcayplitpl .
viZIxøHénkarts)UGhigSatMrUveGayeKeZVIskmµPaBnana EdleKBuMZøab´
- 43 - 43
eZVI dUcCa karedIrEckxitb&NÑ kare:HBum¬pSayedaysMgat karGt´Gahar
karGg<úycuHenAtampøÚv . mnusSxøHBi:keZVIskmµPaBEbbenH elIkElgEt
~gkal;eTs;BiessEmnETn .
viZIts)UGhigSaxøHeT[t tMrUveGaymnusSmñabnþeZVIkic©karepSg>CaZmµta
b¨uEnþtamEbbbTepSgeT[t . óTahrN¾ eKGacnaMKñacUleZVIkardUcZmµta eday
mineZVIkUdkmµ buEnþ edayectna eKnaMKñaeZVIkaryWt> ßk*minsUveGayman
RbsiTÆPaBdUcZmµta . eKnaMKñaeZVI ²xus³edayectna eRcInCageBlmun> .
xøHeT[tGackøayeTACa²QW³ ehIy²minGac³eTAeZVIkar~geBlNamYy ßk*
eKGacbdiesZmineZVIkar . eKGacnaMKñaeTAsURtZm(~gRBHvihar enAeBlEdl
kareZVIEbbenH minRtwmEtbJ¢akGMBICMen]xagsasnaeT EtCaCMen]xagneya:y
eT[t . eKGaceZVIskmµPaBedIm|IkarJrBYkekµg>eGayputBIkareXasnarbs´
rbbpþac´kar tamkarer[nsURtenApÞH ßk*tamsalaer[nlYclak´ . eKGac
bdiesZmincUlCasmaCikénGg<karEdlrbbpþac'kar²esñI³ ßk*tMrUv ehIyEdl
eKmincUledayesµaHsµ&RK~geBlmun> . PaBRbhak´RbEhlKñaénviZITaMg
enH eTAnwgskmµPaBZmµtarbs´RbCaBlrdð ehIynigkarERbRbYlbnþicbnþÜcBI
CIvPaBsBVdgrbs´eK GaceZVIeGaykarcUlrYm~gskmµPaBrMedaHRbCaCati
EbbenH kanEtgayRsYleLIgsMrabGñkTaMgenaH .
edaysarkarts)UGhigSa nigGMeBIhigSa manPaBxusKñay¨agxøaMg~g
karGnuvtþn¾ sUm|IEtGMeBIhigSabnþic ~gOkasyuTÆnakarneya:yerIbRmH k*
Gacbeg,IteGaymanplvi:kEdr BIeRJHGMeBIhigSaEtbnþicenH GaceZVIeGay
karts)UEkERb eTACaRbePTEdlBYkpþac´karmaneRb[bCagd*xøaMgkøa ‘sRg<am
eyaZa’ . vin&yGhigSa KWCaktþad*sMxan´sMrab´C&yCMnH ehIyeKRtUvEtRbkan´
eGayx¢ab´ zVIebIBYkpþac´karnigPñak´garrbs´eKeRbIGMeBIeXareXA júHjg´eGay
manhigSaEbbNak*eday .
karRbkan´ykvin&yGhigSaeGayCab ~gkartTl´CamYynwgKUbdibkS
- 44 - 44
higSa nwgsMrYleGayynþkarbYny¨agsMrab´karpøas´bþÚr ~gkarts)UGhigSa
eGaymandMeNIrkareTAmux:n ‘viPaKxageRkam’ . vin&yGhigSa k*man
sar;sMxanxøaMgNasEdrenA~gdMeNIrkarneya:yCUCisU)‘Jiu-Jitsu’ . enA~g
dMeNIrkarenH GMeBIeXareXAy¨agc|asRkELténrbbpþac´kar RbqaMgnwgBYk
GhigSa nwgnaMeGaymanplvi:kbkRtLb´eTABYkpþac´karvij eZVIeGayman
karminsb|aycitþépÞ~génBYkpþac´kar nignaMeGaykarKaMRTBYkGhigSaman
kMritkanEtxøaMgeLIg ~gcMeNamRbCaBlrdðEdlZøabKaMRTrbbpþac´karenaH.
b¨uEnþ enA~gkrNIxøHeT[t eKRbEhlCaminGaceC[seGayputBIGMeBI
higSamYykMrittUc RbqaMgnwgrbbpþac´kar . GarmµN¾mYrem¨AnigkarsÁb´rbb
enH GacnaMeGaymanGMeBIhigSapÞúHeLIg . ßRkumxøHénBYkts)URbEhlCamin
cglHbgecalGMeBIhigSa zVIebIeKylGMBIsar;sMxanénkarts)UGhigSak*eday .
~gkrNITaMgenH eKBuMcaM:c´lHbg´ecalneya:yerIbRmHenaHeT . b¨uEnþCa
karcaM:c´ eKRtUvEbgEckskmµPaBhigSa eGaydac´ecjqáayBIskmµPaB
GhigSa . eKKYreZVIEbbenHtamEpñkPUmisaRsþ RkumepSg> karkMNteBl
evla nigtambJØanImYy> . RbsinebImindUecñaHeT GMeBIhigSaGacmanpl
vi:ky¨agxøaMgeTAelIkareRbIR:s´neya:yerIbRmH EdlCaóbkrN¾d*xøaMgkøa
sMrab'QaneTArkeCaKC&yeGay:neRcInCag .
RbvtþisaRsþ:nbgØajeGayeXIjza enAeBleKKiteRKagTukCamunza
nwgmankar:t´bg´CIvitnigrbYsenA~gneya:yerIbRmH karxUcxatTaMgenaH
mankMritticCagqáayBIkarxUcxat~gsRg<ameyaZa . elIsBIenHeTAeT[t
karts)UEbbenH BuM:nnaMeTArkkarkab´sMlab´Kña nigGMeBIeXareXA edayKµan
TIbJ©b´enaHeLIy .
karts)UGhigSatMrUveGayman ehIyeRcInEteZVIeGayman karQb ‘ß
karTb´s,at´’ xøacrdðaPi:lnigskmµPaBCiHCan´higSa . karQb´xøac ß
karTbs,at´karP&yxøac KWCaktþasMxan´~gkarrMlMGMNacBYkpþac´kar Edlman
- 45 - 45
eTAelIRbCaBlrdðTUeTA .
karebIkcMh PaBsMgat; nig\riyabfRtwmRtUv PaBsMgat kare:kR:s ehIynigkarXubXitKñaCasMgat :nbeg,It
CabJØad*lMM:ksMrab´clnaEdleRbIskmµPaBGhigSa . Caer]y> eKminGac
lakeGayCit mineGaybUlis nigPñak´garsMgatdwgGMBIeKalbMNg nig
EpnkareT . tamkaryl´eXIjrbs´clnats)U PaBsMgatminRKanEtCa
b\sKl´énkarP&yxøaceT EtCaktþaEdlCYybEnæmeTAelIkarP&yxøac Edl
eZVIeGayxUcsµartIts)U ehIybnæycMnYnmnusSEdlGaccUlrYm~gskmµPaBNa
mYy . PaBsMgatenHk*GacCYybEnæmeTAelIkarsgS&y nigkarecaTRbkan
Kña Caer]y> minsmehtusmpl ~gcMeNamclnats)U GMBIzaetInrNaCa
Pñak´garsMgat´esuIbkarN¾eGayKUbdibkS . karenHRbEhlCaGacb¨HJl
dl´lTÆPaBrbs´clnats)U ~gkarRbkan´x¢ab´nUvGMeBIGhigSa . pÞúyeTAvij
karebIkcMheGayeKdwgGMBIeKalbMNgnigEpnkarénkarts)U minRtwmEtman
pllÁeTAvijeT buEnþnwgCYyeGayeKeXIjza EmnETneTA clnats)UmankMlaMg
xøaMgkøaCaTIbMput . tamkarBit bJØaenHsµúKsµajCagGVIEdleK:nniyayxag
elI ehIymanskmµPaBts)UmYycMnYnZM EdltMrUveGaymankarlak:Mg . eK
RtUvkareGaymankarviPaKd*eRCARCHmYy ~gcMeNamGñkTaMgLayNaEdlyl
dwgc|as GMBIzamBlénkarts)UGhigSa ehIynigmeZüa:yrbsBYkpþac´kar
sMrab'kartamdanesIubGeg,t enA~gsæankarN¾BiessNamYy .
kare:HBum¬pSBVpSayCasMgat kareRbIR:s´viTüúpSaysMelgeRkAc|ab´
ehIynigkarRbmUlykB&t(mansMgat´GMBIRbtibtþikarrbs´rbbpþac´kar KWCa
skmµPaBmYy~gcMeNamskmµPaBBiessmYycMnYntUc EdltMrUveGayman
PaBsMgat´CaTIbMput .
- 46 - 46
karRbkanx¢ab´nUv«riyabzRtwmRtUv ~gskmµPaBGhigSa KWCakarcaM
:c~gRKbdMNak'karénTMnas . ktþaxøH dUcCa karminP&yxøac nigkarRbkan
x¢ab´nUvvin&yGhigSa KWCakarcaM:c´RKb´eBlevla . eKRtUvcgcaMza Caer]y>
eKRtUvkarcMnYnmnusSy¨ageRcIn edIm|IEkERbGIVmYy . buEnþ eKGacRbmUlGñk
EdleKTukcitþeGay:neRcInEbbenH Ettamry;karRbkanx¢ab´nUv«riyabz
x¬g´x¬s´RtwmRtUv ~gclnats)U .
karERbRbYlRKwHGMNac GñkyuTÆsaRsþRtUvEtcgcaMza enA~gTMnasEdleKGnuvtþneya:yerI
bRmH TIlants)UmankarERbRbYlminQb´Qr edaysarKUbdibkSnwgeZVI
skmµPaBtbtKñaeTAvijeTAmk «tQb'Qr . KµanGIVEdlsæitenAnwgz,l´
enaHeT . TMnakTMngGMNacrvagPaKITaMgBIr nwgmankarERbRbYly¨agqab´
rh&sCanic© . karenHekItmaneLIg edaysarBYkRbqaMgenAEtbnþkarTbTl´
edayGhigSa zVIebIPaKIm¡ageT[tecHEtbRg,abCiHCan'EbbNak*eday .
karERbRbYlénkMritGMNacrbsPaKIRbkYtTaMgsgxag enA~gkal;
eTs;TMnas´EbbenH RbEhlCaxøaMgCagehIyel]nCagTMnas'higSa ehIy
nwgCMrujeGayecjCalTÆplEbøk> Edlmann&yxøwmsarneya:yeRcIn .
edaysarkarERbRbYlTaMgenH skmµPaBBiessNamYyrbsRkumts)U RbEhl
CamanplEvgqáay EdlGaceZVIeGayPaKINamYy kanEtmaMeLIgßk*cuHexSay .
elIsBIenHeTAeT[t tamry;skmµPaBrbseK RkumGhigSaRbEhlCa
nwgman«TÆiBlxøaMgeTAelIkarekIneLIg ßk*cuHzyénkMlaMgbdibkS . óTahrN¾
Rkumts)UGhigSad*manvin&ynigesckþIkøahan ~gkarRbQmmuxGMeBIeXareXA
rbs´BYkpþac´kar GaceZVIeGaykgTahannigGñkKaMRTBYkpþac´kar manGarmµN¾
minRsYl minsb|aycitþ ehIyGackøayeTACaRkumEdlBYkpþac´karElgTuk
- 47 - 47
citþ:n ehIyenA~gkrNIxøaMgEmnETn GacnaMeGaymankarbHe:répÞ~g .
karRbqaMgEbbenH k*GacnaMmknUvkarpþnÞaeTaskan'EtxøaMgeTAelIrbbpþac´kar
BIsMNakGnþrCatiEdr . elIsBIenHeTAeT[t karGnuvtþn¾neya:yerIbRmH
d*eQø{sév d*manvin&y GacCMrujeGaymankarcUlrYm~gclnats)Ukan´Et
eRcIneLIg> BIsMNak´GñkEdlCaZmµtaKaMRTBYkpþac´kar ßk*CaTUeTA enACa
GBüaRkwt~gTMnas´enH .
ynþkarbYny:agsMrab;karERbRbYl karts)UGhigSanaMmknUvkarERbRbYlbYny¨ag . ynþkarTImYy:nekIt
maneLIg b¨uEnþy¨agkRm . enAeBlEdlTwkcitþsmaCikénRkumpþac´karBuH
keRJ¢al edaysareKeXIjTuk¡evTnaBIkarCiHCan´eTAelIBYkRbqaMgGhigSad*
køahan ßk*eKERbcitþyl'za buBVehtuénkarts)Umanlk¡N;RtwmRtUv GñkTaMg
enaHGacnwgTTYlyk:nnUveKalbMNgrbsRkumts)U . ynþkarenHmaneQµaH
ehAza karbþÚrRkum . zVIebIkrNIénkarbþÚrRkum eTArkkarts)UGhigSa :nekIt
maneLIg RBwtþikarN¾enHkRmNas ehIyenA~gTMnasCaeRcIn karenHminekIt
maneLIgeT ßk*ekItmaneLIgEtbnþicbnþÜcbueNÑaH .
GVIEdlekIteLIgCajwkjy KWkarts)UGhigSa:npøas´bþÚrsæankarN¾
TMnas´ nigsg<mdl´kMritmYyEdlBYkpþackar BuMGaceZVIGVIeTAtamcMNg´citþdUc
eBlmun . enHKWCakarpøasbþÚrJkB&nÆnwgGMNacénPaKITaMgBIrEdlbeg,IteGay
manynþkarTaMgbIeT[t ÷ kareyaKyl karbg¡MedayGhigSa nigkarEbkEx\k .
etIynþkarNamYynwgekItmaneLIgenaH GaRs&yeTAelIkarERbRbYlénTMnak
TMngGMNac EdleZVIeGayBYkRbCaZibetyümaneRb[b .
RbsinebIbJØaCak´EsþgNamYyminEmnCabJØasMxan´Nas´NaeTenaH
BYkpþac´karmincat´TukkarTamTarrbs´RkumRbqaMg enA~gyuTÆnakard*mankMrit
- 48 - 48
mYy zaCakarKMramkMEhg ehIykarRbkYtKñaRtg´bJØaenH GaceZVIeGayman
karERbRbYlxøHeTAelITMnakTMngGMNac . ~gkrNIenH eKGacbJ©b´TMnas
enH:nPøam tamkic©RBmeRB[gmYyEdlmankareyaKylsMrbsMrYlKña .
eKehAynþkarenHza kareyaKyl´ . eKedaHRsaybJØakUdkmµCaeRcIntam
ynþkarenH óTahrN¾ KUPaKITaMgsgxag:nsMerceKalbMNgxøH buEnþKµan
KUPaKINamYy:nTTYlGVI>TaMgGsEdleKcg:nenaHeT . rdðaPi:lGacyl
eXIjza karbJ©b´TMnas´EbbenH nwgmanplRbeyaCn¾lÁ dUcCa kareZVI
eGaysæankarN¾ZUrRsal karbeg,IteGaymanrUbPaBza ²smrmü³ ßk*dus
xat´rUbPaBrbbenH elIépÞGnþrCati . dUecñH CakarsMxaneKRtUvRbugRby&tñ ~g
kareRCIserIsykbJØaEdleKGacTTYledaHRsay tamynþkar kareyaK
yl´enH . karts)UedIm|IrMlMrbbpþac´karminEmnCabJØaEbbenHeT .
karts)UGhigSaGacmankMritxøaMgkøaCagGIVEdlynþkarbþÚrRkum ßk*kareyaK
yl :nbgØajeGayeKeXIj. karminshkarnigkarerIbRmHrbs´RbCaBl
rdðk*GacpøasbþÚrsæankarN¾sg<m nigneya:y CaBiess TMnakTMngGMNac
EdlGaceZVIeGaymankarxUcxatdl´smtæPaBrbs´BYkpþac´kar ~gkarRKb´RKg
kic©kar esdðkic© sg<mkic© nigneya:yrvagrdðaPi:lnigsg<m . kgkMlaMg
eyaZarbs´BYkpþac´kar RbEhlCacuHexSay eKElgTukcitþ:n rhUtdl´BYk
enaHElgeZVItambJ¢a minRBmbRg,abBYkts)U . zVIebIBYkemdwknaMpþac´karsæit
enA~gtMENgdEdl ehIyenAEtRbkanx¢abykeKalbMNgedImrbseK lTÆPaB
rbs´eK~gkareZVIGVImYyeGaymanRbsiTÆPaB :nRtUveKdkhUtecj . enHKW
CaGVIEdleKehAza karbg¡MGhigSa .
enA~gsæankarN¾d*xøaMgkøaxøHeT[t lk¡N;EdleZVIeGaymankarbg¡M
edayGhigSamanCabnþeTAeT[t . ~gxN;enaH BYkdwknaMpþac´kar:t´bg´nUv
lTÆPaBcatEcg ehIyrcnasm¬&nÆrbseKk*dYlrlM . karminshkar nig
karerIbRmHénBYkts)U manRbsiTÆPaBeBjelj rhUtdlkMritmYyEdleZVIeGay
- 49 - 49
BYkpþackarBuMGacRKbRKgeK:nTalEtesaH . rdð:lrbsBYkpþackarbdiesZ
minRBmeZVItambJ¢azñak´dwknaM . Tahan nigbUlisrbs´BYkpþac´karnaMKñabH
e:r . RbCaBlrdð ßGñkEdlZøabKaMRTrbbpþac´kar RbkasminTTYls<al´
BYkdwknaMpþac´kar edayGHGagza BYkenHBuMmansiTÆiRKb´RKgTal´EtesaH .
dUecñH CMnYy nigkareZVItambJ¢aBImunk*GsmaneTAEdr . ynþkarTIbYnénkarERb
RbYl karEbkEx\k énRbB&nÆpþac´karmanlk¡N;eBjelj EdleZVIeGayrbb
pþackarKµanTaMgkMlaMgsMrabcuHjm . rbbenH:nmkdleBldYlrlMEbkEx\k .
~gkarer[bcMeGaymanyuTÆsaRsþsMrabkarrMedaH eKKYrEtcgcaMynþkar
TaMgbYnenH . CYnkalynþkarTaMgenHcab´dMeNIrkaredayÉkÉg . buEnþ
kareRCIserIsykynþkarmYyßeRcIn mkeZVICaeKalsMrab´karpøas´bþÚrenA~g
TMnas nwgGaceZVIeGayeKmanlTÆPaBer[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþBiess sMrabGnuvtþ .
kareRCIserIsykynþkarNamYy nwgGaRs&yeTAelIktþaCaeRcIn manCaGaT¥
kMritGMNacénRkumTaMgLayEdlRbkYtKña «riyabz ehIynigeKalbMNgén
RkumEdleZVIkarts)UGhigSa .
\Ti§BlRbCaFibetyüénneya)ayerIbRmH pÞúyeTAnwgGMeBIhigSa EdlBRgwgGMNacmnusSEtmYyRkum kareRbI
meZüa:yts)UGhigSa nwgeZVIeGaysg<mneya:y manlk¡N;RbCaZibetyü .
EpñkmYyén«TÆiBlRbCaZibetyüenH manlk¡N; EdlminGnuJ¦at
eGaymanGMeBIeXareXA . KWza pÞúyeTAnwgmeZüa:yeyaZa meZüa:y
GhigSaenH BuM:npþlnUvóbkrN¾sMrabCiHCanGñkenAeRkambJ¢arbsKN;dwknaM
EdleKGacbgVileGayRbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdð edIm|IbegI,tßbnþrbbpþac´kar
enaHeT. BYkGñkdwknaMclnaneya:yerIbRmH GaceRbI«TÆiBlnigdak´sMJZ
eTAelIGñkedIrtam buEnþeKminGaccabGñkTaMgenaHeTAdak´Kuk ßRbharCIvit
- 50 - 50
enAeBlEdleKCMTas´ ßk*eKeRCIsykemdwknaMÉeT[tenaHeLIy .
EpñkmYyeT[tén«TÆiBlRbCaZibetyüenHKWmanlk¡N;viC¢man . KW
mann&yza karts)UGhigSanwgpþl´dl´RbCaBlrdðnUvmeZüa:yts)UmYy Edl
eKGacykeTAeRbIedIm|IkarJresrIPaBrbs´eK tTl´nwgrbbpþac´karNamYy .
xageRkamenH KWCa«TÆiBlRbCaZibetyülÁmYycMnYnénkarts)UGhigSa ÷
• bTBiesaZn¾~gkarts)UGhigSanaMeGayRbCaBlrdðmankarTukcitþ
eTAelIxøÜnÉg ~gkartTl´CamYynwg karKMramnigsmtæPaB
bRg,abTaMghigSa .
• karts)UGhigSapþl´nUvmeZüa:ysMrab´karmineZVIshkarnigkar
erIbRmH EdlRbCaBlrdðGaceRbI sMrab'Tb´Tl´nwgkarRtYtRta
edayKµanRbCaZibetyü BIsMNak´rbbpþac´karNamYy .
• enAcMeJHmuxkarRKb´RKgtamkarCiHCan´ eKGaceRbIkarts)U
GhigSa sMrab´hat´er[nGnuvtþesrIPaBRbCaZibetyü dUcCa
esrIPaBxagkarniyay esrIPaBxagkarpSBVpSay Gg<karÉkraC
nigesrIPaBénkarRbCuMKña .
• dUcEdl:nEvkEjkBIelI karts)UGhigSaGacCaCMnYyy¨agxøaMg
dl´karrs´ranmanCIvit karbeg,IteLIgvij nigkarBRgwgénRkum
ÉkraC nigsæab&nnanaénsg<mmnusS . TaMgenHsuTÆEt
manplRbeyaCn¾ sMrablTÆiRbCaZibetyü edaysarktþaTaMg
enH manlTÆPaBRbmUlpþúMGMNacRbCaBlrdð ehIydak´kMriteTA
elIGMNacrbs´BYkNaEdlcg´køayeTACaBYkpþac´kar .
• karts)UGhigSaGacpþl´CameZüa:y EdlRbCaBlrdðGaceRbI
edIm|IbeJ©jGMNacRbqaMgnwgkarCiHCan´ tamry;skmµPaB
b¨UlisnigeyaZaénrdðaPi:lpþac´kar .
• karts)UGhigSaGacpþl´CaviZankarepSg> EdlRbCaBlrdð
- 51 - 51
nigsæab&nÉkraC GaceRbIR:s´ edIm|ICaRbeyaCn¾dl´lTÆi
RbCaZibetyü eTAbnæyßkat´pþacRbPBGMNacénGñkdwknaM Edl
CakarKMramkMEhgdl´lTÆPaBBYkdwknaMEdlcg´bnþkarCiHCan´ .
