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Essentials of Fire Fighting
6th Edition
Chapter 23 — Hazards, Behavior, and Identification of
Haz Mat/WMD
Recognize introductory information regarding hazardous materials.
Learning Objective 1
23–1
Alternatively called dangerous
goods Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
A hazardous material is a substance that can be dangerous to human health or the environment if not controlled.
23–2
Human error
Mechanical malfunction
Container failure
Transportation accident
Vandalism or terrorism
Haz mat incidents can be caused by several factors.
23–3
Variety of hazards
encountered
Potential health
effects of materials
Physical hazards
associated with
materials
Safely mitigating haz mat incidents requires that firefighters understand three concepts.
23–4
CAUTION
The presence of hazardous materials may significantly change mitigation strategies and tactics.
23–5
REVIEW QUESTION
What are the main causes of hazardous materials incidents?
23–6
Explain the six types of hazardous materials hazards.
Learning Objective 2
23–7
Acute
Chronic
There are two types of health effects that may result from haz mat incidents.
23–8
Thermal hazards involve extremes of heat or cold.
23–9
Elevated temperatures
Low temperatures
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Radiological hazards are categorized as nonionizing or ionizing.
23–10
REVIEW QUESTION
What do the four types of ionizing radiation have in common; how do they differ?
23–11
Radiation health hazards vary depending on the type of dose.
23–12
Asphyxiation hazards prevent the body from absorbing oxygen.
23–13
Chemical hazards are grouped into several categories.
23–14
(Cont.)Poisons/toxins
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CAUTION
All personnel working at hazardous materials incidents must use appropriate personal protective equipment, including respiratory protection.
23–15
Chemical hazards are grouped into several categories.
23–16
(Cont.)
Corrosives
Chemical hazards are grouped into several categories.
23–17
Irritants Convulsants
Carcinogens Sensitizers/allergens
REVIEW QUESTION
What are the common categories for chemical hazards?
23–18
Viruses Bacteria
Rickettsias Biological toxins
Etiological or biological hazards cause severe, possibly infectious, diseases.
23–19
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Mechanical hazards cause injury through blunt physical force.
23–20
REVIEW QUESTION
What types of mechanical hazards are created by explosions?
23–21
Describe routes of entry for hazardous materials.
Learning Objective 3
23–22
There are four routes of entry into the human body for hazardous materials.
23–23
REVIEW QUESTION
How do hazardous materials enter the body?
23–24
Describe the physical properties of hazardous materials.
Learning Objective 4
23–25
Each state of matter poses different types of hazards.
23–26
Flash pointAutoignitiontemperature
Flammable, combustible,
explosive range
The behavior of flammable materials depends on several properties.
23–27
Vapor pressure is the measure of a substance’s tendency to evaporate.
23–28
Temperature at which
• Vapor pressure greater than or equal to atmospheric pressure
• Liquid changes to gas
Usually expressed
• In degrees F (C)
• At sea level air pressure
Special fire hazards
• Present if low boiling point
Boiling liquid expanding vapor
explosion (BLEVE) may be caused
Boiling point is another property that influences material behavior.
23–29
Vapor density measures weight of a pure vapor or gas in comparison to an equal volume of dry air in similar conditions.
23–30
Percentage of material that dissolves in water at ambient temperature
Can help determine appropriate spill cleanup methods, extinguishing agents
Knowing a material’s solubility can help determine important information.
23–31
Specific gravity is the density of a substance in comparison to another standard material, typically water.
23–32
Persistence is a material’s ability to remain in the environment.
23–33
Reactivity is the ability of a substance to chemically react with other materials.
23–34
Catalyst causes molecules to combine in
chain
• If uncontrolled, tremendous energy can be released
Inhibitors
• Slow down, prevent unwanted chemical reactions
• Added to polymerizing materials
• Many time-sensitive
Polymerization is also a type of chemical reaction that can be dangerous.
23–35
REVIEW QUESTION
How do the nine physical properties of hazardous materials help predict the behavior of the material?
23–36
Explain the six stages of the General Emergency Behavior Model (GEBMO) used to describe typical hazardous materials events.
Learning Objective 5
23–37
The General Emergency Behavior Model (GEBMO) describes the typical sequence of events at an incident.
