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Estuarine Marsh Habitatsin the Oregon:
Perspectives from the South SloughNERR
Craig Cornu
Coordinator of Monitoring ProgramsSouth Slough NERR
Charleston, OR
Nur Taufiq Syamsudin Nak Agung Putre Jaye
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Presentation OutlineEstuarine marshes:
Types, spatial distribution
Ecosystem services
Restoration design considerations:
What are the most importantconsiderations
when designing a restorationproject?
Just pull back the dike and youre
done, right?Is planting required?
Do tidal channels restorethemselves?
Monitoring & success criteria (brief)
space
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Estuarine marshes:
Types, spatialdistribution
CoosEstuary
SouthSloughEstuary
marshes
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Estuarine marshes:
Types, spatialdistribution
CoosEstuary
SouthSloughEstuary
SouthSloughReserveAdministrativeBoundary
It would bedifferent btw hilly,rocky, muddy,slope, plaininland, or other form of spatialarea related tomarshes andestuarine
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Google :NWI (NationalWetlands Inventory/inventaris ) classes
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Table 1. Habitat description and cross-walked classification codes for the National Land Cover Data (NLCD) and National WetlandsInventory (NWI) classification systems.
Description NLCD code NWI code (modified)
Open water 11 Most E1, L1, P, R1,R2 with AB and UB)
Developed, open space 21 UUpDeveloped, all densities 23 UU except UUpBarren land 31 UB (all)Unconsolidated shore 32 E2US, L2US, MUS,
R1US, R2USDeciduous forest 41 UF6 (all)Evergreen forest 42 UF7 (all)Mixed forest 43 UF8 (all)Scrub/shrub 52 USS (all)Grassland/herbaceous 71 UR (all)Cultivated crops/pasture 82 UAPalustrine forest 91 PF (all)Palustrine scrub/shrub 92 PSS (all)Estuarine scrub/shrub 94 E2SS(all)Palustrine emergent (persistent) 96 PEM (all)Estuarine emergent 97 E2EM (all)
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Google :HGM classeshydrogeomorphic(HGM) wetland
http://opt/scribd/conversion/tmp/scratch6291/HGM.pdfhttp://opt/scribd/conversion/tmp/scratch6291/HGM.pdf8/3/2019 EstuarineWetlands KULIAH I
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Google :NERRS classesNational EstuarineResearch ReserveSystem
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Habitat MappingDistribution of Tidal Marshes
UpperSouthSloughEstuary:ReserveStaff HabitatMapping
UpperSouthSlough
Estuary:HGMHabitatMapping
UpperSouthSloughEstuary:NWIHabitatMapping
Cowardin, Lewis M. etal. 1979 Classificationof Wetlands andDeepwater Habitats of the United States
Google :NWI (NationalWetlands Inventory/inventaris ) classes
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Habitat MappingDistribution of Tidal Marshes
UpperSouthSloughEstuary:ReserveStaff HabitatMapping
UpperSouthSloughEstuary:HGMHabitatMapping
Adamus, P. 2006.Hydrogeomorphic(HGM) AssessmentGuidebookfor Tidal Wetlands of the Oregon Coast, Part1:Rapid AssessmentMethod.