PaBsµúKsµajénkarts‘UGhigSa dUcEdleyIg:ndwgGMBIkarEvkEjkenHrYcehIy karts)UGhigSa KWCa
meZüa:yd*sµúKsµaj sMrab´skmµPaBsg<mmnusS EdlJkB&nÆeTAnwgviZICa
eRcIn eTAynþkarsMrabkarERbRbYlmYycMnYn ehIynigkartMrUveGayman«riyabz
c|as´las´mYycMnYn . edIm|IeGaymanRbsiTÆPaB CaBiess enAeBlEdl
eKtTl´CamYynwgrbbpþac´kar neya:yerIbRmHtMrUveGaymanEpnkar nig
karer[bcMxøÜneGay:nhµt´ct´ . GñkcUlrYmTaMgLayRtUvyl´GMBIGVIEdleK
RtUveZVI . ZnZanEdleKRtUvkark*RtUvEtman . BYkGñker[bcMyuTÆsaRsþ RtUv
eZVIkarviPaK riHrkmeZüa:yeZVIeGaykarts)UGhigSaenHmanRbsiTÆPaBxøaMgCa
TIbMput . «LÚvenH eyIgbEgVrkarykcitþTukdak´rbs´eyIgeTArkktþad*sMxan´
cugeRkayenH ÷ esckþIRtUvkareGaymankarer[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ .
- 52 - 52
- 53 - 53
CMBUkTI6
esckþIRtUvkareGaymanEpnkaryuT§saRsþ
yuTÆnakarneya:yerIbRmHRbqaMgnwgrbbpþac´kar GacepþImeLIgeTA
tamEbbbTmYycMnYn . ~gGtItkal karts)UTaMgLayesÞIrEtBuMmankarer[b
cM ehIyekItmaneLIgedayécdnü . karekItTuk¡minsuxcitþCak´Esþg Edl:n
naMeTAeGaymanskmµPaBRbqaMg manlk¡N;eRcInRbePT buEnþCaer]y> man
GMeBIeXareXA karcabxøÜn ßkarsMlab´mnusSEdleKeKarB Epnkarßk*
karbJ¢aeGaybRg,ab karxVHes|{gGahar karRbmazCMen]sasna ßk*ézáxYbén
RBwtþikarN¾NamYyxagelIenH . CYnkal rbbpþac´karRbRBwtþGMeBINamYy
EdleZVIeGayBlrdðekþARkhay ehIyeKk*naMKñaepþImeZVIskmµPaB edayBuMdwg
zakarbHe:renaHnwgRtUvcbtamEbbNa . ~geBlxøHeT[t buK<ld*køahan
mñak ßk*mnusSmYyRkumtUcGaccab´epþImeZVIskmµPaBmYy EdlTak´Taj:n
karKaMRTy¨agxøaMg . GñkÉeT[tGacsMKal´eXIjza karekItTuk¡minsuxcitþ
NamYyenaH k*CabTBiesaZn¾GaRkkEdleK:nqøgkatEdr emøaHehIy eKk*Gac
cUlrYm~gkarts)UenaHeTA . CYnkal karGMJvnaveGaymankarRbqaMgnwg
GVImYy CaBiess BIsMNak´mnusSmYyRkumtUc ßk*mnusSmñakGacTak´Taj
karKaMRTd*ZMeZg EdleKsµanmindl .
enAeBlEdlkareqøIytbtPøam>EbbenH manlk¡N;lÁRbesIrxøHenaH
- 54 - 54
karenHCaer]y>manKuNvibtþimYycMnYn . Cajwkjab´ Rkumts)URbCaZibetyü
BuM:nKitKUreGay:nditdl GMBIkartbtd*eXareXAénrbbpþac´kareT emø¨aH
ehIy eKrgeRKaHy¨agdMNM ehIykarts)Uk*rlMeTAEdr . CYnkal karEdl
KµanEpnkareRKagTukCamunrbsBYkRbCaZibetyü :nbNþaleGaykarsMerc
citþsMxan>ekIteLIgCayzaehtu EdlnaMeTArkplvi:ky¨agxøaMg . sUm|IEt
enAeBlEdlrbbCiHCan´:nRtUvdYlrlM karEdlKµankarer[bcMCaEpnkarGMBI
EbbbTbþÚreTArklTÆiRbCaZibetyü :nnaMeTAeGayrbbpþackarzµImYyeT[tekIt
maneLIg .
karerobcMCaEpnkarCak;Esþg enAeBlGnaKt skmµPaBRbCaBlrdðEdlKµankareRKagTuk nwgc|as
CaedIrtYsMxan´~gkarbHe:rRbqaMgnwgrbbpþac´kar . buEnþ «LÚvenHeKGacKit
KUr GMBImeZüa:ynanaEdlmanRbsiTÆPaBCaTIbMputedIm|IrMlMrbbpþac´kar viPaK
emIleBlevlaEdlsæankarN¾neya:ynigGarmµN¾RbCaBlrdðnwgeLIgdl´
kMrit nigeRCIserIsreb[bepþImyuTÆnakar . eKRtUvkareGaymankarKitKUrd*
hµt´ct´ edayEpÁkeTAelIkarvaytMélsæankarN¾Cak´Esþg nigGMBIlTÆPaB
rbs´RbCaBlrdð edIm|IeRCIserIsykmeZüa:yNaEdlsmRsbeTAtam
kal;eTs; ehIymanRbsiTÆPaBkarts)UykesrIPaB .
RbsinebIeKcg´:nsMercGVImYy eKKYrEter[bcMCaKMeragkarzaetIeKRtUv
eZVIskmµPaBGVIxøH . RbsinebIeKalbMNgenaHsMxan´dl´kMritNa plvi:k
énbraC&yk*Zán´Zár ehIykarer[bcMCaEpnkark*mansar;sMxan eTAtamkMrit
enaHEdr . karer[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ nwgCYyeGayeKeRbIR:sZnZan
EdleKGacRbmUl:n edaymanRbsiTÆPaBCaTIbMput . enHKWCaplRbeyaCn¾
Bit CaBiess sMrabclnaRbCaZibetyü EdlmankarxVHxatZnZan ehIy
- 55 - 55
nigeRKaHzñakEdlGñkKaMRTRtUvRbQmmux ~gkarrMlMrbbpþac´kard*xøaMgkøa .
pÞúyeTAvij rbbpþac´karCaZmµtamanRTBüsm|tþi kMlaMgCaRkum ehIynig
lTÆPaBeRcIn~gkareRbIGMeBIeXareXA .
²karer[bcMCaEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ³ TIenH mann&yza karKitKUrer[bcM
CaskmµPaBmYycMnYn EdlGacEkERbsæankarN¾bc©úb|nñ eTArksæankarN¾
GnaKtEdleKcg:n . sMrab'karBiPakSaenAeBlenH karenHmann&yzaBI
rbbpþackareTAGnaKtRbB&nÆRbCaZibetyü . EpnkaredIm|IsMercnUveKalbMNg
enH CaZmµta mankarer[byuTÆnakarCaeRcIn EdlnwgRtUvGnuvtþtamlMdab
lMeday ehIynigkarer[bcMCaskmµPaBnanaÉeT[t sMrab´BRgwgRbCaBlrdð
nigsg<mEdleKCiHCan´ ehIynigedIm|IeZVIeGayrbbpþac´karcuHexSay . cUrkt´
sMKalza eKalbMNgenAeBlenH minEmnRKan´EtrMlMrbbpþac´karbc©úb|nñeT
KWmanEzmTaMgkarer[bcMeGaymanRbB&nÆRbCaZibetyüpgEdr . yuTÆsaRsþ
cMbgmYyEdldak´kMriteKaledA RtwmEtrMlMrbbpþac´karbc©úb|nñ GacmaneRKaH
zñak´ edaysarrbbpþac´karmYyzµIGacekItmaneLIg eRkayBIrbbpþac'karcas'
dYlrlM .
]bsKÁkñúgkarerobcMEpnkar GñkKaMRTesrIPaBxøHenA~gBiPBelakenH BuM:neRbIR:s´smtæPaB
rbs´eKeGayeBjelj edIm|IedaHRsaybJØa zaetIeKGacsMerc:nkarrMedaH
tamEbbNa . GñkTaMgenaHkRm nwgylGMBIsar;sMxan´CaTIbMputénkarer[b
cMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþedayRbugRby&tñ munnwgeKecjeZVIskmµPaB . dUecñHehIy
:nCaeKesÞIrEtBuM:ner[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþenHTal´EtesaH .
ehtuGVI:nCamnusSEdlmankaryleXIjEvgqáay ~gkarTamTar
esrIPaBneya:ymkCUnRbCaBlrdð kRmer[bcMeGaymanEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ
- 56 - 56
edIm|IsMerctameKaledA / KWCakarKYreGaysþay Cajwkjy mnusSCaeRcIn
elIslubenA~gRkumRbCaZibetyüRbqaMg BuM:nyl´c|as´GMBIesckþIRtUvkar
eGaymankarer[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ ßk*BuMmanTMlaber[nsURtxagkarKittam
k|ÜnyuTÆsaRsþ . enHKWCakic©karlM:k . edaysarBYkpþac´kartamrukKYnCa
drab nigedaysarkarTTYlxusRtUvd*elIslubCaer[gral´eBlevla Gñkdwk
naMRkumts)U Caer]y> BuMmansuvtæiPaB ßeBlevla edIm|IbNþúHbNþalkarKit
tamk|ÜnyuTÆsaRsþenHeT . emøa¨HehIyTMlabZmµtarbseKenaH KWRKan´Et
beJ©jRbtikmµeTAelIGIVEdlrbbpþac´karp©úgepþIm . krNIenH RkumRbqaMgEtg
EtsæitenA~gsæanPaBkarJr rkSaTuknUvesrIPaBEdl:nsMercrYcehIy ßk*
GacTb´bnæyel|}nénkarRtYtRtarbs´BYkpþac´kar ßk*bg,begI,tCabJØasMrab´
EpnkarzµI> Edlrbbpþac´kardak´Gnuvtþ .
buK<lenARkumxøHeT[t RbEhlCaminyl´GMBIesckþIRtUvkareGayman
EpnkarEvgqáayTUlMTUlaymYy sMrabclnarMedaHenHeT . eKmanKMnity¨ag
gayRsYlza RbsinebIeKRKanEtRbkaneGayx¢abnUveKalbMNgrbseK ehIy
RTaMts)UeGay:nyUrbnþiceTA eKnwg:nTTYleCaKC&ytamEbbNamYy . Gñk
xøHeT[tsnµtza RbsinebIeKRKanEtrs´enAeTAtameKalkarN¾ nigótþmKti
rbs´eK enAcMeJHmuxkarlM:kTaMgLay eK:neZVIGIV>TaMgGs EdleKGac
eZVI:nrYceTAehIy . karGnuvtþn¾eKalbMNgmnusSZm( nigkaresµaHRtg´eTA
elIótþmKti KWCakarKYreGaysresIrEmnehIy buEnþenAmankarxVHxatxøaMg
Nas´sMrabkarbJ©b´rbbpþac´kar nigkarTTYl:nesrIPaB .
BYkGñkRbqaMgnwgrbbpþac´karepSgeT[t RbEhlCayl´y¨aggayza
RbsinebIeKeRbIGMeBIhigSaeGay:nRKbRKan´ esrIPaBnwgmkdl . b¨uEnþ dUc
Edl:nkt´sMKal´rYcmkehIy kareRbIGMeBIhigSa minEmnCakarZanaeGay
maneCaKC&yeT . CaCagkarrMedaH meZüa:yhigSaGacnaMeTArkbraC&y
esaknadkmµd*segVK ßk*plvi:kTaMgBIr . ~gkrNICaeRcIn rbbpþac´kar
- 57 - 57
manlTÆPaBeRcInsMrabkarts)UhigSa ehIyBYkRbCaZibetyükRmmaneRb[b
elIBYkpþac´karxagkMlaMgeyaZaNas´ .
enAmanskmµCnmYycMnYneT[t EdleZVIskmµPaBeTAtamGVIEdleKman
GarmµN¾zaeKKYreZVI . b¨uEnþmeZüa:yTaMgenH minRtwmEtbJ¢akeGayeKeXIj
GMBIkareGaytMéleTAelIxøÜnÉghYsehtueBkeTenaH KW EzmTaMgBuM:npþl´nUv
karENnaMNamYy sMraber[bcMeGaymanKMeragkarcMbg edIm|IrMedaH .
skmµPaBEdlsæitenAelI²KMnitlÁ³rbsbuK<lNamñakenaH k*mankMrit
tictYcEdr . GVIEdleKRtUvkar KWskmµPaBEdlBwgEpÁkeTAelIkarKitKUry¨ag
hµt´ct GMBI²CMhanbnþbnÞab´TaMgLay³ EdleKRtUvkaredIm|IrMlMrbbpþac´kar .
RbsinebIKµankarviPaKtamyuTÆsaRsþ GñkdwknaMkarts)U Caer]y> mindwgzaetI
CMhanbnþbnÞab´enaHKYrCaGVIeT BIeRJHeKBuM:nKitKUreGay:nhµt´ct´ GMBI
CMh)anbnþbnÞab´c|as´las sMrabeTArkeCaKC&y . karEbkR:C\a nigKMnit
lÁ>suTÆEtCaktþasMxan´ buEnþeKRtUveRbIktþaTaMgenaH edIm|ICMrujeGaysæanPaB
yuTÆsaRsþkMlaMgRbCaZibetyümandMeNIrkareTAmux .
edayeKdwgyagc|asGMBIskmµPaBCaeRcInEdleKGacGnuvtþRbqaMgnwg
rbbpþac´kar ehIyedaysareKminGacsMercza eKepþImeZVIGVIenAeBlNaenaH
GñkxøHeGayeyablza ²catkareZVIskmµPaBTaMgGs~geBlCamYyKña³ . KMnit
enHRbEhlCamanRbeyaCn¾ b¨uEnþeKBuMGacGnuvtþ:neT CaBiess RbsinebI
clnats)UenaHenATn´exSay . elIsBIenHeTAeT[t viZankarEbbenH BuM:n
pþl´nUvkarENnaMGMBITIkEnøgEdleKepþIm EpñkEdleKKYrepþatkarxMxñHExñg ehIy
nigreb[beRbIR:s´ZnZanEdleKminsUvman .
buK<lnigRkumÉeT[tRbEhlCayl´ GMBIkarcaM:c´eGaymanEpnkar
xøH buEnþGñkTaMgenaHKit:nRtwmEtEpnkarry;eBlxøI ßyuTÆviZIeKal . eKRbEhl
Caminylza Epnkarry;eBlEvgCakarcaM:c ßCakareKGaceZVI:neLIy .
CYnkal eKRbEhlCaminGacKit ehIyviPaKeTAtamk|ÜnyuTÆsaRsþ beNþay
- 58 - 58
eGayxYrk|aleKrMxanCajwkjab´edaybJØaminsMxan´ ehIyCab´rvl´nwgtbt
eTAnwgGMeBIKUbdibkS CaCageZVIskmµPaBp©úgepþIm . edaysareKcMNayzamBl
eRcIneBk eTAelIskmµPaBry;eBlxøI GñkdwknaMTaMgenaH Caer]y> BuM:n
BicarNariHrkviZankarCaCMerIsÉeT[t EdlGactMrg´karxñHExñgCaTUeTA edIm|I
eGayqabeTAdlTIedAenaHeLIy .
krNIÉeT[tEdlGacekIteLIgEdrenaH KWclnaRbCaZibetyüxøH min
eZVIEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþBisþaredIm|IrMlMrbbpþac´kareT eKsuxcitþepþatGarmµN¾eTA
elIbJØaPøam> edaysarbuBVehtuepSgeT[t . ~gcitþrbs´eK eKBuMmanCMen]
za karxMxñHExñgrbs´eKGacbJ©b´rbbpþac´kar:neLIy . dUecñHehIy karer[b
cMCaEpnkarsMrab´eKalbMNgenH :nRtUveKcatTukza Cakarbg¡ateBl ßk*
CakarBuMmanRbeyaCn¾ . GñkEdlts)UedIm|IesrIPaB tTl´nwgrbbpþac´kar
eyareXA Caer]y> eBIbRbTHnwgkMlaMgeyaZanigbUlisd*sMebIm EdleZVI
eGayeKyl´za BYkpþac´karGaceZVIGVITaMgGs´tamcMNg´ . edayeKxVHesckþI
sg¹wmBitR:kd GñkTaMgenaH enAEttTl´RbqaMgrbbpþac´kar edaysarbuBV
ehtusIlZm( ßRbvtþisaRsþ . zVIebIeKminTTYlsarPaBk*eday RbEhlCaeK
BuMEdlTTYls<al~gxøÜneKpÞalza skmµPaBTaMgLayhakdUcCaKµansg¹wm .
dUecñHehIy cMeJHGñkTaMgenH karer[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþBisþarsMrab´eBl
Evgqáay BuMmann&yxøwmsarGIVeT .
karBuM:neZVIEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþenH Caer]y> pþl´nUvplvi:kd*Zán´Zár ÷
kMlaMgeKcuHexSay skmµPaBeKBuMmanRbsiTÆPaB zamBlxatbg´eTAelIbJØa
tUctac eKmineRbIPaBmaneRb[b eBlsæankarN¾huceGay ehIykareZVI
BlikmµNamYyBuM:nplRbeyaCn¾ . RbsinebIBYkRbCaZibetyümineZVIEpnkar
tamyuTÆsaRsþeTenaH eKRbEhlCaBuMGacsMercbMNgrbs´eK:neLIy .
kareRCIserIsykskmµPaBcMruHmYycMnYn EdlKµanEpnkareGay:nRtwmRtUv
nwgminCYyCMrujeGaykarxñHExñgts)UmandMeNIreTAmuxekIteLIy . pÞúyeTAvij
- 59 - 59
karenHRbEhlCabeNþayeGayrbbpþac´karbeg,InkarRtYtRtanigGMNacrbs'
eKeTAvijeT .
KWCakarKYreGaysþay BIeRJHkarEdleKkRmer[bcMeGaymanCaEpnkar
sMrabrMedaH eGay:nBisþarRtwmRtUv :nCYyeZVIeGayrbbpþac'karbgØajrUbPaB
maMTaMCagkarBitEmnETn . BYkenHGacmanCIvitrsenArab´qñaM ßk*rab´TsvtS
elIsBIry;eBlEdleKKYrnwgrs .
BaküeBcn_bYnsMxan;²kñúgkareFVIEpnkaryuT§saRsþ edIm|ICYyeGayeyIgKittamk|ÜnyuTÆsaRsþ karyl'eGayc|as''GMBI
niymn&yénBaküCamUldðanbYn KWCakarcaM:c' .
yuTÆsaRsþcMbg ; KWCaeKalKMnit EdledIrtYCaktþaTMnak'TMng nig
cat'EcgGMBIkareRbIR:s'ZnZan EdlRkummYymanTaMgGs' ‘esdðkic© mnusS
Twkcitþ neya:y nigGg<PaBnanaCaedIm’ sMrab'sMedAeTArkkarsMercbMNg
enA~gTMnas'mYy .
yuTÆsaRsþcMbg CamYynwgkarykcitþTukdak'eTAelIeKalbMNgrbs'
Rkum nigZnZan sMerceRCIserIsykviZankar ‘dUcCa kareZVIsRg<ameyaZatam
EbbsamJ¦Zmµta ßk*Cakarts)UGhigSa’ sMrabGnuvtþ~gkaredaHRsayTMnas' .
~gkareZVIEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþcMbgenH GñkdwknaMRkumts)U RtUvvaytémønigeZVI
Epnkarza etIeKnwgdak'sMJZ nig«TÆiBlEbbNaeTAelIKUbdibkS . elIs
BIenHeTAeT[t yuTÆsaRsþcMbg manrYmTaMgkarsMerccitþGMBIkal;eTs;smRsb
nigkarkMNt'eBlevla sMrab'epþImyuTÆnakardMbUg nigbnþbnÞab' .
yuTÆsaRsþcMbger[bcMCaRKwH sMrab'eRCIserIsyuTÆsaRsþxøI>bEnæmeT[t
sMrab'karts)U . yuTÆsaRsþcMbgk*sMercEdr GMBIkarEbgEckkic©kareTARkum
NamYy nigEbgEckZnZaneGayeKykeTAeRbIR:s'sMrab'karts)UenH .
- 60 - 60
yuTÆsaRsþ ; KWCaKMnitGMBIreb[bykeCaKC&ysMrab'eKalbMNgNa
mYy enA~gkic©ts)U tamkarGnuvtþn¾~grgVg'yuTÆsaRsþcMbg EdleKeRCIserIs .
yuTÆsaRsþmankarJk´B&nÆeTAnwgkarsMerccitþ zaetIeKKYrebIkkarRbyuTÆNamYy
EdrßeT enAeBlNa tamviZIEbbNa ehIynigreb[beZVIeGaymanRbsiTÆPaB
CaGtibrima ~gkarts)UedIm|IGVImYyenATIbJ©b' . eK:neRb[beZ[byuTÆsaRsþ
eTAnwgKMnitrbs'sil|krenA~gxYrk|al ÉEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ CaKMnUsrbs'
sæabtükrenAelIRkdas .12
yuTÆsaRsþGacrabbJ©ÚlkarxñHExñgbeg,IteGaymansæankarN¾yuTÆsaRsþ
d*manRbeyaCn¾ rhUtdl'kMritmYyEdlKUbdibkSGacemIleXIjy"agc|as'za
kartTl'KñaedaycMh nwgnaMeGayeKbraC&y emø"aHehIy eKcuHcaj´edayBuM
caM:c'ttaMg . RbsinebIeKenAEtcg´tTl sæankaryuTÆsaRsþd*lÁenaH nwg
c|as´CaCYyeGayGñkRbqaMgQñH~gkarts)U . yuTÆsaRsþk*Jk'B&nÆpgEdrCa
mYynwgkareZIVy"agNa edIm|IykC&yCMnHEdleK:nTTYlehIyenaH eTAeRbI
R:s'CabnþeT[t .
sMrabdMeNIrénkarts)U EpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ KWCaKMnitRKwHGMBIreb[bBRgIk
bMEbkecjCayuTÆnakar nigGMBIzaetIEpñknImYy>TaMgenaH cUlrYmsIusgVak'Kña
EbbNa edIm|ICMrujeTArkkarsMerceKalbMNgrYm . karenHTak'TgeTAnwg
karbiunRbsb'~gkarcat'taMgRkumskmµ eGayGnuvtþRbtibtþikartUc>Cabnþ .
kareZVIEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþEdllÁ RtUvKitKUrGMBIesckþIRtUvkar edIm|IeCaKC&y
~gkarGnuvtþn¾meZüa:yNamYy~gkarts)U . meZüa:ynImYy>manesckþI
RtUvkarxusBIKña . b"uEnþ karRKan'EtbMeBj²esckþIRtUvkar³ enHBuMTan'RKb'RKan'
eT edIm|IeGayc|as'za:neCaKC&y . eKRtUvkarmanktþaepSg>eT[tCabEnæm .
