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EUROPEAN SYNCHROTRON RADIATION FACILITY

ESRF

November 2002 - N° 36

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Austria Joined the ESRF - page 2Czech Participation in the ESRF Continued - page 2

By W.G. Stirling, Director General - page 3

Users Meeting and Satellite Workshops - page 436th and 37th Meetings of the ESRF Council - page 7Operation with Users in 2001 - page 8The 12th Session of the HERCULES Course - page 10

Selected Scientific Highlights - page 12News from the CRGs - page 17FAME38 at ILL/ESRF - page 19The Partnership for Structural Biology: A European Centre of Excellence - page 20

Future X-ray Facilities - page 22

Collaboration with EIROFORUM - page 26European Round Table -page 27

Tenth Anniversary of the Beam -page 28New Directors - page 28CD-Rom “Exploring matter with synchrotron light” -page 28

HIGHLIGHTS

EDITORIAL

NEWSLETTER

IN BRIEF

NEWS FROM THE

EXPERIMENTS

NEWS FROM THE

MACHINE

EUROPEAN

COLLABORATIONS

EVENTS

Fibers and Polymers - page 5

Highly Correlated Electron Systems (HCES)Studied with Synchrotron RadiationTechniques - page 5

Surfaces and Interfaces on the Atomic- andNano-Scale: Semiconductors, MagneticMaterials and Oxides - page 6

Complementary Methods in StructuralBiology - page 6

Aussois - page 9

The 7th X-ray Microscopy Conference - page 9

Crystal Chemistry - page 11

X-TOP - page 11

Polymer Workshop for Industry - page 16

Three-way Meeting - page 18

X-Ray Optics Workshop - page 18

Accelerator Reliability Workshop - page 25

WORKSHOPS AND

CONFERENCES

AUSTRIA JOINED THE ESRF(1 JANUARY 2002)

he Austrian Academy of Science(ÖAW) and the ESRF agreed thatthe ÖAW would become a ScientificAssociate of the ESRF at a level of 1%from 1 January 2002. A medium-term

arrangement, which came into effect on1 January, enables Austrian scientists tocarry out experiments at the ESRF underthe same conditions as scientists fromContracting Party Countries. The formal

signing of the arrangement concerningthe long-term scientific use of the ESRFby Austria is planned to take place on 5December 2002.

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r Jungwirth, new Director of theInstitute of Physics of the CzechAcademy of Science (FZU), visited theESRF on 19-20 September 2002. In hiscapacity as Director of the FZU he is

responsible for the Czech involvementin the ESRF. After constructive discus-sions concerning an adjustment of theCzech participation to correspond moreclosely to their actual use of the ESRF’s

facilities, Dr Jungwirth agreed to anincrease of the Czech participation fromits current level of 0.35% to 0.38% in2003 and 0.41% in 2004.

DCZECH PARTICIPATION IN THE ESRF CONTINUED

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ince the last ESRF Newsletter, we haveseen a number of changes among oursenior staff. I would like to thankparticularly four colleagues who haveleft recently.

Christof Kunz has been associatedwith the ESRF since the idea of aEuropean synchrotron radiation sourcewas first proposed; he was a member ofthe ESF working group, formed in 1976and chaired by H. Maier-Leibnitz,which produced the famous 1977"Black Book". Since that time, Christofhas been involved with the ESRF inmany different roles, culminating in hisperiod as Director of Research between1995 and 2001. We are very grateful tohim for all of his work in support ofthe ESRF. But Christof continueswith his association with ESRF sincehe is currently working again as anexperimental physicist on the extensionof photoemission techniques to higherphoton energies.

After eight years of service to theESRF Tony Davies retired as Director ofthe Administration at the end of January.His lively interest in and his continuedsupport for the scientific programme iswell known. Under his guidance theESRF administration developed into theefficient yet friendly and informalservice that we know today.

A few months later Peter Lindleyreturned to the United Kingdom afterfive years as Director of Research.Peter oversaw the completion of theESRF's portfolio of thirty beamlines,with a particular attention tothe development of macromolecularcrystallography. Due to his insight andrigour, the ESRF is now one of theworld's leading centres for research inthis vital area. Peter also tirelessly

worked towards the realisation of thePartnership for Structural Biology(PSB), to which I will return below.

Finally, Bill Thomlinson, Head ofthe team on the Medical Beamline, isleaving to assume the responsibilities ofDirector of the new Canadian LightSource. Working with colleagues fromthe ESRF, the Centre HospitalierUniversitaire de Grenoble, theUniversity of Helsinki, and othercentres, Bill has provided the ESRFwith an outstanding synchrotron facilityfor medical imaging and microbeamtherapy.

We are very grateful to Christof,Tony, Peter and Bill for their manycrucial contributions to the ESRF andwe wish them well in their new careersor pursuits.

Our major construction project atthe moment concerns the new ID23beamline complex for advancedstructural biology. This is the ESRF'slargest contribution to the excitingPartnership for Structural Biology.After almost 18 months of discussion,argument and debate this virtualpartnership will become reality in mid-November when the agreement uniting

the four partners will be signed. We aredelighted that ESRF, ILL and the EMBLGrenoble outstation will be joined in thePSB by the IBS (Institut de BiologieStructurale), one of France's leading lifescience research centres. The IBS, whichis a joint CEA-CNRS-UJF laboratory,will bring valuable expertise in NMRand other related techniques tocomplement the biochemical, X-ray andneutron diffraction expertise of the otherthree partners. The PSB is described inmore detail in a special article in thisNewsletter.

Further details of the ESRF'scurrent projects and future planscan be found in the articles on theactivities of the Experiments Division.

This edition of the Newsletter alsoincludes reports on February's Users'Meeting, recent workshops and theCouncil Meetings of last Novemberand June. We also report on theoutstandingly efficient operation of theMachine, statistics and major issuesconcerning the User Office, the ESRF'scontribution to the HERCULEScourse, and information from theCRGs. Finally, our participation inprojects involving the EIROforum(the collaboration between seven ofEurope's leading intergovernmentalresearch organisations) is presented,and we consider future events at ESRF.

I hope that you enjoy reading ourNewsletter – there's something for(almost) everyone. We welcome yourfeedback and advice on new items forinclusion.

W.G. StirlingDirector General

SEDITORIAL

T. Davies and C. Kunz

B. Thomlinson

P. Lindley

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his year, the Users’Meeting plenary dayattracted some 330participants from Europe,the USAand Canada, andas far as Brazil. Keynotelectures by G. Materlikand G. Sawatzky,and highlight talks byA. Yonath and H. Poulsenfilled the morning session.This was followed by

lunch in discussion groups organised to presentthe new group structure within theExperiments Division. Ideas and suggestionsfrom users arising from discussions were thenoutlined and debated briefly with ESRFmanagement in a panel session followinglunch.

The meeting was also an opportunityfor the Hungarian Academy of Science,represented by its Secretary General,N. Króo, to sign an arrangement to allowscientists from Hungary to continue touse facilities at the ESRF.

A moment keenly awaited in theafternoon was the announcement of thewinner of the Young Scientist prize byA. Fontaine, chairman of the awardcommittee. This year’s prize-winner,Lawrence Margulies, presented hiswork under the title “3D resolved

studies of plastic deformation inmetals”.

The talk was followed by a livelyposter session, where some 80 posterswere on display. An innovation this yearwas the award to the best poster. Thiswas made by the Users’ Organisationduring dinner in the evening, toF. Demmel, S. Hosokawa, S. Pilgrimand M. Lorenzen, for their posterentitled “Optic modes in molten NaCl”.

Satellite Workshops to theUsers’ Meeting

There were this year four satelliteworskhops to the Users’ Meeting duringwhich very interesting talks were given,which led to lively discussions.

L. Margulies receives theYoung Scientist Prize fromthe hands of A. Fontaine.

Poster session

USERS’ MEETING

AND SATELLITE WORKSHOPS13 February 2002

From left to right: J.-L. Plantier, actingDirector of Administration, W.-G. Stirling, ESRF Director Generaland N. Króo, Secretary General of theHungarian Academy of Sciences.

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inety-two participants – sixty-twoof them from outside – attended thisworkshop which was held at theESRF. The goal of the workshopwas to bring together the polymerand biopolymer communities usingsynchrotron based experimentaltechniques on a common platform.Many participants felt it was aunique platform indeed.

The topics ranged from polymercolloids to solid polymers andfibrous biopolymers. This year’snovelty in biopolymers was hagfishslime, which appears to formstronger fibers than spider silk. Themajority of results were obtained by

wide- and small-angle X-ray scatteringalthough a number of complementarymethods like neutron scattering andphoton correlation spectroscopy werementioned.

The diversity of topics induced anumber of interesting discussionsbetween fans of particular techniques

and beamlines, which were continuedamongst the 29 posters during thedinner-buffet in the ESRF entrancehall. The workshop concluded with avisit to the ID2 and ID13 beamlines,which gave attendees the occasion ofdiscussing their pet-project with thebeamline staff.

FIBERS AND POLYMERS11-12 February 2002

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his workshop held in the ILLAmphitheatre was organised byP. Carra, F. Sette (Science) andA. Maden (Administration).

A list of 16 invited speakers fromEurope and the USA attracted aregistration of 85 participants. Theprogramme included six sessions ofseminars, which were delivered by theinvited speakers and took place overtwo full days.

General Talks (M. Rice, Zurich;GA. Sawatzky, Vancouver), Ab-initiocalculations (OK. Andersen, Stuttgart;W. Pickett, Davis; H. Ebert, Munich),Non-Fermi liquids - 3d transitionmetals (N. Bernhoeft, Grenoble;P. Bruno, Halle; M. Altarelli, Trieste),Vanadium Sesqui-oxide (F. Mila,Lausanne and S. Di Matteo, Grenoble),Synchrotron radiation techniques(J. Goulon, Grenoble; D. McMorrow,

Roskilde; N. Brookes, Grenoble),High-Tc superconductors andfullerenes (Z-X. Shen, Stanford;M. Sigrist, Zurich, E. Koch, Stuttgart).

A number of posters weresubmitted and the following peoplewere invited to give selected shorttalks: C. Dallera (Milan), M. D’Astuto(Grenoble), R. Przenioslo (Grenoble),A. Rogalev, (Grenoble) and J. Roehler,(Koln), LH. Tjeng (Cologne).

A pleasant workshop dinner tookplace at the Novotel in the centre ofGrenoble, which provided a forum forless formal discussions.

The HCES Workshop waspromoted alongside the ESRF by theSRRTNet, The Global SynchrotronRadiation Research Theory Network,and was funded by the EuropeanUnion.

HIGHLY CORRELATED ELECTRON SYSTEMS (HCES)STUDIED WITH SYNCHROTRON RADIATION TECHNIQUES

11-12 February 2002

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he workshop was organised byJ. Zegenhagen, N. Brookes, S. Ferrer,T. H. Metzger (science) andU. Ramseger (administration). Anexcellent panel of invited speakers

had attracted a total of 129 registeredparticipants from 15 nations. It wasevident that surfaces and interfaceson the atomic- and nano-scale arestill in the focus of interest. The

workshop was arranged infive sessions, four of themoral: two sessions onmagnetic materials, oneon semiconductors, oneon oxides, and one poster-session, for which threetimeslots on Thursday andFriday had been reserved.The workshop startedwith an impressivepresentation by S. Parkin(IBM, USA) on nano-structured, magnetic (spin)memory devices, spanningthe range from basicphysics to application.

The ILL Chadwick Theatre was fullyoccupied from the beginning andlisteners had to accommodatethemselves on the stairs for this andseveral other highly popular talks.After lunch, about 40 admirableposters stimulated dynamicdiscussions, with the poster sessionbeing continued Thursday eveningand Friday after lunch. Theprogramme of the workshop finishedwith the presentation of the BestPoster Award (consisting of acorresponding document, a cheque,and six splendid ESRF ExperimentsDivision mugs) to R. Roehlsberger(Rostock, Germany). Finally, about30 participants could discuss and chatleisurely while attending a gooddinner in a comfortable atmosphereat the restaurant Pique Pierre in StMartin Le Vinoux.

