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■Essential Question: –What were the causes & effects of
the unifications of Italy & Germany?
■Warm-Up Question: –?
Bel l Ringer
• Grab the handout from the front
• Fill out your table of contents
• Sit quietly until
everyone is finished
Welcome Back!
One important effect of the Enlightenment, French Revolution, & conquests by Napoleon was
the growth of in Europe
Nationalism is the belief that people’s should be the people in one’s
who share a common culture & history
rather than a king or empire
From the end of the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to the outbreak of World War I in 1914, nationalism played a major role
in European politics Nationalism inspired new
demands for (like France in 1848)
Nationalism inspired calls for from weakening
empires (like Greece from the Ottoman Empire in 1821)
Nationalism inspired people of similar cultures to & form
new nations (like Italy & Germany in the 1870s)
By the time of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Italy was a divided region:
Parts of Italy were independent states
Other areas were controlled by France
or Austria Other regions were controlled by the Catholic Church
Unification was led by the
Kingdom of Sardinia in northern Italy
The king of Sardinia named as prime
minister who hoped to unify Italy under Sardinian control
From 1830 to 1871, the growth of nationalism led the
Cavour provoked & won a war with the Austrian Empire that allowed Sardinia to
Meanwhile, a nationalist army led by
unified all of Italy
In 1861, Garibaldi & Cavour agreed to unify the north & south under
Sardinian rule
By 1871, all of Italy was unified & a constitutional monarchy was created to rule the new nation
By the time of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Germany was a divided region:
39 German states formed a loose grouping called the German Confederation
Prussia used a powerful army & industry to lead the unification
of Germany
Austria dominated these German states but the empire was weakening
Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck used tough power politics called realpolitik (any means necessary) to unify
Germany under Prussian rule
To unify Germany, Bismarck led Prussia into a series of wars
In the Seven Weeks War in 1866, Prussia fought Austria which helped unify northern
Germany under Prussia’s control
In 1867, Bismarck provoked war with France called the Franco-Prussian War which helped convince Catholics in southern
Germany to unify with Prussia
In 1871, Bismarck successfully unified Germany though “blood and iron”
The King of Prussia became the Kaiser
(emperor) of Germany
A German Parliament was formed & was
led by a chancellor
By 1871, all the major European nations were
formed
From 1815 to 1871, a major power shift had occurred
In 1815, the Congress of Vienna created a balance of power among European nations
By 1871, Britain & Germany were the
most powerful nations militarily & economically