WHAT IS THE TOEFL?CHAPTER 1GETTINGTO KNOWTHE TOEFLThe TOEFL is a comprehensive English language examination required by more than 3,000 colleges and universities in the United tates, !anada, and other parts o" the #orld$ %n addition, "oreign born pro"essionals "requently need a TOEFL score "or certi"ication to practice their pro"ession in the United tates or !anada$The TOEFL is a timed test that consists o" the three sections listed here$T&E TOEFLection ' Listening !omprehension (0 questions3( minutes)art *)art + )art !tatementshort ,ialogs-inital.s and Extended !onversations/0 questions'( questions'( questionsection /tructure and 0ritten Expressiontructure0ritten Expression10 questions/( minutes'( questions/( questionsection 3 2ocabulary and 3eading!omprehension2ocabulary3eading !omprehension40 questions1( minutes30 questions30 questionsSECTION 1: LISTENING COMPREHENSIONThis section o" the TOEFL test your ability to understand spo.en *merican English$ 5ou #ill hear taped conversations to #hich you #ill ma.e responses$ )art * and + contain samples o" in"ormal *merican English$ %diomatic expressions and t#o6#ord verbs are common in these parts$Single Statement%n )art * you #ill hear a single statement made by a man or a #oman$ %n your test boo.let, there are "our sentences$ 5ou must choose the sentence that is closest in meaning to the one you heard$5OU 0%LL &E*37To get to the post o""ice, cross the street, go three bloc.s, and you8ll see it right on the corner$ 5OU 0%LL EE79*: The post o""ice is right on the corner$ 9+: The post o""ice is at the next corner$ 9!: The post o""ice has a cross near it$9,: The post o""ice is three bloc.s a#ay$The correct choice is, #hich most closely gives the same meaning as the sentence you heard$ %t is important "or you to .no# that i" similar sounding #ords or the same #ords appear in an ans#er choice, that ans#er choice is seldom correct$Short Dialogs)art + contains short dialogs "ollo#ed by a question about #hat the people said in their conversation$ ;enerally, .ey in"ormation is "ound in the second spea.er8s sentence$ 5ou #ill need to understand the meaning o" the conversation and also the context , such as the time or place in #hich it could occur$ The correct choice directly ans#ers the question$5OU 0%LL &E3E79-an ,id you get to go shopping last night8< 90oman: They8d already loc.ed the doors by the time% got there$9-an: 0hat does the #oman mean< 5OU 0%LL EE79*: he arrived in time to shop$ 9+: he #as too late$9!: he loc.ed the doors$ 9,: he had to buy the door$The correct choice is$ ince the doors #ere loc.ed #hen she arrived, she could not have gone shopping$ =ote that the other choices use #ords heard in the conversation$ !hoices that contain such #ords are usually not correct$Extended Conversation / Minitalks%n )art ! you #ill hear an extended conversation or a minital.$ The English in this section is generally more "ormal and academic, typical o" English conversation or lectures that ta.e place in a university or college setting$ *"ter each conversation or minital., there are bet#een "our and eight spo.en questions about its content$ !hoose your ans#er "rom among the "our choices that appear in your test boo.6let$ Loo. at the example here$5OU 0%LL &E3E7-an7 ;ood morning, ladies and gentlemen$ 0elcome to this tour o" one o" the nation8s most important cities, !hicago$ +e"ore #e begin, %8d li.e to give you some bac.ground in"ormation that #ill ma.e the tour more en>oyable "or you$ The city #as "ounded in '?3@$ %ts strategic location on La.e -ichigan quic.ly made it the center o" commerce "or the -id#est section o" the country$ %t is currently the third largest metropolitan area %n the United tates$ The city8s site is generally level, built mostly on glacial plain$ The narro# !hicago 3iver extends one mile inland "rom La.e -ichigan, #here it splits, dividing the city into =orth, 0est, and outh sides$ !hicago8s #eather is sub>ect to rapid changes, but generally the climate is cold and #indy in the #inter, and hot and humid in the summer$0oman7 0hat gave !hicago an advantage over other -id#est cities< 5OU 0%LL EE79*: %ts level site$9+: %ts location on La.e -ichigan$ 9!: %ts large population$9,: %ts location along the !hicago 3iver$*ccording to the minital., #ould be the correct choice$ 3emember that you #ill not have a #ritten copy o" the spea.er8s tal. or conversation and you #ill only hear it once$ 5ou must concentrate on details, such as names, dates, and the main idea o" the selection that you hear$ ,o not read the choices as you listen to the tal.$ Listen care6"ully and try to remember #hat you hear$SECTION 2: STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSIONThis section contains t#o types o" questions, both designed to test your ability to recogniAe correct style and grammar in #ritten English$ The sentences are academicB ones that you typically "ind in college level texts, >ournals, and encyclopedias$ The sentence topics include the social sciences, physical and li"e sciences, and the humanities$StructureThe structure questions test your ability to recogniAe correct structure and #ord order$ These questions consist o" a sentence #ith one or more #ords missing$ 5ou must ma.e the choice that best completes the sentence$ &ere is an example o" this type o" question$5OU 0%LL EE7a short time a"ter the !ivil 0ar, *tlanta has become the principal center o" transportation, commerce, and "inance in the southeastern United tates$9*:0hilerebuilt9+:%t #as rebuilt9!: 3ebuilt9,: 0hen rebuiltThe correct choice is 9!:$ The other choices ma.e the sentence incorrect or a#.#ard$Written ExpressionThe #ritten expression questions test your ability to recogniAe errors in grammar or expression$ These questions consist o" complete sentences #ith "our underlined #ords or phrases$ 5ou must identi"y the underlined part o" the sentence that needs to be changed in order to ma.e the sentence correct$ *n example "ollo#s$5OU 0%LL EE7The =ava>o %ndians have displayed a mar.ed ability* +to incorporate aspects o" other cultures into a changing, !"lexibility li"estyle,The correct choice is 9,:$ Flexibility, a noun, appears #here an ad>ective must appear$ %n addition to inappropriate parts o" speech, be sure to chec. "or missing #ords and extra #ords that are inappropriate "or the context$SECTION 3: VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION;ood reading s.ills and an ample vocabulary are .eys to doing #ell on all sections o" the TOEFL$ This section o" the TOEFL speci"ically test these s.ills$ -any TOEFL test ta.ers complain that they do not have enough time to care"ully ans#er all questions in this section$ %t is very important that you "ollo# the instructions in this boo. so that you #ill use all the allotted time to your advantage$VocabularyThe "irst questions on this section #ill test your English vocabulary$ There are 30 academic sentences, each containing an underlined #ord$ 5ou must choose the #ord that has the same meaning "rom among the "our choices$ &ere8s an example$5OU 0%LL EE7The United tates has instituted a set o" "orest conservation measures to maintain "orest land$ 9*: accepted9+: published 9!: established 9,: suggestedThe #ord that is closest in meaning to the tested #ord, instituted, is choice 9!:$ Further hints "or vocabulary questions can be "ound in !hapter /$Reading Comprehension5our ability to read and understand college level reading material is test on this part o" the TOEFL$ 5ou #ill "ind "ive or six reading passages, each "ollo#ed by "our to seven questions$ 5ou must #or.quic.ly and e""iciently$ &ere is a sample passage$5OU 0%LL EE7* lens has one or more curved sur"aces that re"ract or bend, light rays passing through it to "orm an image on a sur"ace beyond the lens$ Examples o" such sur"aces are the retina o" the eye or a movie screen$ The distance "rom the lens to the "ocal plane is .no#n as "ocal length$ %n cameras, telescopes, and similar devices, the lens is turned on a scre#6thread mounting to ad>ust the "ocal length$ This action allo#s "ocusing o" images o" ob>ects at various distances$ %n the human eye, "ocal length is ad>usted by muscles that alter the lens curvature$ Light rays o" di""erent colors are bent by varying degrees as they pass through a curved sur"ace$ This causes a distortion o" the image, .no#n as chromatic aberration$ %n cameras, sharp images are obtained by arranging t#o ormore lenses so that the aberration o" one cancels out the aberration o" another$ uch an arrangement o" lenses is called an achromatic lens$CUET%O=7*ccording to the passage, #hat is "ocal length< 9*: * curved sur"ace that re"racts light$9+: The distance "rom the "ocal plane to the lens$9!: *d>ustment by the muscles that alters lens curvature$9,: The degree that light rays o" di""erent colors are bent by the lens$This is a "actual question$ The in"ormation needed to ans#er this question is directly stated in the text$ !hoice 9+: is the correct ans#er$ ome questions #ill as. you to dra# conclusions based on material in the passage, other #ill as. about the main idea o" a selection$ ome may even as. #hat in"ormation does not appear in the passage$THE TEST OF WRITTEN ENGLISH-ost TOEFL test sessions no# require the Test o" 0ritten English$ The T0E #ill test your abilityto respond to topics that you may "ind on typical college level #riting assignments$ %t #ill test yourability toexpress yoursel" as #ell as your organiAational s.ills $ The score on this test is reported separately and is not used to determine your TOEFL score$SOME HELPFUL HINTSOn all parts o" the TOEFL, be sure to ans#er every question$ %" you must guess, choose choice 9+:or 9!: since they are slightly more li.ely to be the correct choice than 9*: or 9,:$0atch your timeD +e sure to #ear a #atch and be a#are o" the time you have remaining in each section$ ,o not #aste time reading directions or example in your test boo.let$ 5ou should become "amiliar #ith these be"ore you ta.e the test$ 0hen you are told to begin, go directly to the "irst question$ 0hen time has expired on a section, you may not return to it$ 0or. quic.ly and accurately$ %" it seems obvious that you #ill not "inish a section #ithin the time limit, guess or choose ans#er 9+: or 9!: in order to complete the section$)repare yoursel" "or the test$ %n addition to this boo., +arron8s &o# to )repare "or the TOEFL provides you #ith practical hints, tapes #ith sample questions, model test, and a grammar revie# to help you maximiAe your TOEFL score$ CHAPTER2 UNDERSTANDINGTHETOEFL:Vocabularya! R"a!