~gkarer[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþ BYkRbCaZibetyü RtUvkMNt´eKalbMNg
12 rUbWt hilvIu (Robert Helvey) Tak'TgedaypÞal'ézá19ExsIhaqñaM1993 .
- 61 - 61
nanaeGayc|as'las' ehIysMercza etIeKnwgvas'kMritRbsiTÆPaBénkarxMxñH
ExñgedIm|IeCaKC¥aH tamEbbNa . kareZVIEbbenH nwgGnuJ¦ateGayGñk
yuTÆsaRsþdwgc|as'GMBIGVIEdleKRtUvkar edIm|IsMerceKalbMNgnImYy> . kartMrUv
eGaymanPaBc|as'las'EbbenH k*Caktþad*sMxan'~gkarer[bcMEpnkar yuTÆviZI
enaHEdr .
eKeRbIyuTÆviZInigviZankar ~gkarGnuvtþn¾yuTÆsaRsþ . yuTÆviZI Tak'Tg
eTAnwgkareRbIR:s'kMlaMgRkumy"agbiunRbsb' edIm|ITak'TajykeRb[b enA~g
sæankarN¾tUcNamYy . yuTÆviZI KWCaskmµPaBxøImYy EdleKeRbIsMrab'eGay
:nsMerceKalbMNgtUcmYy . kareRCIserIsykyuTÆviZINamYy GaRs&y
eTAelIKMnitza etIeKGaceRbIR:s'ZnZanEdleKmanEbbNa edIm|IeGayman
RbsiTÆPaB ~gdMNak'kard*xøINamYy ~gkarGnuvtþn¾yuTÆsaRsþenH . edIm|I
eGaymanRbsiTÆPaBx¬s' eKRtUveRCIserIsyuTÆviZI niger[nreb[bGnuvtþNaEdl
GacCYyeGayeKsMerc:n nUveKalbMNgyuTÆsaRsþ . plEdl:nBIyuTÆviZI
EdlminCYyeGayeK:neCaKC&y~geKalbMNgyuTÆsaRsþ RbEhlCa enATI
bMput køayeTACakarxatbg'zamBlRkum .
dUecñH yuTÆviZIJk'B&nÆnwgskmµPaBd*xøIEdlRsbeTAnwgyuTÆsaRsþTUeTA
k*dUcCa yuTÆsaRsþEdlsmRsbeTAnwgyuTÆsaRsþcMbgEdr . yuTÆviZIEtgEt
P¢ab'eTAnwgkarRbyuTÆpÞal' enAeBlEdlyuTÆsaRsþrYmbJ©ÚlTaMgKMnitTUlM
TUlay . eKyl'za yuTÆviZIRKan´EtCaEpñkmYyényuTÆsaRsþTUeTAsMrab'sRg<am
ßk*CavK<mYyényuTÆnakarNamYyEtbueNÑaH . eRb[beZ[beTAnwgyuTÆsaRsþ eK
eRbIyuTÆviZIsMrab'eBlxøICag ßk*~gEpñktUcCag ‘TIkEnøg sæab&nNamYy CaedIm’
ßk*CamYymnusStic ßk*sMrab'sMercvtæúbMNgbnÞabbnSM . enA~gskmµPaB
GhigSa karxusKñarvageKalbMNgrbs'yuTÆviZI nigeKalbMNgrbs'yuTÆsaRsþ
RbEhlCaGacGaRs&yelIkarsMercza etIskmµPaBEdleKeRCIserIsman
eKalbMNgtUcßZM .
- 62 - 62
eKeRCIserIskarvayRbharedayeRbIyuTÆviZI edIm|ICYyeGay:nsMerc
eKalbMNgyuTÆsaRsþ . karRbyuTÆedayeRbIyuTÆviZI KWCaóbkrN¾rbs'Gñk
yuTÆsaRsþsMrab'beg,IteGaymansæanPaBlÁRbesIr sMrab'karvayRbharpþac'
RB&RteTAelIbdibkS . dUecñH GñkEdlTTYlxusRtUvxager[bcMEpnkar nigGnuvtþ
yuTÆviZI RtUvEtmaneTBekaslüxagkarvaytémøsæankarN¾ ehIyeRCIserIs
viZankard*smRsbCaTIbMputsMrab'yuTÆnakar . GñkTaMgLayÉeT[tEdlcUl
rYm~gRbtibtþikar RtUvTTYlkarbNþúHbNþalGMBIkarGnuvtþn¾EbbbT EdleK
eRCIserIs nigviZankarTaMgenaH .
viZankar ; niyayGMBIGavuZ ßk*óbkrN¾sMrab'skmµPaBNamYy .
~gkrNIEbbbT sMrab'karts)UGhigSa óbkrN¾TaMgenaHmanCaGaT¥ skmµPaB
mYycMnYn ‘dUcCa EbbbTCaeRcInénkareZVIkUdkmµ Bhikar karmineZVIshkar
neya:y’ Edl:ner[brab'~gCMBUkTI 5 . ‘sUmemIlóbsm&¬nÆ’ .
karer[bcMeGaymanEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþmYy EdlmankarTTYlxusRtUv
nigmanRbsiTÆPaB GaRs&yeTAelIkarKitKUry¨aghµt´ct´~gkareRCIserIsyk
yuTÆsaRsþcMbg yuTÆsaRsþ yuTÆviZI nigviZankar .
emer[nsMxan'énkarBiPakSaEvkEjkenH KWeKRtUveRbIbJ¦a~gkareZVI
EpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ edIm|IerIbRmHecjBIrbbpþac'kar . karEdleKBuM:neZVIEpnkar
tamEbbQøasév GacnaMeTArkmhnþray enAeBlEdlkareRbIR:s'R:C\ad*
manRbsiTÆPaB ~gkarer[bcMCapøÚvtamyuTÆsaRsþedayeRbIR:s'ZnZanEdleK
mand*biunRbsb' nwgCMrujeGaysg<mQaneTArkesrIPaB nigRbCaZibetyü .
- 63 - 63
CMBUkTI7
karerobcMCayuT§saRsþ
edIm|IeZVIeGay:nC&yCMnHkan´Etc|as GñkdwknaMRkumts)URtUvEter[b
cMeGaymanEpnkary¨agBisþar EdlGacBRgwgsµartIGñkrgeRKaH EdlGaceZVI
eGayrbbpþac´karcuHexSay nigrlM ehIyksagRbCaZibetyüEdlmaMTaM .
edIm|IsMerc:nEpnkarEbbenH eKRtUveGaymankarviPaKsæankarN¾eGay:n
c|aslas nigeRCIserIsmeZüa:ynana sMrabskmµPaBd*manRbsiTÆPaB .
CamYynwglTÆplénkarviPaKd*hµtctenH eKnwgGacer[bcMeGaymanyuTÆsaRsþ
cMbg nigyuTÆsaRsþsMrabyuTÆnakar edIm|IeGay:nsMercykesrIPaB . zVI
ebIJkB&nÆKña karer[bcMyuTÆsaRsþcMbg nigyuTÆsaRsþsMrab´yuTÆnakar CaviZIBIr
xusKña . eRkayBIeK:ner[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþcMbgehIy eTIbeKGaceZVIEpnkar
yuTÆsaRsþsMrab´yuTÆnakar edIm|IBRgwgnigsMerceKalbMNgEdlmanbJ¢ak~g
yuTÆsaRsþcMbg .
karer[bcMyuTÆsaRsþsMrabkarts)U tMrUveGayeKykcitþTukdakeTAelI
sMnYr nigkic©karCaeRcIn . enAeBlenH eyIgnwgbgØajnUvktþasMxan´>Edl
eKRtUvBicarNa enA~grgVgyuTÆsaRsþcMbg nigyuTÆsaRsþsMrabyuTÆnakar . buEnþ
karer[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ tMrUveGayGñkeZVIEpnkarsMrab´karts)U mankaryl
dwgGMBIsæankarN¾TMnas EdlJk´B&nÆeTAnwgktþakMlaMgmnusS RbvtþisaRsþ
- 64 - 64
rdðaPi:l eyaZa vb|Zm( sg<m neya:y citþsaRsþ esdðkic© ehIynig
GnþrCati . eKGacer[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþ:nsMrabEtkrNIts)U ehIynigmUldðan
énkarts)UEdlmanlk¡N;c|as´las´ .
CakarsMxan dMbUgGñkdwknaMRbCaZibetyü nigGñkeZVIEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ
RtUvviPaKGMBIeKalbMNgnana nigsar;sMxan´énbuBVehtu . etIeKalbMNg
TaMgenH smRsb ehIytMrUveGaymankarts)Ud*xøaMgkøaEmnß / karsMercGMBI
eKalbMNgEmnETnénkarts)U KWCakarcaM:c´ . eyIg:nEvkEjkrYcehIy
za karrMlMrbbpþac´kar ßk*karbeNþjempþac´karbc©úb|nñ ecjBIGMNacBuMRKb´
RKaneT . eKalbMNgénkarts)UEbbenH RtUvmankarbeg,IteGaymansg<m
esrI RsbnwgeKalkarN¾rdðaPi:lRbCaZibetyümYy . karylc|as´GMBI
cMNucenH nwgmanGanuPaBeTAelIkarer[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþcMbg nigyuTÆsaRsþ
CabnþbnÞab´ÉeT[t .
CaBiess GñkeZVIEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ RtUveqøIysMnYrsMxan´> dUcCa ÷
• etIóbsK<GVIEdlraraMgmineGayeK:nTTYlesrIPaB /
• etIktþaGVIxøHEdlnwgCYyeGay:nTTYlesrIPaB /
• etIrbbpþac´karmancMNucxøaMgNaxøH /
• etIcMNucexSayrbs´rbbpþac´karmanGVIxøH /
• etIcMNucexSayénRbPBGMNacrbbpþac´karmandlkMritNaEdr /
• etIcMNucxøaMgénRkumRbCaZibetyü nigRbCaBlrdðCaTUeTAman
GVIxøH /
• etIRkumRbCaZibetyümancMNucexSayGVIxøH / ehIyeKedaHRsay
cMNucexSayTaMgenaHEbbNaeTA /
• etIPaKIÉeT[tmanCMhryagNaEdr / PaKIÉeT[tenHBuMTanJkB&nÆ
nwgTMnaseT buEnþeKRbEhlCa:nCYy ßk*RbEhlCaCYyrbb
pþackar ßk*clnaRbCaZibetyü . RbsinebIdUecñHEmn etIeKGac
- 65 - 65
CYytamEbbNaEdr /
kareRCIserIsmeFüa)ay enA~gyuTÆsaRsþcMbg GñkeZVIEpnkarRtUveRCIserIsykmeZüa:yts)U
sMxan´> sMrab´eRbIR:s´~gTMnas´ . eKRtUvviPaKemIlKuNsm|tþi nigkarxVH
xaténCMerIsTaMgLaysMrab´karts)U manCaGaT¥ karc|aMgtTl´tamkMlaMg
eyaZa kareZVIsRg<amqµk´éRB neya:yerIbRmH ßk*meZüa:yÉeT[t .
~gkareRCIserIsenH GñkeZVIyuTÆsaRsþRtUvBicarNasMnYrxøHdUcxageRkam ÷
etIBYkRbCaZibetyümansmtæPaBeRbImeZüa:yenHEdrßeT / etImeZüa:y
EdleRCIserIsenH nwgeRbIkMlaMgRbCaBlrdðEdleKCiHCan´EdrßeT / etI
meZüa:yenH epþateTAelIcMNucexSayénrbbpþac´kar ßk*CakarvayRbhar
eTAelIcMNucxøaMgrbs´eK / etImeZüa:yTaMgenaH nwgCYyeGayRkum
RbCaZibetyümankarTukcitþelIxøÜnÉgkanEtxøaMg ßk*meZüa:yTaMgenaHtMrUv
eGaymankarBwgEpÁkeTAelIPaKITIbI ßk*CMnYyBIbreTs / etIkareRbIR:s´
meZüa:yEdleRCIserIsenaH manRbvtþibTBiesaZn¾EbbNaxøH ~gkarrMlM
rbbpþackar / etImeZüa:yTaMgenaH nwgbeg,Inßk*bnæykarxUcxat nigmhnþray
EdlGacekItmaneLIg ~gkarRbqaMgtTlenAézámuxEdrßeT / RbsinebIeKsnµt
za eK:neCaKC&y~gkarrMlMrbbpþackar etImeZüa:yts)UEdleK:neRCIs
erIs nwgman«TÆiBlEbbNaeTAelIRbePTrdðaPi:lzµI EdlnwgelcecjBI
karts)U / eKRtUvEteC[svagskmµPaBRbePTNamYy EdlBuMmanRbeyaCn¾
enA~gyuTÆsaRsþcMbgEdleKer[bcMeLIg .
~gCMBUkmun> eyIg:nEvkEjkza neya:yerIbRmHpþl´nUvkarman
eRb[by¨agxøaMg eTAelImeZüa:yts)UÉeT[t . BYkGñkyuTÆsaRsþRtUvBinitüemIl
sæankarN¾TMnasrbseKehIysMerc zaetI neya:yerIbRmHnwgpþlnUvcMelIy
- 66 - 66
viC¢maneTAelIsMnYrTaMgLayxagelIenHEdrßeT .
karerobcMEpnkaredIm,IlT§iRbCaFibetyü eKKYrEtcgcaMza ~gkarRbqaMgnwgrbbpþackar eKalbMNgnigyuTÆsaRsþ
cMbg BuMEmnmanRtwmEtrMlMempþackarenaHeT KWer[bcMeGaymanRbB&nÆRbCaZibetyü
mYy ehIyeZVIeGayrbbpþac´karzµImYyeT[tegIbminrYc . edIm|IsMerceKalbMNg
EbbenH meZüa:yEdleKeRCIserIssMrab´karts)U RtUvEtCYyeZVIeGayman
karERbRbYl ~gkarEbgEckGMNacenA~gsg<m . enAeRkamrbbpþac´kar
RbCaBlrdð nigsg<msIuvil mansPaBTn´exSayNas´ ehIyrdðaPi:lman
GMNacxøaMgeBk . RbsinebIKµankarpøas´bþÚreGaymantulüPaBGMNaceTenaH
GñkRtYtRtamYyRkumeT[t RbsinebIeKcg GackøayeTACaBYkpþackardUcRkumcas .
dUecñHehIy :nCaeKminsVaKmn¾²bdivtþn¾RBHbrmraCvaMg³ ßk*rdðRbhareT .
neya:yerIbRmHCYyeGaymankarEbgEckd*smrmümYy nUvGMNac
BitR:kd tamry;karRbmUlpþúM~gsg<mmnusS edIm|IRbqaMgnwgrbbpþac´kar
dUcEdl:nBiPakSaenA~gCMBUkTI 5 . viZIenHGacekItmaneLIgeTAtamEbb
bTmYycMnYn . karbeg,IneGaymansmtæPaBts)UGhigSamann&yza lTÆPaB
rbbpþac´karedIm|IkarCiHCan´higSa ElgsUvmanRbsiTÆPaB ~gkarKMramkMEhg
nigTak´TajeGaymankarcuHj¨mBIsMNak´RbCaBlrdð . enAeBlenaH
RbCaBlrdðnwgmanmeZüa:yd*xøaMgkøasMrabtTl ehIyCYnkal raraMgGMNac
empþac´kareT[tpg . elIsBIenHeTAeT[t karRbmUlpþúMykkMlaMgRbCaBlrdð
tamry;neya:yerIbRmH nwgBRgwgsæab&nÉkraCnanaenA~gsg<m . eKBuMGac
ePøcy¨agqabrh&s nUvkarEdleK:nbeJ©jGMNacd*manRbsiTÆPaBmþgrYc
mkehIyenaHeT . cMeNHdwg nigeTBekaslüEdleK:nTTYl~gkarts)U
nwgBRgwgRbCaBlrdð minbeNþayeGayBYkEdlGackøayeTACaGñkpþackar RKb
- 67 - 67
RKgtamkarsg,t´sg,in:nedaygay . karERbRbYléntulüPaBGMNacEbb
enH enATIbMput nwgRbEhlCaeZVIeGaymankarksagsg<mRbCaZibetyümYy
EdlrwgmaM .
CMnYyBIeRkA CaEpñkmYyénkarer[bcMyuTÆsaRsþcMbg karviPaKeTAelItYnaTIénRkum
ts)Uxag~g nigsMJZBIxageRkA edIm|IrMlMrbbpþac´kar KWCakarcaM:c . ~g
karEvkEjkenH eyIg:nBnül´rYcehIyza kMlaMgsMxan´énkarts)URtUvEt
ecjBIépÞ~g . RbsinebIeK:nCMnYyGnþrCati CMnYyenaHnwgCMrujeGay
karts)UépÞ~g mankMritxøaMgbEnæmeTAtamenaHEdr .
edIm|ICakarbEnæmd*KYrsmmYy eKGaceZVIkarxñHExñgRbmUlpþúMmtiGnþrCati
eGayRbqaMgnwgrbbpþac´kar enA~gbuBVehtumnusSZm( sIlZm( ßk*sasna .
eKGacxñHExñgeGaymankardakTNÐkmµeTAelIrbbpþackar xagkarTUt neya:y
nigesdðkic© BIsMNakrdðaPi:lnananigGg<karGnþrCati . TNÐkmµTaMgenaH
GacmanRTg´RTayCaesdðkic© karQb´pþleRK]gsJVvuZeyaZa karbnæykMrit
TTYls<al´xagkarTUt ßk*pþac´cMNgTUtTaMgRsug karhamXatmineGayman
CMnYyesdðkic© nigkareZVIvinieyaKenA~gRbeTspþac´kar karbeNþjrdðaPi:l
pþackarBIGg<karGnþrCatinana nigBIEpñkepSg>énGg<karshRbCaCati . elIs
BIenH eKGacpþlCMnYyGnþrCati dUcCa karRTRTgxagluykak nigTUrKmnaKmn¾
eTAeGayBYkRbCaZibetyüedaypÞal' .
- 68 - 68
karerobcMyuT§saRsþcMbg bnÞabBIkarviPaKemIlsæankarN¾ kareRCIserIsmeZüa:y ehIynig
karsMercGMBItYnaTIrbs´CMnYybreTsrYcehIy Gñker[bcMyuTÆsaRsþcMbg nwg
RJgGMBIEbbbT EdleKnwgeRbI~gkarts)U . Epnkard*TUlMTUlayenH nwg
niyaytaMgBIIsæankarN¾bc©úb|nñ eTAdlkarrMedaH nigRbB&nÆRbCaZibetyü~g
eBlGnaKt . ~gkarer[bcMyuTÆsaRsþcMbgenH GñkeZVIEpnkarRtUvEtsYrxøÜn
ÉgnUvsMnYrmYycMnYn . sMnYrTaMgbunµanxageRkamenH ‘manlk¡N;minTUeTA
dUcsMnYrBImun’ TakTgnwgkarBicarNaEdleKRtUvkar ~gkarer[bcMyuTÆsaRsþ
cMbg edIm|Ikarts)Utamry;neya:yerIbRmH .
• etIeBlNaeTAEdllÁRbesIrsMrabeKepþImkarts)UEdlnwgmanry;eBl
yUrGEgVg /
• etIRbCaBlrdðEdleKCiHCan GacBRgwgkarTukcitþelIxøÜnÉg nigRbmUl
pþúMkMlaMgRKb´RKan edIm|IeZVIskmµPaBtTl´nwgrbbpþac´kar y¨agehac
Nas´k*mankMritbnþicbnþÜcCaelIkdMbUgEdrßeT /
• etIeKGactMeLIglTÆPaBrbsRbCaBlrdðtamEbbNa sMrab'karGnuvtþn¾
meZüa:ymineZVIshkar nigerIbRmH eTAtamdMeNIrkareBlevla nig
bTBiesaZn¾ /
• etIeKalbMNgényuTÆnakarxøI> CabnþbnÞab´ manGVIxøH sMrab´RKb´RKg
sg<mtamEbbRbCaZibetyü nigraraMgrbbpþac´kar /
• etIeKmansæab&nÉkraC EdlrYcBIkNþab´édrbbpþac´kar ehIyEdl
eKGaceRbI~gkarts)UedIm|IesrIPaBEdrßeT /
• etIsæab&nEbbNamYyenA~gsg<m EdleKGacrMedaHecjBIkarRtYt
RtarbsBYkpþackar ßk*zaetIsæab&nEbbNaEdleKRtUvbeg,ItCazµI edIm|I
- 69 - 69
bMeBjesckþIRtUvkar ehIynigbeg,IteGaymanbriyakasRbCaZibetyü
eTaHbICarbbpþac´karenAEtmanCabnþ /
• etIeKGacBRgwgkMlaMgépÞ~génRkumGñkts)UtamEbbNa /
• etIeKGacbNþúHbNþalGñkcUlrYmskmµPaBtamEbbNa /
• etIeKRtUvkarZnZanEbbNaxøH ‘luykak´ eRK]gsmÖar;CaedIm’ sMrab´
karts)UBIedImdl´cb /
• etIeKGaceRbInimitþrUbEbbNamYy EdlmanRbsiTÆPaBCageKbMput ~g
karRbmUlpþúMRbCaBlrdð /
• etIeKGaceZVIeGayRbPBénGMNacrbbpþackarcuHexSaybnþicmþg> rhUt
dl´Gs´Etmþg tammeZüa:yRbePTNa nig~gdMNak'karNaxøH /
• etIRtUveZVIEbbNa edIm|IeGayRbCaBlrdðEdlegIbRbqaMgtTl´ Gac
RkajeZVIkarerIbRmHpg ehIynigRbkanx¢ab´nUvvin&yGhigSapg /
• etIsg<mGacbnþkargar edIm|IbMeBjesckþIRtUvkarCamUldðanrbs´eK
enA~gdMNak'karénTMnas´tamEbbNa /
• enAeBlEdlC&yCMnHkMBugQanmkdl etIRkumts)URbCaZibetyüGac
bnþkarksagsæab&nCamUldðan eGaysg<meRkayrbbpþackartamEbb
Na edIm|IeZVIeGaykarqøgBIrbbmYyeTArbbmYy:nrlUn /
eKRtUvEtcgcaMza manEpnkareRcIn EdleKGacer[bcMGnuvtþeLIg edIm|I
erIbRmHBIrbbpþac´kar . karts)UnImYy> edIm|IrMlMrbbpþac´karniger[bcMCa
RbB&nÆRbCaZibetyü nwgmanlk¡N;xus>Kña . BuMmansæankarN¾BIrdUcKña
ebHbiTenaHeLIy . rbbpþac´karnImYy> nwgmanlk¡N;BiessxøH ehIy
smtæPaBrbsBlrdðEdlTamTaresrIPaB k*manlk¡N;xusKñaEdr . GñkeZVI
EpnkaryuTÆsaRsþcMbgedIm|Ikarts)Utamneya:yerIbRmH RtUvmankaryl´dwg
eGay:nc|as minRtwmEtGMBIsæankarN¾TMnasNamYyCaBiesseT KWeKRtUv
- 70 - 70
yl´dwgGMBImeZüa:yEdleKeRCIserIs sMrabeZVIkarts)UenaHeT[tpg .13
enAeBlEdlyuTÆsaRsþcMbgsMrab´karts)U :ner[bcMy¨aghµt´ct´
ehIyenaH eKmanmUlehtulÁmYycMnYn sMrabpSBVpSayeGayeKdwgGMBIyuTÆsaRsþ
enH . cMnYnmnusSCaeRcInEdleKRtUvkareGaycUlrYm RbEhlCamancMNg´
niglTÆPaBcUlrYm RbsinebIeKylyagc|as'las'GMBIKMnitCaTUeTA ehIynig
karENnaM . kardwgEbbenHGacman«TÆiBllÁRbesIrNas´eTAelITwkcitþ
sMrab'karylRBmcUlrYm nigGnuvtþeTAtamKMeragkar . ~gkrNINak*eday
BYkpþac´karnwg:ndwgGMBIyuTÆsaRsþcMbgenHedayRtYs> ehIykardwgEbbenH
GaceZVIeGayempþac´karBuMsUvh)ansahaveXareXA ~gkarCiHCan´RbCaBlrdð
edayeKdwgza GMeBIrbs´eKGacCH«TÆiBlGaRkk´tampøÚvneya:ymkvij .