SURFACES AND INTERFACES ON THE

ATOMIC- AND NANO-SCALE: SEMICONDUCTORS,MAGNETIC MATERIALS AND OXIDES

14-15 February 2002

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esearchers from a wide rangeof scientific disciplines attendedthis workshop held on 14 and 15February. The workshop examined thetechniques available to the researcherinterested in biological problems.

The meeting was opened byP. Lindley who, after describing theESRF and its evolution, linkedtogether the many techniques that mustbe employed in "problem-drivenresearch". Sessions held on the firstday were devoted to X-ray andneutron diffraction, Nuclear MagneticResonance (NMR) and electronmicroscopy. The second day wasdevoted to solution scatteringtechniques using both X-rays andvisible light, synchrotron radiationcircular dichroism and X-raymicroscopy, finishing with anoverview of the current status of

computer modelling of proteinstructures. Finally examples weregiven of the extra insight obtainableby the use of complementary methodsin a scientific investigation. Themeeting was brought to a conclusionby R. Fourme (Soleil) who drewtogether themes of the workshopand emphasised the importance of

synchrotron radiation to the field ofstructural biology. The workshopbrought together a new group ofscientists to the ESRF, most of whomwere on their first visit to the ESRF,and emphasised the need for thescientists to employ all the techniquesat their disposal in order to understandthe complexities of biological systems.

COMPLEMENTARY METHODS IN STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY14-15 February 2002

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cientific Programme

The Council noted the Medium-Term Scientific Programme for theperiod 2002 to 2006. This programmeindicates as high-profile fields: StructuralBiology, High Resolution ElectronSpectroscopy, Very Large MagneticFields, Microfocus, Nanotechnology andMaterials Engineering. The policy ofcontinual enhancement/development ofthe machine and the experimentalfacilities is maintained. The programmealso deals with the organisation ofmanpower and the need for a furtherbuilding.

The Council also noted the progress inthe preparation of the Partnership forStructural Biology, and authorisedthe Director General to sign theMemorandum of Understanding withEMBL, ILL and IBS, with the provisionthat a more detailed document will besubmitted to the Council within two years.

Scientific "Juste Retour"(Fair Return)

The Council took note of the currentscientific "juste retour" situation whichcontinued showing an over proportionaluse by the Nordsync community. It notedthat, in accordance with the "Resolutionon corrective measures" adopted in June2001, the Nordsync consortium willmake an additional contribution to the2003 budget over and above its pro ratashare in the budget of 2003, the amountbeing 0.73 % of the totality of Members'contributions. In addition, the Councilrequested the Director General to report,at the next meeting, on measures toimprove the situation of the under-balanced countries.

Scientific Partners

The Council • approved an extension by a further twoyears of the arrangement on the medium-term use of the ESRF with the HungarianAcademy of Science (i.e. from July 2002to June 2004),• approved the conclusion of anarrangement on the long-term use ofsynchrotron radiation with the AustrianAcademy of Science (i.e. from January2002 to December 2006),• authorised the Director General to

undertake negotiations with theappropriate legal body in Portugalwith a view to an extension of thearrangement with the Government ofPortugal (or to the conclusion of a newarrangement under similar terms withan organisation acting on behalf of thePortuguese scientific community), andrecommended that the arrangement,once unanimously approved by theCouncil, should be signed on behalf ofthe ESRF by the Director General andthe Chairman of the Council.

Financial andProcedural Matters

The Council • approved that the PurchasingCommittee business shall continue to behandled by the Administrative andFinance Committee;• approved the final accounts for thefinancial year 2000 and discharged theformer Director General with respect tothe implementation of the budget for 2000;• noted the second revision of the 2001budget (including the transfer of theposts of the Experimental Hall Operatorsfrom the Experiments Division to theSafety Group);• approved the budget for 2002 aspresented by Management, providing forexpenditure of 70 938 k in paymentsand requiring Members' contributions of63 451 k ;• took note of the Medium-TermFinancial Estimates (2003-2007)presented by Management and confirmed64 720 k as the planning figure for newcontributions from Members to the budgetfor the year 2003, with due reservationsabout the availability of these funds.

Appointment of Chairpersonsand Committee Members

The Council• elected R. Feidenhans'l (Denmark) asVice-Chairman of the Council for 2002and 2003;• appointed J.L. Martinez (Spain) asChairman of the AFC/AC/PC andM. Steinacher (Switzerland) as Vice-Chairman of the AFC/AC/PC for theperiod from 1 July 2002 to 30 June 2004;• noted the nomination of A.J. Ryan(Dept. of Chemistry, Univ. of Sheffield)as member of the Science Advisory

Committee for the period up to the endof 2002, replacing D.I. Stuart (who hadbecome member of the UK delegation).

Director of Research

Restarting the selection andappointment procedure for a Director ofResearch (succession of P.F. Lindley), theCouncil specified that• the scientific orientation of thecandidates looked for was "StructuralBiology",• a continuation of the future Director'sresearch activities to a limited extent wasacceptable,• the first phase of the procedure (searchfor candidates and shortlisting) was to beorganised by a small group made up ofCouncil Chairman, Vice-Chairman,Director General and Council Secretary,aiming at having the interviews be heldbefore the next meeting of the Council inNovember 2002.

The Council noted that, for the timebeing, F. Sette alone was leading theExperiments Division.

K. Witte

36TH AND 37TH MEETINGS OF THE ESRF COUNCILheld on 26/27 November 2001 and 4/5 June 2002

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Since 1 January 2002, the ESRFCouncil has been chaired by R. Comès,who succeeded P.E. Zinsli. RobertComès, 65, is solid state physicist andhas worked both with neutrons and X-rays. From 1990 to 2000 he has beenDirector of LURE. His relationship withthe ESRF dates from the ESF ad-hoccommittee in the early eighties and AFCchairmanship during the ESRFFoundation Phase. Over many years hehas been member of the Frenchdelegation to the ESRF Council. New Vice-Chairman is RobertFeidenhans’l (Head of the MaterialResearch Department of the RisøNational Laboratory).

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uring the year 2001, the fullcomplement of 30 ESRF beamlines,together with 8 Collaborating ResearchGroup beamlines (CRGs) were open foruser experiments, the CRGs making1/3 of their beam time available forgeneral ESRF users. For the purposes of

scheduling experiments on beamlines,2001 was divided into two periods,February to July 2001, and August 2001 tothe User Meeting in February 2002, withrun periods of six to seven weeks, brokenby shutdown periods for installations,commissioning and maintenance.

Scientists requesting beam timesubmit applications for two deadlines –1 March and 1 September - each year.For the proposal rounds in 2001, all1582 applications for beam time weresuccessfully submitted electronically.The increase in requests for beam timesince 1997 is shown in Figure 1. It is tobe noted that although the mainbeamline construction effort wascomplete by 1999, requests for beamtime continue to rise, and totalled 24824shifts in 2001. In the past, requests forbeam time have outweighed the beamtime available for allocation by roughlya factor of two. This pattern continuedin 2001, when 11 281 or slightly morethan 45% of the shifts requested wereallocated beam time.

ExperimentalProgramme

Concerning the experimentalprogramme, the number of experimentalsessions compared with number ofapplications for beam time over thescheduling periods from 1997 can beseen in Figure 2, which also shows theincrease in the number of visits by users.The year 2000 saw a sharp increase inthe number of user visits, with a totalgreater than in 2001. This peak is due toa slightly longer scheduling period, andcorrespondingly higher number ofexperimental sessions and user visits.

The breakdown of shifts scheduledin 2001, per scientific area, is shown inFigure 3. One of the features of thisperiod has been the increasing numberof projects concerned more with appliedthan basic research in materials science,engineering and environmental matters.As seen in Figure 3, experiments inthese areas accounted for 11 % of thetotal number of experiments carriedout in 2001. In addition, the numberof macromolecular crystallographyexperiments has risen notably, due to acombination of the availability of fiveexperimental stations dedicated to theseprojects, very rapid data collectiontimes – frequently less than one shift –

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Years

Num

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of p

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/Exp

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sers

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its 5500

5000

4500

4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

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Proposals submitted

Experiments carried out

Number of Users Visits

1259

656

1380

766

1394

915

2376

2726

3361

1470

LS B

AG s

chem

e in

trodu

ced

1146

5049

1582

1116

4358

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Years

Num

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hift

s

30 000

25 000

20 000

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10 000

5 000

0

Shifts requested by applicants

Shifts allocated by Review Committees

Shifts scheduled for user experiments

19 0

83

21 7

38 23 2

16 24 8

24

7 32

8

18 2

87

9 25

5

10 3

64

12 3

09

11 2

81

8 74

8

10 0

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90

13 8

12

12 9

18

Fig. 1: Details of shifts requested, shifts allocated beam time, and shifts scheduledfor user experiments, per year, 1997 to 2001.

Fig. 2: Numbers of applications for beam time submitted, experiments carried out,and user visits, 1997 to 2001.

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OPERATION WITH USERS

IN 2001

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Fig. 3: Shifts of beam time scheduledfor experiments in 2001, by scientificarea (total shifts 12918).

Surfaces and Interfaces 10 %Chemistry 11 %

Hard Condensed Matter:Elect. & Magn. Properties 13 %

Hard Condensed Matter:Structures 18 %

Materials Eng. & Environmental Matters 11 %Life Sciences 18 %

Methods and Instrumentation 6 %Soft Condensed Matter 9 %

Others:Training, feasibility tests,

proprietary research 4 %

and the very successful operation of theBlock Allocation Group (BAG)scheme. The number of BAGs, initially20 late in 1998, rose to 38 by thesecond scheduling period in 2001.Furthermore, to cater to theexperimental needs of a wide diversityof research projects, beam deliveries tothe stations in 2001 were made in avariety of modes:

• multibunch (2 * 1/3 and uniformfilling) – 64%• hybrid mode - 5%• 16-bunch fill - 23%• single-bunch fill - 8%.

Next Deadline for Proposals:1 March 2003

Finally, interested readers arereminded that deadlines for proposalsfor beam time are 1 March and1 September each year. Further detailsare available on the Web athttp://www.esrf.fr.

R. Mason

he third Experiments DivisionScience Days were held from 22 to24 May. in Aussois and were attendedby approximately 180 people. As forthe previous meetings, the aim was toprovide an opportunity to thescientific staff to reflect on the pastand to discuss future perspectives. Inthe spirit of the new divisionstructure, each scientific group wasallocated a time slot of typically 1h30,in which, following a generalintroduction (in most cases by thecurrent Group Head), recent researchhighlights were presented. Theseincluded as well work from thecollaborative research groups (CRG).The two extensive poster sessionswere preceded by poster clips in

which the PhD students introducedtheir work. A lot of effort and carewas put into these posters andmade the assignment of the best PhDposter award a very difficult task.The meeting was held in a veryrelaxed atmosphere catalysing manyanimated discussions, especiallyduring the free afternoon where thebad weather kept everybody togetherunder the roof of the Paul LangevinCenter. The general feeling was thatthe Science Days are stimulating andessential for the scientific life of theExperiments Division, and the nextmeeting should be foreseen for fall2003.

THE 7TH X-RAY MICROSCOPY CONFERENCE28 July - 2 August 2002

he 7th X-ray microscopyconference was hosted by the ESRFfrom 28 July to 2 August. The X-ray microscopy conferences are heldevery three years and are the primaryinternational forum for the presentationand discussion of advances in high-spatial-resolution X-ray imaging andits applications across a broad rangeof sciences. XRM2002 was held atthe ATRIA World Trade Centre inGrenoble and was jointly supported bythe ESRF, LURE and SOLEIL.