#$Co%&r"'"(#oS"c)#o,eveloping a good English vocabulary is the most important #ay to prepare "or the vocabulary you #ill see on the TOEFL$ %n addition to developing a good English vocabulary, it is very important to .no# the .ind o" vocabulary you #ill see on the TOEFL and to understand ho# it is tested$2ocabulary and 3eading !omprehension ma.e up ection 3 o" the TOEFL$ This section contains 30 vocabulary questions and 30 reading comprehension questions$ 3emember that your general vocabulary is tested in all sections o" the TOEFL$ &o#ever, it is in this section o" the TOEFL #here your .no#ledge o" speci"ic vocabulary is tested$5ou #ill have 1( minutes to complete this section o" the TOEFL$ -any test ta.ers report that they do not have enough time to complete the reading comprehension questions, so you should #or. quic.ly in order to complete the vocabulary questions as soon as you can$ %" you "ollo# the strategies in this boo. you #ill have more time to complete the 3eading !omprehension section o" the TOEFL$The Vocabulary Question2ocabulary questions are #ritten in a "ormal, academic style, typical o" most college or university level texts and >ournals$ The topics o" these sentences are those that a "irst6year college student in =orth *merica #ould be li.ely to encounter$ The topics come "rom such areas as the natural sciences, business, liberal arts, and the social sciences$ -any sentences contain re"erences to =orth *merican places and personalities$ Others #ill re"er to historical events and may include dates$ %t is important "or you to understand that your .no#ledge o" these areas is never tested on the TOEFL$ 5ou do not have to be "amiliar #ith the content o" the sentences to be success"ul on this section o" the TOEFL$Each TOEFL vocabulary question consists o" a single sentence "ollo#ed by "our choices$ These choices are mar.ed by letters 9*:, 9+:, 9!:, 9,:$ -ost sentences have one #ord underlined, and less "requently, some sentences may have a phrase underlined$ 5ou must identi"y the #ord among the choices that has the same or similar meaning as the under6lined #ord or phrase in the question$ These #ords are called synonyms$ Let8s examine a sample question$-any organisms change their role in habitats "rom one season to another9*: diet9+: siAe9!: color9,: "unctionThis question is typical o" the 2ocabulary section$ The topic is "rom the natural sciences and the sentence contains a single underlined #ord$ The correct ans#er is 9,: "unction$ Function is a synonym "or role$ *s in this example, the #ord you select is the one that best matches the meaning o" the underlined #ord$ =ote that all "our o" the choices ma.e sense in the sentence$ 2ocabulary questions are #ritten so that the con6text o" the sentence seldom helps you to determine the meaning o" the #ord$ There"ore, you must understand the vocabulary to select the correct choiceStrategies3emember that your reading comprehension s.ills are not tested on this section o" the test$ There"ore you should not #aste time reading the sentences$ imply loo. at the underlined #ord andchoose its synonym "rom among the "our choices$ This strategy #ill save you time and prevent"rustration$5ou must choose the #ord that maintains the original meaning o" the sentence$ +e prepared "or un"amiliar vocabulary presented in un"amiliar contexts, but do not #aste time reading the sentences to determine the #ord8s meaning$ 5ou #ill need this time "or the 3eading !omprehension section$ %" you do not .no# the #ord tested or can8t determine its synonym, choose 9+: or 9!: as your ans#er$ On the TOEFL, 9+: and 9!: ans#ers tend to be used slightly more than 9*: and 9,:$ *lso remember that ans#er choices that contain the same pre"ix or su""ix or are pronounced li.e the underlined #ord are seldom the correct ans#ers$ Examine the "ollo#ing question$#allo#s are among the most agile passerine birds$ 9*: %dle9+: s#i"t 9!: "ragile 9,: "rail=ote that choices 9*: and 9!:, idle and "ragile, have sounds similar to agile$ uch #ords are not usually the correct choice$ uch #ords are o"ten used to distract you$ Unless you are sure o" the ans#er do not choose these #ords$Let8s see ho# to use our strategy #ith a sample item$ Loo. at the sentence and loo. immediately to the underlined #ord$ ,o not read any other #ords in the sentence$ 3ead the "our choices and ma.e your selection$The spider #asp has a slender body #ith smo.ey or yello#ish #ings$ 9*: tiny9+: long9!:thin9,: dar.The "ollo#ing is an illustration o" ho# you should read the sentences$EEE EE EEE E EEEE EEE E slender EEEE EEEE EEEEEE EEEEEEE8 EEE EEEEE 9*: tiny9+: long9!:thin9,: dar.5ou should pay attention only to the underlined #ord and the choices that "ollo#$ %" you .no# the meaning o" the #ord and recogniAe the synonym, there is no need to read the sentence$ %" you do not .no# the meaning o" the underlined #ord, you must ma.e an educated guess about its synonym$ The context #ill not usually help you to determine the correct choice$ *ll o" the choices "rom this example "it into the sentence$The spider #asp has a tiny body #ith smo.ey or yello#ish #ings$The spider #asp has a long body #ith smo.ey or yello#ish #ings$The spider #asp has a thin body #ith smo.ey or yello#ish #ings$The spider #asp has a dar. body #ith smo.ey or yello#ish #ings$These sentences sho# that the context does not help you determine the meaning o" the underlined #ord$ %" you cannot decide on the ans#er, read the sentence$ %t may help you to remember any previous experience you have had #ith the #ord$ %" not, guess, and continue to the next question$STRATEGIES TO REMEMBERF ,o not #aste time reading the sentences$ %mmediately loo. "or the underlined #ord and search "or a synonym among the ans#er choices$F The sentence #ill not help you understand the meaning o" the underlined #ord$F *nalyAe #ords quic.ly$ ,on8t spend too much time studying #ord roots, pre"ixes, and su""ixes$F 0or. quic.ly,but care"ully$!onservetime"or thesecondpart o" ection3$Try to spend only 30 secondson eachquestion$F 0ords thatcontainsimilarsoundsand spellingare usuallynot correctans#ers$F *l#aysans#ereveryquestion$%" youmustguess,choose9+: or 9!:as yourans#er$READ A LOTCHAPTER*I+PROVING,OURTOEFL VOCA-ULAR,One o" the best #ays to build your vocabularyis to read authenticEnglishlanguage material$ 5ou should read material that a college student #ould read$ Exampleso" such material are ne#spapers,college textboo.s,encyclopediaarticles, magaAines, and academicboo.s$ *ny material that6has an academictheme #illhelp you get used to the .inds o" #ords and the style o" #riting you#ill "ind on the TOEFL$3eadingarticles on a variety o" topics o" interest to you #ill help you developyour vocabulary$MAKE FLASH CARDS*s you read, you #ill "ind ne# #ords that you #ill #ant lo learn$ One good #ay to learn #ords is to ma.e "lash cards$ Use small cards made o" thic. paper, li.e index cards The cards should be small enough to "it in your poc.et$ On one side #rite the ne# #ord, then on the bac. #rite a synonym"or the #ord$ 5ou may also #ant to note the meaningo" the #ord$ 3evie# these cards as o"ten as you can, perhaps #ith a "riend #ho is preparing"or the TOEFL$5ou #ill be able to build a large Gsight vocabularyGby using this method$ ,o not beconcernedi" you are unable to actually use these #ords in conversationyou have in English$0ith time, they #ill become a part o" your active vocabulary$5our ability to use ne# #ords is not as importantas your ability to recogniAene# #ords and their meanings$MAKE WORD LISTS*nother good #ay to learn ne# #ords is to ma.e #ord lists$ -any students use a small noteboo."or this purpose$0hen you discover a ne# #ord, add it to a list o" #ords to be learned$ On one side o" the page, list the ne# #ord$ To the right o" the ne# #ord, #rite a synonym"or it$ tudy the #ords by coveringthe synonym,loo.ing at the ne# #ord, and recalling the synonym$%t is also use"ul to reverse the process so that you practice both the ne# #ord and the synonym$LEARN WORDS FROM OLD TOEFLLearn #ords that have been tested on previousTOEFLs$The under6lined#ords on previous TOEFLtests are sometimestested again, but they "requentlyappear among the "our choices presented as synonyms"or ne# #ords that are tested$ 5ou can "ind #ords to put on your "lash cards or #ord lists on any TOEFL tests that you may have$ TOEFL tests can be "ound in the TOEFL test .its available"rom the EducationalTesting ervice$LEARN THE WORDS IN THIS BOOK%nclude all o" the #ords listed in this boo. on your cards and lists$ These #ords have been care"ully selected,and many #ill appear on the TOEFL$ )ay special attentionto the list o" 1(0 #ords in !hapter 4$5ou should learn pre"ixes,su""ixes,and #ord roots, For a list o" them, see !hapter1$ uggestions"or studying #ord roots, su""ixes,and pre6"ixes can be "ound in that chapter$ LEARN TO USE A THESAURUS+ecome "amiliar #ith a thesaurus$ * thesaurus is a dictionary o" synonyms$0hen you "ind a#ord that you don8t .no#, loo. it up in thethesaurus$=ote a synonym"or the #ord on a card or a #ord list$ %" you "ind a synonym but still don8t .no# the meaningo" the #ord, loo. it up in an English language dictionary$%" you can8t "ind the #ord in the thesaurus,it #ill not be tested on the TOEFL$The TOEFL tests only those #ords that havea variety o" synonyms$For more in"ormation about the use o"a thesaurus,see!hapter($VOCABULARY BUILDING STRATEGIESF 3eado"ten$ !hoose materialthat is #ritten "or college level readers$F -a.e "lashcards o" ne# #ords #ith synonymsand practice them o"ten$F -a.e #ord lists o" ne# #ords#ith synonymsand practice them o"ten$F Learn #ords that have been tested on previousTOEFLs$F Learn #ord roots, pre"ixes, and su""ixes "oundin !hapter 1$ tudy the .ey list o" 1(0 #ordsin !hapter4 o" this boo.$CHAPTER .-UILDING,OURVOCA-ULAR,DEVELOPING WORD ATTACK SKILLS0henreaders"indanun"amiliar#ordinasentence,theyaresome6timesabletodetermineitsmeaningbyreading theother#ords inthesentence$Theother#ordsgivethecontextthatallo#sreaders to ma.e an educated guess about the meaning o" an un"amiliar #ord$ &o#ever, #e already.no#thatonTOEFLvocabularyquestionsallo"thepossibleans#ers"itinto the context o" thesentence$ There"ore, the success you #ill have on this part o" the TOEFL, depend upon #hether youcan determine #ord meanings by examining the #ord being tested, not by studying the context$ %nthis chapter, you #ill learn ho# to determine the meaning o" a #ord by studying its parts$-any English #ords consist o" more than one part$ Let8s examine three important parts you should.no# in order to improve your vocabulary$Word Roots-any #ords in English contain Latin and ;ree. roots$ These roots convey the basic meaning o" the#ord and they occur repeatedly through out the language$ Hno#ing these roots #ill help you deter6minethemeaningo"#ords#ith#hichyouarenot"amiliar$ +elo#isalisto"commonrootsandtheir general meanings$Learning these roots #ill help you recogniAe the basic meaning o" hundreds o" English #ords$ Let8sloo.at the#ordmanu"acture$ -anu"actureisacombinationo"t#oroot #ords,manuand"act$Usingthelisto"roots, #ecanseethatmanumeansGhandGand"actmeansGma.eGorGdoG$There"ore, #e can in"er the meaning Gma.e by handG$Let8s loo. at another example, biography$ *gain, using the list o" roots, #e see that bio means Gli"eGand graph G#riteG$ There"ore, #e can conclude that the #ord biography relates to the G#riting o" ali"eG or the #ritten story o" a person8s li"e$hymree3oot -eaning Examplebelli #ar rebellionbiblio boo. bibliograpbio li"e biologycosm order microcoscycl circle cyclonedic t#o dichotomydict #ord dictateduc carry, lead conduciveduct carry, lead conduct"ac do, ma.e "acsimile"act do, ma.e manu"actu"ect do, ma.e per"ect"orm shape uni"orm"ort strong "orti"ygeo earth geographygram #rite telegramgraph #rite autographhomo same homophonlog speech, study o" dialoglogy speech, study o" analogyman hand managemanu mater matri medi miss mit multi nom nym pater pathy patri ped port scend scrib scriptsecuthandmother, homemother, homemiddlesend send many name name "ather"eeling, su""ering "ather"oot carry climb #rite#ritten language "ollo#manual maternity matriarch mediocre dismiss submit multiply nominate synonym paternal sympathy patriarch pedal transport ascend scribble postscript consecutivesentsequ tact tempor tract vene vent vers vert vocvo. volu volve"eel"ollo# touch timepull, dra# out assemble, meet come, goturn turnvoice, call voice, call turn, roll turn, rollconsentsubsequently contact contemporary attractive convene adventreverse convert vocal revo.e convoluted involveHow to Study Word RootsThere are several #ays to study #ord roots$ One e""ective #ay is to ma.e a "lash card "or each one$On this card #rite the root and a #ord containing the root$ *lso, #rite the meaning o" the root and asynonym "or the example #ord on the bac. o" the card$ *s you practice #ith the cards, "irst identi"ythe meaning o" the root, then the #ord containing the root, =ext, give a synonym "or that #ord$ *syoustudytheroots, set asidethoseyouhavelearnedandconcentrateonlyonthoserootsandsynonyms that you have not learned$ ave all o" the cards "or revie#$-a.e #ord lists$0hen you read English material,ma.e lists o" #ords that contain the roots youhave studied in this section o" the boo.