Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th Edition …pleasanton.k12.ca.us/fhsweb/cuozzo/Handouts/01introduction/01...Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th Edition Martini/Bartholomew

Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th EditionMartini / Bartholomew

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prepared by Alan Magid, Duke University

An Introduction

to Anatomy & Physiology

An Introduction

to Anatomy & Physiology11

Slides 1 to 73

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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Introduction

All living organisms share the

following characteristics:

• Responsiveness

• Growth

• Reproduction

• Movement

• Metabolism




Anatomy & Physiology Sciences

Anatomists study:

• Internal and external structure

• Physical relationships among body parts

Physiologists study:

• How organisms perform vital functions





Gross anatomy

• “Naked eye” anatomy

• Surface anatomy

• Regional anatomy

• Sectional anatomy





Microscopic anatomy

• Cytology: study of individual cells

• Histology: study of tissues





Human physiology:

Study of human body function

• Cell physiology

• Special physiology

• System physiology

• Pathological physiology




Levels of Organization

Life is built on successive levels of increasing complexity:

• Chemical (or Molecular)

• Cellular

• Tissue

• Organ

• Organ System

• Organism





OrganismLevel

Integumentary

SkeletalMuscular

NervousEndocrine

CardiovascularLymphatic

RespiratoryDigestive

Urinary

Reproductive

OrganLevel

Theheart

Cardiacmuscletissue

Tissue Level(Chapter 4)

Cellular Level(Chapter 3)

Heartmuscle

cell

Protein filaments

Complex proteinmolecule

Atoms incombination

Chemical orMolecular Level

(Chapter 2)

OrganSystem Level

(Chapters 5–20)

Figure 1-11 of 7





Atoms incombination


(Chapter 2)

Figure 1-12 of 7





Heartmuscle

cell

Protein filaments


Atoms incombination


(Chapter 2)

Figure 1-13 of 7




Cardiacmuscletissue



Heartmuscle

cell

Protein filaments


Atoms incombination


(Chapter 2)

Figure 1-14 of 7




Cardiovascular

OrganLevel

Theheart

Cardiacmuscletissue



Heartmuscle

cell

Protein filaments


Atoms incombination


(Chapter 2)

OrganSystem Level

(Chapters 5–20)

Figure 1-15 of 7




Integumentary

SkeletalMuscular

NervousEndocrine



Urinary

Reproductive

OrganLevel

Theheart

Cardiacmuscletissue



Heartmuscle

cell

Protein filaments


Atoms incombination


(Chapter 2)

OrganSystem Level

(Chapters 5–20)

Figure 1-16 of 7




Integumentary

SkeletalMuscular

NervousEndocrine



Urinary

Reproductive

OrganLevel

Theheart

Cardiac

muscletissue



Heart

musclecell

Protein filaments


Atoms incombination


(Chapter 2)

OrganismLevel

OrganSystem Level

(Chapters 5–20)

Figure 1-17 of 7



Overview of Organ Systems

The human body is arranged in 11

organ systems:

• Integumentary

• Skeletal

• Muscular

• Nervous

• Endocrine

• Cardiovascular

• Lymphatic

• Respiratory

• Digestive

• Urinary

• Reproductive

Organ SystemsPLAY




The Integumentary System

Figure 1-2(a)



The Skeletal System

Figure 1-2(b)



The Muscular System

Figure 1-2(c)



The Nervous System

Figure 1-2(d)



The Endocrine System

Figure 1-2(e)



The Cardiovascular System

Figure 1-2(f)



The Lymphatic System

Figure 1-2(g)



The Respiratory System

Figure 1-2(h)



The Digestive System

Figure 1-2(i)



The Urinary System

Figure 1-2(j)



Male Reproductive System

Figure 1-2(k)



Female Reproductive System

Figure 1-2(l)



Introduction to Organ Systems

Key Note

The body can be divided

into 11 organ systems, but

all work together and the boundaries between them

aren’t absolute.




Homeostatic Regulation

Homeostasis

• Maintains stable internal conditions

• Temperature

• Ionic concentrations

• Blood sugar levels, etc.

• Utilizes negative feedback

mechanisms





Regulation depends on:

• Receptor sensitive to a particular stimulus

• Effector that affects the same stimulus





RECEPTOR

Thermometer

STIMULUS:Room temperature

rises

Normalconditiondisturbed

HOMEOSTASISNormalroom

temperature

RESPONSE:Room temperature

dropsNormal

conditionrestored

EFFECTOR

Air conditionerturns on

Sendscommands

to

Informationaffects

CONTROL CENTER(Thermostat)

20o 30o 40o

Figure 1-3

1 of 6





temperature

Figure 1-3

2 of 6




RECEPTOR

Thermometer


rises



temperature

Figure 1-3

3 of 6




RECEPTOR

Thermometer


rises



temperature

Informationaffects


20o 30o 40o

Figure 1-3

4 of 6




RECEPTOR

Thermometer


rises



temperature

EFFECTOR


Sendscommands

to

Informationaffects


20o 30o 40o

Figure 1-3

5 of 6



RECEPTOR

Thermometer


rises



temperature

RESPONSE:Room temperature

dropsNormal

conditionrestored

EFFECTOR


Sendscommands

to

Informationaffects


20o 30o 40o


Figure 1-3

6 of 6




Negative Feedback:

• Variation outside normal limits triggers automatic corrective response

• Response negates disturbance




Figure 1-4

1 of 10Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

RECEPTOR

Body’stemperature

sensorsSTIMULUS

Body temperaturerises above 37.2oC(99oF)

RESPONSE

Increased blood flowto skinIncreased sweatingStimulus removedHomeostasis restored

Controlmechanismwhen bodytemperature

rises

EFFECTOR

Blood vesselsand sweat

glands in skin

Negativefeedback

Sendscommands

to

Informationaffects

Informationaffects

CONTROLCENTER

Thermoregulatorycenter in brain

Sendscommands

to

EFFECTOR

Blood vesselsand sweat glands

in skinSkeletal muscles

Negativefeedback


falls

RECEPTOR

Body’stemperature

sensors STIMULUS

Body temperaturefalls below 37.2oC(99oF)

RESPONSE

Decreased blood flowto skinDecreased sweatingShiveringStimulus removedHomeostasis restored




STIMULUS


Control

mechanism

when body

temperaturerises

CONTROLCENTER


Figure 1-4

2 of 10




RECEPTOR

Body’stemperature

sensorsSTIMULUS


Control

mechanism

when body

temperaturerises

CONTROLCENTER


Informationaffects

Figure 1-4

3 of 10




RECEPTOR

Body’stemperature

sensorsSTIMULUS


Control

mechanism

when body

temperaturerises

EFFECTOR


glands in skin

Sendscommands

to

CONTROLCENTER


Informationaffects

Figure 1-4

4 of 10




RECEPTOR

Body’stemperature

sensorsSTIMULUS


RESPONSE


Control

mechanism

when body

temperaturerises

EFFECTOR


glands in skin

Negativefeedback

Sendscommands

to

CONTROLCENTER


Informationaffects

Figure 1-4

5 of 10




STIMULUS


Controlmechanism

when body

temperature

falls

CONTROLCENTER


Figure 1-4

6 of 10




RECEPTOR

Body’stemperature

sensors STIMULUS


Controlmechanism

when body

temperature

falls

CONTROLCENTER


Informationaffects

Figure 1-4

7 of 10




RECEPTOR

Body’stemperature

sensors STIMULUS


Controlmechanism

when body

temperature

falls

EFFECTOR



Sendscommands

to

CONTROLCENTER


Informationaffects

Figure 1-4

8 of 10




RECEPTOR

Body’stemperature

sensors STIMULUS


RESPONSE


Controlmechanism

when body

temperature

falls

EFFECTOR



Negativefeedback

Sendscommands

to

CONTROLCENTER


Informationaffects

Figure 1-4

9 of 10



Figure 1-4

10 of 10Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

RECEPTOR

Body’stemperature

sensorsSTIMULUS


RESPONSE



rises

EFFECTOR


glands in skin

Negativefeedback

Sendscommands

to

Informationaffects

Informationaffects

CONTROLCENTER


Sendscommands

to

EFFECTOR



Negativefeedback


falls

RECEPTOR

Body’stemperature

sensors STIMULUS


RESPONSE





Positive Feedback:

• Stimulus produces response that reinforces the stimulus

• Response rapidly completes critical process





Figure 1-5




Homeostasis and Disease

• Failure of homeostatic regulation

• Symptoms appear

• Organ system malfunction





Key Note

Physiological systems work

together to maintain a stableinternal environment. They

monitor and adjust internal conditions.




The Language of Anatomy

Surface Anatomy

• Anatomical Position

• Hands at side

• Palms forward

• Feet together

• Supine: Face up

• Prone: Face down





Figure 1-6(a)




Figure 1-6(b)




Anatomical Regions

• Two methods to map abdominal

and pelvic regions

• Four abdominopelvic quadrants

• Nine abdominopelvic regions





Figure 1-7(a)




Figure 1-7(b)




Figure 1-7(c)




A few anatomical directions:

• Anterior (= ventral)

• Posterior (= dorsal)

• Superior

• Inferior

• Lateral

• Medial

• Proximal

• Distal





Figure 1-8




Sectional Anatomy: Planes and Sections

• Transverse plane

• Transverse section

• Frontal plane

• Frontal section

• Sagittal plane

• Sagittal section





Figure 1-9




Ventral body cavity

• Protects delicate organs

• Permits organ growth and movement

• Surrounds:

• Respiratory

• Cardiovascular

• Digestive

• Urinary

• Reproductive organs





Diaphragm subdivides ventral cavity:

• Thoracic cavity

• Pleural cavities (R and L)

• Pericardial cavity

• Abdominopelvic cavity

• Abdominal cavity

• Pelvic cavity

• Peritoneal membrane





Key Note

Anatomical descriptions refer to an

individual in the anatomical position:

standing, with the hands at the sides,

palms facing forward, and feet together.





Figure 1-10(a)




Radiological Procedures

• X-rays

• CT Scans

• MRIs

• Ultrasound




X-Rays

Figure 1-11(a)



X-Rays

Figure 1-11(b)



Common Scanning Techniques

Figure 1-12(a)




Figure 1-12(b)




Figure 1-12(c)




Figure 1-12(d)



Documents

Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th Edition …pleasanton.k12.ca.us/fhsweb/cuozzo/Handouts/01introduction/01...Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th Edition Martini/Bartholomew