Google :HGM classeshydrogeomorphic(HGM) wetland
http://opt/scribd/conversion/tmp/scratch6291/HGM.pdfhttp://opt/scribd/conversion/tmp/scratch6291/HGM.pdf8/3/2019 EstuarineWetlands KULIAH I
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Habitat MappingDistribution of Tidal Marshes
UpperSouthSloughEstuary:ReserveStaff HabitatMapping
Kutcher et. al. 2008
Habitat ClassificationScheme
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Lower Estuary(marine dominated)
Mid-Estuary(mostly marine-dominated)
Upper Estuary(river dominated)
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January 2007 August 2007
J. Alexander et. al.2007 SSNERR EstuaryAtlas Project
Salinity Gradient at High Tide- South SloughEstuary
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Gradients That Affect Tidal Marsh AttributesEstuarine Scale Marsh Scale
EnergyTidal/WindWaves
Channel Edge Forest EdgeUpper EstuaryLower Estuary
Salinity
High Energy
Proximity to ocean/fulltidal energy/swells Open/exposedestuary/relatively long fetch
results in wind waves
Low Energy
Far from oceaninfluence/minimal tidalenergy Protected marshplain/short fetch/small windwaves
Higher Energy
Tidal and wind waveenergy
Lower Energy
Energy reduced bychannel sinuosity /roughness andvegetation on marshplain
Elevation/ TidalInundation Period
Soils
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Gradients That Affect Tidal Marsh AttributesEstuarine Scale Marsh Scale
EnergyTidal/WindWaves
Channel Edge Forest EdgeUpper EstuaryLower Estuary
SalinityFull Strength Sea Water
High Energy
Proximity to ocean/fulltidal energy/swells Open/exposedestuary/relatively long fetch
results in wind waves
Low Energy
Far from oceaninfluence/minimal tidalenergy Protected marshplain/short fetch/small windwaves
Higher Energy
Tidal and wind waveenergy
Brackish/Fresh Water Higher Salinity Lower Salinity
Marine-dominated partof the estuary
Seasonally consistent
River-dominated part of the estuary
Seasonally shifting withriver discharge
Greatest estuarineinfluence
Least estuarineinfluence
Elevation/ TidalInundation Period
Soils
Lower Energy
Energy reduced bychannel sinuosity /roughness andvegetation on marshplain
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Gradients That Affect Tidal Marsh AttributesEstuarine Scale Marsh Scale
EnergyTidal/WindWaves
Channel Edge Forest EdgeUpper EstuaryLower Estuary
SalinityFull Strength Sea Water
High Energy
Proximity to ocean/fulltidal energy/swells Open/exposedestuary/relatively long fetch
results in wind waves
Low Energy
Far from oceaninfluence/minimal tidalenergy Protected marshplain/short fetch/small windwaves
Higher Energy
Tidal and wind waveenergy
Brackish/Fresh Water Higher Salinity
Marine-dominated partof the estuary
Seasonally consistent
River-dominated part of the estuary
Seasonally shifting withriver discharge
Greatest estuarineinfluence
Elevation/ TidalInundation Period
Soils Higher Sand Component Marine-dominated partof the estuary
Higher Silt.Clay Component River-dominated part of the estuary
Coarser Texture Finer Texture
Lower Energy
Energy reduced bychannel sinuosity /roughness andvegetation on marshplain
Lower Salinity
Least estuarineinfluence
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Gradients That Affect Tidal Marsh AttributesEstuarine Scale Marsh Scale
EnergyTidal/WindWaves
Channel Edge Forest EdgeUpper EstuaryLower Estuary
SalinityFull Strength Sea Water
High Energy
Proximity to ocean/fulltidal energy/swells Open/exposedestuary/relatively long fetch
results in wind waves
Low Energy
Far from oceaninfluence/minimal tidalenergy Protected marshplain/short fetch/small windwaves
Higher Energy
Tidal and wind waveenergy
Brackish/Fresh Water Higher Salinity
Marine-dominated partof the estuary
Seasonally consistent
River-dominated part of the estuary
Seasonally shifting withriver discharge
Greatest estuarineinfluence
Elevation/ TidalInundation Period
Lower Elevation MarshPlain
Normal Marsh PlainDevelopment
Lower Elevation Higher Elevation
Combination of highenergy, low profilevegetation (salinity andenergy influence), andcoarse soils acts tomaintain relatively lowmarsh plain elevation
Protected, robustlyvegetated marshesregularly inundated withsediment-laden tide water build and maintain maturemarsh elevations
Longer tidal inundationperiod (depending onpresence of naturallevees)
Shorter Inundationperiod
Soils Higher Sand Component Marine-dominated partof the estuary
Higher Silt.Clay Component River-dominated part of the estuary
Coarser Texture
Lower Energy
Energy reduced bychannel sinuosity /roughness andvegetation on marshplain
Lower Salinity
Least estuarineinfluence
Finer Texture
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Metcalf Is.Dom Spp:SALVIR,PUCPUM,
JAUCAR Total Spp: 6Valino Is.Dom Spp: SALVIR,DISSPI, JAUCAR,DESCAE
Total Spp: 20
Valino Is. Is
Dom Spp: DISSPI,SALVIR, JAUCAR Total Spp: 10
Hidden Cr.Dom Spp:DESCAE, JAUCAR,AGRSTO
Total Spp: 18
??
Danger Pt.Dom Spp: AGRSTO,
TRIMAR, CARLYN,DESCAE
Total Spp: 21
From: J. Hamilton et. al.2010 SSNERR SWMPBiomonitoring Project
Lower Estuary(marine dominated)
Upper Estuary(river dominated)
Mid-Estuary(mostly marine-dominated)
Dominated ?