$ %denti"y the root and loo. up the #ord in a thesaurus$ 0ritethe meaning o" the root and a synonym o" the #ord$ This method #ill help you identi"y root #ordsand synonyms on the TOEFL$Prefixes)re"ixes are the second important part o" #ords$ * pre"ix is a part o" a #ord that is attached to the beginning o" a #ord root$ * pre"ix adds meaning to the base #ord or #ord root$ Thus, i" you .no# themeaningo"thepre"ix,you#illbebetterpreparedtodeterminethemeaningo"the#ord$ Hno#ing both pre"ixes and #ord roots #ill unloc. the meaning o" thousands o" English #ords$ There are many pre"ixes in English$ The "ollo#ing list contains some o" the most common pre"ixes "ound on the TOEFL$Let8sexaminethe#ordcontact$0ecan determine"rom thelisto" pre"ixesthatconmeansG#ithG$Upon "urther examination o" the #ord, #e see the #ord root tact means GtouchG$ 0ithout .no#ingthe exact meaning o" the #ord, #e can guess that the #ord is related to GtouchG and G#ithG$ %ndeed,contact means communication #ith another per6son$ 3e"erring to the root #ords and pre"ixes in thischapter #e can ascertain that autobiography means Gsel", li"e, and #riteG, or the story o" a person8sli"e #ritten by that same person$5ou can approach your study o" pre"ixes #ith the samemethodyouareusingtolearn#ordroots$-a.ea"lash card "or each o"thepre"ixes$Onthis card #rite the pre"ix and a #ord containingthepre"ix$0ritethemeaningo"thepre"ixandasynonym"ortheexample#ordonthebac.o"thecard$ *s you practice #ith the cards, "irst identi"y the)re"ixanteantiautohicircum cocol corn con de dise exim ininter it micro mis mono non post pre-eaningbe"oreagainst, not in "avor sel"t#ocircle, around#ith, together#ith, together#ith, together#ith, togetherdo#n, reverseno, notout, "rom out, "rom no, not notbet#een, among no, notsmall, tiny #rong, bad, not onenot a"ter be"oreExampleanterior anticipate autonomous bisect circumvent coherent collect complex condense decline disregard emitexport improper inactive interact irrelevant microscopic mista.e monotone nonsense postpone preconceptionprimpro re sub sup trans tri ultra un uni"irst"or, in "avor o" againunder underacross, over three excessive no, notoneprimarypromote recover submit supposition transmit triple ultrasonic undeniable unique-a.e #ord lists$ 0hen you read English material, ma.e lists o" #ords that contain the pre"ixes yourecogniAe$ %denti"y the pre"ix andloo.up the #ord in a thesaurus$0rite the meaning o"thepre"ixandasynonym "orthe#ordonyourlists$Thismethod#illhelpyouidenti"y#ords#ithpre"ixesand synonyms on the TOEFL$SuffixesThe "inal #ord part is the su""ix$ * su""ix is added to the end o" a #ord$ imilar to a pre"ix, a su""ixadds meaning to the root #ord$ &o#ever, the meaning is o"ten grammatical, telling us the tense orthe"unctiono"the#ordBseldomdoesitchangetheactualmeaningo"the#ordinthe#aythatpre"ixesdo$ u""ixesareattachedtoverbs,nouns,adverbs,andad>ectives$Therearenotmanysu""ixeson thisparto"theTOEFL,andyoumay already.no#manyo" them"romyourgrammarstudy$ =evertheless, you should become "amiliar #ith all the English su""ixes in the list here$ADJECTIVE SUFFIXESu""ix -eaning Exampleable capable o" a""ordableant tendency to dominantalive tendency to innovativeent tendency to persistentetic relating to sympathetic"ul "ull o" harm"ulible capable discernibleical relating to identicalless #ithout harmlessous "ull o" "amousry occupation ministrysome tendency to bothersomey a quality o" being arbitraryNOUN SUFFIXESu""ix ary ation cule domer hood ist-eaning place process smallstateo"beingone #ho doesstateo"beingone #ho doesExample library population minuscule #isdom teacher manhood geologistlyment ness ous ry shipli.e, similar tostate o" being state o" being "ull o" occupation state o" beingmanlycontentment happiness enormous dentistry citiAenshipADVERB SUFFIXESu""ix -eaning Examplely the #ay predictably#ays the #ay side#ays#ise the #ay other#iseVERB SUFFIXESu""ix -eaning Exampleade action or process persuadeate to ma.e accentuateen to ma.e broadenish action or process "lourishiAe to ma.e emphasiAeTHE DICTIONARYCHAPTER /I+PORTANTVOCA-ULAR, -UILDINGTOOLSFor students o" English as a second language, a good Englishdictionary is essential$ %t is a source o" valuable in"ormationandi" itis used correctly, the dictionary #ill serve as a use"ul tool to#ard yourgoal o" English "luency$Therearemanytypeso"dictionariesthat astudentmayconsider,including collegiate learner8s, unabridged, and bilingual dictionaries$Formoreadvancedstudents,collegiateorcollegedictionariesarepre"erred$%nadditiontothe standard#ordentries,collegiate dictionarieso"tencontainsections#ithabbreviations,"oreign expressions used in English, and biographical listings$ ome also contain geographical listings$ Learner8sdictionariesarehighly recommended$Thistypeo"dictionaryis#rittenspeci"ically"or studentso"Englishasa"oreignlanguage$,e"initionsare#ritteninclear,easytounderstand English$Thesedictionarieso"ten anticipatelearners8questions#ithspecialexplanatorysections$ They also use a standard phonetic alphabet to indicate pronunciation o" entries $Unabridgeddictionaries are themost comprehensive, but are notpractical "or second language learners because o" their siAe and detail$Thesedictionariesareo"ten"oundinthere"erence sections o"librariesonspecialtablesto accommodatetheirsiAeand#eight$*nunabridgeddictionaryis an excellent source "or determining thehistorical developmento"#ords,exampleso"sentencesthatdemonstrate proper usage , antonyms, and synonyms$*bilingual dictionary, #hichcontains #ords bothinyour nativelanguage and in English, should be avoided$O"tenthesedictionariesare incomplete and give only basic native language equivalent #ords$These #ords are "requentlyout o" date or inappropriate "or thecontext o" the sentence in #hich you #ant to use the un.no#n #ordsBthus entries in bilingual dictionaries can bemisleading and canactuallycauseyoutoma.emista.es$ %t is#orth#hile"orEnglishlanguage students to s#itch to a learner8s dictionaryassoon aspossible, or to use it in con>unction #ith a bilingual dictionary$ 5ou#ill "ind that your vocabulary #ill increase "aster by using an Englishlanguage dictionary$What You Can Learn*dictionarygivesyouthein"ormationrequiredtochoosethebest#ord "or yourneeds$ * typicaldictionaryentrycontainsthecorrectspellingo" a#ord,"ollo#edbythe#ord#ritteninaphoneticalphabet,#hichsho#sho#topronounceit$The#ordisseparatedbysyllables$Thesehelpyou determine#here to separate it atthe end o" a line #hen#riting$ Follo#ingthephonetic spelling o"the #ord, its part o"speech is indicated$Themeanings o" the#ord are given in anumerical order,sometimes "ollo#ed byasentencethat sho#stheproperuseo"the#ord$0hilemanymodern dictionarieslistthemeaningso"#ords"romthemostcommonandcurrentmeaningtotheoldestmeaning,somelisttheirde"initions"romtheearliestmeaningtothelatestmeaning$There"ore, be"oreyouchooseade"inition,youshouldreadallthemeaningo"theentry,thenchoosetheone thatmeets yourneeds $ omedictionaries providesynonyms, or #ords#iththesamegeneralmeaning,andantonyms, #ords that have the opposite meaning$ ome dictionariesgive the derivation, an historical development o" the #ord that"ollo#s a #ord bac. through di""erent languages to its origin$Englishlanguagedictionaries containentries listedinalphabeticalorder, that is, in an * to I order $ T#oguide#ordsappearatthetopo" each page in a dictionary$ 0hen the boo. is open, the #ordonthele"tpageisthe"irstentryo"thet#opagesBthe#ordontheright page indicates the last entryon the t#opages$ 5ou can usetheseguide#ords to determine i" the#ord you are loo.ing up is contained among those entries on the t#opages$maxF iFmum 9ma.8sa6mam:n$pl$6mumsor6ma96ma:*bbr$max$ '$a$ The greatestpossible quantityordegree$b$ThegreatestquantityordegreereachedorrecordedBtheupperlimito"variation$ c$ The time or period during #hich the highest point or degree is attained$ /$ *n upperlimit permitted by la# or other authority$ 3$ *stronomy$ a$ The moment #hen a variable star is mostbrilliant$b$Themagnitudeo"thestaratsuchamoment$1$-athematics$a$Thegreatestvalueassumed by a "unction over a given interval$ b$ The largest number in a set$J maximum ad>$ *bbr$max$ '$ &aving or being the greatest quantity or the highest degree that has been or can be attained7maximumtemperature$/$O",relatingto,ormar.ingupamaximum7amaximumnumberinaseries$ KLatin, "rom neuter o" maximus, greatest$L*s #e see, the entry is "or the #ord maximum$ +y examining the #ord entry, #e can determine thatit contains three syllables, each syllable being separated by the mar. F 7 max F i F mum$ The #ord is"ollo#ed by a phonetic spelling o" the #ord inside parentheses, 9ma.8 sa 6 ma m:$ *t the bottom o"every page o" the dictionary, you #ill "ind a pronunciation .ey that #ill give you the speech soundso" the symbols$ *"ter the pronunciation, you #ill "ind a part o" speech label$ &ere are the traditionalspeech labels "ound in most dictionaries$0O3, L*+ELabbr$ abbreviation n$ =oun ad>$ ad>ective pl$ plurialadv$ adverb prep$ preposition ant$ $$ antonym pron$ pronoun arch$ archaic sing$ singular con>$ con>unction syn$ synonym inter>$ inter>ection tr$ transitive intr$ intransitive v$ 2erbmod$ modi"ierFollo#ing the pronunciation entry "or the #ord maximum, an n$ and the plural "orms 9identi"ied bytheabbreviationpl$:pl$6mums,or6maappear$*ccordingtothelabels,theseabbreviationsmeanthat the #ord is a noun and its plural can be "ormed t#o #ays7 by replacing the last syllable mum#ith mums 9maximums: or ma 9maxima:$ The plural "orms are "ollo#ed by the abbreviation o" the#ord, identi"ied by abbr$ max$ Each de"inition o" the #ord is mar.ed by a number$%nmany dictionaries,the order o" the de"initions re"lects the "requency o" useo" eachmeanings