In addition to providing the latestinformation on the X-ray microscopytechnique, the programme was set toemphasise scientific accomplishmentsfrom various fields such as Biology,Earth sciences, Materials Science,and Environmental Sciences…. Themeeting attracted 239 participants from18 nations (138 (from Europe), 48(USA) and 53 (Asia). Both theparticipation of 50 registered PhDstudents and the submission of morethan 190 abstracts confirmed the rapidgrowth of the X-ray microscopycommunity.

On Wednesday afternoon, morethan 120 persons participated in a 2-hour guided tour of the ESRF andvisited several beamlines (ID13, ID19,ID21, ID22, and BM5). Thursdayevening the delegates enjoyed a boattrip on the Lac du Monteynard prior adinner at the “Chateau d’Erbelon”.

The conference ended with thepresentation of the Werner Meyer-IlseMemorial Award, which is made toyoung scientists based on theircontributions to the development of X-ray microscopy through eithertechnical advances or applications. Thewinner was M. Feser, from StonyBrook University of New York, USA(see picture).

From left to right: A. Michette (King’s College London, UK), chairman of the WernerMeyer-Ilse Award Committee, the award winner M. Feser (Stony Brook University of

New York, USA) and Andrea, wife of the late Werner Meyer-Ilse.

AUSSOIS22-24 May 2002T

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uring the six-week period from17 February to 28 March, 2002, Grenoblehosted the HERCULES course (HigherEuropean Research Course for Users ofLarge Experimental Systems). Thisschool was funded through resourcesprovided by the European Commission,the French Ministry of Education andResearch, the national institutions CNRSand CEA, and two European largefacilities, ESRF and ILL. The school isorganised by the Grenoble Universities(UJF, INPG), the Université Paris-SudXI, and several large facility centers(ESRF, ILL, CNRS, CEA, LURE, LLB)and is dedicated to the use of "neutronand synchrotron radiation" and continuesto attract a large number of scientists: 66full-time and 7 part-time participant, outof 93 applicants, took part in the 12thsession. This year the selected PhDstudents and post-doctoral scientistscame mainly from the EuropeanCommunity, but also from EasternEurope (Poland, Czech Republic,Hungary, Turkey, Romania…), from theAmericas (USA, Argentina) and fromAsia (there was an agreement for theparticipation of 5 scientists from Taiwan).

Participants attended lectures,tutorials and practicals. The lectures,given by more than 60 speakers, topspecialists in each field concerned,covered the various properties ofneutrons and synchrotron radiationbeams, and presented the mostappropriate methods and instruments forthe young scientists' needs in the future.Participants were asked to pay particularattention to the complementary nature ofX-ray and neutron techniques. Theprogramme was made up of a commonpart followed by two parallel sessions:one for physicists and chemists, and theother devoted to the "structure anddynamics of biomolecules".

The programme of the school alsoincluded experiments on synchrotronradiation and neutron beamlines in either“hard matter” (neutron and X-ray powderand single crystal diffraction, EXAFS,imaging, inelastic scattering,…), in

“soft matter” (neutron and X-rayreflectivity, neutron and X-ray small-angle scattering,…) or in “biomolecularsamples” (Multiwavelength anomalousdiffraction, Laue diffraction, …) .

For the practicals' and tutorials' hands-on training, the students were divided into17 experimental groups (4 students pergroup) and carried out experiments anddata analysis set up by more than 100local instructors. In this way, the studentscould establish contact with the scientistsin charge at the large scale facilities, andtherefore become familiar with thepotential there. All full-time participantswere assigned at least seven practicalsand seven tutorials in the EuropeanFacilities, Grenoble Laboratories, LUREand Laboratoire Léon Brillouin. Forpracticals at LURE in Orsay and atLaboratoire Léon Brillouin in Saclay,students spent a few days in the Paris area.

The schedule was quite dense.However, there was time for theparticipants to enjoy some of Grenoble’ssounds and Alpine sights. The schoolgave the students other opportunities formingling with each other at the postersession, the skiing outing and the dinnerparty. Finally, the course ended with thenow “classic” Wine-and-Cheese partyoffering a large palette of different winesand more than 40 different Frenchcheeses!

HERCULES 2003Higher European Research Course forUsers of Large Experimental Systems

Grenoble,2 March - 11 April 2003

Session A:«Neutron and synchrotron radiation

for physics and chemistryof condensed matter»

Session B:«Neutron and synchrotron radiation

for biomolecular structureand dynamics»

Information:Marie-Claude MOISSENET

Secrétariat HERCULESCNRS - Maison des Magistères

BP 166 - 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9Tel: 33 (0)4 76 88 79 86Fax: 33 (0)4 76 88 79 81

e-mail:marie-claude.moissenet@polycnrs-gre.frhttp://www.polycnrs-gre.fr/hercules.html

THE 12TH SESSION OF THE HERCULES COURSEfrom 17 February to 28 March 2002

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he IUCr Satellite Meeting washeld jointly by the ESRF and the ILL on1-3 August 2002. The full title of themeeting was “Crystal Chemistry of NewMaterials and Soft Matter Studied bySynchrotron and Neutron Diffraction”.The XIX Congress of the InternationalUnion of Crystallography was held inGeneva, Switzerland, on 6-15 August2002.

Neutron and synchrotron diffractionhave been essential for the understandingof new materials - hard magnets,superconductors, CMR (ColossalMagneto Resistance) materials, zeolites,etc. Large position-sensitive detectors,image plates, focusing optics, polarisedbeams and new software, are all beingdeveloped rapidly, and opening new

opportunities for chemists, physicistsand biologists interested in relating theproperties of materials to their structure.This workshop highlighted some of thisnew science, and the techniques thathave made it possible. H. Schenk, thePresident of the International Union ofCrystallography, stated "For youngscientists, who were never before at biginstallations, the meeting in Geneva is anideal opportunity to see the synchrotronand neutron facilities... in order to get aflavour of the opportunities they mayprovide for their future research." Thissatellite meeting should have providedthe ideal opportunity for a newgeneration of scientists to explore theneutron and synchrotron radiationfacilities available on the Grenoble site.

A total of 87 participants registeredfor the meeting, representing Australia,Denmark, France, India, Germany,Great Britain, Japan, the Netherlandsand the United States.

It is our sincere hope that thesatellite meeting sowed the seeds ofmulti-faceted scientific collaborationsusing the complementary methods ofsynchrotron and neutron diffraction.

Å Kvick and A. Hewat

CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY1 - 3 August 2002

he name of the X-TOP conferenceoriginates from a first X-rayTOPography-related meeting, held inGrenoble in 1990 and aimed at definingwhat was, at that time, the ESRFbeamline devoted to diffractiontopography. The X-TOP conferencetook place in Marseille 1992, Berlin1994, Palermo 1996, Durham 1998and Ustro-Jaszowiec 2000. TheseConferences extended the topics wellbeyond 'topography' and incorporatedother imaging and diffractiontechniques (high resolution and grazingincidence diffraction, reflectometry,microtomography phase contrastimaging) which emerged or developedas a consequence of the availability ofsynchrotron radiation sources, inparticular the ESRF.

170 participants coming from 21countries attended X-TOP 2002. Thefirst part of the Conference was held atthe ESRF (10-11 September). It startedwith four 'basic' courses on 1) HighResolution Diffraction 2) GrazingIncidence Diffraction 3) X-ray Imagingtechniques (Absorption, Phase Contrast,Bragg Diffraction) and 4) Standing

Waves. After visits to the variousbeamlines of interest for the participants(ID1, BM5, ID19, ID22 and ID32)the Conference moved (12 to 14September) to the " Centre PaulLangevin ", in Aussois. About 40 oralcontributions (more than 80% used the"power-point - projector" possibilities)and more than 100 posters werepresented there.

The conference covered a widerange of topics such as:• New developments in methodsand instrumentation (new imagingand diffraction methods mainlyusing synchrotron radiation, X-rayoptics with special emphasis on themicrofocusing and magnifying devices,data recording and processing, etc.)• Applications to physical studies(defects, deformation, phase transitions,etc.)• Characterisation of interestingmaterials (bulk crystals, layers andsuper-lattices, nanostructures, quantumdots, etc.)• Theoretical aspects such as thepredictions of dynamical theory when

using ultrashort pulses (new X-raysources) or how valid are usualapproximations of this theory whenconsidering the new, layered ornanostructured, materials.

A number of e-mails were receivedat the ESRF, after X-TOP, thanking forwhat these participants considered tobe a particularly interesting conference.This very rewarding aspect is surely theresult of a conjunction of facts: firstly,of course, good science (the generalscientific and presentation standard ofthese contributions was very high, andvery lively discussions followed mostof the oral talks or extended in front ofthe posters) but also a beautiful weatherduring the free afternoon, whichallowed to enjoy the magnificentpanoramas of the surroundingmountains, and a perfect, smooth,organisation. Last but not least, thegeneral atmosphere of the meeting wasvery friendly, with a very successful"soirée dansante" and very good meals,the Aussois people even claiming thatthe X-TOP participants are the biggestcheese-consumers they ever had intheir centre.

X-TOP10-11 September 2002

T

T

From left to right: Å. Kvick,A. Hewatt and Prof. Y. Fujii.

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New Group Structure

In order to facilitate communicationand beamline operation, a newbeamline group structure has been setup in the Experiments Division. Thebeamlines making up each group arelisted in the Table.The Group Heads and their deputies areappointed for three years with apossibility of renewal.

Beamline Reviews

The beamline reviews by panels ofexperts and normally chaired by SACmembers are an essential part of thescientific development of the ESRF.They enable the management topropose future strategies and plans,and allow the general community torespond with corresponding ideas andcomments. These reviews have broughtconsiderable benefits to the ESRF andits scientific profile. Normally threebeamlines from the 30 public and 10CRG beamlines are reviewed every sixmonths and at the time of the 44th SACmeeting the reviews will have coveredall the beamlines in operation. It seemsappropriate therefore to assess theoverall review process. In most casesactions taken by the management of theESRF following recommendations

made by the review panels havesatisfied the requests and in manycases have opened up new scientificopportunities or techniques for therespective beamline. Three illustrativeexamples where Review Committeerecommendations have producedsignificant developments are providedby ID2, BM16 and ID22. • Beamline ID2 is now totally dedicatedto soft-condensed matter studies and hasbeen extensively modified to enhance theultra-small-angle scattering (USAXS)capability and to extend the range ofsample environment and use ofdetectors. • The Powder Diffraction beamline,BM16, has now been transformed intoan insertion device beamline ID31,

which should be ready for users laterthis year. BM16 itself will become aSpanish CRG, mainly dedicated tomacromolecular crystallography. ID31will be equipped with three 11-mm-gapundulators around a 10 mm vacuumvessel. The construction progress hasbeen good and, at the time of writing, allthe hutches and services are in place anda liquid nitrogen cooled monochromatoris being commissioned and is performingabove specifications. • ID22/18F have been grouped togetherwith ID21 under the leadership of asingle scientist. This has led to a moreefficient use of ESRF facilities and thedevelopment of micro-probe techniqueswith a concomitant expansion of thescience programme.