kardwgGMBIlk¡N;sMxan´NamYyényuTÆsaRsþcMbgk*GacmanGanuPaB naMeGay
mankarminsb|aycitþ nigkarrtecjBIrbbpþac´karEdr .
enAeBlEdleKRBmeRB[gKñaGnuvtþEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþcMbg edIm|IrMlM
rbbpþac´karniger[bcMCaRbB&nÆRbCaZibetyüehIyenaH CakarcaM:c RkumKaMRT
RbCaZibetyüTaMgLay RtUvEteKarBGnuvtþtamKMeragkar . manEt~gkal;
eTs;d*kRmbueNÑaH Edlkarts)UKYrEtERbRbYlBIKMeragedIm . enAeBlEdl
eKmanPsþútagc|as´las´za yuTÆsaRsþcMbgEdleK:neRCIserIsBImunman
karyl´RcLM ßk*kal;eTs;énkarts)U:nERbRbYly¨agxøaMg GñkeZVIEpnkar
RbEhlCaRtUvEkyuTÆsaRsþcMbgeLIgvij . enAeBlenaH eKKYrEk enAeRkay
13 sUmGankarsikSaenHya"gBisþar enA~ges[vePArbs' CIn sab neya:yénskmµPaB
GhigSa bUsþún ma"saQUsit ptT&r saCin qñaM 1973 niges[vePA PIT&r Gakamin (Peter Ackerman) nigRKIsþÚhV&r RKUhø&r (Christopher Kruegler) TMnas'GhigSatamyuTÆsaRsþ ev"spt (Westport) xnNikTIKit (Connecticut) ; R:h<&r (Praeger) qñaM 1994 sUmGanpgEdr karts)UGhigSa ; karGnuvtþn¾stvtSTI20 nigplRbeyaCn¾ ~gstvtSTI21 edayCIn sab
nwgecjpSayeBleRkay .
- 71 - 71
eBlEdleK:neZVIkarviPaKd*hµt´ct´eLIgvij ehIyer[bcM nigGnum&tEpnkar
yuTÆsaRsþcMbgzµIEdlRtwmRtUv .
karerobcMEpnkaryuT§saRsþsMrab;yuT§nakar eTaHbICayuTÆsaRsþcMbgEdleK:ner[bcMehIyenaH manlk¡N;lÁ
RbesIrGacrMlMrbbpþackar nigelIktMekIgRbCaZibetyü:nk*eday k*yuTÆsaRsþ
cMbgEtmYyminGacGnuvtþedayxøÜnÉgeT . eKRtUver[bcMeGaymanyuTÆsaRsþ
Cak´Esþg edIm|Ier[bcMCayuTÆnakarsMxan´> ~gkareZVIeGayGMNacBYkpþac´kar
cuHexSay . yuTÆsaRsþTaMgenH nwgmanrYmbJ©Úl nigbMPøWeGaymanyuTÆviZI
mYycMnYn EdleKer[bcMeLIg edIm|IvayRbhareGay:nxøaMgeTAelIrbbpþackar .
eKRtUvEteRCIserIsyuTÆviZI nigmeZüa:yCak´EsþgTaMgLay eGay:nhµt´ct
edIm|IeGayyuTÆviZITaMgenaH sMerc:nnUveKalbMNgényuTÆsaRsþNamYy .
enA~gCMBUkenH eyIgnwgBieRKaHEtGMBIkMrityuTÆsaRsþ .
GñkyuTÆsaRsþEdleZVIEpnkarsMrab´yuTÆnakarsMxan> k*dUcCaGñker[b
cMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþcMbgEdr RtUvmankaryleXIjeGayc|aslasGMBI
lk¡N;nigEbbbTénRbtibtþikar EdleKeRCIserIssMrabkarts)U . dUc
emT&BEdlRtUvyl´GMBIrcnasm¬&nÆénkgkMlaMg yuTÆviZI lk¡N;BRgayT&B
eRK]gsJVvuZ niglk¡N;PUmisaRsþCaedIm edIm|Ier[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþeyaZa
Gñker[bcMEpnkarsMrab´neya:yerIbRmH k*RtUvyl´eGayc|as´GMBIRbePT nig
eKalkarN¾yuTÆsaRsþénkarts)UGhigSaEdr . buEnþeTaHCay¨agenHkþI kar
ecHdwgGMBIkarts)UGhigSa karykcitþTukdak´eTAelIesckþIesñITaMgLayenA~g
es[vePAenH ehIynigcMelIyeTAelIsMnYrTaMgLayEdlecaTsYrenATIenH BuMEmn
Cakarbeg,It:nyuTÆsaRsþedayÉkÉgeT . karer[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþedIm|Ikar
ts)U enAEttMrUveGaymanKMnitécñRbDitEdlRbkbedaykardwgyl´c|as´las´
- 72 - 72
eT[t .
enA~gkarer[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ edIm|IyuTÆnakarts)Ud*c|as´las´
NamYy ehIynigedIm|Ibeg,IneGaymankarts)UrMedaH~geBlEvgqáay Gñk
yuTÆsaRsþedIm|Ineya:yerIbRmH RtUvEtKitKUrGMBIbJØaCaeRcIn EdlmanxøH
dUcxageRkamenH ÷
• karsMerccitþGMBIeKaledAc|aslassMrabyuTÆnakar nigplRbeyaCn¾
sMrab´karGnuvtþn¾yuTÆsaRsþcMbg .
• karKitKUrlMGitGMBImeZüa:y ßk*GavuZEpñkneya:y EdleKGac
eRbIR:sd*manRbsiTÆPaB edIm|IGnuvtþyuTÆsaRsþEdleKeRCIserIs .
enA~gEpnkarTUeTAsMrab´yuTÆnakarNamYy eKRtUvBinitüehIykMNt´
za etIyuTÆviZInigmeZüa:yNamYyEdleKKYreRbI edIm|Idak´sMJZ
nigbnæyRbPBGMNacrbbpþac´kar . eKRtUvcgcaMza karsMerc:n
nUveKalbMNgZM> KWCalTÆplénkarsRmaMg nigGnuvtþCMhantUc>
Cak´Esþg edayRbugRby&tñ .
• karsMerccitþza etIbJØaesdðkic©KYrEtP¢ab´eTAnwgkarts)Uneya:yCa
TUeTAEdrßeT ßk*P¢ab´tamEbbbTNa/ RbsinebIbJØaesdðkic©Caktþa
sMxan´enA~gkarts)U eKRtUvEtRbugRby&tñ~gkarGHGagzaeKGacedaH
RsaybJØaesdðkic©TaMgenaH:n eRkayBIrbbpþac´karrlM. RbsinebI
mindUecñaHeT karxkcitþnigkarminsb|aycitþ nwgekItmaneLIg
RbsinebIeKBuMmankaredaHRsayPøam> enAeBlEdleKqøgeTArksg<m
RbCaZibetyü . karxkcitþTaMgenHGacsMrYleGaymankarelceLIg
nUvkMlaMgpþac´karzµImYy EdlsnüazanwgkMcatbJØaesdðkic©enHeGay
:n .
• karsMercKitTukCamunGMBIRbePTénrcnasm¬&nÆdwknaM nigRbB&nÆTMnak´
TMng EdlmanRbsiTÆPaBCaTIbMputsMrab´epþImkarts)U . etIeKGaceRbI
- 73 - 73
R:smeZüa:yNa edIm|IeZVIkarsMerccitþnana nigkarTak´TgKña
ehIypþl´CakarENnaMdl´Gñkts)UTaMgLay nigRbCaBlrdðCaTUeTA
enAeBlEdleKkMBugts)U /
• karpSBVpSayB&t(manGMBIkarts)U eTAeGayRbCaBlrdð eTAkgkMlaMg
rbbpþac´kar ehIynigRbB&nÆB&t(manGnþrCati . r:ykarN¾ nig
karGHGagGVImYyKYrEtmanlk¡N;BitCak´EsþgCanic© . karniyay
bMepøIs nigkarGHGagedayKµanmUldðan nwgeZVIeGayCMen]eTAelIRkum
ts)UcuHexSay .
• EpnkarnanasMrabskmµPaBBRgwgkarTukcitþxøÜnÉg karGbrM esdðkic©
nigneya:y edIm|IbMeBjesckþIRtUvkarrbs´Rkumts)U enAeBltTl´
Kñamkdl´ . KMeragkarTaMgenHGacGnuvtþ edayGñkEdlBuMmankarJk´
B&nÆedaypÞal´CamYynwgskmµPaBTaMgLayénRkumts)U .
• karsMercGMBIRbePTCMnYybreTs EdleKRtUvkar~gkarKaMRTyuTÆnakar
NamYy ßk*karts)UrMedaHCaTUeTA . etIeKGacRbmUlCMnYyBIeRkAeGay
manRbsiTÆPaBxøaMg tamEbbNa ehIyeRbIR:stamEbbNa edIm|I
kuMeGaykarts)UépÞ~gBwgEpÁkeTAelIktþaBIeRkAEdlminc|aslas / eK
RtUvRbugRby&tñ zaetIRkumxageRkANamYyEdlGacCaCMnYyRtwmRtUv
c|as´las dUcCa Gg<kareRkArdðaPi:l ‘clnasg<m Rkumsasna
ßneya:y RkumshCIBCaedIm’ rdðaPi:lbreTsnana ßk*Gg<kar
shRbCaCati nigGg<PaBepSg>rbseK .
elIsBIenHeTAeT[t Gñker[bcMkarts)U RtUveGaymanviZankarrkSasNþab
Zñab´ nigbMeBjesckþIRtUvkarxagTMnakTMngsg<mrbs´kgkMlaMgxøÜn enAeBl
eZVIkarts)U tTl´nwgkarRtYtRtarbs´BYkpþac´kar . karenHminRKan´Etbeg,It
eGaymanrcnasm¬&nÆRbCaZibetyüÉkraCCaCMerIsepSg>eT[t nigbMeBjesckþI
RtUvkarEmnETneT KWnwgCYybnæytémøénkarGHGagNamYy Edlza eKRtUv
- 74 - 74
eZVIkarbRg,aby¨ageXareXA edIm|IkuMeGaymanPaBRcbUkRcbl nigsæankarN¾
Kµanc|ab´TMlab´ ‘EdlBYkpþac´karniymeRbI’ .
karpSBVpSayKMnitmineFVIshkar edIm|IeGay:nneya:yerIbRmHd*eCaKC&ymYyRbqaMgnwgGMeBIpþac´kar
karyl´c|as´rbs´RbCaBlrdðGMBIKMnitmineZVIshkar KWCakarsMxan . dUc
Edl:nbgØaj~ger]g²m©assVa³‘sUmGanCMBUkTI 3’ eKGacyl´GMBIeKal
KMnitenHy¨aggayRsYl ; RbsinebIeKmancMnYnGñkeRkambg<ab´RKbRKan´Edl
bdiesZ minRBmeZVIshkareGay:nyUr RbqaMgnwgkarCiHCan´ RbB&nÆpþac´kar
nwgRtUvcuHexSay ehIyTIbMputRtUvEtdYlrlM .
GñkEdlrs´enAeRkamrbbpþac´karRbEhlCa:ndwg»GMBIKMnitenH BI
RbPBepSg> . eTaHCay¨agNak*eday kMlaMgRbCaZibetyüKYrEter[bcM
pSBVpSay eZVIya¨gNaeGayRbCaBlrdðTTYlykeKalKMnitmineZVIshkar
enH . eKKYrEtpSBVpSayer]g²m©as´sVa³ ßk*er]gNaÉeT[tEdlmanlMnaMxøwm
sardUcKñaenH ~gcMeNamsg<mmnusS . eKGacgayyler]gniTanEbbenH .
enAeBlEdleKTTYl:nnUvKMnitminshkarCaTUeTAenHehIy RbCaBlrdðnwg
Gacyl´GMBIxøwmsarénkarGMJvnav suMeGayeKGnuvtþkarmineZVIshkarCamYy
nwgBYkpþac´kar . GñkTaMgenaHGacmanKMnitp©úgepþImCaRbePTepSg>énkarmin
eZVIshkar enA~gsæankarN¾zµI> .
zVIebIkarpSBVpSayKMnit B&t(man nigbJ¢akarepSg>sMrab´karts)U man
karlM:k enA~grbbpþac´kar Caer]y> GñkRbCaZibetyüGaceZVIkic©karTaMg
enH:n . sUm|IEtenAeRkamrbbNasIu‘Nazi’ nigkumµúynIsþ BYkts)UenAEtman
lTÆPaBTak´Tg minRtwmEtKñaÉgÉeT[t>eT KWTak´TgTaMgRkumsaZarNCn
TUlMTUlay tamry;kare:HBum¬pSaykaEst xitb&NÑ es[vePA edaylYclak
- 75 - 75
ehIybunµanqñaMeRkayenH eKGacecjpSayCaExSGatsMelg nigrUbPaBEzm
eT[tpg .
edaysareK:neZVIEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþTukCamunenaH eKGacer[bcM ehIy
pSBVpSaykarENnaMTUeTAd*manRbsiTÆPaB sMrabkarts)U . karENnaMTaMgenH
GacniyayGMBIbJØa nigsæanPaBnana EdlRbCaBlrdðKYreZVIkarRbqaMgnig
Qb´eZVIshkar ehIynigreb[beZVIskmµPaBTaMgenaH . dUecñH eTaHbICa
karTak´TgBIRkumGñkdwknaMRbCaZibetyü:nRtUveKkat´pþac´ ehIyeKBuMGac:n
TTYlkarENnaMc|aslasNamYyCabnþeT[tk*eday RbCaBlrdðnwg:ndwg
reb[bcatkarGMBIbJØasMxan´>rYceRsceTAehIy . karENnaMTaMgenHnwgman
bJ©ÚlpgEdr nUvreb[bBinitüemIl²karENnaMRkumts)U³EkøgkøayNamYy Edl
GacecjBImCÄdðanbUlis EdleKer[bcMeLIg edIm|Ibeg,ItCakarjúHjg´eGay
Rkumts)Utbtxus .
karb®gáabnigviFankarTb;Tl; Gñker[bcMyuTÆsaRsþRtUvviPaKemIlkareqøIytb nigkarCiHCan´EdlGac
ekItmaneLIg CaBiess kMrithigSaénrbbpþac´kareTAelIskmµPaBnanarbs´
Rkumts)URbCaZibetyü . CacaM:c´ eKRtUvsMercGMBIreb[bTb´Tl tbt ßk*
eC[svagkarbRg,abEdlkanEtxøaMg edaymincuHj¨m . eyageTAtamyuTÆviZI
sMrabkal;eTs;nImYy> eKRtUvecjesckþIRBmand*smrmüeTARbCaBlrdð nig
GñkrYmts)U GMBIGMeBIbRg,abbEnæmBIsMNak´BYkpþac´kar edIm|IeGayGñkTaMgenaH
dwgGMBIeRKaHzñak´énkarcUlrYm~gkarts)U . RbsinebIkarbRg,abmankMritxøaMg
køa eKKYrer[bcMeGaymanCMnYyeBTüenARbcaMkarsMrab´Gñkts)UEdlrgrbYs .
eday:nKitTukCamunGMBIkarbRg,ab GñkyuTÆsaRsþRtUvKitKUrGMBIkareRbI
yuTÆviZI nigmeZüa:ynana EdlGacCYyeGay:nsMercvtæúbMNgényuTÆnakar
- 76 - 76
ßk*karrMedaH EdlnwgeC[svagßk*mankarbRg,abd*ticCaTIbMput . óTahrN¾
kardEgØk|Ün:tukmµtampøÚvzñlRbqaMgnwgrbbpþackartwgrwug RbEhlCaeZVIeGay
mankarrMeCIbrMCYlcitþ buEnþGMeBIenH k*GacnaMmknUvkar:tbg´Civit:tukrrab
Jn´nak´Edr . eTaHCay¨agenHk*eday karxUcxaty¨agxøaMgrbs´BYk:tukr
~gkrNIenH RbEhlCaBuM:nbEnæmkarKabsg,t´bEnæm eTAelIrbbpþac´kar
CaCagkarenApÞH kareZVIkUdkmµ nigGMeBImineZVIshkarBIsMNak´mRnþIrdðkar
JseBjRsukenaHeT .
RbsinebIeKRtUvkareGaymanskmµPaBbg,ehtu EdlGacnaMeGayman
karxUcxatxøaMg enA~geKalbMNgyuTÆsaRsþNamYyenaH eKRtUvEtKitKUr
eGay:nhµtctGMBIplvi:k nigplcMeNjBIskmµPaBenH . etIRbCaBlrdð
nigRkumGñkts)UnwgRbkanvin&y nig«riyabz GhigSaenA~gkarts)UEbbenH
:nEdrßeT / etIeKGacTbTlnwgkarbg,ehtueGaymanGMeBIhigSa:nEdrßeT /
Gñker[bcMRtUveZVIEpnkarGMBImeZüa:yEdleKGacGnuvtþ edIm|IrkSavin&yGhigSa
nigrkSakarts)U enAcMeJHmuxGMeBIeXareXA . etIeKGaccatviZankarnana
dUcCa karRbkassnüa esckþIEzøgkarN¾neya:y xitþb&NÑGMBIvin&y reb[b
dwknaM:tukmµ kareZVIBhikarBIsMNakmnusSnigRkumEdlKaMRThigSa :nEdr
ßeT / emdwknaMTaMgLayKYrEtcgcaMCanic©GMBIvtþmanén²BYkPñakgarbg,ehtu³
EdlmanebskkmµjúHjg´eGayBYk:tukreRbIGMeBIhigSa .
karRbkan;EpnkaryuT§saRsþeGayx¢ab; enAeBlEdleKmanEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþd*lÁrYcehIyenaH BYkkMlaMg
RbCaZibetyüBuMKYrEbkGarmµN¾ edaysarEtkarpøas´bþÚrbnþicbnþÜcrbs´BYk
pþac´karEdlGaceZVIeGayeKcg´gakerBIyuTÆsaRsþcMbg nigyuTÆsaRsþsMrab´
yuTÆnakarBiessNamYyeT . kargakerenHnwgeZVIeGayeKepþatGarmµN¾ eTA
- 77 - 77
elIskmµPaBZM>énbJØaminsMxaneTAvij . eKminKYrbeNþayeGayTwkcitþ~g
eBlPøam>enaH ‘dUcCakarrMeCIbrMCYlcitþedaysarGMeBIeXareXAzµI>rbs´BYk
pþackar’ bEgVrGarmµN¾rbsRkumeGayXøatecjBIyuTÆsaRsþcMbg nigyuTÆsaRsþ
yuTÆnakareT . GMeBIeXareXAEdlBYkpþac´karRbRBwtþeLIg RbEhlCaedIm|I
bg,ehtu eGaykMlaMgRbCaZibetyülHbg´ecalEpnkarEdleK:ner[bcM
d*lÁTukrYcmkehIy ehIyEbreTAeRbIGMeBIhigSa edIm|IeGayBYkpþac´kar:n
C&yCMnHkanEtgayRsYl . RbsinebIeKyl´zakarEvkEjkCamUldðanman
lk¡N;smrmüehIy muxgarrbsRkumKaMRTRbCaZibetyü KWcabGnuvtþBI
dMNak'karmYyeTAdMNak'karmYy . CakarBit karERbRbYlxagyuTÆviZI nig
eKalbMNgtUc> nwgGacekIteLIg ehIyGñkdwknaMBUEkEtgEteRt[mxøÜnCanic©
edIm|ITajykplRbeyaCn¾eTAtamkal;eTs; . eKminKYrylRcLMGMBIkarEk
éxTaMgenH CamYynwgeKalbMNgTaMgLayényuTÆsaRsþcMbg nigeKalbMNg
énvK<yuTÆnakarNamYy . karGnuvtþn¾edayRbugRby&tñnUvyuTÆsaRsþcMbg nig
yuTÆsaRsþnanasMrab´yuTÆnakarNamYyEdleK:nsRmaMg nwgCYyy¨agxøaMg
eGay:neCaKC&y .