o"the#ord$Thede"initionsthat"ollo#the"irst de"initionre"lectmorespecialiAeduses$5ourdictionary#illexplaintheorderin#hichthemeaningsarepresented$0henthenumberedde"inition hascloselyrelatedmeanings,theyaremar.ed#ith'$a$,b$,andc$asintheexamplesho#n$*lsonotethat#ords#ithspecialiAedde"initionsinacademicdisciplinesareidenti"ied$%nthe sample entry, there are t#o specialiAed uses o" the #ord maximum, one in *stronomy, 3$a$ andb$,andanotherin-athematics,1$a$,andb$*"ter allmeaningso"thenoun"orm arede"ined,theentrycontinues#iththede"initiono"thead>ective"orm$Thelastitemo"theentrygivesthederivation, or #ord origin, inside brac.etsKL$)lease note that several styles o" usage arc normally indicated in a dictionary entry$ These styles aretypically identi"ied in the "ollo#ing #ays7=onstandard 6 0ords that do not belong to any standard educated speech%n"ormal 60ordsthatareo"tenusedinconversationandseldomin "ormal #ritinglang 6Usuallyahighlyin"ormal#ordthatiso"ten"igurativein use $ %ts meaning is usually short lived2ulgar 6*#ordthatistabooornotsociallyacceptableinmost circumstancesObsolete 6 * #ord that is no longer in common usage*rchaic 6 * #ord that #as in common usage, but is no# rarely used3are 6 0ords that have never been common in the language+ritish 6 0ords that are in common usage in +ritish English3egional 6 0ords that are used in a limited geographical areaTHE THESAURUS* thesaurus is a collection o" #ords #ith similar meanings, usually presented in alphabetical order$These #ords are called synonyms$ * thesaurus is use"ul #hen you #ant to change a #ord to another#ord#ithasimilarmeaning$The entriesinathesaurustypicallycontainthesynonymsinmost"requent to least "requent occurrence$ %n a modern thesaurus, guide #ords also appear at the tops o"pages$ They "unction the same #ay as guide #ords in dictionaries, indicating the "irst and last #ordso" the pages$ *ll #ords on the page appear in alphabetical order$ =ot all #ords have synonyms, yetalmost all #ords ontheTOEFLare#ords #ithmanysynonyms$There"ore, regular useo" athesaurus #ill build your vocabulary and help you prepare "or the TOEFL$-ost o" the same #ord labels used in dictionaries appear in a thesaurus$ -any entries do not speci"ythedi""erencebet#eenad>ectiveandadverb,sincethesame"ormscano"tenappearbothasad>ectivesor adverbs$Theabbreviation m od$is usedtomar.such a#ord$Let8sexaminean entry"or the #ord maximum$maximum, mod$ 6yn$ supreme, highest, greatestB see best '$ maximum, n$6yn$ supremacy, height,pinnacle,preeminence,culmination,matchlessness, preponderance,apex,pea.,greatestnumber,highest degree, summit, nonpareilB see also climax7 *nt$ minimumM, "oot, bottom$There are t#o entries "or this #ord$ The abbreviation m od$ in the "irst entry indicates that the #ord couldbeusedasamodi"iero"other#ords$Follo#ingthis,syn$indicatesthatsynonyms"orthe #ord "ollo#$ *t the end o" the listing appears the suggestion see best '$ This suggestion re"ers us to the "irst entry "or the #ord best i" #e #ish to see more #ords #ith meanings related to maximum$ The second entry gives the synonyms "or the noun "orm o" the #ord$ The n$ indicates that the #ord is used as a noun, and syn$ indicates that synonyms "ollo#$ This entry also re"ers the reader to the #ordclimax"oradditional#ordsrelatedtomaximum$*ttheendo"theentry,antonyms,mar.ed #ith the label ant., are listed$Thedictionaryandthesaurusare t#opo#er"ullearningtoolsthatyoushouldhave"orre"erence$They are essential "or a good vocabulary building program$CHAPTER0THEESSENTIALTOEFL VOCA-ULAR,This chapter contains30 lessons$ Each lesson containsentries "or '( .ey TOEFL #ords$ *"ter these entries, there are '0 matchingexercises$*t the end o" each lesson, there are "ive TOEFL6li.e vocabularyquestionsthat contain all o" the #ords in each lesson$ The TOEFL6li.equestionsare an excellentvocabularyrevie# as #ell as thoroughpreparation"or the vocabularysection o" the TOEFL$5ou should study the lessons in order, For example,a"ter studyinglesson ', go directly to lesson /$ The boo. is designed to provide systematicrevie# o" #ords in previous lessons$ +y studying the lessons out o" order you #ill be de"eating the purpose o" the revie# system$Let8s examinea sample entry to see the .inds o" in"ormationyou #ill learn$intricatead>$ having many partsB "inely detailed adv$ intricatelysyn$ complexn$ intricacyThe intricate design o" the vase made it a valuablepiece "or her collection$% cannot begin to understandall o" the intricacieso" modernautomobilemotors$The entry "eatures the #ord intricate$,irectlyunder the #ord, you #ill "ind other "orms o" the same #ord$ These #ords have the same general meaningB they represent the di""erentparts o" speech o" the#ord$ For each o" the "orms, the part o" speech is given$ The "ollo#ingabbreviations"or parts o" speech are used in the #ord entries$ad>$: ad>ective adv$: adverbcon>$: con>unctionv$: verb n$: noun%n the case o" intricate, the ad>ective"orm, ad>$, is presentedas the .ey #ord$ Other "orms o" theentry, intricatelyand intricacy,are listed belo# the main entry$The .ey #ord is then de"ined in clear, easy to understandEnglish$%n this example,#e see that intricate means somethinghaving many parts or somethingthat is "inely detailed$Underthe de"initionyou #ill "ind a synonym"or the .ey #ord$The synonymis a #ord that has thesameor a similarmeaningand it is mar.ed#ith the letterssyn$ %n the exampleabove,the synonymgiven "or intricate is complex$+elo# the synonym,there are t#o sentencesthat sho# the usage o" t#o di""erent "orms o" the #ord$ The sentencesare rich in contextB that is, the #ords surroundingthe .ey #ord tend to support and clari"y the meaningo" the .ey #ord$ Let8s loo. at the t#o sentencesin the example$The intricate design o" the vase made it a valuablepiece "or her collection$% cannot begin to understandall o" the intricacieso" modern automobilemotors$The .ey #ord #ill al#ays appear in the "irst sentence$The .ey #ord sentence is "ollo#edby a second sentenceillustratingthe use o" one o" the related #ords, but #ith a di""erent part o" speech$ %" no related #ords are given, then the second sentenceserves as another illustrationo" the meaning o" the .ey #ord$ome #ord "orms are not included in the entries$ These are #ords that are not in commonusage and not li.ely to appear on the TOEFL$The #ord entries provide you #ith all the in"ormationyou need to build a po#er"ulTOEFLvocabulary$STUDYING THE WORD ENTRIES%n order to study vocabularye""iciently,you must have a study plan and "ollo# it care"ully$The "ollo#ingplan has been use"ul to many students #ho are buildingtheir TOEFL vocabulary$)lan to spend at least an hour studyingthe #ords in each lesson o" this boo.$ ,o not study #ordsthat you already .no#$ReadFirst, read the '( entries o" the lesson care"ully,includingthe de"inition,di""erent"orms, synonym, and examplesentences$%t is important"or you to associatethe .ey #ord #ith its meaningand synonym$These are the three most importantparts o" the #ord entry$Reread=ext, read each #ord entry again$ Loo. up un"amiliar#ords that appear in the examplesentences$ This time #hen you study the entry, cover the .ey #ord, then loo. at the meaning and its synonym$ Then identi"y the .ey #ord$ 0hen you are able to identi"y the .ey #ord, reversethe process by identi"yingthe covered synonym$Finally, cover everythingin the entry, except the meaning,and identi"y the .ey #ord and its synonym$Find the Synonyms5ou are no# ready "or the matchingexercise at the end o" the #ord list$ Let8s loo. at a typical matchingquestion$'$intricate9*: "unctional9+: complex9!: predominant9,: inordinateThe purpose o" the questionis to test your .no#ledgeo" synonyms,a .ey s.ill "or the TOEFL$5ou #ill see "our choices$%n this example,you must choose the synonym "or the #ord intricate$The correct ans#er is , complex$=early all the #ords that appear as ans#er choices are .ey #ords introducedin the same and previous lessons$ !hec. your ans#ers by re"erring to the *ns#er Hey at the bac. o" this boo.$5ou are no# ready to test your s.ill on actual TOEFL6li.equestions$Let8s loo. at the "ollo#ingtestquestion$The intricate design o" the building8s"acade is typical o" buildingso" the nineteenthcentury$ 9*: "unctional9+:accurate9!:standard9,: complexThis test question is typical o" the questionson the vocabularysection o" the TOEFL$ 5ou must choose the #ord that has the same or similar meaningas the underlined#ord in the sentence$-ost TOEFL,questionsdo not use the #ord in a sentence context that #ill help you #ith #ord meaning$ There"ore,as #e learned in !hapter/, you #ill probablynot be able to determinethe meaningo" the #ord by reading the sentence$Loo. directly at the underlined#ord and do not read the sentence$ Loo. "or its synonymamong the "our choices$The correct ans#er is , complex$-ost o" the ans#er choices "or the test questionsat the end o" each lesson are .ey #ords introducedin that lesson$Make Flash Cards*"ter you have studied the '( #ords and their synonyms,and have completedthe practice exercises,ma.e "lash cards$ On one side o" the card, #rite the .ey #ord and its related "orms$ On the other side o" the card, #rite its synonym$3evie# these cards several times during the #ee.s be"ore your TOEFL test session$ %" you are preparing"or a speci"ic TOEFL test date, ma.e a studyschedulebased on ho# much time you have be"ore the TOEFL$ For example,i" you have six #ee.s be"ore your test date, plan to study "ive lessons each #ee.$+e sure that you organiAeyour cards$ %t is suggestedthat you organiAe your cards by alphabetical order o" the synonymsor by the lesson number$Heep t#o groups o" cards7 one group "or the #ordsyou have learned, and the secondgroup "orthose #ordsyou need to learn$ 3e6vie# the second groupmore o"ten than the "irstgroup o" #ordsthat you already .no#$*s your vocabularygro#s, return to the exercisesand test questions in each lesson$+y "ollo#ingthis study plan you #ill be better prepared "orthe important day #hen youhear the #ords5ou may no# open yourTOEFL test boo.letG$=o# begin Lesson% "ollo#ingthe directions you have >ust read$CHAPTER 1THEPRACTICETESTS GENERALDIRECTIONSEssential0ords"ortheTOEFLprovidesyou#ith t#oTOEFL2ocabulary)racticeTestsonthepages that "ollo#$ *"ter you have studied the vocabulary lessons in this boo., ta.e both o" the testson separate days$0henta.ingeachtest, circlethecorrectans#erinyourboo.$*llo#yoursel"nomorethan'(minutes to ta.e each test$ *lthough on an o""icial TOEFL you #ill be given 1( minutes to completeection 3 o" the test, you should complete the vocabulary items in less than '( minutes, in order togive yoursel" ample time to ans#er the longer 3eading !omprehension items$ Thus, allo# yoursel"no more than '( minutes to complete each o" the )ractice Tests that "ollo#$*"ter you ta.e each test, score it using the ans#er .ey provided on page 'N@ o" this boo.$ For eachitem you ans#er incorrectly, loo. up the #ord tested in this boo.