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From:H. Harris et al. 2010 SSNERR/NERRS Reference SitesProject
Y28 Least Disturbed ReferenceSiteDom Spp: PHAARU, JUNBAL,AGRSTO, ARGEGE, CAROBN
Total Spp: 22
Y27 Restoration Site(The WetlandsConservancy)
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Change in EcosystemProcesses
Tectonic uplift- Gradual elevationchange
Tsunami- Infrequent but abruptelevation change; sedimentdeposition, erosion
Prolonged periods of river floodingor drought changes in plantcommunity structure anddistribution
Change in sediment regime- maturetidal marshes require sustainedsupply of sediment to maintainelevation
Large wood, fire, salmon and other
wildlife- All contribute to tidal marshfunctions and affect marsh
Adamus, P. 2006.Hydrogeomorphic(HGM) AssessmentGuidebookfor Tidal Wetlands of the Oregon Coast, Part3:Wetland Profiles of Oregons Coastal
sudden
dry
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Estuarine marshes:
Ecosystem Services
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Estuarine marshes:
Ecosystem Services / Functions
HABITAT and food websupportfood production and feeding refuge
Refuge and foraging for small fish and
crustaceans Feeding grounds for larger fish and crabs
during high water
Habitat for birds, mammals and reptiles High productivity at base of food chain
(vascular plants, microbial decomposers,benthic invertebrates)
Extensive use by migratory and transient fishand macro invertebrates due togeomorphological and biotic complexity;
Transfer of marsh production to greaterecosystem.
From:Peterson CH, Able KW,DeJong CF, Piehler MF,Simenstad CA,Zedler JB. 2008.Practical proxies fortidal marsh ecosystemservices: application toinjury and restoration.Advances Marine
Biology54:22166.
grazing
occasional
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BUFFER against storm andwave damagewave dissipation and water absorption
Particularly important for fringing marshesalong open estuaries where long fetchaccentuates shoreline wave impact
Entrain large wood that would otherwisecause damage in high intertidal
Shrub-scrub and forested wetland completely
dissipate wavesPeterson CH, Able KW,DeJong CF, Piehler MF,Simenstad CA,Zedler JB. 2008.Practical proxies fortidal marsh ecosystemservices: application toinjury and restoration.Advances Marine
Biology54:22166.
From:
Estuarine marshes:
Ecosystem Services / Functions
disapear edge
Attract/get
bush
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Estuarine marshes:
Ecosystem Services / Functions
SHORELINE STABILIZATIONstabilization and sedimentation toaccommodate sea-level rise
Sustain high rates of sediment accretion and
shoaling Promote marsh transgression
Reduce water column turbidity
Peterson CH, Able KW,DeJong CF, Piehler MF,Simenstad CA,Zedler JB. 2008.Practical proxies fortidal marsh ecosystemservices: application toinjury and restoration.Advances Marine
Biology54:22166.
From:
pelanggaran
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Estuarine marshes:
Ecosystem Services / Functions
HYDROLOGIC processingfloodwater storage
Constitute significant portion of tidal prismand flood water storage, particularly in marshsystem and in tidal floodplains where theyserve to dampen and desynchronize floodpulses
Peterson CH, Able KW,DeJong CF, Piehler MF,Simenstad CA,Zedler JB. 2008.Practical proxies fortidal marsh ecosystemservices: application toinjury and restoration.Advances Marine
Biology54:22166.
From:
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Estuarine marshes:
Ecosystem Services / Functions
HYDROLOGIC processingfloodwater storage
Constitute significant portion of tidal prismand flood water storage, particularly in marshsystem and in tidal floodplains where theyserve to dampen and desynchronize floodpulses
Peterson CH, Able KW,DeJong CF, Piehler MF,Simenstad CA,Zedler JB. 2008.Practical proxies fortidal marsh ecosystemservices: application toinjury and restoration.Advances Marine
Biology54:22166.
From:
WATER QUALITY sediment, nutrient and pathogenremoval in estuary and ocean
Extensive nutrient uptake, especially byassociated algae, accentuated by highflooding frequency and direction.
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Estuarine marshes:
Ecosystem Services / Functions
BIODIVERSITY including threatened and endangered species and resilience to
perturbations
High diversity and productivity of invertebrate and vertebrate fauna, especiallythreatened/endangered ocean-type Pacificsalmon
Peterson CH, Able KW,DeJong CF, Piehler MF,Simenstad CA,Zedler JB. 2008.Practical proxies fortidal marsh ecosystemservices: application toinjury and restoration.Advances Marine
Biology54:22166.