- 78 - 78
- 79 - 79
CMBUkTI8
karGnuvtþn_neya)ayerIbRmH
enA~gsæankarN¾EdlRbCaBlrdð manGarmµN¾Gssg¹wm nigPitP&y
kic©kardMbUgsMrab´saZarNCnRtUvEtmanPaBeRKaHzñaktic ehIymanlk¡N;
BRgwgsµartI nigkarTukcitþelIxøÜnÉg . skmµPaBTaMgenH manCaGaT¥ karesø{k
Jk´xusEbøkBIZmµta EdlGaceGayeKdwgCasaZarN;GMBIeyabl´CMTas´Na
mYy ehIynigGacpþl´OkaseGaymhaCnÉeT[tcUlrYm ~gkarsMEdgmti
RbqaMgenHEdr . ~gkrNIÉeT[t> bJØaeRkABIneya:y Edlhak´dUcCa
tUctac ‘dUcCa karTamTareGaymanTwksÁatsMrab´eRbIR:s´’ GackøayeTACa
TisedAsMxanmYysMrabskmµPaBCaRkum . GñkyuTÆsaRsþKYrEteRCIserIsyk
bJØaNamYy EdlmnusSPaKeRcInTTYls<alza CabJØasMxan ehIyEdl
eKBuMGacbdiesZecal:n . eCaKC&yEdl:nmkBIkareZVIyuTÆnakarxøI>Ebb
enH minRtwmEtGacCYyedaHRsaykarminsb|aycitþ~gcMeNam GMBIbJØaTaMg
enaHeT buEnþGaceZVIeGayRbCaBlrdðeC]za eKGacmanGMNac .
yuTÆsaRsþPaKeRcInényuTÆnakarenA~gkarts)UeBlyUrGEgVg BuMKYr sMedA
eTArkkardYlrlMPøam>énrbbpþackareT buEnþKYrEtsMerceGay:neKalbMNg
tUc>eTAvij . ehIyralyuTÆnakarBuMcaM:c´tMrUveGaymankarcUlrYmBImCÄdðan
TaMgGs´énRbCaBlrdðenaHeLIy .
- 80 - 80
~gkarKitKUrGMBIyuTÆnakarCak'Esþg edIm|IGnuvtþyuTÆsaRsþcMbg Gñk
yuTÆsaRsþneya:yerIbRmHRtYvEtBicarNaza etIyuTÆnakar~gdMNak'kardMbUg
dMNak'karkNþal nigdMNak'karcugeRkayénkarts)Ud*Evgqáay manlk¡N;
xusKñaEbbNa .
karts‘UsRmaMg enA~gdMNakkardMbUgénkarts)U yuTÆnakarepSg>EdlmaneKalbMNg
Cak´Esþgxus>Kña Gacmansar;sMxanNas . yuTÆnakarsRmaMgTaMgenaHGac
ekItmaneLIgCabnþbnÞabKña . CYnkal yuTÆnakarBIrßbImanry;kalCanKña .
enA~gkarer[bcMyuTÆnakaredIm|I²karts)UsRmaMg³ CacaM:c´ eKRtUv
bJ¢akGMBIbJØa ßk*karQWcab´NamYy EdlCanimitþrUbénkarCiHCan´CaTUeTA
rbs´rbbpþac´kar . bJØaTaMgenHGacCaTisedAd*lÁRbesIr edIm|IeZVIyuTÆnakar
eGay:nsMerceKalbMNgtUc> ényuTÆsaRsþcMbgTaMgmUl .
karsMerc:nnUveKalbMNgyuTÆsaRsþtUc>TaMgenH RtUvBwgEpÁkeTAelI
smtæPaBbc©úb|nñ ßk*GnaKténkMlaMgRbCaZibetyü . karenHnwgCYyeGay
maneCaKC&ymYycMnYn EdlCakarelIkTwkcitþ nigCYyeGaymankarbEgVr
GMNacbnþicmþg>eTARkumts)U ~gry;eBlyUr .
yuTÆsaRsþts)UsRmaMgTaMgLayKYrEtepþateTAelIbJØasg<mkic© esdðkic©
ßneya:yNamYyd*c|aslas´ . eKGaceRCIserIsbJØaTaMgenHCaeKal
~gyuTÆsaRsþsRmaMg edIm|ICMrujEpñkxøHénRbB&nÆsg<mnigneya:y eGayput
BIkarRKbRKgrbs´empþac´kar edIm|ITajykmkvijnUvkarRKbRKgEpñkxøH Edl
bc©úb|nñenH sæitenA~gkNþab´édempþac´kar ßk*eZVImineGayempþac´kar:n
eCaKC&ytameKalbMNgNamYy . RbsinebIeKGaceZVIeTA:n yuTÆnakar
énkarts)UsRmaMg KYrEtvayRbhareGaycMcMNucexSaymYyßeRcInrbs´rbb
- 81 - 81
pþackar dUcEdl:nEvkEjkBImunrYcehIy . dUecñH BYkRbCaZibetyüGacbeg,It
eGaymanGanuPaBy¨agxøaMgbMput CamYynwgsmtæPaB kMlaMgEdleKman .
BIedImdMbUgPøam> BYkGñkyuTÆsaRsþRtUvEter[bcMEpnkareGay:n y¨ag
ehacNas´ yuTÆsaRsþsMrab´yuTÆnakarelIkTImYy . etIeKalbMNgtUc>
rbs´eKmanGVIxøH / etIeKalbMNgtUc>TaMgenaHGacCYysMercyuTÆsaRsþcMbg
EdleK:ner[bcMrYcehIytamEbbbTNa / RbsinebIGaceZVIeTA:n eKKYr
er[bcM y¨agehacNas eGaymanTMrg´TUeTAényuTÆsaRsþTaMgLaysMrab´
yuTÆnakarelIkTIBIr ehIyRbEhlCaelIkTIbIpgEdr . yuTÆsaRsþTaMgGs
nwgRtUvCaEpñkmYyénkarGnuvtþn¾yuTÆsaRsþcMbgEdleK:neRCIserIs ehIyGnuvtþ
eTAtamkarENnaMCaTUeTA .
kartTl;CanimitþrUb enAeBleKepþImyuTÆnakarzµI edIm|IeZVIeGayrbbpþackarTnexSay skmµPaB
neya:yelIkTImYyRbEhlCamanTMhMtUc . eKKYrer[bcMskmµPaBTaMgenH
edIm|Il|gemIlstiGarmµN¾rbs´RbCaBlrdð ehIyer[bcMGñkTaMgenaHsMrab´
karts)U EdlecHEtman tamry;karmineZVIshkar nigneya:yerIbRmH .
skmµPaBdMbUgRbEhlmanRTgRTayCakarRbqaMgCanimitþrUb ßmYy
k*RbEhlCaskmµPaBCanimitþrUbénkarmineZVIshkar~gry;eBlxøI . Rbsin
ebIcMnYnmnusS EdlcUlrYm~gskmµPaBenH mantictYc skmµPaBelIkdMbUg
enH Gacmanlk¡N;samJ¦ dUcCakaryk:c'p,aeTAdak´kEnøgnimitþmYyEdl
mansar;sMxan . pÞúyeTAvij RbsinebIcMnYnmnusSEdlcUlrYm~gskmµPaB
mancMnYneRcIn eKGacmUlmat'KñapÁakGVI>EdleKkMBugeZVIcMnYn5naTI ßk*sæit
enA~gkaresá{msáat'cMnYnbunµannaTI . enA~gsæankarN¾epSgeT[t mnusS
mYycMnYnGaceZVIkUdkmµGt´Gahar karRbmUlpþúMKñasµwgsµaZ¥sURtZm(enATIkEnøg
- 82 - 82
Edlmansar;sMxan BYknisSiteZVIBhikarmincUlzñakry;eBlxøImYy ßk*karcUl
eTAGg<úyRbqaMg~gkariyal&ysMxan´NamYy mYyry;eBl . enAeRkamrbb
pþac´kar skmµPaBNaxøaMgCagenHRbEhlCaTTYlkarbRg,aby¨agxøaMgkøa .
GMeBICanimitþrUbmYycMnYneT[t dUcCa karcUleTAkan´kab´enAmuxviman
empþac´kar ßk*TIcat´karrbs´bUlisRbEhlCamaneRKaHzñak´xøaMg dUecñHehIy
eKminKYrGnuvtþEbbenH sMrab´epþImyuTÆnakardMbUgeLIy . skmµPaBRbqaMg
CanimitþrUbenAeBledImdMbUg Caer]y> EtgTak´TajeGaymankarcab´GarmµN¾
BImCÄdðanCati ßGnþrCati dUcCakareZVI:tukmµZMenAtampøÚvZM> enARbeTsPUma
~gqñaM1988 ßk*karcUlkan´kab´ nigkUdkmµGt´Gaharrbs´BYknisSitenATIZøa
eZ[Namin ‘Tiananmen Square’ enATIRkugebkaMg qñaM1989 . karxUcxat
y¨agdMNM~gcMeNamBYk:tukr~gkrNITaMgBIrenH :ncgÁúlbgØajGMBIkar
RbugRby&tñ EdlBYkeZVIyuTÆsaRsþRtUvEtman~gkarer[bcMyuTÆnakar . zVIebIeK
eXIjmanGanuPaBxagsIlZm( nigcitþsaRsþy¨agxøaMgkøay¨agNak*eday
skmµPaBEtÉkÉgEtmþgEbbenH minGacrMlMrbbpþac´kar:neT BIeRJHGMeBI
enH enAEtmanlk¡N;CanimitþrUbenAeLIy ehIyBuMGacEkERbGMNacrbb
pþac´kar:neT .
CaZmµta eKBuMGackat´pþac´RbPBGMNacrbs´empþac´kar:nTaMgGs´
ehIyy¨agqab´rh&s enA~gvK<dMbUgénkarts)UenaHeLIy . karenHtMrUveGay
RbCaBlrdðesÞIrEtTaMgGs ehIynigsæab&nTaMgLayénsg<mmnusS EdlBI
munmkZøab´Etsþab´bg<ab´ eGaybdiesZecalrbbpþac´karTaMgRsug ehIy
RbqaMgtTl´Pøam> tamry;karminshkary¨agdacxat . eKBuMTan´eXIjman
ehtukarN¾EbbenHekIteLIgeT ehIyKWCakarEdleKGac:neCaKC&y eday
lM:kCaTIbMput . dUecñH ~gkrNICaeRcInÉeT[t yuTÆnakarneya:yerIbRmH
minshkary"agqab'rh&smYy KWCayuTÆsaRsþEdlxVHkarBitCak´Esþg sMrab´
ebIkyuTÆnakarRbqaMgnwgrbbpþac´kar .
- 83 - 83
karEbgEckkarTTYlxusRtUv enA~gyuTÆnakarts)URbqaMg Caer]y> bnÞúkénkarts)UZøak´eTAelIEpñk
mYy ßk*eRcInénRbCaBlrdð . ~gyuTÆnakarbnþbnÞab´EdlmaneKalbMNg
epSg> bnÞúkénkarts)URtUvepÞreTARkumRbCaBlrdðNamYy . óTahrN¾ BYk
nisSitGaceZVIkUdkmµGMBIbJØaGb´rMÇ GñkdwknaMnigGñkmanCMen]sasna Gacepþat
eTAelIesrIPaBxagCMen]Ç GñkeZVIkarenAsæanIyrzePIøgGacRbqaMg tamkareKarB
bTbJ¢anirP&yy¨agmZü&txøaMgeBkeTA rhUtTal´EtRbB&nÆrzePIøgmandMeNIrkar
yWty¨avÇ BYkGñkkaEstRbEhlCaGactTl´nwgkarRtYtBinitütwgEtg tam
karTukRbeLaHcMhecalelITMB&rkaEst EdlCaZmµta eKe:HBum¬GtæbTEdl
rbbpþackarhamXatÇ ßmYyk*PñakgarbUlisecHEtrkcabmin:nsmaCikRkum
ts)URbCaZibetyüNamñak' Edlempþac´karcg´cab´xøÜn . yuTÆnakarts)UbNþak´
eTAtambJØa nigRkumRbCaBlrdð nwgGnuJ¦ateGaymCÄdðanRbCaBlrdðxøH
manOkassMrak enAeBlEdlkarts)UecHEtbnþeTAmux .
karts)UsRmaMgmansar;sMxan´CaBiess edIm|IkarJr vtþman nig
PaBsVy&ténsæab&nnigRkumsg<mkic© esdðkic© nigneya:yEdlÉkraC ehIy
EdlsæitenAeRkAkarRtYtRtarbs´rbbpþac´kar dUcEdleyIg:nBieRKaHBImunrYc
ehIy . mCÄmNÐlGMNacTaMgenHpþl´nUvmUldðanEdlRbCaBlrdðGaceRbI
R:s dak´sMJZ ßk*CYyTb´TlnwgkarRtYtRtapþac´kar . ~gkarts)UenH
RkumTaMgenHRbEhlCa sæitenA~gcMeNameKaledATImYysMrab´vayRbhar
rbs´rbbpþac´kar .
- 84 - 84
kartMrg;eTArkGMNacBYkpþac;kar enAeBlEdlkarts)UeBlEvgqáaymandMeNIrkarputBIdMNak'kardMbUg
cUleTAdldMNak'karbnÞab GñkyuTÆsaRsþRtUvEtviPaKemIl zaetIeKGacbnæy
RbPBGMNacrbs´empþac´karRtg´NaeT[t . eKalbMNgenaH KWkareRbI
meZüa:ymineZVIshkarrbs´RbCaBlrdð eTAbeg,IteGaymansæankarN¾
yuTÆsaRsþ ²cMeNj³ sMrab´kMlaMgRbCaZibetyü .
enAeBlEdlRkumts)URbCaZibetyüekInkMlaMgkanEtxøaMgeLIg Gñk
yuTÆsaRsþnwger[bcMeGaymankarminshkar nigkarerIbRmHkan´EtxøaMgeLIg
edIm|Ikat´pþac´RbPBGMNacrbbpþac´kar CamYynwgbMNgeZVIeGaymankarraMg
sÞHneya:y ehIyenATIbJ©b´ rbbpþac´karnwgrlayedayÉg .
eKRtUver[bcMedayRbugRby&tñGMBIEbbbT EdlkMlaMgRbCaZibetyü
eRbI ~gkareZVIeGaycuHexSaykarKaMRT EdlRbCaBlrdðnigRkumnanaZøab´pþl´
eTAeGayrbbpþac´kar . etIkarKaMRTTaMgenH nwgcuHexSaytamkarebIkeGay
eKeXIjnUvGMeBIeXareXArbsrbbenHÇ tamry;karbgØajeGayeKeXIjnUv
plvi:kesdðkic©d*mhnþrayénneya:yBYkempþackarÇ ßk*tamry;karyl
eXIjzµImYyzarbbpþac´karnwgRtUvbJ©b / y¨agehacNas´ eKRtUvBnül
ENnaMy¨agNa eGayGñkKaMRTempþac´kar køayeTACaBYkGBüaRkwtenA~gral
skmµPaBrbseK ßRbesIrCagenHeTAeT[t køayeTACaGñkKaMRTy¨agskmµén
clnaedIm|IRbCaZibetyü .
enAeBleKer[bcMEpnkar nigGnuvtþneya:yerIbRmH nigminshkar
CakarcaM:c´bMput eKRtUvykcitþTukdak´eTAelIGñkKaMRT nigGñkCMnYykar
sMxan>rbs´BYkpþac´kar EdlmanCaGaT¥ BYkGñkCMnit KNbkSneya:y
bUlis ehIynigmRnþIrdð:l CaBiess BYkeyaZa .
eKRtUvBinitüemIlGMBIkMriténkaresµaHRtg´rbs´BYkeyaZa TaMgkUnnig
- 85 - 85
nayTahan eTAelIrbbpþac´kareGay:nc|as´las´ ehIysMerczaetIBYk
eyaZamancMhßcMNucexSayenARtg´Na EdlGanuPaBkMlaMgRbCaZibetyü
cUlRCYtRCab:n . etIkUnTahanCaeRcInminsb|aycitþ edaysareKcab
bg¡MxøÜneGaycUleZVITahanEmnEdrßeT / etIkUnTahan nigemTahanTaMg
enaHGacdkxøÜnecjBIrbbpþac´kar edaysarehtuplpÞal´xøÜn RKYsar nig
neya:y EmnEdrßeT / etIktþaNaxøHEdlGaceZVIeGaykUnTahan nigem
TahanTaMgenaH cuHexSay enAcMeJHmuxkareRC[tERCkrbsBYkRbCaZibetyü .
enA~gdMNakkardMbUgénkarts)UrMedaH eKKYrEter[bcMeGaymanyuTÆsaRsþ
BiessmYy edIm|ITak´TgCamYyBYkTahan nigrdð:lrbs´empþac´kar . tam
ry;kareRbIJkü rUbPaBCanimitþrUb nigskmµPaBnana kMlaMgRbCaZibetyü
GaceGayBYkTahanTaMgenaHdwgza karts)UrMedaHnwgmansPaBsVahab bþÚrpþac
nigmanH . eKKYreGayBYkTahanTaMgenaHyl´za karts)Umanlk¡N;Biess
EdleKtak´EtgeLIg edIm|IeZVIeGayrbbpþac´karexSay minEmnedIm|IKMramkMEhg
dl´CIvitGñkTaMgenaHeT . karxitxMxñHExñgTaMgenH maneKalbMNgeZVIeGay
BYkTahanrbs´empþac´karZøak´Twkcitþ ehIyenATIbMput dkkaresµaHRtg´nigkar
eKarBtambJ¢a ehIyEbrmkKaMRTclnaRbCaZibetyüvij . eKGacer[bcM
CayuTÆsaRsþRbhakRbEhlKñaenHEdr sMrabRkumbUlis nigmRnþIrdð:l .
b¨uEnþeKminKYrbkRsayza karl|gTakTajrksmancitþ ehIyTI
bMput karmineZVItambJ¢a~gcMeNamkgkMlaMgBYkpþac´kar CakarelIkTwkcitþ
eGayBYkeyaZabJ©b´rbbpþac´kar eGayqabrh&stamviZankareyaZaenaH
eT . kareZVIEbbenH RbEhlCaBuMGacCYyeGaymanRbCaZibetyüBitR:kd
:neLIy edaysar dUcEdleyIg:nBicarNarYcehIy kareZVIrdðRbharman
lTÆPaBticNas´ ~gkareZVIeGaymantulüPaBGMNac rvagRkumRbCaBlrdð
nigGñkkanGMNac . dUecñHehIy CakarcaM:c´ eKRtUveZVIEpnkarGMBIreb[b
Tak´TajeGaynayTahanEdlmansmancitþ ylza eKminRtUvkarrdðRbhar
- 86 - 86
ßk*sRg<amsIuvilRbqaMgnwgrbbpþac´karenaHeLIy .
nayTahanEdlmansmancitþ GacedIrtYy¨agsMxan ~gkarts)U
RbCaZibetyü dUcCakarlatRtdagkarxkcitþ nigkarminshkar~grgVg
eyaZa karelIkTwkcitþeGayeZVIkargarKµanRbsiTÆPaBedayectna ehIynig
karmineZVItambJ¢aBIelIy¨agesá{msáat ehIynigKaMRTkarbdiesZminecj
bRg,abBYkts)U . buK<likeyaZa RbEhlCaGacpþlCMnYyGhigSaxøHeTABYk
RbCaZibetyü manCaGaT¥ ebIkRckeGayeKrt´eKcxøÜnedaysuvtæiPaB pþl'
B&t(mansMgat es|{gGahar zñaMeBTü CaedIm .
eyaZaKWCaRbPBGMNacy¨agsMxan´mYysMrab´BYkpþac´kar BIeRJHBYk
enHGaceRbIkgeyaZa Edlmanvin&ynigeRK]gsJVvuZ eTAvayRbhar dakTNÐkmµ
eTAelIRbCaBlrdð EdlmineZVItambJ¢aeK . GñkyuTÆsaRsþneya:yerIbRmH
KYrcgcaMza karbMEbkrbbpþac´kar KWCakarlM:kNas ßk*eZVIminekIt Rbsin
ebIBYkbUlis mRnþIrdð:l nigeyaZaenAEtKaMRTrbbpþac´kareBjTMhwg ehIy
eZVItambJ¢aBYkenH . dUecñH yuTÆsaRsþsMrabeZVIviTÆgSna bMEbkkaresµaHRtg´
rbs´kMlaMgBYkpþac´kar RtUvmanGaTiPaBy¨agx¬s´ sMrab´GñkyuTÆsaRsþ
RbCaZibetyü .
kMlaMgRbCaZibetyüKYrcgcaMza karminsb|aycitþ nigkarmineKarB
tambJ¢a ~gcMeNameyaZanigbUlis KWCaeRKaHzñak´sMrabsmaCikénRkum
TaMgenaH . BYkTahannigb¨Ulisdwgza karmineZVItambJ¢aem nigkarbHe:r
~gCYr nwgTTYleTasCaTMgn´ . kMlaMgRbCaZibetyüminKYrsuMeGayBYkTahan
nignayTahanbHe:rPøam>eT . pÞúyeTAvij RbsinebIeKmanExSry;TakTg
eKKYrBnüleGayGñkTaMgenaHylc|asza manEbbbTeRcInNas sMrablak
bM:MgkarmineZVItambJ¢a EdleKGaccab´GnuvtþCaelIkdMbUg . óTahrN¾
BYkbUlis nigTahanGaceZVItambJ¢aeTAbRg,abBYkts)UedayKµanRbsiTÆPaBÇ
eKrkBuMeXIjGñkEdlempþac´karcg´cabxøÜnÇ eKGacRBmanGñkts)UeGaydwgCa
- 87 - 87
munGMBIKMeragkarbRg,abNamYy karcabxøÜn ßk*karnireTsNamYyÇ ehIynig
minpþl´B&t(mansMxan´>eTAeGayembJ¢akar . nayTahanEdlminsb|ay
citþ GaceZVICaePøc minbJ©ÚnbnþeTAeRkam bJ¢akarsMrab´karbRg,abNamYy .
BYkTahanGac:j'kaMePøIgeGayputk|alBYk:tukr . Rbhak'RbEhlKñaenH
Edr mRnþIrdð:lGac:t'sMNMuer]g nigJkübJ¢aepSg> eZVIkaredayKµan
RbsiTÆPaB nigeZVICamanCMgWRtUvsMrakenApÞHrhUtdl'eBlCasHes|Iy .
karERbRbYlyuT§saRsþ GñkyuTÆsaRsþneya:yerIbRmHniwgRtUvBinitüvaytMélCanic© eTAelI
dMeNIrkarniglTÆplyuTÆsaRsþcMbg nigyuTÆsaRsþényuTÆnakarTaMgLay .
karts)UGacmandMeNIrkarminlÁRbesIr xusGVIEdleK:neRKagTuk . kñúgkrNI
EbbenH eKRtUvBinitüemIlkarERbRbYlkñúgyuTÆsaRsþEbbNaEdleKRtUvkar .
etIeKGaceZVIGVIxøH edIm|IBRgwgkMlaMgts)U ehIycab'ykkarts)UEdlmaneRb[b
eLIgvij / ~gsæanPaBEbbenH eKRtUvEtrkemIlbJØaeGayeXIj ehIyviPaK
tamyuTÆsaRsþmþgeT[t . eKRbEhlCaRtUvepÞrkarTTYlxusRtUveTARkumepSg
RbmUlpþMúRbPBGMNacbEnæm ehIyniger[bcMeGaymanskmµPaBCaCMerIszµI .
enAeBlEdleKeZVIkic©karTaMgenHrYcral'ehIy eKKYrGnuvtþEpnkarzµIenaHPøam .
pÞúyeTAvij RbsinebIdMeNIrkarts)UenHmanPaBlÁRbesIrCagGVIEdl
eK:neRKagTuk ehIyrbbpþac'karkMBugEtreg<aHreg<I muneBlevlaEdleK
:nkMNt' etIkMlaMgRbCaZibetyüGacTajykplRbeyaCn¾Edl:nelIs
BIkareRKagTukenaH eTAeRbIR:s'EbbNa edIm|IeZVIeGayrbbpþac'karKaMgElg
mandMeNIrkarEtmþg / eyIgnwgBinitüviPaKsMnYrenHenA~gCMBUkCabnþxagmux .