Group (Group Heads) BeamlinesSurface & Interface Science (S. Ferrer) ID01, ID03, ID32Soft Condensed Matter (G. Grübel) ID02, ID10A, ID10B, ID13X-ray Imaging (J. Baruchel) ID17, ID19, ID21, ID18F, ID22Macromolecular Crystallography(S. Mc Sweeney) ID14A, ID14B, ID29, ID23X-ray Absorption and Magnetic Scattering(N. Brookes) ID08, ID12, ID20, ID24, BM29High Resolution & Resonance Scattering(R. Rüffer) ID16, ID18, ID22N, ID26, ID28Materials Science (Å. Kvick) ID09TR, ID09HP, ID11, ID15A,

ID15B, ID30, ID31 (BM16)

SELECTED SCIENTIFIC HIGHLIGHTS

X-ray Imaging Group

ID19 - Extension of “holotomography” tonew scientific areas. (P. Cloetens, ESRF,and R. Mache, Génétique Moleculaire desPlantes-UMR 5575, Université JosephFourier, Grenoble)

Holotomography, which combinesphase retrieval, using images recorded atseveral distances, and microtomography,is an elaborated phase contrast imagingtechnique developed at the ESRF. Ithas already been used successfully inmetallurgical problems, such as thevisualization of the phases in semi-solidalloys. It is now being extended to the LifeSciences (plants, vessels in the brain) andnew materials (polymers and soft foams,carbon-carbon composites). New teams inthe fields of Paleontology (fossil teeth) andthe Earth Sciences are now using theimaging capabilities of the beamline.

ID21 - Zernike phase contrast X-raymicroscopy at 4 keV photon energy withsub-100 nm spatial resolution.(U. Neuhäusler, ESRF, G. Schneider,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,Berkeley, US, W. Ludwig, ESRF andINSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France, M.A.Meyer and E. Zschech, AMD SaxonyLLC & Co KG, Dresden, Germany andD. Hambach, Institut für Röntgenphysik,Universität Göttingen, Germany)

This article has been removed because ofan error made in the production of theNewsletter. A corrected and extendedversion can be found in the ESRFHighlights 2002, pages 84-85.

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Surface and InterfaceScience Group

ID1 - In-situ WAXS investigation oftensile stress and structure in woodslices. (J. Keckes and P. Fratzl,Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria,M. Hamilton, ESRF, M. Müller,Universität Kiel, Germany)

Wood represents a natural compositewith the ability to adapt its structuralproperties to external mechanicalrequirements on all hierarchical levels.On the microscopic and nanoscopicscale, the structural optimisation of themechanical behaviour of wood is closelyrelated to the cell wall microstructureand, especially, to the magnitude of themicrofibril angle (MFA). The aim ofthese studies was to characterisemicrostructural changes in wood slicesunder external loading using wide-angleX-ray scattering. Wood foils ofdimensions 5 x 50 x 0.2 mm werestrained in a tensile stage under variousstrain rates monitoring stress responseand collecting X-ray diffraction patterns(XRD) using a 2-D CCD detector.

By relating stress-strain curves andXRD results, it was possible to evaluatechanges of MFA, MFA distribution andmicroscopic strain as a function ofexternal strain and strain rate in the slices(see Figure 3). The results document anelastic response of the woodmicrostructural parameters that dependssensitively on the magnitude of externalstrain and differs significantly fordifferent types of wood. However, thestrain rate was not found to play animportant role. The ex-situ XRDinvestigations of the wood slices do notindicate any significant remainingchanges of MFA in comparison with theoriginal value.

The comparison of the mechanicaland the micro-structural results fromthree different compression wood types

allows general conclusions to be drawnregarding the roles of different micro-structural features of wood on themechanical behaviour. It also shows howwood architecture units are progressivelyoptimised during evolution.

MacromolecularCrystallography Group

ID14 - The interaction of antibioticswith ribosomes (F. Schlünzen1, R. Zarivach2, J. Harms1,A. Bashan2, A. Tocilj3, R. Albrecht3,A. Yonath2, F. Franceschi3 withaffiliations: 1. Max Planck Research Unit forRibosomal Structure,Hamburg,Germany. 2. Department of StructuralBiology, Weizmann Institute, Israel. 3. Max Planck Institut fur MolekulareGenetik, Berlin, Germany).

Bacterial ribosomes are the targetsfor many antibiotics that prevent theproduction of new proteins in cells, thuskilling the bacterium that is targeted. Therecent elucidation of the three-dimensionalstructures of a number of ribosomalsubunits has opened the way for a detailedvisualisation of ribosome-antibioticinteractions. Using single crystal X-raydiffraction data recorded at ID14, thecrystal structures of a number of clinicallyimportant antibiotics have been obtainedin complex with the large 50S ribosomalsubunit of the extremophile bacteriumDeinococcus radiodurans (Figure 4).These show that the antibiotics studiedbind only to the ribosomal RNA. They

function either by inhibiting the actualsynthesis of new proteins or, as is the casefor the macrolide class of drugs, byblocking the channel through which thenewly synthesised protein is channelledaway from the site of the peptide bondformation. The structures show in atomicdetail how the antibiotics function and,perhaps equally importantly, how knownmutations in the nucleotide sequence ofthe ribosomal RNA have led to resistanceagainst the antibiotics studied. The studiesalso suggest approaches that may enablethe rational design of new, therapeuticallyrelevant antibiotic drugs in the future.

Fig. 3: The diffraction from wood fibres before stretching (left) and prior to failure(right). The symmetric peaks are due to the helical structure of the cellulose fibresand the position depends on the microfibril angle (MFA). As the sample is strainedthis helical structure is flattened causing a reduction in the MFA. In addition theweak outermost ring is due to diffraction from cellulose and moves to smaller Q withstretching.

Fig. 4: The structure of the largeribosomal subunit from D. radiodurans(green) in complex with the macrolideerythromycin (red). Note that, uponbinding to the ribosome, the antibioticpartially blocks the exit channel for thenascent peptide.

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X-ray Absorption and MagneticScattering Group

ID8 - Magnetic speckle (Collaboration between J.F. Peters,M.A. de Vries, O. Toulemonde,J. Miguel, J.B. Goedkoop, Van derWaals-Zeeman Institute, Amsterdam,The Netherlands, and S. S. Dhesi andN. B. Brookes, ESRF)

Nano-scale structures are best seenwith nanometre wavelengths, such asfound in the soft X-ray range. In thisenergy range are also found the strongestmagneto-optically active core-valenceresonances, making soft X-rays apowerful tool for the study of nano-magnetism.

The coherent radiation that can beobtained at the ESRF has been used in aseries of magnetic speckle experiments.In Figure 5 a coherent beam has beenused, as evidenced by the Fraunhoferfringes of the transmitted beam (centralimage). As a result, the first ordermaxima fragment into a clearly definedspeckle pattern, with strong intensitycontrast and clear inversion symmetry(left and right images).

Such speckle patterns reflect theexact structure of the illuminated area,and fluctuations in the magnetic structureresult in fluctuations in the speckleintensity. This is exploited in dynamicalX-ray scattering, so far only used instudies of colloidal particles to addressthe dynamics of the system at time scalesof microseconds to seconds. Themagnetic speckle patterns show that itshould be possible to do the magneticequivalent of this technique, whichwould be extremely useful for the studyof the thermodynamical behaviour ofmagnetic ordering in bulk, surfaces andsmall particles.

ID24 - High pressure X-ray magneticcircular dichroism at the Fe K-edge(O. Mathon1, F. Baudelet2, J.P. Itié3,A. Polian3, and S. Pascarelli11. ESRF, Grenoble, France. 2. Physiquedes Milieux Condensés, Univ. Pierre etMarie Curie, Paris, France. 3. LURE,Centre Universitaire Paris Sud, Orsay,France)

XMCD experiments provide anelement-specific mapping of s-, p- or d-electron spin and orbital densities insolids using the magnetic absorptioncharacteristics of circularly polarisedsynchrotron radiation. The developmentof dedicated beamlines producing a highflux of circularly polarised synchrotronradiation using, like on ID24, the eleganttechnique of a quarter-wave phase plate,enables new applications of XMCDspectroscopy such as high pressure

studies. XMCD of 3dtransition metals underpressure has long been aforbidden field, due to theimpossibility of accessing theL-edges of these elementsbecause of the highlyabsorbing properties of highpressure cells in the soft X-ray range. On the otherhand, the XMCD signal atthe K-edges is about 2 ordersof magnitude smaller, andall attempts to measure thesesignals through diamondanvil cells had failed upto now. Very recently suchmeasurements have finallybecome possible on beamline

ID24 (see Figure 6). The firstapplications are related to thesimultaneous XAS and XMCD study ofthe Fe bcc-hcp phase transition at around15 GPa, and to the understanding of spinhybridisation as a function of inter-atomic distances in 3d-5d INVAR alloys.

Materials ScienceGroup

ID15A - – In-situ studies of oxidation ata solid-liquid interface (H. Reichert, M. Denk, I. Ramsteiner,C. Mocuta and A. Schoeps, MPIfür Metallforschung, Stuttgart,Germany)

Technically important processes forreal materials often involve interfacesbetween solid and liquid components.Such interfaces are usually covered byintervening oxide layers.

Reactions at such interfaces areintrinsically difficult to investigate forin situ experiments. Reflectivity studies,Figure 7(a), were carried out employingthe high energy X-ray microbeam atbeamline ID15A. In the experiments thetime evolution of the structure of a deeplyburied lead oxide layer normal to theinterface between liquid lead and solidsilicon was investigated. Careful dataanalysis of the electron density profile,Figure 7(b), across the solid-liquidinterface provides evidence for a slowtransfer of the oxygen atoms from thelead oxide layer to the silicon, therebyindicating internal oxidation of thesilicon.

660 680 700 720 740 760 780 800 820 840Energy (pixel camera)

0.9 GPa14 GPa

1.2x10–3

1.0x10–3

8.0x10–4

6.0x10–4

4.0x10–4

2.0x10–4

0.0–2.0x10–4

–4.0x10–4

–6.0x10–4

–8.0x10–4

–1.0x10–3

–1.2x10–3

–1.4x10–3

Fig. 6: Fe3Pt: XMCD under pressure at the Fe K-edge.

Fig. 5: Coherent first-order magnetic diffraction peaks fromaligned magnetic stripe domains: Magnetic X-ray speckle.

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ID30 - Breakdown of intermediate-rangeorder in liquid GeSe2 at high pressure (W.A. Crichton, M. Mezouar, T. Grande,S. Stolen and A. Grzechnik, Nature, 414,622-625 (2001))

Studies of liquids with tetrahedralcoordination, particularly duringcompression or quenching, haveindicated the existence of distinct phasesin the liquid state, distinguishable bydensity and local structure. In systemsthat exhibit critical phenomena in thesuper-cooled state, anomalous behaviourof the compressibility is also anticipatedabove the critical point, as revealed bysimulations of water. Liquid GeSe2 is apotentially attractive system for studyingboth types of phenomena, given its two-dimensional tetrahedral structure andanomalous physical properties (includinga density maximum near its meltingpoint). In situ X-ray diffractionmeasurements have been performed atthe high pressure beamline ID30revealing that the structure of the liquid issensitive to pressure and that anomalouscompressibility is expected. Duringcompression of liquid GeSe2, theconnectivity of the liquid changes fromtwo- to three-dimensional, leading to abreakdown of the intermediate-rangeorder. The gradual change in structureabove the melting line may develop to afirst-order liquid-liquid transition in thesuper-cooled regime.

High-Resolution and ResonanceScattering Group

ID16 - Evidence of a spectroscopicKondo scale in ytterbium compounds(C. Dallera, Politecnico di Milano,Milano, Italy; M. Grioni, EcolePolytechnique Fédérale, Lausanne,

Switzerland; A. Shukla and G. Vankò,ESRF, Grenoble, France; J.L. Sarrao,Los Alamos National Laboratory, LosAlamos, USA; J.P. Rueff, Université P. etM. Curie, Paris, France; D.L. Cox,University of California, Davis, USA)

Bulk-sensitive resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) measurementsperformed at ID16 reveal withunprecedented clarity the existence ofcharacteristic Kondo scales in heavyfermions. In YbInCu4 and YbAgCu4RIXS selectively probes the Yb2+

component of the hybrid ground stateand directly yields the temperaturedependence of the Yb 4f occupation. Asudden valence change at a phasetransition in YbInCu4 but a continuoustemperature dependence in YbAgCu4 areobserved, consistent with the predictionsof the Anderson Impurity Model, for aKondo temperature TK = 70 K. Theseresults solve a long-standing controversyon the applicability of the Andersonmodel to spectroscopic properties, andestablish RIXS as a quantitative probe ofthe electronic structure of stronglycorrelated electron systems.