$ Try to understand #hy you madethe mista.e so you #on8t ma.e it again$ %" necessary, loo. up the tested #ord or the options in yourEnglish dictionary$ This #ill provide you #ith additional in"ormation on the meaning o" the #ord indi""erent contexts and perhaps other ex6ample sentences demonstrating its usage$For in"ormation on interpreting your per"ormance and converting it to the TOEFL scale, "ollo# thedirections in coring 5our TOEFL2ocabulary )ractice Tests, at the end o" this !hapter$ =o# ta.ethe TOEFL 2ocabulary )ractice Test '$TOEFL VOCABULARY PRACTICE TEST 1'$ %tisevidentthatanimalsplayedapredominantroleinthe#orldo"theupper)aleolithic)eriod$9*: haAardous 9+: principal 9!: minuscule9,: misunderstood/$ ome experts believe that the "unctions o" the print media #ill be replaced by audio or visual media$9*: distribution 9+: in"luences 9!: roles9,: popularity3$ * central issue in probability is predicting the value o" a "uture observation$ 9*: recording9+: interpreting 9!: observing 9,: "oretelling1$ The modem #orld is inundated #ith competing propaganda and counterpropaganda$ 9*: balanced9+: sustained9!: over#helmed9,: contaminated($ Theexpansiono"publicserviceshascausedconcernthatthecivilservicebranchesare becoming autonomous po#ers$9*: independent 9+: advanced 9!: superior9,: perilous4$ * deep roc. tunnel bet#een 0ashington, ,$!$ and +oston that employs an entirely ne# type o" rapid conveyance is receiving serious consideration "rom civil planners$9*: an outlandishly 9+: a comparatively 9!: an intrinsically 9,: a completely@$ 0omen8s magaAines re"lect the changing vie# o" #omen8s role in society$ 9*: distort9+: sho#9!: accentuate9,: promote?$ !ourtship is a #idespread prelude to mating among modern reptiles$ 9*: a tedious9+: an uncontrolled9!: a common9,: an essentialN$ The elimination o" carbon dioxide is a necessary process in all animals$ 9*: re>ection9+: accumulation9!: deletion9,: production'0$ %ncontrasttotraditionalrhetoric,modernrhetorichasshi"tedits"ocustotheaudienceorreader$9*: intensi"ied 9+: narro#ed 9!: maintained 9,: altered''$ The enormous rigid plates that ma.e up the outer shell o" the Earth continually move relative to one another$9*: vast9+: ancient 9!: dense 9,: deep'/$ Theprocesso"eutrophicationinvolvesasharpincreaseintheconcentrationo"phosphorus and nitrogen and promotes the gro#th o" algae$9*: conceals 9+: boosts 9!: disrupts 9,: halts'3$ Evidencethatharm"ule""ectsmayresult"romsmallamountso"radiationhasprompted concern about lo# level irradiation "rom various sources$9*: minimiAed 9+: exaggerate 9!: generated 9,: sustained'1$ Large sponges o"ten harbor smaller organisms$ 9*: shelter9+: re>ect9!: avoid9,: consume'($ -ost varieties o" squash #ere cultivated by *merican %ndian civiliAations$ 9*: bartered9+: gro#n9!: eaten9,: gathered'4$ Thesugarmaplegro#stoaheighto"'/0"eetandhasadensecro#no"leavesthatturns bright red in the "all$9*: vibrant9+: thic.9!: remar.able9,: large'@$ The sumacs gro#n "or landscape use display a grace"ul style #ith spectacular "all colors and color"ul "ruit clusters$9*: elude9+: maintain 9!: develop 9,: exhibit'?$ Tadpoles typically d#ell at the bottom o" bodies o" "resh #ater$ 9*: s#im9+: "eed9!: live9,: reproduce'N$ Oohn Cuincy *dams #as a conspicuous opponent o" the expansion o" slavery$ 9*: consistent9+: noticeable9!: distinguished9,: "ormidable/0$ The %ndian civiliAations o" *labama spanned over '0$000 years$ 9*: declined9+: developed 9!: covered 9,: prospered/'$ The banana is a gigantic herb that springs "rom an underground stem to "orm "alse trun.s up93: to /0 "eet high$ 9*: an immense9+: a stri.ing 9!: an attractive 9,: a plenti"ul//$ The evolution o" agriculture in the early years o" the t#entieth century #as characteriAed by the partial mechaniAation o" the so#ing and reaping processes$9*: created 9+: enriched 9!: accelerated 9,: typi"ied/3$ Oneo"themoststri.ingaspectso"%ndiancultures#astheproductiono"ceremonial costumes and ornaments #orn during religious rituals$9*: absurd9+: remar.able9!: arbitrary9,: spontaneous/1$ The innovative use o" iron and steel in construction represented an important advancement in the building industry o" the '?00s$9*: improvement9+: element 9!: in"luence 9,: occasion/($ )ro"essionalinteriordesignassignmentaretypicallycomplexendeavorsthatbegin#ithan intervie# #ith the client$9*: personal 9+: intricate 9!: orderly 9,: grati"ying/4$ %n antiquity, mosaics #ere made o" uncut pebbles o" uni"orm siAe$ 9*: consistent9+: ideal9!: moderate9,: minuscule/@$ *ll organisms must obtain nutrients "rom the environment in order to sustain themselves$ 9*: isolate9+: harvest9!: acquire9,: digest/?$ auropods are distinguished by their body "orm as #ell as their enormous siAe$ 9*: limited9+: over#helmed9!: allocated9,: identi"ied/N$ The predominant unit o" dra#ing is the line$ 9*: smallest9+: resilient 9!: principal 9,: dramatic30$ Theprimarytas.o"the.idneyistomaintainthevolumeandcompositiono"bodily"luids9/:$9*: preserve 9+: distribute 9!: assimilate 9,: condenseTOEFL VOCABULARY PRACTICE TEST 2'$ Thevitalla#so"geologicsuccession#erenot"ullyunderstooduntiltheendo"the eighteenth century$9*: erratic 9+:complex 9!: legitimate9,: indispensable/$ %tisa"amiliarphenomenonthatanob>ectreleasedabovetheEarth8ssur"aceaccelerates to#ard the Earth$9*: positioned$ 9+: "reed9!: transported9,: observed3$ TheEarth8smagnetic"ieldshavebeeninvestigated#ithincreasingaccuracy"oroverone hundred years$9*: probed 9+: dissected 9!: attracted 9,: repelled1$ %n '?3(, Oames Espy began extensive studies o" storms "rom #hich he developed a theory to explain their sources o" energy$9*: documented9+: )recise9!: crucial9,: comprehensive($ One o" the most bene"icial e""ects o" the automobile has been to permit nearly everyone in the automotive countries to travel "or recreation$9*: adverse9+: advantageous 9!: "undamental 9,: practical4$ *ma>orshi"tinpropulsiontechnologyduringthepost#arperiodcausedthe#orldto adopt >et propulsion as the po#er source "or military and passenger aircra"t$9*: expansion 9+: advance 9!: s#itch9,: discovery@$ Throughoutthenineteenthcentury,asuccessiono"improvementsintextilemachinery steadily increased the volume o" cloth and garment production$9*: attractiveness 9+: re"inement 9!: quantity9,: caliber?$ The human environment, in the biological sense, is chie"ly a hostile one$ 9*: mostly9+: actually 9!: normally 9,: partiallyN$ *llo"theoutersur"aceso"thehumanbodyarecovered#ithmicroorganismsthatare potentially harm"ul$9*: intolerable9+: annoying9!: intrusive9,: unhealthy'0$ Oneremar.able"ormo"communicationamonginsectsisthedancelanguageo"the honeybee$9*: substantial 9+: exceptional 9!: mysterious 9,: tangible''$ The celebrated beauty o" -aine8s landscape and the character o" its people have given the state a stature beyond its political and economic importance$9*: reno#ned9+: appealing9!: incredible9,: scenic'/$ %n the United =ations, controversies generated by political di""erences are generally settled by compromise$9*: exaggerated9+: created 9!: enhanced 9,: eroded'3$ TheUnitedtatessustainsaneconomicli"ethatismorediversi"iedthananyotheron$Earth$9*: accelerated9+: distinct9!: impressive9,: varied'1$ 3emains o" ancient people dating to N000 +$!$ have been "ound in the state o" Ohio$ 9*: indigenous9+: "rail9!: early9,: conserved'($ &a#aiiiseconomicallyvigorous,#ithextensiveagricultureandmanu"acturing,andisa)aci"ic +asin transportation and cultural center$ 9*: advantaged9+: dependable 9!: involved 9,: strong'4$ The unique nature o" viruses requires care"ul study to determine ho# they develop in host cells$9*: rage 9+:vague 9!: resilient9,: intriguing'@$ *ctive volcanoes are scattered over the area o" the Earth .no#n as the 3ing o" Fire$ 9*: "eared9+: discovered9!: distributed9,: grouped'?$ Theodore 3oosevelt regarded vaudeville as an amusing =orth *merican pastime$ 9*: abusive9+: interesting9!: enriching9,: archaic'N$ -ostmigrant#or.ersmoveina#ell6establishedpatternaccordingtotheseasono"the regions #here they #or.$9*: area 9+: #ay 9!: group 9,: habit/0$ Thestandardde"initiono"#ritinghighlightsthe"actthat#ritingisinprinciplethe representation o" language rather than a direct representation o" thought$9*: mentions9+: conceals9!: emphasiAes9,: distorts/'$ *nintensi"icationo"internalstressandcon"lictamongsocial,racial,andideological groups has had pro"ound e""ects on education in the t#entieth century$9*: disruptive 9+: signi"icant 9!: unavoidable 9,: debilitating//$ 2isible light is the most "amiliar "orm o" electromagnetic radiation 91:$ 9*: perceivable9+: blinding9!: dim9,: measurable/3$ Emotions in"luence the #ay humans conceive and interpret the #orld around them$ 9*: modi"y9+: mirror9!: clari"y9,: overcome/1$ *llgreatencyclopediama.ers havetriedtoob>ectivelypresent 9':anaccuratepictureo" civiliAation$9*: an acceptable9+: a balanced9!: an enlightening9,: a #orth#hile/($ !onservative groups and artists in &olly#ood have never been able to sustain a bene"icial lasting relationship$9*: grati"ying 9+: enduring 9!: #orth#hile 9,: reliable/4$ * primary exception to the steady abandonment o" #indmills #as their resurgence in rural areas "or pumping #ater "rom #ells$9*: unmista.able9+: #anton 9!: unhealthy 9,: constant/@$ Equality, human rights, and >ustice are prominent issues that came "rom the United tates8 civil rights movement o" the 'N40s$9*: contemporary9+: nominal9!: conspicuous9,: unique/?$ The typical symphony orchestra has evolved gradually since the late eighteenth century$ 9*: haphaAardly9+: scarcely9!: steadily9,: logically/N$ The "ire salamander ta.es its name "rom an old belie" that it could #ithstand "lames$ 9*: survive9+: extinguish9!: elude9,: reduce30$ atellite images sho# tropical depressions as brilliant #hite masses o" clouds$ 9*: po#er"ul9+: vast9!: radiant9,: elaborateANSWERS TO TOEFL VOCABULARY TESTS* /'$++ //$ *, /3$!! /1$ +, /($+* /4$ ,! /@$!+ /?$ !+ /N$ *!30$!Scoring Your TOEFL Vocabulary Practice TestsEssential0ords"ortheTOEFLcontainst#oTOEFL2ocabulary)racticeTests$Thesetestsare provided so that you may determine #hat e""ect the study o" this boo. has had on your .no#ledgeo"TOEFLvocabularyandonyourabilitytoans#ervocabularyquestionsintheTOEFL"ormat$The tests #ill also provide you #ith a "airly accurate estimate o" ho# you #ould do on ection 3 o" the TOEFL, i" that section consisted o" 2ocabulary questions alone$MTo score your TOEFL 2ocabulary )ractice Tests, "ollo# the procedures described belo#$Find the .ey 9list o" correct ans#ers: that corresponds to the TOEFL 2ocabulary )ractice Test that you too.$ The .ey to both tests is located at the top o" this page$core each test using the .ey$ )lace a ! next to each correct ans#er in the boo.$!ountthenumbero"correctans#ersand#ritethatnumberinthespacecalled=umber3ight belo#$6666666666=o# "or Test '$ multiply the number o" correct ans#ers by '$1@$3emember ection 3 consists o" 30 vocabulary items and 30 reading comprehension items$ Thus,yourper"ormanceon thevocabularyitems#illcontribute(0percento" yourscoreonthis section$The other (0 percent is determined by your per"ormance on reading comprehension items$*dd/3totheproduct$5oumayroundo""tothenearest#holenumber$0rite this number on theline that corresponds to the caled core "or Test '$Follo# the same procedures "or Test / and determine your caled core "or Test /$=o# add the =umber 3ight scores "or Test ' and Test / and divide the sum by /$ )lace this numberon the line that corresponds to the *verage =umber 3ightTodetermineyour*veragecaledcore,addthet#ocaledcorestogetheranddividethetotalby/$)lacethisnumber9theaverageo"thet#ocaledcores:onthe line that corresponds to the*verage cored core$=o# let8s practice these procedures in order to veri"y that you are "ollo#ing them correctly$upposeonTest 'youans#ered/'questionscorrectly,andonTest /youans#ered/1itemscorrectly$ For Test ', your calculations #ould loo. as "ollo#s$/' 30$ ?