- 88 - 88
- 89 - 89
CMBUkTI9
karbMEbkrbbpþac;kar
«TiÆBléneCaKC&yCabnþbnÞab´ényuTÆnakarGhigSaEdleK:nGnuvtþ
y¨aghµt´ct nwgBRgwgkarts)U ehIyer[bcMBRgIkEpñkTaMgLayénsg<m Edl
rbbpþac'karBMuGacRKb'RKg:n . yuTÆnakarTaMgenaHnwgpþl'Edr nUvbT
BiesaZn¾sMxan'> GMBIreb[bbdiesZmineZVIshkar ehIynigreb[beZVIneya:y
erIbRmH . bTBiesaZn¾enHnwgCaCMnYykary"agRbesIr enAeBlEdlkarerIbRmH
mineZVIshkar raldalkan'EtZMeLIg> .
dUcEdleyIg:nBieRKaH~gCMBUkTI3 kareZVItambg<ab' shRbtibtþikar
nigkarcuHj"m CaktþasMxan' sMrab'eZVIeGayBYkpþac'karmanGMNac . RbsinebI
KµankarJkB&nÆnwgRbPBGMNacTaMgenaHeT GMNacBYkpþac'karnwgcuHexSay
ehIyenATIbMputnwgRtUvrlay . dUecñHkardkykkarKaMRTTaMgenaHecj KWCa
skmµPaBcMbg edIm|IbMEbkrbbpþac'kar . eyIgKYrEtBinitüeLIgvij GMBIEbb
bTneya:yerIbRmHEdlGacmanGanuPaBeTAelIRbPBGMNacTaMgenaH .
skmµPaBTaMgLayEdlCanimitþrUbénkarerIbRmHnigkarbdiesZ KWCa
meZüa:ymYycMnYn~gcMeNammeZüa:yCaeRcIn sMrab´eZVIeGayexSaynUv
GMNacGaC\aZrxagneya:y nigPaBsmrmü EdlCaPaBRtwmRtUvtamc|ab'
rbs'rbbpþac'kar . enAeBlEdlGMNacrbbenHkan'EtxøaMg rbbenHk*nwg
- 90 - 90
:nTTYlkareZVItambJ¢a nigshkarkan'EtxøaMgEdr . eKRtUvbeJ©jkarmin
sb|aycitþ tamkareZVIskmµPaBd*c|as'las' edIm|IKMramkMEhgrbbpþac'kar
enH . eKRtUvdkykecjnUvshkarnigkareZVItambJ¢a edIm|Ikat'pþac'RbPB
epSg>ÉeT[ténGMNacrbbpþac'kar .
RbPBGMNacsMxan'TI2 KWRbPBZnZanmnusS - cMnYn nigKuNsm|tþi
énmnusSnigRkumTaMgLay Edlsþab'tambJ¢a eZVIshkarCamYy ßk*CYyGñk
RKb'RKgrdð . RbsinebImYyPaKZMénRbCaBlrdðminRBmeZVIshkar rbbenH
nwgmanbJØaZM . óTahrN¾ ; RbsinebImRnþIrdðkarElgeZVIkareGayman
RbsiTÆPaBdUcmun ßk*eKcenApÞH sæab&nrdð:lnwgTTYlkarb"HJl´CaxøaMg .
Rbhak'RbEhlKñaenHEdr RbsinebImnusS nigRkumEdlmineZVIshkar
manrYmbJ©ÚlTaMgGñkEdlZøab''BImunpþl´dl´rbbpþac´karnUvcMeNHdwg nig
CMnajkar empþac'karnwgeXIjza lTÆPaBeK~gkareZVIGVIeRscEtcMNg'citþ
nwgRtUvcuHzyexSayCaxøaMg . sUm|IEtlTÆPaBeKsMrab'eZVIkarsMerccitþeGay
:nRsYl niger[bcMEpnkareGaymanRbsiTÆPaB RbEhlCaRtUvcuHGn'Edr .
RbsinebIGanuPaBpøÚvcitþnigmenaKmn¾viC¢a EdleKehAzaktþaGrUbIy¾
EdlCaZmµtaCMrujeGayeKeZVItambJ¢anigCYyBYkpþac'kar RtUveKeZVIeGaycuH
exSay ßk*Gs'Etmþg RbCaBlrdðc|as'CanaMKñaElgeKarB ehIyQb'eZVI
shkar .
karEdlBYkpþac'karmanZnZansMPar; k*CakarJkB&nÆedaypÞal'eTA
GMNacrbs'eKEdr . RbsinebIkarRKb'RKgZnZanhirJ¦vtæú RbB&nÆesdðkic©
dIZøI ZnZanZmµCati kardwkCJ¢Ún nigmeZüa:yTak'TgepSg> sæitenA~g
kNþab'édGñkts)U RbPBGMNacd*sMxan'mYyenHrbs'BYkpþac´kar nwgcuHexSay
ßk*:t'bg' . kUdkmµ Bhikar nigkarekIneLIgénPaBsVy&t~gesdðkic©
TMnak'TMngnwgkardwkCJ¢Ún nwgeZVIeGayrbbenHTn'exSay .
dUcEdl:nBieRKaHBImunrYcehIy lTÆPaBBYkpþac´kar~gkarKMram
- 91 - 91
kMEhgdakTNÐkmµ eTAelIRkumRbCaBlrdðEdlminshkar mineZVItambJ¢a
KWCaRbPBcMbgénGMNacBYkpþac´kar . eKGaceZVIeGayRbPBGMNacenHTn
exSay:ntamreb[bBIry¨ag . TImYy RbsinebIRbCaBlrdð:ner[bcMxøÜnrYc
ehIy dUcEdl~gkrNIsRg<am edIm|ITTYlykplvi:kZán´ZárénkarerIbRmH
RbsiTÆPaBénkareZVITuk¡TaruNkmµ nwgcuHexSayxøaMg ‘KWza karbRg,abrbs´BYk
pþac´kar nwgBuM:nsMerc TTYl:nnUvkarcuHj¨meLIy’ . TIBIr RbsinebIkg
kMlaMgbUlisnigTahanminsb|aycitþ eKRbEhlCa tamkarpþúMKñaßk*mñak´>
GaceC[svag ßbdiesZminTTYlbJ¢aeTAcab´xøÜn eTAeZVI:b ßk*eTA:j´BYk
ts)U . RbsinebIBYkpþackarElgBwgEpÁk:neTAelIkgkMlaMgbUlis nigTahan
~gkarbRg,abmhaCn rbbpþac´karenHnwgTTYlkarKMramkMEhgy¨agxøaMg .
Caseg¡b eCaKC&yeTAelIrbbpþac´kar EdlmanmUldðanmaMTaM tMrUv
eGaymankarminshkar nigerIbRmH edIm|Ibnæynigdkecj nUvRbPBGMNac
rbs´rbbenH . RbsinebIKµankarBRgIkBRgwgeTAelIRbPBsMxan´>énGMNac
eTenaH rbbpþac´karnwgcuHexSay ehIyenATIbJ©b´ nwgEbkrlay . dUecñH
karer[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþsMrabneya:yerIbRmHd*manRbsiTÆPaB RbqaMgnwg
rbbpþackar tMrUveGaymankarepþateTAelIRbPBGMNacd*sMxanénBYkpþackar .
karBRgIkesrIPaB CamYynwgneya:yerIbRmH ~gdMNak'karts)UedaysRmaMg karekIn
eLIgénsæab&nsVy&txagsg<mkic© esdðkic© vb|Zm( nigneya:y nwgBRgIk
bnþicmþg> nUv²TIvalRbCaZibetyü³rbssg<m ehIynwgeZVIeGaykarRKb´RKg
rbs´rbbpþac´karrYjtUc . enAeBlEdlsæab&nsg<msIuvilkanEtmankMlaMg
xøaMgeLIg eTaHbICaBYkpþac´karmanbMNgEbbNak*eday RbCaBlrdðnwgecH
EtksagbEnæmnUvGg<karsg<mÉkraC EdlsæitenAeRkAkarRKbRKgrbs´rbb
- 92 - 92
pþackar . enAeBlEdlrbbpþackareZVIGnþraKmn¾ edIm|IpÁak²karBRgIkesrIPaB³
enH eKGacGnuvtþkarts)UGhigSa edIm|IkarJrTIvalzµIEdleKeTIbTTYl:n
ehIyrbbpþac´karnwgRbQmmuxeTAnwgrNsirSmYyeT[ténkarts)U .
TIbMput karrYmbJ¢ÚlKñarvagkarRbqaMgnigkarksagsæab&nsg<m Gac
naMeGaymanesrIPaBCabeNþaHGanñ naMeTArkkardYlrlMénrbbpþac´kar ehIy
nigkarcattaMgCapøÚvkareGaymanRbB&nÆRbCaZibetyü . eKminGacbdiesZ
karvivtþn¾EbbenH:n BIeRJHtulüPaBGMNacenA~gsg<menH :nERbRbYl
y¨agxøaMgNaseTAehIy .
RbeTsbULÚjenATsvtS1970nig1980 :npþlCaóTahrN¾y¨ag
c|as´GMBIkarTamTarbnþicmþg>rbs´BYkts)U yktYnaTI nigsæab&nrbssg<m .
RBHviharkatUlik:nTTYlkartameZVI:b buEnþBuMEdlsæitenAeRkamkarRKbRKg
eBjeljrbs´BYkkumµúynIsþeT . enA~gqñaM1976 BYkbJ¦v&nþ nigkmµkr:n
rYmKñabeg,ItCaRkumtUc> dUcCa KN;kmµkarkarJrkmµkr edIm|IKaMRT nig
CMrujKMnitneya:yrbs´eK . karbeg,IteGaymanshCIBkmµkreQµaHza
²sUlIdarIZI³ ‘Solidarity [samK<I]’ edIm|IeZVIkUdkmµeGaymanRbsiTÆPaB :nbg¡M
eGayGaC\aZrTTYls<altampøÚvc|abenA~gqñaM1980 . BYkksikr nisSit
nigRkumÉeT[tCaeRcInk*:ner[bcMbeg,ItCaGg<karÉkraCrbs´eKEdr . enAeBl
EdlBYkkumµúynIsþdwgza RkumTaMgenH:nEkERbGMNacCakEsþg Gg<kar²samK<I³
k*:nRtUveKhamXat´lubecj ehIyBYkkumµúynIsþk*eRbIreb[bRKbRKgtam
c|abeyaZa .
sUm|IEtenAeRkamrbbc|ab´GaC\aswk Edlmankarcab´dak´Kuk nig
kartameZVI:by¨agxøaMg sæab&nÉkraCzµI>~gsg<menAEtmandMeNIrkareTAmux .
óTahrN¾ kaEst nigTsSnavdþIlYclak´rab´LÚ enAEtecjpSBVpSay .
eragBum¬xusc|ab´e:HBum¬es[vePArab´ryk|al ~gmYyqñaM> enAeBlEdlGñk
niBnÆl|Il|aj eZVIBhikar minsresreGaykareXasnarbs´BYkkumµúynIsþ nig
- 93 - 93
eragBum¬rdð . skmµPaBRbhakRbEhlKñaenH k*:nekItmaneLIg~gEpñk
ÉeT[ténsg<mEdr .
enAeRkamrbbeyaZarbs´elak qarUsils<I‘Jaruselski’ rdðaPi:l
eyaZakumµúynIsþ ~gdMNak´karmYy :nRtUveKcatTukza Gachkelat:n
RtwmEtEpñkxagelIénsg<mb"ueNÑaH . mRnþIrdðkarenAkan´kabGKarkariyal&y
rdðaPi:l . rbbenHGacCiHCan´sg<m:n tamry;kardak´TNÐkmµ karcab´
xøÜnGñkRbqaMg kardak´Kuk karrwbGUsykma¨sIune:HBum¬ nigskmµPaBCiHCan´
ÉeT[t> . buEnþrbbpþac´karenHenAEtBuMGacRtYtRtasg<m:n . taMgBIeBl
enaHmk eKrgcaMEteBlevla Edlsg<mGacrMlMrbbenaHTaMgRsug .
sUm|IEtenAeBlrbbpþac´karkan´kab´tMENgrdðaPi:lTaMgLay CYn
kal eKGacer[bcMeGaymanrdðaPi:l²TnÞwm³RbCaZibetyü . rdðaPi:l
TnÞwmenHnwgmandMeNIrkarkan´EtxøaMgeLIg CardðaPi:lRbkYt Edl:nTTYl
karesµaHRtg´ kareKarB nigshkarBIsMNak´RbCaBlrdðnigsæab&nsg<m .
bnÞabmk rbbpþac´karnwg:t´bg´lk¡N;CardðaPi:lkan´EteRcIneLIg> .
enATIbMput rdðaPi:lTnÞwmRbCaZibetyü RbEhlCaGaccUlCMnYsrbb
pþac´kareBjelj EdlCaEpñkmYyénkarEkERbeTArkRbB&nÆRbCaZibetyü .
dMeNIrkarCabnþeT[tenaH KWeKnwgGnum&tykrdðZmµnuJ¦mYy ehIyer[bcMeGay
mankare:Heqñat EdlCadMNak´karmYyeT[t ~gGnþrkalenH .
karbMEbkrbbpþac;kar enAeBlEdlsæab&nsg<mkMBugEtEkERb clnaerIbRmHnigminshkar
GacmankMritkan´EtxøaMgeLIg . GñkyuTÆsaRsþRbCaZibetyüKYrEtKitTukeGay
ehIyza eKnwgeTAdl´eBlevlaEdlkMlaMgRbCaZibetyüGacmandMeNIrkar
hYsBIkarts)UedaysRmaMg ehIyeKGacepþImeGaymankarerIbRmHBIsMNak
- 94 - 94
mhaCn . ~gkrNICaeRcInelIslub eKRtUvkareBlevla edIm|Ibeg,Itnig
BRgIkBRgwgsmtæPaBRkumts)U ehIykarrIkraldalénkarerIbRmHmhaCn Gac
ekItmaneLIg luHRtaNaEteKxitxMrabqñaM . enA~gGnþrkalenH eKKYrEtepþIm
yuTÆnakarsMrabkarts)UsRmaMg edaymaneKalbMNgneya:ykanEtsMxan>
eLIg . eBlenH RkumRbCaBlrdðkanEteRcIneLIg enA~gRKb´RsTab´én
sg<m KYrEtcUlrYmcMENk . enAeBlEdleKbeg,InskmµPaBEbbenH CamYy
nwgkartaMgcitþd*mWugm¨at´ nigvin&y~gneya:yerIbRmH cMNucexSayépÞ~g
rbs´rbbpþac´karnwgecjrUbragkan´Etc|as´eLIg .
~geBlmYy karrYmbJ©ÚlKñarvagneya:yerIbRmHd*xøaMgkøa nig
karksagsæab&nÉkraC nwgTak´TajeGaymankarykcitþTukdak BIsMNak
GnþrCatiEdlKaMRTkMlaMgRbCaZibetyü . karenHRbEhlCaeZVIeGayman
karez,aleTas Bhikar nigkarpþac´skmµPaBGVImYyBIsMNak´GnþrCati edIm|I
KaMRTkMlaMgRbCaZibetyü ‘dUcCa~gkrNIRbeTsbULÚj’ .
GñkyuTÆsaRsþKYrEtdwgza enA~gsæankarN¾xøH kardYlrlMénrbb
pþac´karGacekIteLIgy¨agqab´rh&s dUcEdl:nekIteLIg~gRbeTsGaLWm¨g´
xagekIt ~gqñaM1989 . karenHGacekIteLIg enAeBlEdlRbPBGMNac:n
RtUveKkatbnæyy¨agxøaMg edaysarmhaCnTaMgmUl:negIbeLIgRbqaMgnwg
rbbpþac´kar . buEnþdMeNIrkarenHminEmnCadMeNIrkarZmµta emøaHehIy Ca
karRbesIrCag RbsinebIeKer[bcMeGaymankarts)UEvgGnøay ‘buEnþeKKYrRbug
eRb[bxøÜnCaeRsc sMrab'karts)Ud*xøImYy ’ .
~gdMeNIrkarts)UedIm|IrMedaH eKRtUvEteZVIbuNüGbGrsaTrC&yCMnH
EdleKTTYl:n zVIebIC&yCMnHenaH CaC&yCMnHelIbJØatUctack*eday . eK
RtUvEtTTYls<alsresIrGñkTaMgLayNa Edl:neZVIeGaymaneCaKC¥aH .
kareZVIBiZIbuNüGbGrsaTredayRbugRby&tñenH GacCakarCYyelIkTwkcitþ
EdleKRtUvkarsMrabdMNak'karGnaKténkarts)U .
- 95 - 95
karkan;kab;C½yCMnHedaykarTTYlxusRtUv GñkeZVIEpnkarsMrab´yuTÆsaRsþcMbgKYrEtKitKUrTukCamun GMBIEbbbT
EdlGacekIteLIg nigGIVEdleKcg´:n Jk´B&nÆeTAnwgkarbJ©b´karts)Ueday
eCaKC&y edIm|IeZVIyagNaeC[svagkuMeGayrbbpþackarzµImYyeT[tekIteLIg:n
ehIynigBRgwgkarer[bcMCabnþeT[t eGaymanRbB&nÆRbCaZibetyüsæitesær .
BYkRbCaZibetyüKYrEtKitKUrza etIeKnwgRKb´RKgkarERbRbYlBIrbb
pþackareTArdðaPi:lbeNþaHGasnñ tamEbbbTNa enAeBlcbkarts)U . enA
eBlenaH eKcg:nrdðaPi:lmYyEdlmandMeNIrkarPøam> . buEnþ rdðaPi:l
enHminEmnCardðaPi:lcas´EdlmanbuK<likzµIenaHeT . CakarcaM:c´ eK
RtUvKitKUrza etIeKRtUvlb´ecalEpñkNamYyénrdðaPi:lcas´ ‘dUcCaEpñk
b¨Ulisneya:y’ Edlmanlk¡N;RbqaMgnwglTÆiRbCaZibetyü ehIyzaetI
eKnwgTukEpñkNa EdleKGaceZVIeGaymanlk¡N;RbCaZibetyübEnæmeT[t
enAeBleRkay . karTukcMh mineGaymanrdðaPi:lTalEtesaH nwgGac
ebIkpøÚveGaymankarRCYlRcbl ßk*rbbpþac´karzµImYy .
eKKYrEtKitsMercTukCamun GMBIkarRKbRKgBYkmRnþICanx¬sénrbbpþackar
enAeBlEdlGMNacBYkenH RtUvEbkx©ay . óTahrN¾ etIeKnwgkat´eTas
BYkpþac´karEdrßeT / etIeKnwgGnuJ¦ateGayBYkenHcakecjBIRbeTsrhUteTA
ßy¨agNa / etIeKmanCMerIsNaepSgeT[t EdlsIusgVak´KñaCamYynwg
neya:yerIbRmH CamYynwgesckþIRtUvkar sMrab'ksagRbeTseLIgvij ehIy
nigkarksaglTÆiRbCaZibetyüeRkayC&yCMnH / eKRtUveC[svagkarbgØÚrQam
EdlGacmanplvi:kxøaMg eTAelIkarer[bcMeGaymanRbB&nÆRbCaZibetyü~g
eBlGnaKt .
eKKYrEter[bcMEpnkarCakEsþgmYycMnYnTukCaeRsc edIm|Ieq¬aHeTArk
- 96 - 96
RbCaZibetyü enAeBlEdlrbbpþac´karkMBugcuHexSay ßk*rlM . Epnkar
TaMgenH nwgCYybeJ¢{smineGayRkumNamYyeT[t eqø{tqk´ykGMNactam
kareZVIrdðRbhar . eKk*RtUvkarpgEdrnUvEpnkarer[bcMeGaymansæab&nrdðaPi:l
smRsbeTAnwgrdðZmµnuJ¦RbCaZibetyü EdlGnuJ¦ateGaymanesrIPaBbuK<l
nigesrIPaBneya:yeBjelj . eKminKYrbeNþayeGaykarERbRbYlEdl
eKQñH:ny¨aglM:k :tbgeTAvij edaysarkarxVHEpnkarenaHeT .
enAeBlEdlRbQmmuxCamYynwgRbCaBlrdð EdlyldwgGMBIGMNac
xøÜnkan´EtxøaMgeLIg ehIynigkarrIkcMerInénRkumnigsæab&nÉkraCRbCaZibetyü
‘CaktþaBIrEdlrbbpþac´karRtYtRtaminekIt’ BYkpþac´karnwgyl´c|as´za
karpSgeRBgrbs´eKnwgRtUvbraC&y . karbJÄbskmµPaBTaMgLayenA~g
sg<m kareZVIkUdkmµTUeTA karsMgMenApÞHmineTAeZVIkar karedIrdEgØk|ÜnRbqaMg
ßk*skmµPaBÉeT[t nwgeZVIeGayGg<karrbs´empþackarTaMgLay cuHTn´exSay
kan´EtxøaMg . CalTÆplénkarerIbRmH nigkarmineZVIshkarEdleKGnuvtþ
eLIg edaymankarcUlrYmBImhaCn BYkpþac´karnwgGs´GMNac ehIyGñk
RbCaZibetyünwg:neCaKC&y edaymincaM:c´eRbIGMeBIhigSa . rbbpþac´kar
nwgrlayenAcMeJHmuxRbCaBlrdðEdlerIbRmH .
karxitxMxñHExñgTaMgbunµan nwgminGac:neCaKC&yRKbeBlevlaeT
CaBiess minEmnCakargayRsYl ehIykRmnwg:neCaKC&yeGay:nqab´
rh&sNas´ . eKKYrcgcaMza karQñHnigkarcaj´sRg<ameyaZamancMnYn
esµIKña . buEnþneya:yerIbRmHpþl´nUvlTÆPaBEmnETnsMrab´eCaKC&y . dUc
Edl:nkt´sMKal´BImunmkehIy eKGacBRgwglTÆPaBenH tamkarbeg,It
eGaymanyuTÆsaRsþcMbgRbkbedayKtibNÐit eZVIEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþedayhµt´
ct karxitxMRbwgERbgeZVIkargar nigkarts)URbkbedayesckþIkøahannigvin&y .