23–38
Thermal
Chemical
Mechanical
There are three ways in which a container stressed beyond its design strength may breach (fail).
23–39
A container breach may occur in various ways and can be partial or total.
23–40
After a breach, release of the contents and stored energy occurs.
23–41
DetonationViolent rupture
Rapid relief
Spill/leak
Several patterns describe the dispersion/engulfment of a container’s contents after release.
23–42
(Cont.)
Several patterns describe the dispersion/engulfment of a container’s contents after release.
23–43
(Cont.)
Several patterns describe the dispersion/engulfment of a container’s contents after release.
23–44
(Cont.)
Several patterns describe the dispersion/engulfment of a container’s contents after release.
23–45
Short
-term
Seconds
Minutes
Hours
Mediu
m-t
erm
Days
Weeks
Months
Long-t
erm
Years
Generations
Exposure/contact is measured in three time frames.
23–46
Estimations
• Always include worst-case scenario
Estimation of harm is assessed for the environment and/or human health.
23–47
DISCUSSION QUESTION
How can urban environments affect releases?
23–48
REVIEW QUESTION
What are the six stages of the General Emergency Behavior Model (GEBMO)?
23–49
Identify the seven categories of clues to the presence of hazardous materials/weapons of mass destruction.
Learning Objective 6
23–50
There are seven clues to the presence of hazardous materials.
23–51
Locations and occupancies are the first indicator of hazardous materials.
23–52
REVIEW QUESTION
What types of occupancies and locations are most likely to have hazardous materials?
23–53
Causing the greatest number of casualties
Causing panic and/or disruption
Damaging the economy
Destroying property
Demoralizing the community
Terrorism intends to do harm by one of several actions.
23–54
Certain occupancies are more likely to be targets for terrorist attack.
23–55
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DISCUSSION QUESTION
What are some examples of each of the occupancy types that may be the target of terrorist attacks?
23–56
Container types and shapes fall into several main categories.
23–57
Bulk-capacity fixed-facility containers
Bulk transportation containers
Intermediate bulk containers
Ton containers(Cont.)
CAUTION
Structural fire fighting PPE does not provide adequate protection against the hazardous materials commonly stored in ton containers.
23–58
Container types and shapes fall into several main categories.
23–59
Nonbulk packaging
Containers for radioactive materials
REVIEW QUESTION
How can container types and shapes give clues about the presence of hazardous materials/weapons of mass destruction?
23–60
U.S. DOT Four-digit UN identification numbers
Other
Transportation placards, labels, and markings take several forms.
23–61
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Railroad car markings
• Reporting marks
• Capacity stencil
• Specification marking
Intermodal container/tank
Railroad car and international intermodal markings are found in various forms and locations.
23–62
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REVIEW QUESTION
What types of transportation, placards, labels, and markings are used when transporting hazardous materials?
23–63
There are several other marking and color systems in use as well.
23–64
(Cont.)
There are several other marking and color systems in use as well.
23–65
(Cont.)
CAUTION WARNING
DANGER POISON
There are several other marking and color systems in use as well.
23–66
(Cont.)
There are several other marking and color systems in use as well.
23–67
(Cont.)
“Red you’re dead”
“Yellow you’re mellow”
“White is bright”
CAUTION
When the military ships hazardous materials by common carrier, it is not required to use DOT and TC transportation markings.
23–68
There are several other marking and color systems in use as well.
23–69
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Describe the written resources used to identify hazardous materials.
Learning Objective 7
23–70
There are several written resources that can help identify hazardous materials.
23–71
(Cont.)Shipping papers
There are several written resources that can help identify hazardous materials.
23–72
(Cont.)Safety data
sheets
There are several written resources that can help identify hazardous materials.
23–73
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REVIEW QUESTION
What are three common written resources used to identify hazardous materials?
23–74
Explain the ways to safely use the five senses, along with monitoring and detection equipment, to detect the presence of hazardous materials.
Learning Objective 8
23–75
WARNING
Never use your senses to detect hazardous materials. This method is unreliable and extremely dangerous.
23–76
Chemical reactions
Physical actions
Indicators of physical or chemical actions/reactions
Vision, at a distance, can be the safest sense to alert you to the presence of hazardous materials.