ID18/ID22N - Size and oxidation effectson the vibrational properties ofnanocrystalline α-Fe(L. Pasquini, A. Barla, A. I. Chumakov,O. Leupold, R. Rüffer, A. Deriu,E. Bonetti, University of Bologna,University of Parma, I.N.F.M., ESRF)

Nanostructures and nanocrystallinematerials gain more and more attention invarious fields both in applicationsand fundamental research. Recently,“Magnetic order in ultra small ironislands on tungsten (110)” was reported(ESRF Highlights 2001 p.69). However,not only the magnetic properties are

crucial for the fabrication and functioningof nanostructured devices, but also theirdynamic behaviour. The investigation ofvibrational dynamics is of primaryimportance for the understanding ofproperties like thermal expansion, heatcapacity, thermal conductivity, andvibrational entropy. The vibrationaldensity of states (DOS) plays a key rolein this respect. In order to determine theDOS of nanocrystalline α-Fe, the recentlydeveloped technique of nuclear inelasticscattering (NIS) of synchrotron radiationwas employed. Various samples wereprepared by inert gas condensation withdifferent crystallite size in the 6-13 nmrange and at different oxidation levels.The measurements showed an enhancedpopulation of low-energy vibrationalmodes, which arises from the highfraction of interfacial sites, connectedwith the small crystallite size. Oxidationsimilarly contributes to the low-energyDOS but additionally brings about stiffmodes above the high frequency cut-offof bulk α-Fe. Broadening of the DOSpeaks due to reduced phonon lifetimein the nanometre-sized crystallites isobserved. All measured samples exhibita Debye-like behaviour with the low-energy tail of the DOS essentiallyquadratic in energy.

These findings are quite surprising.Due to the confined geometry aremarkable change in the dynamicalbehaviour would have been expected,especially in the low-energy regime.This was also indicated by otherinvestigations.

Soft-Condensed Matter Group

ID2 - Mechanism of cancer invasion inhuman breast tissue(P. Suortti et al., University of Helsinkiand V. Urban, ESRF)

A comprehensive study of the supra-molecular structural features in humanbreast tissue samples containing healthyand cancerous regions, using small-angleX-ray scattering (SAXS), has beenconducted. Most importantly, all SAXSpatterns in this study have been correlatedwith the histo-pathological classificationof the tissue at a spatial resolution of 250micrometers. It has been reportedrecently that scattering patterns far fromtumours are different from those oftumours. The present study, however,gives a much more detailed picture of thelocal structural changes and underlyingbiochemical processes, when cancerinvades healthy tissue. A model has been

a) b)

Fig. 7: (a) Reflectivity curves of a solid Pb – solid Si interface with a liquid Pb –solid Si interface after 20 hours and 140 hours. (b) Electron density profiles across the Pb – Si interface.

16

developed that allows quantitativeinterpretation of the scattering patterns interms of the amounts of different typesof tissue (adipose/connective, healthy/invaded/necrotic) that are present in ascattering volume of 0.04 mm3. Theresults provide new insights into themechanism of cancer invasion of healthytissue. In addition, they are invaluable inthat they demonstrate the possibilitiesand limitations for new scattering basedmethods of mammography.

ID10B - Nucleation and growth ofinorganic crystals of polymer monolayersat the air/solution interface. (A. Berman,Y. Golan, Y. Lifshitz Ben-GurionUniversity, Beer-Sheva, Israel andO. Konovalov, ESRF)

Long chain amphiphilic compoundshave been shown to nucleate inorganic andorganic crystals at specific faces, withmatching interfacial structure andchemistries. Apolydiacetylene (PDA) filmwas used to nucleate CdS crystallites in anordered manner. Monolayer films wereprepared on a Langmuir trough byspreading the monomer compound (10,12pentacosadiynoic acid) on a water sub-phase from chloroform solution, followedby compression to the required surfacepressure and UV polymerisation. Thisresults in a film with remarkable structure

that is characterised by parallel strands ofthe linear conjugated polymer. The sub-phase is then replaced by peristaltic pumpwith 0.5mM CdCl2 solution. The additionof Cd2+ ions to the acidic films headgroups causes the films to reorganize in amore compact manner due to formation ofsalt bridges between neighbouring strands.Crystallisation is induced by infusion ofsmall amounts (ca. 250-500 µl) H2S intothe trough chamber. The grazing incidencediffraction technique was applied to studythe system at various stages of theexperiment; (a) PDA film on water; (b)PDA film after photopolymerisationinduced with UV; (c) PDA film oncadmium solution; (d, e) during and afterCdS crystallisation. Structural parametersof the film at different pressures andcharacteristics of in situ nucleation andgrowth of inorganic crystals (size,orientation and in-plane organisation)have been obtained.

Industrial Beamline

ID27 - Mapping the contaminationdistribution on semiconductor wafersurfaces(R. Barrett, E. Papillon, M. Navizet,S. Arnoux, R. Hino, ESRF)

The control of surface contamination

levels is critical for current and futuresemiconductor manufacturing processes.Consequently advanced metrologytechniques are necessary to provideappropriate monitoring of contaminatingspecies. TXRF is a commonly usedtechnique to provide the necessaryquantitative elemental surfaceconcentration data. Unfortunately thecommercially available machines basedupon rotating anode sources are reachingtheir limits in terms of the detectionsensitivity. One way of improvingdetection limits is to chemicallyconcentrate the contaminant species fromthe whole wafer surface into a droplet andto analyse the resulting concentrated dropor its dried residue by classical analyticaltechniques or TXRF. This methodsacrifices important information regardingthe spatial distribution of contaminantspecies that may be of use in determiningthe source of the contamination. The ID27Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence(TXRF) beamline circumvents the needfor pre-concentration by offering at least20 times of improvement in thedetection sensitivity (~ 3·108 atoms/cm2

for Ni) for individual measurements overconventional TXRF. Moreover, by using amulti-element detector to fully exploit theavailable flux from an undulator source itis possible to map simultaneously thecontamination from 6 (12) points on the200 (300) mm wafer. This unprecedentedcombination of an improvement indetection sensitivity and increased numberof measurement points allows highsensitivity mapping of the wafercontamination distribution. Figure 8shows respectively the a) Fe, b) Cu and c)Zn distribution over a 200 mm siliconwafer .

Fig. 8: Spatial distribution of metallic surface contamination on a 200 mm diameter silicon wafersubstrate. The surface concentrations are displayed on a log scale.

POLYMER WORKSHOP FOR INDUSTRY8 February 2002

A dedicated workshop was heldon Friday 8 February at the ESRFspecifically aimed at polymer producersand transformers. The aim of thismeeting was to give the participants anopportunity to discover the facilities ofthe ESRF as well as the variouspossibilities that the ESRF can offer inthis field. A total of 14 participants tookpart, from major companies such asBecton Dickinson, AtoFina, Honeywelland Rhodia, as well as a number

of smaller companies. Most of theparticipants came from France, but 4 alsomade the trip from Italy and Germany.After a presentation of the ESRF made byW.G. Stirling, short talks were given byC. Riekel, T. Narayanan, W. Bras andJ. Baruchel on different applicationsof synchrotron radiation to polymers.J. Doucet then explained the variousaccess modes available to industry.After lunch, the participants were given aguided tour of the facilities and several

beamlines, some of which already workwith industry. The participants showed areal interest and promising contacts wereestablished.

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NEWS FROM THE CRGS

n the BM30 port a new Frenchbeamline (FAME) was installed thatopened to regular users in July 2002. Itsmain objective is the application of X-rayAbsorption Spectroscopy to the structuralinvestigation of very dilute systems inEnvironmental, Material and BiologicalScience. FAME will be able to focus thebeam down to 3 x 3 µm2 using aKirkpatrick-Baez mirror system [1].Figure 1 shows the first absorptionspectrum of a diluted sample containing40 ppm chromium obtained on thisbeamline.

BM14/BM16: By the end of this yearthe former ESRF beamlines BM14 andBM16 will become CRG beamlines.BM14 will be sold to a UK group (MRC,BBSC, EPSRC [2]), while BM16 willbe converted into a MacromolecularCrystallography beamline with full MADcapability and sold to the SpanishMinistery of Science and Technology,which will add at its own expenses anadditional station to carry out small-anglescattering and diffraction experiments.This conversion process is fully underwayand the start of the commissioning phaseis foreseen for January 2003.

The team of BM14 have recentlybeen successful partners in obtainingfunds from the BBSRC e-scienceprogram to develop an easy-to-useresource for protein crystallographicstructure determination [3]. The aim isto unify the procedures of proteinstructure determination into a single allencompassing interface from which userscan initiate, plan, direct and documenttheir experiment either locally or remotelyfrom a desktop computer.

Scientifically, Joan Aymami, MiquelColl (IBMB Barcelona) together with theBM14 and ID14 teams contributed toinvestigations of Crytolepin, a traditionalcure for malaria in Africa. This substancemay as well have a therapeutic potential intreating cancer due to its role in inhibitingDNA replication and transcription. Theresearchers solved the structure ofCrytolepin and demonstrated themechanism of its insertion into the DNAstrand [4]. Studies in drug design willfollow.

The Spanish CRG beamline BM25(SpLine) got its two monochromatorsdelivered. Their installation and subsequentcommissioning have been started.Both double-crystal monochromators,designed by the Spanish team, use anovel sagittal bender for the secondmonochromator crystal which is equipped

with a unique central pneumatic bender.With this delivery, SPLINEs finalconstruction phase is reached. It isexpected that the commissioning phasewill be started during the second half of2003.

The second UK CRG beamline,BM28 (XMAS), spread good news inJuly 2002: This beamline got a new 5 yeargrant funding it until 2007, the fundsallowing to hire a third beamline scientist!Following suggestions of the last ESRFreview of XMAS, a closer cooperationbetween XMAS, the staff of the ESRFbeamline for magnetic scattering (ID20)and the ESRF theory group is aimed at. Toexchange views, plans and perspectives, asuccessful workshop was organized onSeptember 13 bringing together thesegroups and potential users. XMAS/ID20is a very good example of the benefits forthe user community arising from closercooperation between ESRF and CRGbeamlines.

Conventional solid state X-raydetectors show an energy resolution ofabout 100-200 eV within the regime ofhard X-rays. Cryogenic detectors(microcalorimeters) based on TransitionEdge Sensors are a promising alternative,the small thermal fluctuations of whichcan in principle lead to energy resolutionsof several eV. This type of detectors is

used for example for the measurement ofhigh-resolution beta-decay spectra inNeutrino Physics [5]. For the first timethe team of the Italian CRG beamline,BM8 (GILDA), tested such a device on asynchrotron beamline using a 300 x400 µm2 Sn absorber of 25 µm thickness(adapted to a good efficiency at 10 keV)attached to a TES sensor (Al/Agmultilayer biased across the super-conductivity/normal transition which is500 µK wide). The temperature pulsesgenerated within the Sn absorber by theincoming photons are converted into acurrent signal by the TES sensor. Figure 2shows the X-ray L fluorescence spectrumof Re measured using this device in apreliminary test experiment leading to anenergy resolution of 70 eV.