- 97 - 97
CMBUkTI10
kic©karCamUldæan sMrab;RbCaFibetyürwgbwug
EmnehIy kardYlrlMénrbbpþac'kar KWCabuBVehtusMrab'karGbGr
saTry"agxøaMgkøamYy . RbCaBlrdðEdl:nrgTuk¡evTnay"agyUr ehIy:n
ts)UedayeRKaHzñak'pgenaH smnwgmaneBlsb|ayrIkray sMrakkMsanþ
ehIynigmankarTTYls<al'CapøÚvkar . eKKYrEtmanemaTnPaBelIxøÜnÉgnig
GñkÉeT[t Edl:nts)UCamYyKñarhUt:nesrIPaBneya:y . Gñkts)UTaMg
Gs' BuM:nrs'ranmanCIvitmkdl'ézáC&yCMnHenHeT . GñkenArs' nigGñk:t'
bg'CIvitnwgRtUveKcgcaMCavIrCn Edl:nCYyer[bcMeGaymanesrIPaBCaRbvtþi
saRsþ~gRbeTsrbs'eK .
b"uEnþKYreGaysþay BIeRBaHeBlenH minEmnCaeBlEdleKKYrbnæy
karRbugRby&tñ . sUm|IEt~gkal;eTs;Edlrbbpþac'karEbkx©ayedaysar
neya:yerIbRmHk*eday eKk*RtUvmankarRbugRby&tñ edIm|IbeJ©{smineGay
manrbbCiHCan'mYyzµIelcecjBIkarRcbUkRcbl' eRkayBIkardYlrlMénrbb
pþac'karcas' . BYkGñkdwknaMkMlaMgRbCaZibetyü KYrEter[bcMTukCamun
sMrab'karqøgeTArklTÆiRbCaZibetyüedaysNþab'Zñab' . eKnwgRtUvedaHdUr
- 98 - 98
rcnasm¬&nÆrbbpþac'kar . eKRtUvbeg,IteGaymanmUldðanrdðZmµnuJ¦ nigc|ab'
ehIynigxñatRtwmRtUv sMrab'RbCaZibetyürwgbwugmYyEdleKnwgksag .
eKminKYryl'za eRkayBIkardYlrlMénrbbpþac'kar sg<md*lÁmYynwg
elcecjeLIgPøamenaHeT . karEbkx©at'x©ayénrbbpþac'kar KWRKan'EtCa
dMNak'kardMbUgsMrab'ebIkkarxitxMBRgwgsg<m nigbMeBjesckþIRtUvkarrbs'
mnusSeGay:nsmrmü enAeRkambriyakasmYy EdlmanesrIPaBCagmun
Etb"ueNÑaH . bJØaneya:y esdðkic© nigsg<mkic©d*Zán'ZárnwgenAmanbnþrab'
qñaMeTAeT[t EdlCakartMrUveGaymankarshkarBImnusS nigRkumTaMgGs' ~g
karrkdMeNaHRsay . RbB&nÆneya:yzµIKYrEtpþl'OkaseGaymnusSTaMgBYg
EdlmanKMnit nigmeZüa:yepSg>Kña eTAbnþkargarsæabna nigEpnkar
GPivD¿n¾ edIm|IedaHRsaybJØaTaMgLay~geBlGnaKt .
karKMramkMEhgBIrbbpþac;karfµI elak GarIsþÚt (Aristotle):nRBmanCayUrmkehIyza ²çççrbbpþac'kar
k*GacERbkøayeTACarbbpþac'karpgEdrççç³ .14 PsþútagRbvtþisaRsþCaeRcIn
BIRbeTs:raMg ‘BYkhSakU:Mg [Jacobins] nigNab"UeLGug [Napoleon]’Ç rusSIú
‘BYkbulesvIk [Bolsheviks]’Ç GIur"g´ ‘Gsay"atUløas [Ayatollah]’ nigPUma
‘BYkeyaZasøk [SLORC]’ ehIynigTIepSgeT[t EdlmanGñkxøHnigRkumxøH
yl'za kardYlrlMénrbbCiHCan'mYy RKan'EtCaOkaseGayeKcUlCMnYseZVI
Cam©as'zµIEtb"ueNÑaH . eKRbEhlCamanbuBVehtuepSg>Kña b"uEnþlTÆpl
enaH KWmanlk¡N;Rbhak'RbEhlKña . rbbpþac'karzµIenH RbEhlCaGac
kan'Etsahav ehIyRtYtRtardðtwgrwgCagrbbcas'eTAeT[t .
CYnkal munnwgrbbpþac'kardYlrlM smaCikénrbbcas'RbEhl
14 GarIsþÚt ‘Aristotle) neya:y PaK 5 CMBUkTI 12 TMB&rTI 233 .
- 99 - 99
Cal|g²kat'mux³karts)U tamry;rdðRbharEdleKer[bcMeLIg edIm|Iqk'yk
eCaKC&yBIkarts)Uneya:yerIbRmHrbs'RbCaBlrdð . eKGacGHGagza eK
:nrMlMrbbpþac'kar b"uEnþEmnETneTA eKeqø{tykOkastubEtgrbbcas' eGay
manCarUbPaBzµIEtb"ueNÑaH .
karTb;sáat;rdæRbhar eKmanmeZüa:ymYycMnYn EdlGaceZVIeGayrdðRbharRbqaMgnwgsg<m
rMedaHzµI TTYlbraC&y . CYnkal kardwgCamunGMBIkMlaMgkarBarenH Gacman
lk¡N;RKb'RKan' edIm|IraraMgmineGaymankarl|gEbbenH . karer[bcMCamun
GacCYyeGaymankareC[svag .15
eRkayBIrdðRbhar:ncab'epþImPøam BYkbHe:reyaZazµIRtUvkarPaBRtwm
RtUvtamc|ab' KWkarTTYls<al'za eKmansiTÆineya:ynigsiTÆiRtwmRtUv edIm|I
RKb'RKgrdð . dUecñH eKalkarN¾CaRKwHsMrab'karBarRbqaMgnwgrdðRbhar KW
karbdiesZmineGayPaBRtwmRtUvtamc|ab´eTABYkbHe:reyaZaenH .
BYkbHe:reyaZaenHRtUvkarpgEdreGayBYkGñkdwknaMsIuvilnigRbCaBl
rdðKaMRT sæit~gPaBRcbUkRcbl' ßk*esá{msáat . BYkbHe:reyaZaRtUvkar
shkarBIsMNak'BYkGñkCMnajkar TIRbwkSa mRnþIrdð:l nigecARkm edIm|I
BRgwgkarRtYtRtaeTAelIsg<mTaMgmUl . BYkbHe:rk*RtUvkareGaymnusSCa
eRcIn Edlkan'kab'RbB&nÆneya:y sæab&nsg<mnana esdðkic© b"Ulis nig
eyaZa cuHj"medaysáat'esá{m ehIybnþkargarrbs'eKCaZmµta eTAtambT
bJ¢a nigEpnkarrbs'BYkbHe:r .
eKalkarN¾CaRKwHTI 2sMrab'karBar RbqaMgnwgrdðRbhar KWkartTl'
15 B&t(manbEnæmGMBIkarts)URbqaMgnwgrdðRbhar sUmGan CIn sab karRbqaMgnwgrdðRbhar
‘bUsþún ma"saQUsit ; viTüasæanGal'bWt GaMgsþaj qñaM 2003’
- 100 - 100
CamYynwgBYkbHe:reyaZa edayeRbIkarerIbRmH nigminshkar . eKRtUvEt
bdiesZmineGayshkarnigCMnYyEdlBYkenHRtUvkar . CacaM:c' eKGaceRbI
meZüa:yts)UEdleK:neRbIRbqaMgrbbpþac'karrYceTAehIy sMrab´tTl'nwg
karKMramkMEhgzµI b"uEnþeKRtUvGnuvtþPøamCabnÞan' . RbsinebIKµanPaBRtwmRtUvtam
c|ab'nigshkareTenaH rdðRbharRbEhlCasøab' edaykarbgÁtxagneya:y
ehIyOkassMrab'ksagsg<mRbCaZibetyü k*GacmaneLIgvijEdr .
karRBagrdæFmµnuBaØ RbB&nÆRbCaZibetyüzµI tMrUveGaymanrdðZmµnuJ¦mYy Edlbeg,IteGay
manRbB&nÆEdleKcg':nsMrab'rdðaPi:lRbCaZibetyü . rdðZmµnuj¦KYrkMNt'
GMBIeKalbMNgénrdðaPi:l nigdak'kMritdl'GMNacrbs'rdðaPi:l meZüa:y
nigeBlevlasMrab'kare:HeqñateRCIserIsRkumGñkeZVIc|ab'nigmRnþIrdðkar siTÆi
CamUldðanénRbCaBlrdð ehIynigkarJk´B&nÆrvagrdðaPi:lCati nigRbB&nÆ
RKb'RKgzñak'xageRkamÉeT[t> .
cMeBaHkarRKb'RKgCati RbsinebIeKcg'eGaymanRbCaZibetyü eKRtUv
EtmankarEbgEckGMNaceGayc|as'las' rvagnItibJ¦tiþ ‘RkumGñkeZVIc|ab'’
nItiRbtibtþi ‘RkumGñkykc|ab'eTAGnuvtþ’ nigtulakar ‘RkumGñkkat'kþI’ . eK
KYrEtbJ¢ÚlkarkMNt'y"agtwgEtg eTAelIskmµPaBrbs'b"Ulis Pñak'garesIub
karN¾sMgat' eyaZa edIm|IhamXat'mineGayRkumTaMgenHmankarlUkLMtampøÚv
c|ab'NamYyeTA~gvis&yneya:y .
edIm|IkarBarlTÆiRbCaZibetyü nigeC[svagcrnþnigmeZüa:ypþac'kar
rdðZmµnuJ¦KYrEter[bcMeGaymanCaRbB&nÆshB&nÆ EdlrkSaTukbuBVsiTÆiCaeRcIn
sMrab'rdðaPi:lRbcaMtMbn'rdðepSg> nigkarRKb'RKgRsTab'eRkam . enA~g
sæankarN¾xøH eKGacBinitüemIlRbB&nÆRbeTssVIs EdlGnuJ¦ateGaytMbn'tUc>
- 101 - 101
manbuBVsiTÆid*sMxan' ehIyenAEtmandMeNIrkarCaEpñkmYyénRbeTsTaMgmUl .
RbsinebIlk¡N;TaMgenHZøab'manrYceTAehIyenA~grdðZmµnuJ¦énRbeTs
EdleKeTIbEtrMedaH:n eKGacdak'bJ©ÚlykmkGnuvtþvij edaymankarEk
ERb RbsinebICakarcaM:c' . RbsinebIKµanrdðZmµnuJ¦cas'RtwmRtUveTenaH eK
GacGnuvtþrdðZmµnuJ¦NamYyCabeNþaHGasnñsin . ebIBuMdUecñHeT eKRtUvtak'
EtgrdðZmµnuJ¦zµI . eKRtUvkareBlevla nigkarKitRtiHriHCaeRcInsMrab'sresr
rdðZmµnuJ¦zµI . karcUlrYmBIRbCaBlrdð~gkarZVIrdðZmµnuJ¦CakarRbesIr ehIy
CakarcaM:c'sMrab'Gnum&trdðZmµnuJ¦zµI ßk*karEkERbRtg'NamYy . eKRtUvman
karRby&tñeGayEmnETn GMBIkardak'cUl~grdðZmµnuJ¦ nUvkarsnüaNamYy
EdleKminGacGnuvtþekIt ßk*maRtaNamYyEdltMrUveGayGMNaceRcInpþúMeTA
elIrdðaPi:l . enHKWCaktþaBIr EdlGacsMrYleGaymanrbbpþac'karzµI .
eKKYrEteRbIBaküeBcn¾samJ¦EdlRbCaBlrdðPaKeRcInGacgayyl' .
rdðZmµnuJ¦minKYrmanlk¡N;sµúKsµaj ßk*RseBcRsBil EdlmanEtBYkGñk
c|ab'ßk*bJ¦aCnEdlGacGHGagzaeKyl' .
neya)aykarBarCatitamRbCaFibetyü RbeTsesrIk*GacRbQmmuxeTAnwgkarKMramkMEhgBIsMNak'breTs
EdlmanbMNgcg'RKb'RKgxagesdðkic© neya:y nigeyaZaEdr .
edIm|IrkSaTukeGay:nlTÆiRbCaZietyüépÞ~g eKKYrEtBicarNaGMBI
kareRbIeKalkarN¾RKwHénneya:yerIbRmH edIm|IbMeBjesckþIRtUvkarxagkarJr
Cati .16 edayRbKlsmtæPaBts)UeTAeGayRbCaBlrdðCaTUeTA RbeTsrMedaH
ehIyzµI> GaceC[svagBuMcaM:c´beg,IteGaymankgkMlaMgeyaZaxøaMgkøa Edl
16 sUmGan CIn sab karJrCatiedayBlrdð ; RbB&nÆsJVvuZeRkayCMnan'eyaZa Rbiunsþún
(Princeton) jÚvCWsIu (New Jersey) eragBum¬saklviTüal&yRbiunsþún qñaM 1994 .
- 102 - 102
GacKMramkMEhgdl´RbCaZibetyü ßk*tMrUveGaymanZnZanesdðkic© EdleK
RtUvkarsMrab´bMNgepSg>eT[t .
eKRtUvcaMza RkumxøHnwgbMePøcmaRtardðZmµnuJ¦NamYy edIm|Ier[bcMxøÜneK
eGayeTACaBYkpþac´karzµI . dUecñH RbCaBlrdðnwgmantYnaTICaGciéRnþy¾mYy
~gkarGnuvtþn¾neya:yerIbRmHnigminshkar edIm|IrkSanUvrcnasm¬&nÆ siTÆi
nigEbbbTRbCaZibetyü RbqaMgnwgCnTaMgLayEdlcg´eTACaGñkpþac´kar .
karTTYlxusRtUvd¾l¥RbesIr GanuPaBénkarts)UGhigSa minRtwmEteZVIeGayBYkpþackarcuHexSay ehIy
rMlMGñkTaMgenaHeT KWEzmTaMgCYyeGayGñkEdleKCiHCan´ køayeTACaGñkman
karTukcitþelIxøÜnÉgeT[tpg . meZüa:yenH eZVIeGayGñkEdlZøab´Etman
GarmµN¾za xøÜnÉgRKan´EtCakUnRtI ßk*CaGñkrgeRKaH eTACaGñkman²GMNac³
edaypÞal edIm|ITamTaresrIPaBnigyutþiZm(bEnæmedayxøÜnÉg . bTBiesaZn¾
énkarts)UenH man«TÆiBlxagcitþsaRsþd*sMxan EdlCYyeGaymankareKarB
nigTukcitþelIxøÜnÉgbEnæm ~gcMeNamGñkEdlZøab´Etyl´za eKeZVIGVIminekIt .
plRbeyaCn¾sMrab´eBlEvgqáaymYyénkarts)UGhigSa edIm|Ibeg,It
CardðaPi:lRbCaZibetyü KWsg<mTaMgmUlnwgmansmtæPaBbEnæm edIm|IedaH
RsaybJØaEdlecHEtmanbnþ nigbJØaGnaKt . bJØaTaMgenaHmandUcCa
kareZVIepþspþas nigGMeBIBukrlYyrbsrdðaPi:l~geBlGnaKt kareZVI:b
elIRkumNamYy GyutþiZm(~gesdðkic© nigkarxVHKuNPaBRbCaZibetyüénRbB&nÆ
neya:y . RbCaBlrdðEdlmanbTBiesaZn¾ ~gkareRbIneya:yerIbRmH
RbEhlCaminGaccuHexSay enAcMeJHmuxrbbpþac´karGnaKtenaHeLIy .
bnÞabBIkarrMedaHenaHehIy karecHdwgGMBIkarts)UGhigSa nwgpþl´nUv
CMerIsnana edIm|IkarJrRbCaZibetyü esrIPaBsIuvil siTÆiRkumPaKtic nig
- 103 - 103
buBVsiTÆiénrdðaPi:lRbcaMtMbn rdð nigRsTabeRkam nigsæab&neRkArdðaPi:l .
CMerIsTaMgenHk*pþlEdrnUvmeZüa:ysMrabeGaymnusSmña nigRkumepSg> sMEdg
karminsb|aycitþyagxøaMgNamYy edaysnþiviZI eTAelIbJØad*sMxanTaMgLay
EdlCYnkalGacCMrujRkumRbqaMgeGayeTArkePrvkmµ ßk*sRg<amqµk´éRB .
KMnitTaMgLay~gkarBinitüviPaKGMBIneya:yerIbRmH ßk*karts)U
GhigSaenH KWsMrabCYyGñk ßRkumTaMgLayNa EdlmanbMNgbM:tkarCiH
Can´eTAelIRbCaBlrdð ehIyniger[bcMeGaymanRbB&nÆRbCaZibetyürwgbuwg
EdleKarBesrIPaBmnusS nigskmµPaBrbs´RbCaBlrdð edIm|IeZVIeGaysg<m
mandMeNIreC]nel]neTAmux .
eKmanesckþIsnñidðansMxan>bI EdlelcecjBIKMnitTaMgenaH ÷
• karrMedaHBIrbbpþac´karCakarEdleKGaceZVIeTA:n
• edIm|IsMerckarenH eKRtUveGaymankarRtiHriHedayRbugRby&tñ
nigEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ ehIy
• eKRtUveGaymankartamdanedayhµtct karxMxñHExñgeZVIkargar
nigkarts)URbkbedayvin&y .
JküEdleKZøab´niyayza ²esrIPaBminEmn:nmkedayesrIgay
RsYl³ KWCaJküBit . KµankMlaMgBIeRkANamYy nwgeGaydlRbCaBlrdð
EdlsæitenAeRkamkarCiHCan´ nUvesrIPaBEdleKcg´:nCaxøaMgenaHeLIy .
RbCaBlrdðnwgRtUvEter[nsURtGMBIreb[b EdleKGacqkykesrIPaBenH eday
xøÜnÉg . karenHminGacgayRsYleT .
RbsinebIRbCaBlrdðGacyl´:nGMBIGVIEdleKRtUvkar edIm|IrMedaHxøÜn
eKenaH eKGacer[bcMCaEpnkarskmµPaB EdlenATIbMput tamry;karRbwg
ERbgy¨agxøaMg nwgGacnaMmknUvesrIPaBrbs´eK . bnÞab'mk CamYynwg
karRby&tñRbEyg eKGacksagCaRbB&nÆRbCaZibetyümYy ehIyer[bcMkic©
karBarRbB&nÆenaHeGayKg´vgSpgEdr . esrIPaBEdlQñH:ntamkarts)U
- 104 - 104
EbbenH Gacmanlk¡N;rwgbuwg . esrIPaBEbbenH nwgGacsæitesær:n eday
sarmanGñkEdlbþÚrpþac'eTAelIkic©karBar nigBRgIkBRgwgesrIPaBenHeGayenA
CabnþeTAeT[t .
- 105 - 105
]bsm<½n§ meFüa)ayénskmµPaBGhigSa
meFüa)aysMrab;karRbqaMgnwgkarENnaMedayGhigSa17
karsMEdgCapøÚvkar
1 sunÞrkzasaZarN;
2 sMbuRtRbqaMg ßk*KaMRT
3 esckþIRbkasrbs'Gg<kar nigsæab&nnana
4 esckþIEzøgkarN¾EdlmancuHhtæelxa
5 karRbkasGMBIkarekItTuk¡minsuxcitþ nigskmµPaBeTAGnaKt
6 kareZVIjtiþCaRkumtUcßZM
TMnak'TMngCamYysaZarNCn
7 Baküesøak rUbKMnUr nigrUbsJ¦a
8 bda pÞaMgpSay nigTMnak'TMngtamrUbPaB
9 xitþb&NÑ niges[vePA
10 sarB&t(man nigTsSnavdIþ
17 bJ¢IenH CamYynigniymn&ynigóTahrN¾Cak'Esþg Rsg'ecjes[vePA CIn sab
neya:yénskmµPaBGhigSa PaKTI2 meZüa:yskmµPaBGhigSa bUssþún ma"saQUsit ; ptT&r
saCin qñaM 1973 .