23–77
Hearing
Smell
Taste
Touch
Other senses can also provide clues.
23–78
Changes in respiration
Changes in level of
consciousness
Abdominal distress
Changes in activity level
The senses of other people can also alert firefighters to hazardous materials.
23–79
Visual disturbances
Skin changesChanges in excretion or
thirstPain
Used to determine presence,
concentration Require specialized training
Monitoring and detection devices are effective only if in contact with the material.
23–80
REVIEW QUESTION
How are the senses, as well as monitoring and detection equipment, used to safely detect the presence of hazardous materials?
23–81
Identify common indicators of terrorist attacks.
Learning Objective 9
23–82
Deliberately target people
Higher potential for civilian casualties and greater risk from contaminated victims and structural collapse
May involve booby traps, armed resistance, secondary devices
Terrorist attacks differ from other haz mat incidents in several ways.
23–83
Unusually large number of people with similar symptoms reporting
Explosion at movie theater, government building, or location with historical or symbolic significance
Two or more medical emergencies in transportation hub, office building, or other public place
May be preceded by threat or warning of attack
There are several circumstances that may be indicators of terrorist attack.
23–84
Each type of attack has specific indicators and signs to be aware of.
23–85
(Cont.)
Chemical
Biological
Radiological
Nuclear
Explosive/incendiary
REVIEW QUESTION
What are the five categories of terrorist attack indicators?
23–86
Describe the common indicators and types of illicit laboratories.
Learning Objective 10
23–87
Firefighters should know several facts regarding illicit laboratories
23–88
Produce illegal or controlled substances
Can be found almost anywhere
May be portable
Many contain products that are toxic, explosive, or highly flammable
May involve booby traps or armed resistance
DISCUSSION QUESTION
What drug is being made in most drug labs?
23–89
The most common hazard for meth labs is flammability.
23–90
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CAUTION
Fire suppression at illicit labs can be difficult because chemicals such as sodium and lithium are highly water-reactive.
23–91
Meth labs may be indicated by equipment and other indicators.
23–92
Chemical labs are indicated by the presence of several items.
23–93
Explosive labs are the second most common type of lab discovered.
REVIEW QUESTION
What are the indicators a responder should look for when trying to identify the difference between a drug lab and an explosives lab?
23–95
Biological lab indicators include several items.
23–96
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Explain ways to protect against secondary attacks and booby traps.
Learning Objective 11
23–97
Used to
Secondary devices –May be used
Booby traps
Typically detonated
Hidden or camouflaged
• Create chaos
• Divert responders from primary attack
• Terrorist attack
• Criminal event
• Illicit labs
• Often set at illicit labs
• May utilize other weapons
• Timer
• Radio-controlled or cell phone-activated device
• Disguised as almost anything
Secondary devices and booby traps target those already at the incident.
23–98
There are several items that should arouse curiosity at an incident.
23–99
Containers with unknown liquids or
materials
Unusual devices or containers with
electronic components
Devices containing several flammable
materials
Materials attached to or surrounding an item that could be used for shrapnel
Ordnance
Anticipate presence of a secondary
device
Perform visual search for suspicious items before moving into the incident area
Never touch or move any item that may
conceal an explosive device
Establish scene security and scene
control zones
Evacuate victims and nonessential
personnel as quickly as possible
Firefighters should follow several guidelines to guard against possible secondary devices.
23–100
There are a wide variety of types of booby traps to be aware of.
23–101
Always maintain situational awareness
Avoid complacency
Use explosion-proof equipment
Take aerial reconnaissance photographs
before entering
Do not touch or move loose items
Check doors and openings for wires
and/or traps
There are several steps firefighters can take to avoid booby traps.
23–102
REVIEW QUESTION
What types of devices may be commonly used as booby traps or for a secondary attack?
23–103
• Hazardous materials can be present at any incident scene, and responders should always be aware of their possible presence and the unique challenges they pose.
• Responders must be able to recognize containers that may contain hazardous materials, and be able to predict what types of hazards may be involved.
Summary
23–104
(Cont.)
• Responders should also be able to predict the behavior of hazardous materials, and how to recognize and respond to incidents involving terrorist attacks and illicit laboratories.
Summary
23–105