References[1] http://www.esrf.fr/exp-facilities/BM30B/BM30Bb-en.html[2] http://www.bm14.ac.uk[3] http://www.research-councils.ac.uk/escience[4] Lisgarten, J.N., Coll, M., Portugal,J. Wright, C.W. Aymami, J. NatureStructural Biology 9, 57 (2002)[5] F. Gatti, F. Fontanelli, M. Galeazzi,A. M. Swift, S. Vitale, Nature 397, 137(1999)

O

Energy (eV)

Flu

ores

cenc

e in

tens

ity

[a. u

]Re Lα1,2

Energy resolution FWHM = 70 eV

Re Lβz

11000105001000095009000850080007500

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

Fig. 1:Absorption

spectrum of adiluted sample

containing40 ppm

chromium.

Fig. 2: X-rayL fluorescence

spectrum of Re.

workshop on “X-ray Optics” washeld at the ESRF on Monday 12 andTuesday 13 November as a satelliteevent to the APS-ESRF-SPring-8Three-Way Meeting. The aims of thisfirst three-way workshop organised atthe ESRF by A. Freund with theefficient help of L. Stride were tobring together the optics specialistsof the three facilities, to discussmatters of common interest andconcern, to exchange information andexperience and to identify subjects forcollaborative projects. We werepleased to receive 10 experts (7 fromthe APS and 3 from SPring-8) andabout 20 participants from the ESRFattended the workshop. The meetingstarted with overviews of activitiesconducted and recent results obtainedat the APS, SPring-8 and the ESRF.They were followed by presentations

on particular issues such as the state-of-the-art surface and interfacequality and on the performance ofmirrors and multilayers, respectively,the quality of beryllium windows,microfocusing by Kirkpatrick-Baezsystems, ultrahigh resolutionmonochromators, the quality ofpresently available diamond crystals,laboratory and beamline-basedmetrology and characterisationfacilities, the limits of cryogeniccooling and computer simulationsto model and predict theperformance of one or severalcombined optical elements onsynchrotron beamlines. Muchtime was provided fordiscussions and particularemphasis was put on laboratoryvisits and exchange ofexperience, multilayer deposition

and characterisation and tests on thebeamline BM5. It was also felt thatthe three-way meeting was a goodoccasion to meet and discuss thepresent and future, and that thereforethe next workshop should be held at theAPS in about 18 months. In themeantime we will continue to enhancecollaboration by mutual exchange ofinformation and experience includingstaff exchange and by performingcommon studies and experiments at thethree facilities.

X-RAY OPTICS WORKSHOP12-13 November 2001A

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n Wednesday 14 and Thursday15 November the ESRF hosted theAPS – ESRF – Spring-8 meeting,which is held about every 18 months.The programme had been designed tocover as much as possible overlappingfields of interest indicated beforehandby the three facilities. Thus groups ofsome ten accelerator or beamlineinstrumentation specialists from

each of the three labs hadan intense exchange ofexperiences and discussedfuture projects in fields suchas beam stability, insertiondevices, top-up mode,increase of beam current, X-ray optics (a three-way

optics workshop had precededthe meeting), beamline automation,detectors and developments for nextgeneration sources. One session wasdedicated to managerial issues suchas access to beam time, informationstrategies, funding and audit. TheDirectors of APS and Spring-8,JM. Gibson and A. Kira, both of whomhad been appointed only shortlybefore the meeting, appreciatedthis dense but nevertheless ratherinformal way of communication. Inthe summary session, prospects forcollaborative projects were discussedas well as concrete means of how tofoster them in the interest of all threefacilities.

THREE-WAY MEETING14-15 November 2001O

J.M. Gibson (APS Director – on theright) with K. Harkay from the APSMachine Group.

W.G. Stirling in discussion with A. Kira (SPring-8 Director).

19

FAME38 AT ILL/ESRF

aME38 is a new Facility forMaterials Engineering that has been setup jointly by ILL/ESRF. Its aim is toprovide the extra support required toenable European engineers to make thebest use of neutron and X-ray beamfacilities. The 40-month start-up phase ofthe project is funded by an EPSRC grantof Euro 2.5M that is administered throughthe University of Salford on behalf ofseven collaborating research institutions.Matching on-site support is providedby ILL/ESRF. The team of A. Dale(administrator), Drs. D. Hughes andH. Sitepu (research fellows) andB. Malard (technician) began work on-site in April 2002. The project manager isProfessor P. Webster who spends half ofeach month with the project. The unit isphysically located at the ILL but willprovide services equally to all academicand industrial engineering users of bothILL and ESRF.

The basic philosophy of FaME38 isthat ILL and ESRF are very well

equipped to support the broad range ofscience for which they were founded buthave not been similarly resourced toprovide the extra and specialised supportthat is required by engineers to performengineering research. Until now most'engineering' research at the facilities hasbeen done by applied scientists, ratherthan by engineers. Typically they havefound that the equipment and softwareavailable was not optimised forengineering measurements, particularlyfor users with limited scientificbackground. For example a substantialproportion of allocated beam time hasbeen wasted positioning complex-shapedcomponents on-line in preparation forstrain scanning. The principal objective ofFaME38 is to deliver, in closecollaboration with beamline staff, theextra facilities and support that engineersneed.

FaME38 will provide engineeringusers with a “Technical Centre” equippedwith a co-ordinate measuring machine to

determine complex and distortedcomponent shapes, together withfacilities to simulate and optimise scansoff-line before starting measurements on-line. Its materials laboratory will havemicro-structural characterisation andstatic and dynamic thermo-mechanicalloading equipment. Its “Knowledge andTraining Centre” will provide technicaland scientific know-how. Users will behelped to draft proposals, to plan andprepare experiments off-line, and beassisted with data collection, on-lineprocessing and analysis. FaME38 willprovide a focus and user facility forEuropean engineers wishing to make useof Central Facilities. Its focus is ondeveloping strain imaging facilities atILL/ESRF but is likely also to stimulateand support the engineering use of SANS,SAXS, radiography and tomography.All academic and industrial engineerswith interests in diffraction techniquesare invited to contact FaME38 atFaME38@ill.fr.

F

20

The Post-Genomic Era:21st Century Structural Biology

and Medicine

Today’s research in biologyconcentrates on a better understandingand treatment of human diseases. TheHuman Genome Project has alreadyproduced an enormous body ofinformation about the sequences of thehuman genome (specifiying up to100,000 proteins), which is believed torepresent the foundations for a clearpicture of how the human body functionsat the molecular level. The science ofproteomics looks at the interactionsbetween proteins that make our bodieswork. These interactions changedynamically with the protein expressionin any one cell varying dramatically asgenes are turned on and off in response toenvironmental changes (for examplecold, radiation damage, or diseasecausing mutations). Information on thestructure, function and interaction ofthese tens of thousands of proteins isrequired in order to exploit the newpanoply of data for revolutionary humandisease treatments.

However, at present, knowledge ofthe structure of most of these proteins islacking and their detailed three-dimensional structures will need to bedetermined if the structure-functionrelationships are to be understood andused medically. Recent advances,advances that are still continuing apace,in every step of protein structuredetermination from target selection toprotein expression and crystallisationto data collection, processing andphasing, now allow structures to bedetermined rapidly. It is clear that X-ray crystallography will play aleading role in structural studies and theuse of high-throughput macromolecular

crystallography facilities at synchrotronradiation sources will be essential to buildthe database of three-dimensional proteinstructures. Nuclear Magnetic Resonancetechniques and, for certain problems,neutron scattering constitute furtherimportant tools for this type of studiescontributing information complementaryto X-ray crystallography.

A Unique European Centre ofExcellence

This coalition of four majorresearch institutes to form the PSB,

located close together in Grenoble, andthe pool of resources that they togetherprovide, is targeted to support andstrengthen the various national andEuropean Union initiatives nowunderway in Europe and enable theformation of a European structuralbiology centre on the Grenoble site. Theaim is that the PSB should play animportant role in European structuralgenomics programmes focussed onproteins of medical interest, capable oftaking part in the scientific as well astechnical development and trainingaspects of such a programme.

THE PARTNERSHIP FOR STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY:A EUROPEAN CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE

The ESRF, the Grenoble Outstation of the EMBL, the ILL and the IBS are joining their forces to formthe Partnership for Structural Biology (PSB). This coalition will bring together the many different yetessential skills and resources needed to pursue an integrated European Programme in Structural

Biology. The programme will involve the construction of a new state-of-the-art beamline at the ESRFand the construction of purpose-built laboratories in a new building on the ESRF/ILL/EMBL site.

Proteins are selectedby their interest to fun-damental research ormedical application.

Chosen targets are expressedautomatically using robotics.

In some cases, proteinsare grown vithdeuterium ornitrogen15 labelled

material to allowwork with neutrons orNMR studies

Proteins are checked for purityand undergo rigorous analysis

in a Quality Control Laboratoryincluding N-terminal sequencing,

UV and mass spectrometry. Oncethe sample is checked, it is cleared

for crystallisation trials.

Pure samples are screened for crys-tallisation in special trays. Imagerecognition robots scan the trays forcrystals and inform the scientists.

Once good crystals are available, crystal-lography with X-rays, or in favourable

cases with neutrons, can reveal the 3-Dstructure. For small proteins in solution,

this can also be done by NMR.Information on the dynamics of these

molecules can also be obtained.

X-rays

NMRNeutrons

21

A Blueprint for Success

1. State-of-the-Art BeamlineAs part of the PSB, the ESRF

will expand its macromolecularcrystallography capacity with a newhighly-automated dual station publicbeamline, ID23. The line will make useof a canted undulator system on theESRF storage ring that will produce twoX-ray beams diverging by 1.5 mrad andthus permit two beamlines to operatewith minimal interference. One of thesewill have a fully energy-tuneable (7-20 keV) Multiple-wavelengthAnomalous Dispersion (MAD) stationand the other a fixed-energy station (seeFigure 1). By fixing the energy of theside station most of the components of theexisting macromolecular crystallographybeamlines can be adapted to the newlines thereby considerably shorteningconstruction lead time. At the foreseenenergy of 14.0 keV anomalousdispersion data can be collected fromall the most commonly used elementsin macromolecular crystallographypermitting the station to serve a widerange of experiments including de novostructure determination.

The first phase tunable station is dueto be operational from autumn 2003 andthe second station around twelve monthslater.

2. Dedicated LaboratoriesThe Members of the Partnership will

use their resources to construct and equipa new building to act as a focus forstructural biology on the site. For the firstphase, the size of this building has beenfixed to about 1,400 m2 of useablesurface area, at an estimated cost of3.6 M (excluding costs for experimentalequipment). It will house the activitiesof the Partnership, including: • offices and laboratories for theactivities of the ESRF/EMBL jointstructural biology group (JSBG)• offices and laboratories related to theESRF’s structural biology programme• the expanded activities of the ILLbiology group including theILL/IBS/EMBL biomolecule labellingfacility• EMBL infrastructure for highthroughput protein expression,characterisation and crystallisation• a Quality Control Laboratory operatedby the IBS• infrastructure for data analysis.

In a second phase, the building shallbe expanded in order to provide officesand laboratories that can be let to externalgroups, companies or consortia workingin the field of structural biology.

IBS

ASSOCIATE PSB MEMBERS

Aside from the four Partners, it isessential to involve industrial concernsand other interested parties in the PSBactivities. Individual companies, bothestablished pharmaceutical enterprisesand promising start-up firms, are beinginvited to become Associate Members ofthe PSB. Such membership will involvea membership fee and an annualsubscription and will guarantee accessto a certain number of shifts at theESRF macromolecular crystallographybeamlines for a period of three years, atthe current rates for the sale of beamtime. In this way it is thought that thePSB will attract sufficient externalincome to fulfill its basic plans as well ascreating a site for cross-academic andindustrial collaborations.

The PSB combines the skillsand resources of four leading institutes,sharing a common goal and enabling

a fully interdisciplinary approachinvolving biologists, crystallographers,chemists, engineers, computer specialistsand experienced managers. It is clearthat such an initiative will be essential ifother European Union and nationalprogrammes are to function in the mosteffective manner. Collaborations withthese other programmes will beestablished as they are funded andcommence research.