- 106 - 106
11 zas viTüú nigTUrTsSn¾
12 karRbkastamkarsresrelIemX ßk*elIdI
karsMEdgCaRkum
13 karbJ¢ÚnCaKN;RbtiPU
14 kareZVICaeGayrgVan'epSg>
15 karts)UmtiCaRkum
16 karelIkbdaCaRkumenAmuxkEnøgkargar
17 kareZVIkare:HeqñateRkApøÚvkar
skmµPaBCanimitþrUbsaZarN;
18 kartaMgTg'C&y ßk*kareRbIBN(NamYyCanimitþrUbGVImYy
19 karBak'rUbepSg>
20 karbn'Rsn'sURtmnþ
21 karRbKl´eGayvtæúCanimitþrUb
22 karRsatRbqaMg ‘~gTIsaZarN;’
23 karbMpøajRTBüsm|tþixøÜnÉg
24 kareRbIePøIgCanimitþrUb
25 kartaMgrUbztmnusS
26 karKUrrUbRbqaMg
27 rUbsJ¦a nigeQµaHzµI
28 kareRbIsMelgCanimitþrUb
29 karTamTarkan´kab´GVImYyCanimitþrUb
30 kareZVIkayvikarcMeGscMGas
- 107 - 107
karsg,t'sg,inelIbuK<l
31 ²karlg³ BYkmRnþIrdðkar ‘meZüa:ymYyEdleKedIrtamBYkmRnþI
rdðkar ehIyrMlwkBYkenH GMBIGMeBIGsIlZm(rbs´eK~gkartam
bRg,abclnaGVImYy . CYYnkaleKnaMKñaedIrtammRnþITaMgenaHRKb´
TIkEnøg edIm|IrMlwkGMBIkarsVitsVajrbs´RbCaBlrdð’
32 karrukKYnmRnþI ‘pÞúynwgkar²lg³ EdleKeZVIeLIgedaysáat'esá{m
nigézøzñÚr ~gkrNIenH eKniyaycMGkbJÄWmRnþIrdðkarEdleZVItam
bJ¢aBIelI ’
33 kareRbIPaBsñiTÆsñal ‘pÞúyBIkareZVIBhikareKnaMKñaeTAbgØajkarsñiTÆ
sñal cMeJHBYkTahan nigbUlis edIm|IBnülGñkTaMgenaHeGay
yl´GMBIbuBVehturbs´eK’
34 karsURtZm(sµwgsµaZ¥
el¡annigePøg
35 qakkMEbøg nigkarelgesIc
36 karsMEdgel¡an nigePøg
37 ceRm[g
karedIrdEgØ
38 karedIrCak|Ün
39 karedIrCaRkum
40 k|Ünsasna
41 kareZVIdMeNIreTAtMbn´NamYyedIm|IsMEdgkareKarB
42 k|Ünm"UtU
- 108 - 108
karrMlwkviJ¦aNk¡&nÆGñksøab'
43 karkan'Tuk¡neya:y
44 karsMEdgeZVICaBiZIbUCasB
45 BiZIbUCasBEdlmanlk¡N;Ca:tukmµ ‘~gsæankarN¾neya:y
minsæitesærmYy eBleZVIbuNüsB CaBiess enAeBldEgØk|ÜnsB
GñkEdlRtUveKeZVIXat~gkarts)U eKykOkasenHeTAsMEdgkarRbqaMg
nigkardak´eTas’
46 kareKarBsBenATI:¨qa
karRbCuMsaZarN;
47 kic©RbCuM edIm|IRbqaMgßk*KaMRT
48 karRbCuMRbqaMg
49 karRbCuMRbqaMgedaylak:MgeKalbMNg ‘KWCakic©RbCuMEdlRKan´
EtmanrUbPaBza CakarRbCuMEdlmankarGnuJ¦atBIrbbpþac´kar’
50 kic©RbCuMRbqaMgtamreb[bbeRg[n ‘kic©RbCuMEbbenHmanlk¡N;
RbhakRbEhlnwgkic©RbCuMeZVI:tukmµ buEnþenA~gOkasenH eKman
vaKµinEdlsuTÆEtCaGñkÉkeTsenA~gbJØa EdlJk'B&nÆ’
kardkxøÜnnigkarbdiesZ
51 karedIrecj
52 karenAesá{msáat'
53 karbdiesZminTTYlyss&kþi
54 karEbrxñgdak'mnusSßRkumNamYy
- 109 - 109
meFüa)ayminshkarkñúgsgÁm
karbMePøcbuK<lNamYy 55 BhikarBiess
56 Bhikarsg<m EdleKeRCIserIsTisedA
57 BhikartamEbblIsIuRsþata‘Lysistrata) ‘KWCakarEdlPriyanaMKña
minrYmrkSCamYysVamI’
58 karkat'kal´ ‘beNþjecjBIRkumsasnaNamYy’
59 BhikartamEbbsasna ‘karsMercBüÜrkmµviZIbYgsYg~gRBHvihar
ßvtþGaram’
karminshkar~gBiZI~gsg<m TMen[mTMlab' nigsæab&n
60 karBüÜrskmµPaBsg<m ßk*kILa
61 BhikarmincUlrYm~gkic©karsg<m
62 kUdkmµrbs'nisiSt
63 karminsþab'bg<ab'~gsg<m
64 kardkecjBIsæab&nsg<m
kardkxøÜnecjBIRbB&nÆsg<m
65 karenA~gpÞHmineTAeZVIkar
66 karmineZVIkarshkaredaypÞal'xøÜn
67 karrt'ecjrbs'BYkkmµkr
68 kareTArkTICMrksuvtæiPaB
- 110 - 110
69 karlak'xøÜnCaRkum
70 karcakecjBIRsuk ‘Cakic©RbqaMgmYyEdlRbCaBlrdðTaMgGs´naM
KñacakecjBIRsuk-XuMNamYy’
meFüa)ayminshkaresdækic© ¬1¦ Bhikaresdækic© skmµPaBGñkTijeRbIR:s'
71 Bhikarrbs´GñkTij
72 karmineRbIR:s'TMnijEdleKeZVIBhikar
73 EpnkarbnæykareRbIR:s'TMnijNamYy
74 karminbg'QñÜlpÞH
75 karminRBmCYl
76 Bhikarrbs'GñkTijTUTaMgRbeTs
77 Bhikarrbs'GñkeRbIR:s'TUTaMgBiPBelak
skmµPaBGñkeZIVkar nigplitkr
78 Bhikarrkmµkr
79 BhikarGñkplitTMnij
skmµPaBQµÜjkNþal
80 Bhikarrbs'Gñklk' nigGñkEckcayTMnij
- 111 - 111
skmµPaBm©as'Rkumh)un nigGñkRKb'RKg
81 Bhikarrbs'BYkQµÜj
82 karbdiesZminlk' ßminCYlpÞH
83 karcak'esarmineGayecjcUlkEnøgNamYy
84 karbdiesZminpþl'CMnYyeTAeragcRk ßkargarNamYy
85 kUdkmµTUeTArbs'QµÜj
skmµPaBGñkRKb'RKgluykak'
86 mindak'luycUlZnaKar
87 bdiesZminbg'kMérepSg>
88 bdiesZminsgbMNul ßk*karR:k'
89 karkat'pþac'luy ßk*ElgeGayx©I
90 karbdiesZminTTYlluycUl
91 karminTTYlluyrdðkar
skmµPaBrdðaPi:l
92 karhamXat'GVImYy~gRsuk
93 kareZVIbJ¢IQµÜj EdleKminshkar
94 karhamXat'rbs'Gñklk'GnþrCati
95 karhamXat'rbs'GñkTijGnþrCati
96 karBüÜrskmµPaBJNiC¢kmµGnþrCati
- 112 - 112
meFüa)ayminshkaresdækic© ¬2¦ kUdkmµ
kUdkmµCanimitþrUb 97 kUdkmµRbqaMg
98 karedIrecjBIkargarPøam>
kUdkmµksikmµ
99 kUdkmµksikr
100 kUdkmµkmµkrERscMkar
kUdkmµrbs'RkumBiess
101 karbdiesZmineZVIkarrbs'kmµkrEdleKbg¡M
102 kUdkmµGñkeTas
103 kUdkmµsib|kr ‘KWCakUdkmµrbs´RkumGñkeZVIkarenA~grbrsib|kmµ
NamYy ßk*enA~gRkumhagTMnij ~gtMbn´NamYy’
104 kUdkmµBYkGñkviC¢aCIv;
kUdkmµósSahkmµZmµta
105 kUdkmµenAtamRKwsæanCMnYj
106 kUdkmµeTAtamósSahkmµnImYy>
107 ósSahkmµedaysmancitþ
- 113 - 113
kUdkmµedaykMNt
108 kUdkmµZmµta ‘~gkUdkmµEbbenH kmµkrnaMKñaQbmþgmñakCabnþbnÞab
Kña ßk*eTArkkargarepSg rhUtTalEtnieyaCk:ndwgGMBIkarekIt
Tuk¡minsuxcitþ nigkarTamTarrbs´kmµkr’
109 kUdkmµedaycMeJH ‘kUdkmµenHmanlk¡N;dUckUdkmµZmµta b¨uEnþ
BYkshCIBeZVIkUdkmµenA~gRkumh)unEtmYy EdlCakareZVIeGay
Rkumh)unenHcaj´eRb[bRkumh)unRbkYtÉeT[t’
110 kUdkmµBnüWtkargar
111 kUdkmµEdlkMNt´kargareTAtamk|ÜnsuTÆsaZ
112 karR:bnieyaCkzaQWeZVIkarminekIt
113 kUdkmµtamkarsuMlaElg
114 kUdkmµEdlmankMrit
115 kUdkmµedayCMerIs
kUdkmµTak´TgnwgósSahkmµeRcIn
116 kUdkmµEdlkøayeTACaTUeTA ‘KWCakareZVIkUdkmµenA~gósSahkmµ
mYycMnYn edaysarmanbJØaCaTUeTA’
117 kUdkmµTUeTA ‘KWCakUdkmµEdlmanlk¡N;TUlMTUlay edIm|IeZVIeGay
CIvPaBesdðkic©enA~gtMbn´NamYyCab´KaMg’
karrYmbJ©ÚlkUdkmµnigkarbiTskmµPaBesdðkic©
118 kUdkmµhazul ‘Hartal’ ‘karbiThagTMnij’
119 karbJÄbskmµPaBesdðkic©
- 114 - 114
meFüa)ayénkarmineFVIshkar
karbdiesZGMNacGaC\aZr
120 pÁak ßk*kardkecjPaBesµaHRtg´
121 karbdiesZmineGaymankarKaMRTBIsaZarNCn
122 sMeNrnigesckþIEzøgkarN¾CMrujeGaymankarRbqaMg
karminshkarrbs´RbCaBlrdðCamYyrdðaPi:l
123 BhikarenA~gnItibJ¦tþi ‘rdðsPa RBwTÆsPa’
124 BhikarmincUleZVIkare:Heqñat
125 BhikarminTTYlkargarrdðkar
126 BhikarminTak´TgnwgRksYgrdðaPi:lnana
127 kardkecjBIsæab&nGb´rMrbs´rdðaPi:l
128 BhikarminTak´TgnwgGg<karNaEdlrdðaPi:lKaMRT
129 bdiesZminpþl´CMnYydl´GñkEdlGnuvtþc|ab´ dUcCab¨UlisCaedIm
130 dkhUtykpøakrUbsJ¦asMKalepSg>rbsxøÜn EdleKZøabdakCYy
ENnaMsaZarNCn
131 bdiesZminTTYlmRnþIraCkarEdleKcattaMg
132 bdiesZminRBmrMlaysæab&nbc©úb|nñ
CMerIseRkABIkareZVItambg<ab´
133 kareZVItambg<ab´TaMgeTIsTal´ ßk*yWty¨av
- 115 - 115
134 karmineZVItambg<ab´ enAeBlEdlKµanGñktamXøaMemIl
135 karmineZVItambg<ab´ BIsMNak´RbCaBlrdð
136 karmineZVItambg<ab´EdleKEkøgmineGaydwg
137 karRbEkkminRBmbMEbkkic©RbCuM
138 karGg<úyenAmYykEnøg
139 karminshkar~gkarcUleZVITahan nigkarnireTs
140 karlakxøÜn eKcxøÜn ßk*eRbIb&NÑsMKal´xøÜnEkøgkøay
141 karmineKarBtamc|abEdlKµanlk¡N;RtwmRtUv
skmµPaBedaymRnþIrdðaPi:l
142 karRbEkkminTTYlCMnYyBIGñkCMnYykarrdðaPi:l
143 eZVIeGayraMgsÞHExSbJ¢a nigB&t(man
144 karbeg,ItóbsK<eGayyWtya¨v
145 karmineZVIshkarrdð:lCaTUeTA
146 karmineZVIshkarCamYytulakar
147 kareZVIkaredayKµanRbsiTÆPaB nigkarminshkarxøHrbsBYkGnuvtþ
c|ab
148 karbHe:r
skmµPaBrdðaPi:lenA~gRsuk
149 kareC[svag ßk*BnüaeBl Jk´B&nÆnwgkarGnuvtþn¾c|ab´
150 karminshkarrbsGg<PaBrdðaPi:l EdlJkB&nÆnwgGñke:Heqñat
skmµPaBrdðaPi:lelIépÞGnþrCati
151 karpøas´bþÚrbuK<likTUt
- 116 - 116
152 BnüaeBl ßk*lubecalkmµviZIkarTUt
153 karminRBmsMercTTYls<al´tamkarTUt
154 karpþac´cMNgTUt
155 kardkxøÜnecjBIGg<karGnþrCatinana
156 karbdiesZmineGaysmaCikPaB~gGg<karGnþrCatiNamYy
157 karbeNþjecjBIGg<karGnþrCatiNamYy
meFüa)ayénGnþraKmn_GhigSa
GnþraKmn¾tampøÚvcitþ 158 karsMdilxøÜn ‘KWCakarsMEdgmtiNamYytamkarsMdilxøÜn eGay
QWcabrgTuk¡tamragkay dUcCakarsMdilxøÜneRkamkMedARBHGaTitü’
159 tMNmsIlZm( ‘KWCaEbbbTeZVIGnþraKmn¾tampøÚvcitþ . ~gGMeBIenH
eKbdiesZmØÚbGahar edIm|IsMercnUveKalbMNgsg<mßneya:y
NamYy’
k- tMNmminTTYlsMJZsIlZm(
x- kUdkmµGt´Gahar
K- tMNmtamEbbsatüaRkahVI‘Satyagraphi’ ‘tamsasnahiNÐÚ
EdlmhatµHKnÆIGnuvtþ’
160 karkateTasbRJ©as ‘~gkrNIenH eKbþÚrtYnaTIrvagGyüakar nig
kUnkþI~gkarkat´eTasNamYy . BYkkUnkþInwgkøayeTACaGyüakar
ehIyeKbEgVreGayeTACa:tukmµRbqaMgnwgGVImYyeTAvij’
161 karrMxanGhigSa
- 117 - 117
GnþraKmn¾edaykayvikar
162 karGg<úyenAmYykEnøg
163 karQrenAmYykEnøg ‘~gkrNIenH eKnaMKñaQry¨agsáat´esá{m
edaymansNþab´Zñab´ enAkEnøglk´sMbuRtNamYy ßTVarcUl
kEnøgNamYyCaedIm edIm|ITijsMbuRt ßcUlkEnøgenaH enAeBl
eKminRBmlk´sMbuRt ßk*hamXat´mineGaycUl’
164 karCiHyanCMniHsaZarN;xuskEnøgkMNt´ ‘eKeRbImeZüa:yenH
CaTUeTAenA~gshrdðGaemrik ~gTsvtS1960 RbqaMgnwgkarEbg
EckkEnøgGg<úy sMrab´BYkEs|ks nigBYkEs|kexµA enAtamyan
CMniHsaZarN;’
165 kargUtTwkelIeqñrEdleKhamXat´ ‘enA~gRbeTsxøH eK:nEbg
EckeqñrsMrab´RbCaBlrdðsmuRTeTAtamBN(sm|úrEs|k’
166 karkan´kab´TIkEnøg ‘RkumGñkRbqaMgcUleTA~gTIkEnøgmYyEdl
mannimitþrUbsMxan Jk´B&nÆnwgkarekItTuk¡minsuxcitþrbs´eK dUcCa
kariyal&yGñkEdleKRbqaMg . eKnwgRkajenATIenaHmYyry;eBl
EdleKeRcInEtkMNt´TukCamun’
167 karcUlbYgsYg~gRBHviharEdleKhamXat ‘enAkEnøgxøH BIedIm
eKEbgEck TIkEnøgsasnaeTAtamBN(sm|úr kEnøgxøHeT[t eKEbg
EckvtþGarameTAtamKNbkSneya:y’
168 karcUllukluyedayGhigSa
169 karcUllukluytamGakasedayGhigSa
170 karcUlQøanJnedayGhigSa
171 karniyaykat´ßCan´eKedayGhigSa
172 karbeg,ItóbsK<edayGhigSa
173 karcUlkankab´edayGhigSa
- 118 - 118
GnþraKmn¾xagsg<m
174 karer[bcMeGaymanlMnaMsg<mzµI
175 kardak´CMnYykareGayeRcInhYs
176 kareZVIeGaydMeNIrkaryWtya¨v
‘krNIenHeRcInEtJk´B&nÆeTAnwgbJØasg<m ßk*CMnYj’
177 karrMxanGg<RbCuM ‘KWCaRbePTBiessénkareZVIGnþraKmn¾GhigSa enA
eBlEdleKrMxankic©RbCuM karbYgsYg~gvtþGaram ßk*karRbCuM
epSg>eT[t’
178 karelgel¡ancMGk ‘CaRbePTmYyeT[ténkareZVIGnþraKmn¾sg<m
EdlJk´B&nÆeTAnwgkarsMEdgel¡an ßk*karsMEdgGVImYy edIm|IrMxan
karEzøgsunÞrkza sik¡asalaCaedIm’
179 sæab&nsg<mCaCMerIsepSgeT[t
180 RbB&nÆTMnak´TMngepSgeT[t
GnþraKmn¾esdðkic©
181 kUdkmµbRJ©as ‘KWCakarbeg,IteGayman«TÆiBlxagcitþsaRsþ .
~gkrNIenH kmµkreZVIkarkan´EtxøaMgeLIg ehIyelIseBlevla
edayBuM:nkMérbEnæm . eKeZVIenHedIm|ITamTareGayeLIgR:k´Ex
ehIynieyaCkBi:kbdiesZ .’
182 kUdkmµenAnwgkEnøg ‘~gkrNIenH kmµkrpÁakkargar b¨uEnþRkaj
mineTApÞH ehIybdiesZminRBmecjBIkEnøgeZVIkar rhUtdl´eK
:nsMercdUcbMNg’
183 karrwbGUsdIedayGhigSa
184 karrwgTTwgtTl´nwgkarXat´XaMg ‘enHKWCaTMnas´GnþrCati Edl
- 119 - 119
RbeTsnImYy>RbEhlCacg´daksMJZneya:y tamkarraraMg
mineGayGIv¨an´sMxanEbbNamYy cUlRbeTsNa mYyeT[t .
karrwgTTwg nigkarraraMgenH mineRbIkarKMramkMEhg ßk*kMlaMg
eyaZa KWCameZüa:yGnþraKmn¾xagesdðkic©mYy EdlRbeTsmYy
eT[tGaccUlmkKaMRTRbeTsEdlkMBugrgeRKaH .’
185 R:kEkøgkøayedaysarktþaneya:y
186 karTijem¨A ‘karenHKWCakarGnþraKmn¾mYyEbbEdlJk´B&nÆnwg
karem¨ATijTMnijGVImYy enA~gpSarGnþrCati edIm|IkuMeGayTMnijenH
Zøak´~gkNþab´édsRtUv’
187 karrwbGUsykRTBüsm|tþi
188 karlk´«v¨an´~gtMélezak>
189 karrksIuedayCMerIs
190 pSarCMerIsÉeT[t
191 RbB&nÆdwkCJ¢ÚnÉeT[t
192 sæab&nesdðikic©CMerIsÉeT[t
GnþraKmn¾neya:y
193 bEnæmRbB&nÆrdð:leGayelIskMrit
194 karebIkmuxPñak´garsMgat
195 karcg´eGayeKdak´Kuk
196 karmineKarBtamc|abEdl²GBüaRkwt³ ‘CaZmµta eKnaMKñamineKarB
c|ab EdleKylzamanlk¡N;GsIlZm( ßxus . buEnþ~gkrNI
enH eKnaMKñamineKarBc|abEdleKyl´za minEmnCac|ab´xusß
GsIlZm(GVIeT .’
197 karbnþkargaredayminshkar ‘~gkrNIenH mRnþIrdð:lenAEt
- 120 - 120
RkajeZVIkic©kareTAtamEpnkar kmµviZIßk*muxnaTIcas´EdlRtwmRtUv
tamc|ab edayeZVImindwgmin»GMBIviZankarzµI rbs´rbbEdleTIbEt
cUlkankab´rdð’
198 rdðaPi:leBjc|ab´ nigrdðaPi:lTnÞwm
- 121 - 121
GMBIGñkniBn§
elak CIn sab bc©úb|nñCaGñksikSaCanx¬s´énviTüasæanGal´bWt
GajEsþn enATIRkugb)Usþún ‘Boston’ énrdðma¨saQUsit ‘Massachusetts’ .
elakmanbriJ¦ab&Rt nigmhabriJ¦ab&Rt BIsklviTüal&yrdðGUéhyU‘Ohio’
nigbriJ¦ab&RtbNÐit EpñkRTwsþIneya:y BIsklviTüal&yGksVWt(Oxford)
‘RbeTsGg´eKøs’ . elakk*:nTTYlEdrnUvsJ¦abR&tbNÐitkitþiysxagc|ab´
BImhaviTüal&yma¨n´hattan´‘Manhattan’ nigbNÐitxagkic©bMerImnusSZm(BI
mhaviTüal&yrIev[r‘Rivier’ . elakCasaRsþacarü‘cUlnivtþn¾’énmuxviC¢aviTüa
saRsþneya:y enAsklviTüal&ymasaQUest daem¨at‘Massachusetts
Dartmouth’ . elakk*:nbeRg[nEdr enAsklviTüal&yGUsøÚ‘Oslo’
sklviTüal&yma¨saQUest~gRkugb)Usþún ehIyCaGñkRsavRCavCit 30qñaM
enAmCÄmNÐlsMrabbJØaGnþrCatiénsklviTüal&yhavWt ‘Harvard’ . es[vePA
Edlelak:nsresrCaPasaGg´eKøsmanCaGaT¥ neya:yénskmµPaB
GhigSa ‘1973’Ç KnÆI CaGñkyuTÆsaRsþneya:y ‘1979’Ç GMNacsg<m
nigesrIPaBneya:y ‘1980’Ç karmineZVIeGayeKRtYtGWrub:n ‘1985’Ç
ehIynig kic©karJrEdlecjBIraRsþ ; RbB&nÆGavuZeRkaysm&yeyaZa
‘1990’ . elakkMBugEter[bcMes[vePAsMxan´mYyeT[t ‘2003’ karts)U
GhigSa ; karGnuvtþn¾stvtSTI20 nigplGnaKtstvtSTI21 . sñaéd
rbs´elak:nRtUveKbkERbsMrYleTACag 30Pasa .
- 122 - 122
- 123 - 123
GMBIGñkbkERb
Gwug b)unGag bc©úb|nñenHCasmaCikRBwTÆsPaénRBHraCaNacRkkm¬úCa .
elakmanbriJ¦ab&RtxagesdðsaRsþ ‘BEc’ BIsklviTüal&yeCmXuK ‘James
Cook’ nigmhabriJ¦ab&RtxagRKbRKgCMnYj‘MBA’ BIsaklviTüal&yXVInsøin
‘Queensland’ énRbeTsGURsþalI . ~grvagCag20qañMknøgeTAenH elak
manviC¢aCIv; nigbTBiesaZn¾kargarCaKNenyükrsaZarN; TIRbwkSaCMnYj
nig :nc|ab´GnuJ¦atBIGaC\aZrGURsþalI eGayRbkbrbrCaTIRbwkSaxagcat
EcgluykaksaZarNCn . ~gTsvtS1990 elak:nbeRg[nmuxviC¢aRbvtþi
saRsþ nigvb|Zm(-GriyZm(Exµr enAsklviTüal&ybec©keTsGarGimGayZI
‘RMIT University of Technology’ enA~gTIRkugEm¨lb)n . elakZøab
eZVICanaykénkmµviZIviTüúCaPasaExµr RbcaMTIRkugEmlbYnénRbB&nÆpSayB&t(man
BiessRbeTsGURsþalI ‘SBS’ . elak:ne:HBumÖpSayTsSnavdþI ²GñknaM
sar³ CaPasaExµr~gRbeTsGURsþalI nigpþl'GtæbTxøI>CaeRcIn sþIGMBIbJØa
neya:y nigesdðkic©dl'RbB&nÆB&t(manbreTsnana . kalBIcugTsvtS
1960 elakZøab´sresrGtæbTRsavRCav nanaeGaykaEst²matuPUmi³ nig
eRkaymkkaEst²RbeyaCn¾Exµr³~gTIRkugPñMeBj .