From:
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Estuarine marshes:
Ecosystem Services / Functions
BIODIVERSITY including threatened and endangered species and resilience to
perturbations
High diversity and productivity of invertebrate fauna, especially aquaticinsects, support important nekton, such asthreatened/endangered ocean-type Pacificsalmon
Peterson CH, Able KW,DeJong CF, Piehler MF,Simenstad CA,Zedler JB. 2008.Practical proxies fortidal marsh ecosystemservices: application toinjury and restoration.Advances Marine
Biology54:22166.
From:
CARBON STORAGE
Moderate to low due to lack of peat-buildingassemblages and high decomposition
High sediment accretion accounts for someburial?
Carbon soil
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Estuarine marshes:
Ecosystem Services / Functions
SOCIO-ECONOMIC services tohumansesthetics, heritage, ecotourism,education, human health
High non-extractive tourism use, especiallyassociated with migratory and resident birdwatching
Recreational extractive uses generallyrestricted to waterfowl hunting
Very important Native American traditional
harvest for weaving, therapeutic and othercultural uses
Many small community groups haveinstituted stewardship and monitoring of local coastal wetlands.
Peterson CH, Able KW,DeJong CF, Piehler MF,Simenstad CA,Zedler JB. 2008.Practical proxies fortidal marsh ecosystemservices: application toinjury and restoration.Advances Marine
Biology54:22166.
From:
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Estuarine marshes:
Ecosystem Services / Functions-
Mudflats
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Estuarine marshes:
Restoration designconsiderations
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Question:
What are the most importantconsiderations
when designing a restorationproject?
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Society for Ecological Restoration's
Guidelines for Developing and Managing
Ecological Restoration Projects
http://www.ser.org/content/guidelines_ecological
_restoration.asp
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http://www.ser.org/content/guidelines_ecological
_restoration.asp
Conceptual Planning Preliminary Tasks Implementation Planning Implementation Tasks Post-Implementation Tasks
Evaluation and Publicity
Society for Ecological Restoration's
Guidelines for Developing and Managing
Ecological Restoration Projects
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Conceptual Planning
1. Identify the project site location and its boundaries.
2. Identify ownership.
3. Identify the need for ecological restoration.
4. Identify the kind of ecosystem to be restored.
5. Identify restoration goals.
6. Identify physical site conditions in need of repair.
7. Identify stressors in need of regulation or re-initiation.
8. Identify and list the kinds of biotic interventions that are needed.
9. Identify landscape restrictions.
10. Identify project-funding sources.
11. Identify labor sources and equipment needs.
12. Identify biotic resource needs and sources.13. Identify the need for securing permits required bygovernment agencies.
14. Identify permit specifications, deed restrictions, andother legal constraints.
15. Identify project duration. Project duration can greatly affectproject costs.
www.ser.org
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Preliminary Tasks
17. Appoint a restoration practitioner who is in charge of all
technical aspects of restoration.18. Appoint the restoration team.
19. Prepare a budget to accommodate the completion of preliminarytasks.
20. Document existing project site conditions and describe the biota.
21. Document the project site history that led to the needfor restoration.
22. Conduct pre-project monitoring as needed.
23. Establish the reference ecosystem or reference.
etc.
www.ser.org
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Question:
Just pull back the dike andyoure done?
Dike breach vs. dike
removal
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Dike breach vs. dike
removalConsiderations: Project goals- full
functional recovery?
Project funding
Opportunities to use dikematerial for beneficialpurposes
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Kunz Marsh LessonsLearned
Few diked tidal wetland projectswill have enough dike material toadjust the entire site forsubsidence.
Suggest trying the use of available dike
material as a prograding benchnext to
upland edge?
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1991 Aerial Photo
Applying theConcept
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Dike
1991 Aerial Photo
Subsidedmarshsurface
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DikeMaterial1.8 mNAVD(Mid Marsh)
Marsh w/ removeddike1.4-1.5 m NAVD(Intertidal Mudflat)
1991 Aerial Photo
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1991 Aerial Photo
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Maturemarsh2.2 m NAVD
1991 Aerial Photo
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Question:
Is planting required??
Yr. 0
Yr. 3
Yr. 6
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Planting required?
Considerations: Project Goals
Landscape setting
Propagule sources
Colonization opportunities
Likelihood/intensity of invasive species presence
Lyngbys sedge
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Planting required? No
Kunz Marsh Restoration Project
Cornu, C. E., and S. Sadro. 2002.Physical and Functional Responsesto Experimental Marsh SurfaceElevation Manipulation in CoosBay's South Slough. RestorationEcology 10: 474-486.