It is essential that a strongrelationship is created between the PSB(and its component institutes) andappropriate industrial concerns. Whateverthe form and depth of intra-industrycollaboration, it is crucial that the PSBis seen as a willing and effectivecollaborator. Of course it is also thesecommercial concerns that will be themeans of delivering the fruits of thehoped for medical revolution to humanity.

Phase 1:MAD Station

Phase 2:Fixed Energy StationFig. 1

ESRF • EuropeanSynchrotron RadiationFacilityEurope’s brightest syn-chrotron radiationsourceHas a major programme instructural biology which willbe strengthened by a newworld-class crystallographybeamline.

EMBL • EuropeanMolecular BiologyLaboratoryEMBL GrenobleOutstation with strongexpertise in molecularstructural biology.Will build a coreinfrastructure for high-throughput proteinexpression, characterisationand crystallisation.

ILL • Institut LaueLangevinThe world’s leadingneutron sourceIs building, in collaborationwith EMBL and IBS,a laboratory fordeuteration/labelling ofbiological macromoleculesto exploit the full power ofneutron scattering methods.

IBS • Institut deBiologie StructuraleOne of France’s pre-mier structural biologyinstitutesWill bring a unique plat-form including NMR, massspectrometry, cryo-electronmicroscopy and analyticalultracentrifugation.

22

Storage Ring Based Sources

The storage ring based synchrotronlight source has been one of the mostimportant success stories of acceleratortechnology in the past 30 years. In the1960s early storage rings were designedas electron–positron colliders to beused for particle physics. The merit ofsynchrotron radiation was very quicklyrecognized and, in the 1970s, it started tobe used in many laboratories in a parasiticmanner. With the growing demand forsuch radiation coming from many fieldsof science, new storage rings weredesigned and optimised exclusively forthe production of such radiation. Today,more than 60 dedicated synchrotronradiation facilities are in operationthroughout the world [1]. They haveresulted in a number of totally new

scientific applications. Synchrotronradiation applications take place inseveral fields of science, such as physics,chemistry, biology and medicine but alsoin industry such as micro-electronics,pharmaceutics, metallurgy, plasticmaterials. At present there are still morethan seven storage ring type facilities

under construction and much more atproject level. With the large demand ofthe protein crystallography communityaround 0.1 nm, all new facilities arespecified for a reasonable brilliance atthis energy while keeping to a mediumcost. The electron energy is a majorconstraint on the spectrum of the X-rayproduced as well as on the cost. Nearlyall of the new sources are in the 2.5 to 3.5GeV range with a ring perimeter ofbetween 150 and 400 m. The maincharacteristics of several of them arelisted in Table 1. All new facilities intendto generate hard X-ray undulatorradiation using narrow gap in-vacuumundulators. The combination of smallemittance and small apertures results in ashort lifetime. To overcome this, thealmost continuous topping up, pioneeredat APS and SLS, is mandatory. Inaddition, topping up ensures a highstability of the electron and photonbeams. Figure 1 presents a comparisonof the spectral flux observed through anaperture in a beamline produced by anundulator on the future Diamond sourceand undulators on the ESRF. Clearly, theflux is one order of magnitude lower at0.1 nm. The difference of flux andbrilliance comes both from the lowerenergy and the use of a high undulatoremission harmonic number. The hard

FUTURE X-RAY FACILITIESP. Elleaume, Machine Director

In the past few years, intense activity has been deployed worldwide to identify the most promisingconcepts for future large-scale X-ray facilities. Three schemes have been identified.

They are the conventional storage ring type facilities, the linear accelerator based sources makingeither use of the Self Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) version of the Free Electron Laser

(FEL) or the energy recovery. The purpose of this article is to present the status of progress in thedevelopment of these sources.

Fig. 1: Undulator spectral flux collected in a 1 x 0.5 mm2 aperture at 30 m from thesource produced by an in-vacuum undulator on the future Diamond sourcecompared to that of an ESRF undulator. The ID18 or ID28 U32 undulators arepresently in operation, the ID30 in-vacuum undulator U23 will be installed in 2003.

Name Perimeter Energy Current Emittance N. of ID Ring(m) (GeV) (mA) (nm) Straight Commissioning

DIAMOND 560 3 300 2 24 2005SOLEIL 354 2.75 500 3.1 24 2005LLS 252 2.5 250 8.5 12SPEAR3 240 3 500 18 18 2002CLS 171 2.9 500 18 12 2003BOOMERANG 184 3 200 11.5 12SSRF 396 3.5 300 4.8 20

Table 1: Main parameters of the future storage ring based synchrotron light sourcesunder construction (in black, European sources).

23

X-ray sources worldwide are the ESRF,the APS and SPring-8. They operate witha ring current between 100 and 200 mAand an emittance between 3 and 6 nm. Abrainstorming is taking place within theESRF machine division to identify whatcould be the parameters and thetechnological choices for an ultimatehard X-ray source. The parameters of thedesign presently under study are anenergy of 7 GeV, a perimeter of 2 km, acurrent of 500 mA and an emittance of0.2 nm. Such a source would provide abrilliance two orders of magnitude higherthan that of the ESRF [2].

Linac with SASE

The Free Electron Laser (FEL)concept was invented by J. Madey andfirst operated in 1977 [3]. There are anumber of facilities worldwide whichprovide tunable infrared radiation [4].Unfortunately, the gain is usually low andthese lasers are operated with an opticalcavity. The cavities, made of normallyreflecting mirrors, are suitable for thevisible and infrared ranges but cannotprovide enough reflectivity in the X-rayrange. One way to eliminate thisdifficulty is to remove the mirrors and usea long undulator. The spontaneousemission (identical to synchrotronradiation) from an undulator is selfamplified and, if the undulator is longenough, may reach the saturation leveltypically 6 to 7 orders of magnitudeabove the level of the synchrotronradiation (See Figure 2). Such sourcesrequire a high peak current of electrons aswell as a very low emittance. While theconcept was proposed nearly 20 yearsago, it is only very recently, with thedevelopment of the laser-driven radiofrequency electron gun, that the requiredbeam quality could be reached by linearaccelerators. Table 2 presents the statusof development of SASE type sources.Three sources have reached saturation inthe past two years, at APS (385 nm),BNL (830 nm) and Tesla Test Facility atDESY (90 nm). Note that the TeslaTest Facility (TTF) at DESY hasdemonstrated a GW peak power withpulse duration shorter than 100 fs.The three sources currently underconstruction or in the final design phaseare the TTF2 facilities at DESY, theSPring-8 Compact SASE Source (SCSS)in Japan and the Linac Coherent LightSource (LCLS) at Stanford. The ultimategoal of a SASE source is a very bright0.1 nm monochromatic beam. Therequirements in beam quality andperformance to run a 0.1 nm SASE type

source are just on the edge of presenttechnological capabilities. First the linearaccelerator must have an energy of atleast 15 GeV, however, 25 GeV is a moreappropriate energy. Concerns arefocussed on the gun design, which must

simultaneously deliver a high chargeand a low emittance; the control ofall accelerator components to preservelow emittance during transport; andacceleration. To reach a required peakcurrent of 3-5 kA, several stages of bunch

Table 2: Main parameters of the SASE type light sources presently in operation,construction and design.

Figure 3: Peak brilliance ofthe Stanford LCLS and

DESY TESLA futurefacilities compared with

those of present hard X-raysynchrotron sources.(From

TESLA CDR Report).

Figure 2: Principle of SelfAmplified SpontaneousEmission. As the power

grows during thepropagation of the beam

in the undulator, alongitudinal bunching of

the beam takes place.(From the TESLA TDR

Report).

Project Status Energy l Gap Und. Length Commissioning(GeV) (nm) (mm) (m)

VISA [5] Operation. 0.07-0.085 830 6 Fixed 4 2000LEUTL [6] Operation. 0.33 385 11 Fixed 30 2000TTF-1 [7] Operation. 0.23 90 12 Fixed 15 2001

1 GW, 30-100 fsTTF-2 [7] Construction 1 6 12 Fixed 30 2004

2006 SeedingSCSS [8] Construction 1 3.6 3-5 Variable 25 2003 @ 15 nm

2005 @ 3.6 nmLCLS [9] Design 4.5-14 0.15 6 Fixed 120 2008ELETTRA [10] Planning 1 10-40 ? ? ?

3 1.2BESSY [11] Planning 2.3 1 ? ? ?TESLA Planning 25 0.085 10 < 320 2011XFEL [7] Variable 180

24

compression are needed along theacceleration path. Coherent synchrotronradiation is produced in the magnets ofthe bunch compressors which maydamage the energy spread and emittance.Finally a very long undulator of 100 to300 m in length is needed in which thetrajectory must be controlled and alignedto an absolute precision of a few microns.At present there exists two proposals inthe world to build a 0.1 nm SASEfacility: the LCLS at Stanford; and theTESLA X-FEL at DESY. The goal ofSASE type sources is a high brilliancetogether with a very short pulse. Thisis best illustrated by what is called“peak brilliance”. Figure 3 presents theexpected peak brilliance of the LCLS andTESLA X-FEL sources compared withexisting storage ring type sources.

It is felt widely within the communitythat the type of science carried out inthese facilities when they come intooperation will be quite new. The focusthere will be on ultra-fast sciencebenefitting from short pulses, orapplications requiring the huge powerdensity. However, applications that needaverage flux and brilliance are morelikely to be carried out on conventionalstorage ring based light sources.

Energy Recovery Linac

Linear accelerators have never beenused as synchrotron sources because ofthe low average current that they producewhich is the consequence of the nonrecirculation of the beam. Nevertheless,with the recent progress in thedevelopment of superconducting radio-frequency cavities, the concept of anEnergy Recovery Linac (ERL) hasemerged. An ERL can be thought of as asort of ring in which the RF cavity has

been expanded in order to be able toaccelerate a beam from very low energyto the nominal full energy. If the cavity issuperconducting, the field decay time inthe cavity is long (a few milliseconds)compared to the time needed by the beamto make one turn (a few microseconds).As a result, the beam re-enters the cavityafter one turn while the field remains andif its phase is π instead of 2 π, with respectto the RF field, it is decelerated ratherthan accelerated, the energy is stored inthe RF field in the cavity and used toaccelerate freshly injected electronscoming from a low energy cw electrongun followed by a short linear accelerator(injector). This concept resembles thestorage ring with the important differencethat the electron energy is recirculated butnot the electron itself (as in a storagering). As a result, it is the injector ratherthan the balance between damping andexcitation that determines the bunchlength, energy spread and emittance ofthe beam as is the case in a storage ring.In other words, a very small emittance,short bunch, small energy spread beamcan only last for a few millisecondsin a storage ring, beyond this theirreversibility of the process of emission

of synchrotron radiation forces theelectron population to lose memory andreach a new statistical equilibrium. Sincethe beam in an ERL stays for one turn orpossibly a few turns, this new equilibriumis never reached. It is believed that theaverage current in the 100 mA rangeshould be sustainable. Table 3 presentsthe various proposals of ERL worldwide.Some of the technological challengesassociated with ERLs are the following.The high average current and shortbunches dissipate a lot of power in thecavities and the existing best designs suchas the TESLA type cavities cannot reallybe used without extracting the HigherOrder Modes out of the cavity anddissipating them at room temperature.Such cavities are being developed fornew high current synchrotron sources butwith a more modest gradient and so faronly produced at much lowerfrequencies. The gun and pre-injectormust be able to sustain a continuousoperation of 100 mA while present gunsgenerate only a few milliamps. Thepresence of a halo around the beamcombined with high current may generatesafety issues. A new type of transverseinstability is expected which is inducedby the interaction of multiple bunchesover multiple turns with the higherorder modes of the accelerating cavity(multi-turn multi-bunch beam break-up). Following a first experimentalinvestigation in 1987 at the StanfordSuperconducting Accelerator in a freeelectron laser experiment, the proof offeasibility has been demonstrated atJefferson Lab with a recirculated 5 mA40 MeV electron beam in an experimenttargeting a high power free electron laser.The concept has been largely advertisedby teams in Novosibirsk [19] and CornellUniversity [20]. Contrary to the SASEwhich is a major change of technologycompared to storage ring light sources,ERL appears more like an evolution, itmakes use of the normal synchrotronradiation from undulators. Table 3: Main parameters of the existing and planned ERL-type light sources.