@x '$1@ then E /330$?@ (3$ ?@ or(1)ractice Test ' )ractice Test /'$+ ''$* /'$* '$, ''$/$ ! '/$ + //$ , /$ + '/$3$, '3$! /3$+ 3$* '3$1$ ! '1$ * /1$ * 1$ , '1$($* '($+ /($+ ($+ '($4$ , '4$ + /4$ * 4$ ! '4$@$+ '@$, /@$! @$! '@$?$ ! '?$ ! /?$ , ?$ * '?$N$ ! 'N$ + /N$ ! N$ , 'N$'0$ , /0$ ! 30$ * '0$ + /0$Test =umber 3ight caled core' 66666666666666666666666 666666666666666666/ 66666666666666666666666 666666666666666666*verage=o# "ollo# the procedure on your o#n "or the Test / =umber 3ight score o" /1$5ourcaledcore"orTest /shouldbe(?$/?$"or#hichthenearest#holenumberis(?$ Theaverageo"theset#oscaledscoresis(4$ 5our*veragecaledcoreonTest'and/isthebestestimate o" ho# you #ould per"orm on ection 3 o" the TOEFL, i" it consisted o" vocabulary itemsalone$Thisisbecausethe*veragecaledcoreisbasedonalargersampleo"vocabularyitemsthan is either Test ' or Test / alone$0hen you ta.e the TOEFL at an o""icial administration, i" your score on ection 3 is di""erent "romyour*veragecaledcoreontheseTOEFL2ocabulary)racticeTests, the di""erence is probablydue to your per"ormance on the reading comprehension items in this section$EssentialWords for theTOEFLLESSON1D abroad D abrupt D acceptable D acclaim D actually D adverse D advice D attractive D autonomous D disapproval D disruptive D haphazardly D ideal D persistent D wideabroadadv$ to or in another countrySyn. overseas, internationallyLouis *rmstrong o"ten traveled abroa d $Living abroad can be an educational experience$abruptadj$ quic., #ithout #arningadv. abruptlySyn. suddenn. abruptnessThere #as an ab rupt change in the #eather$*"ter the incident everyone le"t abruptly$acceptableadj. allo#able or satis"actoryv. acceptSyn. permissibleadv. acceptablyn. acceptabilityadj. acceptingThe idea #as accep t a ble to everyone$The registrar accep t ed more applicants than he should have$acclaimn$ enthusiastic approval, applauseadj. acclaimedSyn. praisen. acclamation%saac tem has #on acclaim abroad$*ccla i med authors o"ten #in )ulitAer )riAes$actuallyadv$ being in existence, real or "actualadj. actualSyn. trulyThey #ere actually very good soccer players$The actual time allottedto complete the test is t#o hours$adverseadj. displeasing, ob>ectionable, or badadv. adverselySyn$ un"avorablen. adversityn. adversary*dvers e #eather conditions made it di""icult to play the game$&is indecision adver s ely a""ected his >ob per"ormance$advicen$ a recommendation given by someone notassociated #ith the problem or situation v. adviseadj. advisableSyn. suggestionn. advisability;ood advice is hard to "ind$%t is not a dvi s able to stay up late the night be"ore a test$attractiveadj$ calling attention to, pleasing, creating interest,v. attractprettyn. attractionSyn. appealingn. attractivenessadv. attractivelyThe idea o" #or.ing "our, '06hour #or. days #as attracti ve to the employees$The ma>or a t traction o" the sho# #as a speech by the president$idealadj$ having no "la# or mista.e, excellentadv. ideallySyn. per"ectn. idealThe beach is an i deal place to relax$!andidates "or the >ob should ideally have "ive years experience in similar positions$persistentadj$ continuous, re"using to give up, "irm in action or decisionv. persistn$ persistenceadv. persistentlySyn. constantThe attorney8s persistent questioning #ea.ened the #itness$&er persistence earned her a spot on the team$wideadj$ extending over a large areaadv. widelySyn. broadn. wideness)ine "orests are "ound over a #ide area o" the )aci"ic =orth#est$The senator has traveled #ide 'y $autonomousadj$ by itsel", #ith no associationadv. autonomouslySyn. independent-exico became an aut ono m ous state in '?'@$*lthough #or.ing closely #ith the government, all businesses "unction autonomously$disapprovaln$ the act o" disagreeing, not giving approvalv. disapproveadv. disapprovinglySyn. ob>ectionTheir disapproval o" the plan caused the experiment to be abandoned$The students di s approved o" the plan o" study$adj. causing con"usion and interruption disruptivev. disruptyn$ disturbingn. disruptionadv. disruptivelyFrequent questions during lectures can be disruptive$The storm caused a disrupti on in bus service$haphazardlyadv$ having no order or pattern, by chanceadj. haphazardSyn. arbitrarily, carelesslyn. haphazardness%t #as obvious that the house #as built haphaAardly$usan completed the assignment in a haphaAard #ay$MATCHINGChoose the synonym.1. widely(A) broadly(B) abroad(C) secretly(D) truly2. autonomous(A) independent(B) sudden(C) international(D) abrupt3. advice(A) acclaim (B)attention (C) suggestion (D)praise4. attractive(A) appealing(B) adverse (C) arbitrary (D) perfect5. disapproval (A) attraction (B) attention (C) objection (D) persistence6. haphazardly (A) suddenly (B) secretly (C) carelessly(D) constantly7. constant(A) disruption(B) acceptable(C) abrupt(D) persistent8. perfect(A) attractive(B) ideal (C) actual (D) abrupt9. unfavorably(A) attractively (B) haphazardly (C) acceptably (D) adversely10. disturbing(A) perfect(B) disruptive(C) persistent(D) attractiveTEST QUESTIONSChoose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase.1. As a government official, Benjamin Franklin often traveled abroad. (A) widely(B) secretly(C) alone(D) overseas2. American poet James Merrily received critical acclaim for his work entitledJim's Book.(A) advice(B) disapproval(C) praise(D) attention3. A revolution in women's fashion during the second half of the twentieth century made trousers ac c eptablefor almost all activities.(A) available(B) permissible(C) attractive (D) ideal4. No fan, electric or otherwise, actuallycools the air.(A) truly(B) haphazardly(C) persistently(D) continuously5. The climate of Chicago is subject to ab ru p t changes of weather. (A) sudden(B) extreme(C) adverse(D) disruptiveLESSON 2D advanced D advantage D advent D agile D albeit D allowD appealing D celebrated D contemporary D distributeD encourage D energetic D frail D refine D worthwhileadvancedadj$ ahead o" current thought or practice "or#ardthin.ing, ne#v. advancen. advancementSyn. progressive*dvanced technology is changing the #orld$&is a dva nc eme nt to captain came unexpectedly$advantagen$ something that may help one to be success"ul or to gain somethingadv. advantageouslySyn. bene"itadj. advantageous%s there any advantage in arriving earlyect8s importance, siAe, or qualityv. impressSyn. imposingn. impressionLincoln8s po#er o" persuasion #as i m p ressiv e$Everyone le"t #ith a good impres s i on o" the play$lastingadj$ "orever, #ithout endv. lastSyn. enduringHennedy le"t a la s ting impression on the people #ho heard his inaugural address$The introduction o" robots #ill have a lasting e""ect on industry$treasuryn$ the agency that controls and spendsadj. treasuredmoneyB a collection o" valued thingsv. treasureSyn. ban.The trea s ury #as under pressure to lo#er interest rates$Encyclopedias are a treasu ry o" in"ormation$uniformadj$ every part being the same$adv. uniformlySyn. consistentn. uniformity+read has a un i "o rm texture$The grades on the test #ere uni " ormly poor$vibrantadj$ lively, po#er"ul, "ull o" action, brightadv. vibrantlySyn. brilliantn. vibrancy&is vibra nt personality made him #ell li.ed by everyone$The v i brancy o" the city is attractive to many individuals$MATCHINGChoose the synonym.1. enormous6.uniform(A) prosperous(A) rigid(B) appropriate(B) diverse (C) gigantic(C) complex (D) classifed(D) consistent2. foreign sales7.bank(A) flaws(A) fragment(B) money (B) treasury(C) treasury (C) settle(D) exports(D) advent3. vibrant8.lasting(A) brilliant(A) enduring (B) critical(B) enriching (C) paint(C) energetic (D) deep(D) enhancing4. depend on9.precise(A) distort(A) accurate (B) trust(B) gigantic (C) settle(C) thick(D) conceal(D) prosperous5. imposing10. classify(A) impressive (A) trust(B) creative(B) learn(C) intriguing(C) create(D) ambiguous(D) arrangeTEST QUESTIONSChoose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the under-lined word or phrase.1. In the feld of artifcial intelligence, scientists study methods for developing computer programs that display aspects of intelligent behavior.(A) exhibit(B) classify(C) depend on(D) conform to2. The dim appearance of the Milky Way results from the combined light of stars too far away to be seen with the naked eye.(A) faint(B) unique (C) immense(D) curious3. Thistle plants have d en s e heads of small, pink or purple fowers. (A) gigantic(B) fragile (C) thick (D) vibrant4. No deep understanding of the solar system can be achieved without an appreciation of the basic properties of the Sun.(A) accurate(B) lasting(C) thorough(D) uniform5. The value of a nation's cu rrency normally fuctuates, depending upon the strength of its economy and its trade balance.(A) exports (B) money (C) products(D) treasuryLESSON 10 distinct dominant dormant drab dramatic elaborate exceptional hazardous minuscule prime rudimentary sensitive superficial terrifying vigorousdistinctadj$ clearly noticedB di""erentadv. distinctlySyn. de"initeadj. distinctiven. distinctThere #as a d i stinct aroma o" co""ee in the restaurant$The t#o theories are di s t inctly di""erent "rom each other$dominantadj$ primary or principalB having oradv. dominantlyexercising control over somethingv. dominateSyn. ma>orn. dominationThe dominant li"e "orms o" the paleoAoic era lived in the #ater$The s.yscraper d om ina t e d the s.yline$dormantadj$ not gro#ing or producingB asleepn. dormitorySyn. inactiveThe volcano had been dor m ant "or hundreds o" years be"ore the eruption last month$The seniors live in the ne# dor m i tor y $drabadj$ lac.ing colorB uninteresting, boringadv. drablySyn. colorlessn. drabnessTheir clothing #as quite d ra b $The d rabness o" the desert made driving less interesting$dramaticadj$ something that captures the imaginationBexcitingadv. dramaticallySyn. emotionaln. dramav. dramatizeThe dramatic "inish to the game le"t us speechless$The hurricane dramatical l y changed the coastline$elaborateadj$ something #ith a large number o"adv. elaboratelypartsB "ull o" detailsv. elaboraten. elaborationSyn. complex*n elaborate headdress indicated ran. #ithin the *Atec community$&is e l a boration o" the issue #as quite thorough$exceptionaladj$ unusual in a positive #ayadv. exceptionallySyn. phenomenalThe orchestra8s per"ormance #as exceptio na l$The =orth tar is e xceptio na lly bright$hazardousadj$ very ris.y, unsa"eadv. hazardouslySyn. dangerousn. hazard&andling "lammable liquids is haAardo us$There are many haAards involved #ith starting a business$minusculeadj$ o" little consequenceB very smalladj. minuteSyn. tinyn. minitiaThe sale o" the building had a m inuscule e""ect on the pro"its o" the corporation$ome leaves are covered #ith m in ute hairs$primev$ to ma.e readyBadj. primedM "irst in