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Planting required? Definitely
Anderson Creek RestorationProject
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1999 2003 2004 2005 2006
P e r c e n
t C o v e r
Buttercup Velvetgrass Bird's foot trefoil
Reed canary grass Soft rush HorsetailSmall-fruited bulrush Willow Slough sedgeBentgrass
Anderson Creek Percent Cover 1999-2006
Cornu, C.E. 2005. Restoring AndersonCreek Marsh. South Slough NERRCoastal Resource Management Series.
CRMS-2005-3. Coos Bay, Oregon.
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Planting required? OMG Most
Definitely Wasson Creek RestorationProject
Reed Canary Grass
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Kunz Marsh Restoration Project
Lyngbys sedgedominance
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Kunz Marsh Restoration Project
Lyngbys sedgedominance
KMHighCARLYN AGRSTOSALVIR DESCAE Salt Pan
2008 1577 522 298 2389062009 1698 298 228 1787662010 1972 638 160 236480
Average 1749 486 229 217 717
KMMidCARLYNAGRSTODESCAE TRIM AR
2008 2964 682 404 3642009 2572 366 271 1082010 2982 516 240 428
Average 2839 521 305 300
KMLowCARLYNZOSJAP TRIM ARELEPAR
2008 1988 652 296 1882009 1752 446 220 2062010 2194 422 430 328
Average 1978 507 315 241
Total Percent Cover
Total Percent Cover
Total Percent CoverDanger Point Ref Site
CARLYN AGRSTO TRIMAR DESCAE
2008 1472 1544 1060 1178
2009 1700 1546 1492 1056
2010 1582 1570 1610 1240
Average 1585 1553 1387 1158
Total Percent Cover
H. Harris et al. 2010
SSNERR/NERRSReference SitesPro ect
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Question:
Do tidal channels restorethemselves?
Yr. 0
Yr. 1
Yr. 4
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Do tidal channels restore themselves?
Yes and No: Kunz MarshRestoration Project
7 channels detected +3yrs.
23 channels detected +9yrs.
47 channels detected +11yrs.
C. Cornu. 2007 WTRP Update @Estuarine Wetland Restoration AdvisoryGroup Mtg..
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Do tidal channels restore themselves?
Yes and No: Dalton Creek RestorationProject
Yr. -7 Yr. 1 Yr. 7
Cornu, C.E. 2005. Restoring Cox, Daltonand Fredrickson Creek Marshes. SouthSlough NERR Coastal ResourceManagement Series. CRMS-2005-2.
Coos Bay, Oregon.
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Monitoring and Success Criteria
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Monitoring and Success Criteria
Considerations
Restoration Goals / Objectives- Probably linked to ecosystem
services / least-disturbed marshfunctions:
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Monitoring and Success Criteria
Considerations
Restoration Goals / Objectives- Probably linked to ecosystem
services / least-disturbed marshfunctions:
Habitat and food web support
Buffer storm and wave damage
Shoreline stabilization
Hydrologic processing
Water quality
Biodiversity
Carbon storage
Socio-economic services
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Monitoring and Success Criteria
Considerations
Restoration Goals / Objectives- Probably linked to ecosystem
services / least-disturbed marshfunctions Protocol
- Before-After / Control Impact(Before and as-built-After /
Reference site-Restoration site)- Track specific suite of marsh
attributes as indicators of marsh structure and function
memorandum
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Monitoring and Success Criteria
Protocols
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Monitoring and Success Criteria
Vegetation Protocols
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Monitoring and Success Criteria
Reference Condition Database
Brophy et. al. 2010 In-Situ MultichannelWireless Sensor Networks and iButtonTemperature Logger Arrays for CharacterizingHabitat Drivers in Tidal Wetland ReferenceSites. Final report in prep.
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Monitoring and Success Criteria
Reference Condition Database
Brophy et. al. 2010 In-Situ MultichannelWireless Sensor Networks and iButtonTemperature Logger Arrays for CharacterizingHabitat Drivers in Tidal Wetland ReferenceSites. Final report in prep.
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Monitoring and Success Criteria
Reference Condition Database
Brophy et. al. 2010 In-Situ MultichannelWireless Sensor Networks and iButtonTemperature Logger Arrays for CharacterizingHabitat Drivers in Tidal Wetland ReferenceSites. Final report in prep.
Database to be made available on theOregon Explorer website
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Craig CornuSouth Slough National EstuarineResearch ReserveCharleston, [email protected] 888-2581 x:301http://www.oregon.gov/DSL/SSNERR/resourcelibrary.shtml