importance or in timeadj. prime*n. primeSyn. prepareThe directors primed the actors be"ore the per"ormance$-oAart passed a#ay in the prime o" his li"e$rudimentaryadj$ simpleB not complexn. rudimentSyn. basic&e has a rudi m enta ry .no#ledge o" computers$The rudiments o" grammar are taught in all English classes$sensitiveadj$ easily a""ectedadv. sensitivelySyn. delicaten. sensitivityFilm varies according to its se nsitivity to light$This equipment is very s e nsiti ve to changes in temperature$superficialadj$ simpleB not deepB near the sur"aceadv. superficiallySyn. shallo#The inspector determined that the crac. in the bridge #as only s uper " icia l $5ou should not try to ans#er the question super " icially$terrifyingadj$ "illed #ith "earadv. terrifyinglySyn. "righteningv. terrifyTo be in a violent storm is a terri"ying experience$They are t er ri" i e d by dogs$vigorousadj$ po#er"ul, "ull o" actionadv. vigorouslySyn. strongn. vigor&is vigorous de"ense o" the issues impressed everyone$&e approached his #or. #ith vig or $MATCHINGChoose the synonym.1.exceptional6. elaborate(A) dominant(A) gigantic(B) dense(B) impressive (C) phenomenal(C) complex (D) acceptable(D) dramatic2.terrify7. minuscule(A) distort(A) tiny (B) frighten(B) dim (C) challenge(C) drab (D) settle(D) major3.prepare8. superfcial (A) create(A) emotional (B) display(B) lasting(C) depend(C) shallow(D) prime(D) curious4.delicate9. rudimentary(A) vibrant(A) dormant(B) distinct(B) ideal(C) diverse(C) basic(D) sensitive(D) arbitrary5.dangerous10. vigorous (A) hazardous(A) dominant (B) rigid(B) convenient (C) commonplace(C) uniform(D) intolerable(D) strongTEST QUESTIONSChoose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase.1. Because much collective behavior is drama tic and unpredictable, theories of such behavior are more evaluative than analytic.(A) hazardous(B) unexpected(C) terrifying (D) emotional2. In contrast to their springtime nuptial plumage, ninny songbirds revert to a drab plumage during the winter.(A) sensitive (B) elaborate(C) diferent (D) colorless3. A seed is dormant at the time it is shed by its parent. (A) primed(B) inactive(C) minuscule(D) harvested4. The newspaper trip and the comic book represent the domin ant graphic mythology of the twentieth century.(A) major(B) magical(C) familiar(D) routine5. The vast majority of animals exhibit a distin ct symmetrical form. (A) defnite(B) superficial(C) familiar(D) rudimentaryLESSON11 amenity destroy disperse dwelling element elementary eliminate emphasize encircle erratic exaggerate mention pier prevalent releaseamenityn$ something that ma.es li"e easier or more en>oyableSyn. conveniencehe had all the ame niti e s o" home #hen she #ent camping$ One expects many amenities at a "ive6star hotel$destroyv$ to put an end to the existence o" somethingadj. destructiveSyn. ruinadv. destructivelyn. destructivenessn. destructionn. destroyerThe "actory #as de s t royed by the "ire$The destruc t ion o" the old landmar. #as opposed by a concerned group o" citiAens$dispersev$ to cause to move in many di""erentadj. disperseddirectionsSyn. circulateThe high #inds and rain di s per s ed the cro#d$*"ter the hurricane, dispersed belongings cluttered the street$dwellingn$ #here people liven. dwellerSyn. housev. dwell!ave6li.e d#ellings have been discovered throughout the #orld$!ity d#ellers o"ten have trouble ad>usting to li"e in the country$elementn$ a part o" the #holen. elementMMenvironment adj.elementalSyn. component !ity d#ellers are out o" their e l ement in the country$&ard #or. and perseverance are the basic elemen t s o" success$elementaryadj$ simple in structure, easy to doSyn. primaryThe solution to the problem #as actually quite elementa ry$5ou must ta.e Elementary )hysics be"ore you can enroll in the advanced course$eliminatev$ to remove, "ree onesel" o" somethingn. eliminationadj. eliminatedSyn. delete-ista.es must be e l imina t ed be"ore you hand in a term paper$The elimination o" the runner "rom the race #as decided by the >udge$emphasizev$ to sho# that something is especiallyadj. emphaticimportant or exceptionaln. emphasisadv. emphaticallySyn. highlightThe pro"essor empha s iAed certain aspects o" the historical period$0hen as.ed i" they #ould li.e to leave class early, the students ans#ered #ith an em phatic GyesG$encirclev$ to ma.e a circle aroundadj. encircledSyn. surroundThe players encircled their coach a"ter #inning the big game$The enci rc l ed celebrity actually became a"raid o" her "ans$erraticadj$ no regular pattern in thin.ing oradv. erraticallymovementB changeable #ithout reasonSyn. inconsistentThe artist8s paintings have an e rratic quali"y, some being excellent, and others mediocre$The unstable chemical reacted er ratically$exaggeratev$ to ma.e something more than #hat it isadj. exaggeratedSyn. overstaten. exaggerationThe "ederal government exaggerated the success o" its programs$To say that his business is success"ul #ould be an e xaggeratio n $mentionv$ to sayB relate in #ritten "ormadj. mentionedSyn. remar.n. mentionTheater6goers o"ten m e ntion that they en>oy #atching movies on a large screen$The boo. mentioned today #as included in the bibliography that #as handed out in class last #ee.$piern$ a place #here boats arrive to ta.e on or unload cargo and passengersSyn. doc.The submarine arrived at the pier on time$ The goods #ere unloaded onto the pie r $prevalentadj$ existing #idely or commonlyn. prevalenceSyn. commonplace!om"ortable trade #inds are p reva l ent in the !aribbean islands$There is a p revalence o" disease #here poor sanitation conditions exist$releasev$ to allo# to come outB to give "reedomn. releaseSyn. "ree* ne# movie #as >ust re l ease d $The re l ease o" the records #as expected today$MATCHINGChoose the synonym.1. amenity6. disperse (A) advice(A) circulate (B) convenience(B) classify (C) element(C) distort (D) emphasis(D) encircle2. ruin7. release(A) destroy(A) free(B) conform(B) replace (C) forbid(C) settle (D) baffle(D) block3. mention8. inconsistent (A) surround(A) destructive (B) remark(B) emphatic (C) assert(C) circulated (D) clarify(D) erratic4. emphasize9. commonplace (A) frighten(A) elementary (B) highlight(B) rudimentary (C) delete(C) prevalent(D) persuade(D) uniform5. exaggerate10. pier (A) impress(A) depth (B) dominate(B) crack (C) elaborate(C) dock (D) overstate(D) primeTEST QUESTIONSChoose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase.1. Kapok is made from the silky fbers that encircle the seeds of the tropical silk- cotton tree.(A) release(B) destroy (C) surround(D) circulate2. Evidence suggests that the rumor process eliminates the most improbable accounts of an event.(A) elicits(B) deletes(C) emphasizes(D) exaggerates3. The most elem en tar y type of convection can be explained by the fact that heat rises.(A) Mentioned(B) erratic(C) prevalent(D) primary4. The thermostat is an elem ent in some types of fre detection devices. (A) a problem(B) an amenity (C) a component (D) an advantage5. Poorly constructed d w ellin gs cannot withstand severe storms. (A) Houses(B) piers(C) boats(D) roadsLESSON 12 benefit blind broaden burgeon conspicuously demand endorse enormous entirely erode evaporate recover reportedly shift sufferbenefitv$ to be use"ul or help"uladv. beneficiallySyn. assistadj. beneficialn. benefitn. beneficiaryUse o" solar po#er #ill bene" i t all man.ind$%t is extremely bene " ici a l to prepare "or a test$blindadj$ unable to see or understand, to concealBadv. blindlysho#ing poor >udgment or understandingn. blindnessSyn. una#areThey #ere blind to the "act that they had little chance to succeed$&e #ent into the >ob blin dly , #ith no previous experience$broadenv$ to ma.e larger or greateradv. broadlySyn. enlargeadj. broadn. breadthEducation #ill broaden your opportunities to land a good >ob$The bre a dth o" his .no#ledge is impressive$burgeonv$ gro# at a "ast paceadj. burgeoningSyn. thriveThe burgeoning population o" ma>or cities is creating a demand "or more services$&is talent as a pianist burgeon e d at the age o" '1$conspicuouslyadv$ attracting attentionadj. conspicuousSyn. noticeably&is name #as conspicuously absent "rom the list o" #inners$The attorneys #ere conspicuous "or their aggressive manner in the courtroom$demandv$ to as. "or something in a strong #ayadv. demandinglySyn. insistadj. demandingn. demandhe demanded to .no# the truth$The employees8 demands "or better #or.ing conditions caused the #or. stoppage$endorsev$ to express approvaln. endorsementSyn. supportThe union endor s ed the ne# contract$The president8s endorsement o" the pro>ect guaranteed its "unding$enormousadj$ very largeadv. enormouslySyn. Tremendousn. enormity&is e normous #ealth allo#s him to contribute to many charities$* diet #ith many "ruits and vegetables is enor m ously bene"icial to the body$entirelyadv$ completelyadj. entireSyn. Thoroughlyn. entiretyThey are enti rely right about the economy$The president released the speech in its entirety be"ore the ne#s con"erence$erodev$ to #ear a#ay, disappear slo#lyn. erosionSyn. deteriorateThe senator8s support is e roding because o" his unpopular positions on the ma>orissues$%t too. millions o" years o" erosion "or nature to "orm the ;rand !anyon$evaporatev$ to vanishn. evaporationSyn. disappearThe chances o" the t#o sides reaching an agreement have evaporated$The evapo ration o" the "unds #as unexplainable$recoverv$ to get bac.B to have something returnedadj. recoveredSyn. retrieveadj. recoverablen. recoveryThe =** team #as unable to recover the space capsule$The rec o ve red ob>ects had not been damaged$reportedlyadv$ to .no# by reportB uncon"irmedB supposedlyadj. reportedSyn. 3umoredv. reportn. reportThe students report e dly sent a representative, but she has not arrived yet$The reported tornado has not been con"irmed$shiftn$ change in position or directionadj. shiftingSyn. #itchv. shiftadj. shiftyThe shi"t in the #ind #as help"ul to the sailors$Earthqua.es are caused by shi " ting in layers o" earth along "aults$Sufferv$ to experience di""icultyB to #orsen inadj. sufferingqualityB to experience painn. sufferingSyn. enduren. suffererThe old man s u""e rs "rom loss o" memory$-any "amilies experience the s u "" e ri ng o" di""icult economic times$MATCHINGChoose the synonym.1. beneft6. endure (A) prosper(A) suffer (B) demand(B) erode (C) assist(C) release(D) distinguish(D) disappear2. noticeably7. broaden(A) constantly (A) impress(B) enormously (B) elicit(C) conspicuously(C) reveal(D) broadly(D) enlarge3. rumored8. switch(A) routinely (A) enrich(B) purposefully(B) shift(C) comparatively(C) propose(D) reportedly(D) support4. blind9. retrieve(A) oblivious(A) recover(B) visible(B) deteriorate(C) sensitive(C) disperse (D) shifting(D) relinquish5. thrive 10. insist (A) exaggerate(A) demand (B) burgeon (B) mention (C) dominate (C) disperse(D) endorse (D) intrigueTEST QUESTIONSChoose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the under-lined word or phrase.1. The candidate's support evapora ted after the announcement of his program reached the newspapers and televisions news programs.(A) burgeoned(B) sufered(C) broadened(D) disappeared2. The president's popularity has ero d ed since the publication of a recent newspaper article.(A) recovered(B) shifted(C) intensified(D) deteriorated3. The natural forest vegetation has entir ely disappeared from the landscape. (A) slowly(B) reportedly(C) completely(D) conspicuously4. Lightning is electricity that is discharged as an en orm ousspark, hitting the closest spot on the ground.(A) a mighty(B) a tremendous(C) a blinding(D) a terrifying5. The trade unions worked hard for an agreement that would be e nd o r s ed by their members.(A) demanded by(B) supported by (C) attractive to (D) of benefit toLESSON 13 dignitary crucial elude evident exhaust extensive extremely face facet hero inaccessible obviously predictably solve suitabledignitaryn$ a very important or "amous person, usuallyassociated#ith a highpositionin governmentSyn. notableEvery dignitary in 0ashington #as invited to the #edding$*ll o" the high ran.ing dignita r ies attended the economic summit$crucialadj$ o" great importanceB extremely necessaryadv. cruciallySyn. criticalFavorable #eather is crucial to a good harvest$&aving all the in"ormation necessary to ma.e a good decision is c rucially important$eludev$ to escape in a tric.y #ayadj. elusiveSyn. evaden. elusivenessThe criminal has el uded the police "or months$uccess has been el us i ve "or the team$Evidentadj$ easy to see, usually because o" some proo"adv. evidentlySyn. apparentn. evidence%t is e vident that you are not "eeling$*ll the ev i dences point to the presence o" hydrogen$exhaustv$ to use completelyB to expend all energyBadv. exhaustivelyvery thorough adj. exhaustiveSyn. deplete adj. exhaustingadj. exhaustedn. exhaustionThey exhausted their energy in '0 minutes$The exhaustive report #as acclaimed by everyone$extensiveadj$ large in area or numberadv. extensivelyMto o""erB to ma.e longer$v. extendMMM an extendingB an additional partn. extensionSyn. comprehensiveThe extensive sno#"all caused problems throughout the city$The pro"essor exte nded a #arm #elcome to the ne# student$extremelyadv$ veryB to the very end, the highest extentadj. extremeSyn. highlyadj. extremist n. extremen. extremist0hen the concert #as canceled, some customers became extremely upset$&e #ill go to any extreme to get #hat he #ants$facev$ to be in the presence o" an opposeSyn. con"rontThe mountain climbers " aced grave danger on the cli""$ &e "inds it di""icult to "a c e his problems$Facetn$ element or componentadj. facetedSyn. aspectThe proposal had many bene"icial "acet s$%t #as a multi "aceted problem that challenged the entire student body$heron$ a person remembered "or an act o"adv. heroicallygoodness or braveryadj. heroicSyn. idoln. heroine 9female:n. heroics&e is a he ro in the eyes o" his admirers$They gave a heroic e""ort to no avail$inaccessibleadj$ something that cannot be reached orn. inaccessibilitycommunicated #ithadv. inaccessiblySyn. remoteThe summit o" the mountain #as inac c essible$The dignitary8s inaccessib i lity "rustrated the reporter$obviouslyadv$ in a clear, easy to understand #ayadj. obviousSyn. evidently%t had obv iously rained$%t #as obvious that he had not practiced his oral report$Predictablyadv$ in a #ay that "oretells "uture eventsadj. predictableSyn. expectedlyv. predictn. predictionhe pred i c t ably "orgot to do her assignment$The government8s predi c tions #ere accurate$Solvev$ to "ind the ans#ern. solutionSyn. resolveThey solved the problem in a #ay that bene"ited the entire neighborhood$The solution to the problem #as elusive$Suitableadj$ appropriate, correctB convenientadv. suitablySyn. appropriatev. suit&er dress #as not s uitable "or the occasion$The agreement suits all the members o" the negotiating team$MATCHINGChoose the synonym.1.Solve6 Elude (A) restore(A) erode (B) resolve(B) evade(C) confront(C) endorse(D) exhaust(D) enrich2.Critical7. Extensive (A) prevalent(A) sensitive (B) elusive(B) impressive(C) prime(C) comprehensive(D) crucial(D) disruptive3.Predictably8. Celebrity (A) extremely(A) treasury (B) expectedly(B) dignitary (C) conspicuously(C) element (D) extensively(D) dweller4.Hero9. Evidently (A) idol(A) routinely (B) amenity(B) entirely(C) benefit(C) exceptionally(D) mention(D) obviously5.Inaccessible10. suitable(A) depleted(A) appropriate (B) apparent(B) annoying (C) remote(C) ambiguous (D) enormous(D) astuteTEST QUESTIONSChoose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase.1. Exacting standards and rigorous early training are evid en t where dance has become an art performed before an audience.(A) Emphasized(B) Suitable (C) Crucial (D) Apparent2. It is known from past experience that ore deposits can be exhauste d. (A) Depleted(B) Extensive(C) Elusive(D) Inaccessible3. A preference for a certain color is and extre m ely personal matter. (A) A highly(B) An annoyingly(C) A fairly(D) An obviously4. Once the English colonies became independent state, they fa c ed the problem of giving themselves a fresh political organization.(A) eluded(B) solved(C) confronted(D) Anticipated5. Pop art aimed to portray all facets of modern culture. (A) Heroes(B) Celebrities(C) Problems(D) AspectsLESSON 14 ample arid avoid defy enact even feign fertile freshly function fundamental indiscriminate selective spacious withstandampleadj$ more than enoughadv. amplySyn. su""icientThere is a m p l e evidence that the young man #as speeding #hen the accidentoccurred$he #as a m p l y paid "or the #or. she completed$aridadj$ having little rain or #aterSyn$ dryThe area .no#n as the ahara ,esert is one o" the most arid place in the #orld$ The valley on the lee#ard side o" the mountain #as extremely a rid $avoidv$ to miss or .eep a#ay "romadj. avoidableSyn. avertn. avoidancehe could not avoid letting her "eelings sho#$The incident #ould have been avoid a ble i" he had told the truth$defyv$ to sho# little "ear or regard "or rules oradv. defyinglyestablished normsB to challengeadj. defyingSyn. resist% de"y you to "ind that boo. in the library8s collection$The circus per"ormer demonstrated her death 6 de " y i ng routine$enactv$ to pass a la#adj. enactedSyn. Legislaten. enactment!ongress enacted the legislation during its last session$The enac t ment o" the la#s #as in the hands o" the enate$evenadj$ regular, smoothB in equal partsadv. evenlySyn. Equitablen. evennessThe sound isn8t even turn up the le"t spea.er$The pro"its #ere divided e ve nly among the investors$feignv$ to pretend, ma.e believeadj. feignedSyn. simulatehe "eig ne d illness #hen it #as time to visit the dentist$&er unhappiness #as "eigne d$fertileadj$ able to produce abundantlyv. fertilizeSyn. 3ichn. fertility n. fertilizerThe delta areas o" rivers are .no#n "or their " ertile soil$FertiliAers are used on crops to increase yields$freshlyadv$ caught or produced not long agoadj. freshSyn. recentlyv. freshenn. freshnessFre s hly harvested produce is hard to "ind in the #inter months$The product8s " re shness depends on an e""icient transportation system to bring it to mar.et$functionn$ the normal purpose o" somethingadv. functionallySyn. 3oleadj. functional v. function%t is the " unction o" the director to organiAe and lead the department$-ost appliances cannot "unction #ithout electricity$fundamentaladj$ a primary or basic elementadv. fundamentallySyn. essentialThe student government promised " undam e ntal changes in the registration process$&e is "u ndamentally strong in his area o" expertise$indiscriminateadj$ not chosen care"ullyB unplannedadv. indiscriminatelySyn. arbitraryThe indi s cri m inate arrangement o" the products made the store con"using$The boo.8s chapters seem to be organiAed indiscri m in a t el y $selectiveadj$ care"ully chosen adv. selectivelySyn. discriminating adj. selectv. selectn. selectionn. selectivityThey #ere very selective #hen they chose the members o" the academic team$&e selected panish as his language class$spaciousadj$ having a lot o" roomadj. spaciouslySyn. expansiven. spacen. spaciousnessThe spacious plains o" the -id#est ma.e up the nation8s breadbas.et$* vacuum is an empty spac e$#ithstandv$ to "ight #ithout surrenderB to persistSyn. survive he cannot #ithstand the pressures o" her >ob$ The old building #ithstood the terrible storm$MATCHINGChoose the synonym.1.Suffcient6. Avoid (A) Crucial(A) Avert (B) Essential(B) Amaze(C) Ample(C) Assert (D) Extensive(D) Allow2.Survive7. Selective(A) Erode(A) Inaccessible(B) Weaken(B) Rich(C) Elude(C) Recent(D) Withstand(D) Discriminating3.Defy8. Even(A) Resist(A) Fundamental(B) Demand(B) Erratic (C) Simulate(C) Evident (D) Discriminate(D) Equitable4.Indiscriminate9. Spacious (A) Predictable(A) Sensitive (B) Arbitrary(B) Superfcial(C) Functional(C) Minuscule (D) Constant(D) Expansive5.Arid10. legislate(A) dry(A) Enact(B) Fertile (B) Feign(C) Fresh(C) Solve(D) Drab(D) ExhaustTEST QUESTIONSChoose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase.1. The Constitution of the United defnes the fu nd am en tal rights of its citizens. (A) Essential(B) Selective(C) Enacted(D) Ample2. Many organisms change their function from one season to another. (A) Diet(B) size (C) Role (D) Shape3. F r eshly cut wood must he completely dry before it can be used for construction.(A) Evenly(B) Haphazardly(C) Coarsely(D) Recently4. Due to large deposits of debris left by glaciers, the midwestern plain of theUnited States is an extremely f e rtil e area for farming. (A) Level(B) Rich(C) Spacious(D) Arid5. When threatened, the opossum often f e igns death. (A) Simulates(B) Withstands(C) Avoids(D) ConfrontsLESSON 15 durable favor gain generate halt handle harbor harmful insignificant mysterious perilous postpone promote reject substantialdurableadj$somethingthatlasts a longtimen. durability* time during #hich something lastsn. durationSyn. sturdy%t #as a durable re"rigerator, but it "inally bro.e$The durability o" tires is a .ey "actor in determining their quality$favorv$ to pre"er adv. favorablyM advantageous adj. favorableadj. favoriteSyn. supportn. favorThe supervisor "avored the "irst o" the t#o plans$The #eather #as "a vorable "or the contest$gainn$ to obtain something needed or use"ulB toadj. gainfulincrease the amount o" somethingn. gainSyn. attain&e gained a lot o" experience #or.ing as a volunteer$&is gain in .no#ledge #as impressive$generatev$ to produceadj. generatedSyn. createn. generationn. generatorThe appearance o" the dance troupe generated a lot o" excitement$The ge ner a tor provides po#er to the building during a blac.out$haltv$ to stop or discontinueadv. haltinglySyn. stopadj. haltingn. halt+us service to the city #as hal t ed due to poor road conditions$The supervisor put a halt to the tardiness o" the employees$handlev$ to deal #ith or controln. handleSyn. manageThey handled themselves very #ell given the circumstances$They president8s ha ndling o" the crisis #as #idely applauded$harborv$ to give protectionB not to express a desire or opinion, usually badSyn. shelter&e harbors ill "eelings "or her$They harbored the political re"ugee in their home$harmfuladj$ something that causes pain or damageadv. harmfullySyn. unhealthyv. hairn. harmExcessive radiation is ha rm" ul to the body$+leach ha rm s certain "abrics$insignificantadj$ not importa