Figure 4: Conceptof an Energy

Recovery Linac(from Cornell:http://erl.chess.

cornell.edu/

Name Energy Current Date Remarks(MeV) (mA)

Jefferson Lab. [12] 40 5 1999 For 10 kW cw oscillator FEL160 10 2002 in I.R and UV

JAERI [13] 15 5 For 1 kW cw oscillator FELin I.R and UV

Cornell Univ. [14] 100 100 Target a multi-user facility with both 5000 100 high average current and short bunches

BNL [15] 3000 Up to 200 NSLS upgradeLBNL [16] 2500 0.01 Target a multi-user facility, femtosecond

facility - 1 nC, 10 kHz, 50 fsDaresbury Lab. 600 200 Cover IR to soft X-ray4GLS [17] with many type of FELsUniv. Erlangen [18] 3500 ? Consider the upgrade of a storage ring

type facility with ERL capability

25

References[1] For the web site addresses of allexisting and projected synchrotronsources see: http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/sr_sources.html.See also the Shangai Symposium onIntermediate Energy Light Sources.http://ssils.ssrc.ac.cn/[2] A. Ropert, J.M. Filhol, P. Elleaume,L. Farvacque, L. Hardy, J. Jacob,U. Weinrich, “Towards the UltimateStorage Ring Based Light Source”,EPAC 2000 available athttp://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/e00/PAPERS/TUZF101.pdf[3] D.A.G Deacon, L.R. Elais,J.M.J. Madey, G.J. Ramian,H.A. Schwettman, T.I. Smith, Phys. Rev.Lett. 38, 892 (1977).

[4] See the Free Electron Laser WorldWide Web Virtual Library:http://sbfel3.ucsb.edu/www/vl_fel.htm[5] http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/VISA/[6] http://www.aps.anl.gov/aod/mcrops/leutl/[7] http://tesla.desy.de/[8] http://www-xfel.spring8.or.jp/[9] http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/lcls/[10] http://www.elettra.trieste.it/science/elettranews/volume44/en103.html[11] http://www.bessy.de/lab_profile/01.FEL/index.php[12] http://www.jlab.org/FEL/[13] Ryoichi Hajima, presented at the24th Advanced ICFA Beam Dynamics

Workshop on Future Light Sources, May1-4 2002. [14] http://erl.chess.cornell.edu/[15] http://nslsweb.nsls.bnl.gov/nsls/org/PERL/[16] Zholents et al., Proc. of theSRI2001 Conference,http://erl.chess.cornell.edu/SRI2001_proceedings/ZholentsMadisonWS.pdf[17] http://www.4gls.ac.uk/[18] http://www.uni-erlangen.de/docs/FAU/fakultaet/natI/www.erlsyn.uni-erlangen.de/[19] G. Kulipanov et al., Proc. of theSRI2001 Conference [20] http://erl.chess.cornell.edu/SRI2001_proceedings/mars1_kulipanov.pdf

workshop dedicated to acceleratorreliability was held at the ESRF fromMonday 4 February to Wednesday6 February. About 80 experts attendedthe workshop. This meeting broughttogether all accelerator communities:accelerator driven systems, X-raysources, medical and industrialaccelerators, spallation sources projects(American and European), nuclearphysics, etc. With newly proposedaccelerator applications such as nuclearwaste transmutation, replacement ofnuclear power plants and others,reliability has now become a number

one priority for accelerator designers.This aspect is now taken into account inthe design/budget phase, especially forprojects whose goal is to reach no morethan … 10 interruptions per year! Thehigh-quality presentations given in theworkshop inspired some very usefuldiscussions. It soon became apparentthat there is a need for a better exchangeof information about equipmentreliability, the technical problemsencountered and the solutions adopted inthe different Institutes. Therefore, it wasdecided to start a website dedicated toaccelerator reliability which will

concentrate on technical informationaround that topic. The workshop endedwith a visit of the various parts of ESRFequipment aimed at increasing reliabilityat the ESRF: the power supplycommutation grid, the redundant RFsystem, the HQPS and … the controlroom.

ACCELERATOR RELIABILITY WORKSHOP4-6 February 2002A

he computing needs of the ESRFprogress rapidly and constantly. As thecomputing room in the Central Buildingwas saturated, it therefore becameessential to create a second computingroom. This second room will have theadvantage of ensuring that in case ofincident the operation of the Machineand the beamlines will not be completelyshut down. The obvious place to locatethis new computing room wassomewhere linking the Control Roomwith the Central Building.

In order to accommodate this request,the internal structure of the existingControl Room building will be modifiedand extended by a further 180 m2 to allowthe creation of this second computingroom on the ground floor.

Works began in June 2002. Atthe time of going to press, the mainworks are being carried out and theheating, ventilation, air-conditioning andelectrical works have just begun. Thenew premises will be available to userson 20 December 2002.

NEW COMPUTING ROOMT

26

he ESRF and six other Europeanintergovernmental (or multigovernmental)research organisations (EIRO) have setup a co-ordination and collaborationgroup (EIROforum) with their DirectorsGeneral or equivalent as its members.A primary goal of EIROforum is to playan active and constructive role inpromoting the quality and impact ofEuropean research. In particular thegroup will be a basis for interactions andco-ordination. Apart from the ESRFthe participating organisations are theEuropean Organisation for NuclearResearch (CERN), the European FusionDevelopment Agreement (EFDA),the European Molecular BiologyLaboratory (EMBL), the European SpaceAgency (ESA), the European SouthernObservatory (ESO) and the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL). These organisations arecommitted to serve Europe’s scientistsby providing world-class researchinfrastructures. At the same time, they arefostering collaboration in science, bothEurope-wide and in a world-wide context.

With the scientific, technologicaland project management skills of theorganisations, the range of sciencesthat they cover and the magnitude ofthe financial investments involved, theEIROforum is an authoritative andrepresentative actor in the current processof creating the European Research Area.

Aims of the EIROforum

• Encourage and facilitate discussionsamong its members on issues of commoninterest, which are relevant to researchand development.• Maximise the scientific return andoptimise the use of resources by sharingrelevant developments and results,whenever feasible.• Co-ordinate the outreach activities ofthe organisations, including technologytransfer and public education.• Take an active part, in collaborationwith other European scientificorganisations, in taking a forward-look atpromising and/or developing research

directions and priorities, in particular inrelation to new large-scale researchinfrastructures.• Simplify high-level interactions with theEuropean Commission (EC) and enablean effective response to specific requestsfor expert advice in the areas covered bythe member organisations.• Provide co-ordinated representation tothe outside world including the generalpublic, national governments, non-European countries, etc.

Working Groups

The EIROs have set up a numberof specialised working groups dealingwith a wide range of issues of commoninterest among them, such as Outreachand Education, GRID, Instrumentation/Materials, Human Resources andScientific Workshops.

Some of the current projects ofEIROforum are presented below.

COLLABORATION WITH

EIROFORUM

T

ata Transfer and DataGrid

Data transfer to the users in themember countries is an ongoingconcern for the ESRF. With 5000 uservisits every year an enormous amountof data is produced (~30 Terabytes for2001), which needs to be transferred tothe users institutes. There are manyreasons why it is important that userscan either transfer or access large datasets over the Internet:• Smaller institutes, e.g. universitygroups, may neither have the funds toafford expensive tape devices nor themeans to store all the data on disk.• In fields like protein crystallography,we expect that in the near future userswill not need or want to come to theESRF in person, but will monitor theexperiment on-line over the networkand have their data processed withstandard programmes on-site.

• International collaborations willrequire access to the same data setssimultaneously.

A European effort is required tostimulate a continuous evolutionaryimprovement to the networks forscientific data exchange. A medium-term option seems to be the EuropeanDataGrid, a project funded by theEuropean Union with the aim ofsetting up a computational and dataintensive grid of resources for theanalysis of data coming from scientificexploration.

The main goal of the DataGridinitiative is to develop and test thetechnological infrastructure that willenable researchers and scientists toperform their activities regardless ofgeographic allocation. It will alsoallow interaction with colleagues fromsites all over the world as well as thesharing of data and instruments on ascale previously unattempted. It will

devise and develop scalable softwaresolutions and test beds in order tohandle many PetaBytes of distributeddata, tens of thousands of computingresources (processors, disks, etc.), andthousands of simultaneous users frommultiple research institutions.

DataGrid is an ambitious project. Itdoes not start from scratch in thischallenge: it relies upon emergingcomputational GRID technologies thatare expected to make feasible thecreation of a giant computationalenvironment out of a distributedcollection of files, databases,computers, scientific instruments anddevices. Although currently notparticipating actively in the DataGridproject led by CERN, ESRF will enterin the near future as an active partner inthis project, via EIROforum.

THE GRID

D

K. Witte

R. Dimper

27

he most important common factor ofthe EIROs is that they are all committedto provide the European scientists withworld-class experimental facilities. Asa consequence, the EIROs arecontinuously working at the frontiers ofinstrument research and development.The EIROs have in the past profitedfrom each others developments, eitherindirectly or through collaborativeprojects. The mission of the workinggroup on instrumentation and materialsis manifold. The first mission statementis to raise the awareness within theEIROs of the know-how and expertiseavailable within the other EIROs. The

second task is to look into ways how theexpertise in one EIRO can be transferredto another EIRO. The third goal is toidentify projects common to two ormore EIROs. The fourth and final goalis to develop a view of future needs andperspectives in instrumentation.

Each member of the workinggroup collated a document describingtheir specific institute from theinstrumentation point of view, includingthe ongoing developments and futureneeds. Subsequently the working groupmet on the 29 November 2001 atCERN. The main conclusions of thismeeting was that there is indeed a large

overlap between the needs andrequirements of the various EIROs inthe field of instrumentation. The highestpriority is clearly the development ofimproved two-dimensional detectors.The ESRF, being one of the maindriving forces behind this, will organisea topical workshop on this issue in thenear future. In the mean time a proposalfor the development of pixel detectors isbeing worked out to be submitted underFP6, including CERN, EMBL, ESRFand possibly EFDA/JET. The ESRF isagain taking a leading role in thisinitiative.

INSTRUMENTATION AND MATERIALST

OUTREACH AND EDUCATION

EUROPEAN

ROUND TABLE

EUROPEAN

ROUND TABLE

Mission statement

The EIROforum Working Groupon Outreach and Education serves asa forum for co-ordination and co-operation of outreach activities ofthe organisations participating inthe EIROforum, including publiccommunication and education, to themutual benefit of the partners. Themain goals are:• Support and enhance scienceliteracy of the European public,• Draw attention to the virtues andstrengths of international collaborationwithin research.Joint activities may take the form of:• Dedicated programmes aimed atspecific audiences, e.g. journalists,teachers, secondary school students, etc.• Common public events,• Media activities, includingpublications (in print and/or on-line).

It is an expressed aim of the groupto intensify interaction with therelevant activities and programmes ofthe European Union, to achievesynergies and enhance the effects ofsuch undertakings. By providing auseful bridge between the respectiveresearch communities of theorganisations, the European Union andthe citizens of Europe within thefield of public communication ofscience, the activities of the WorkingGroup should constitute a positivecontribution towards the creation ofthe European Research Area.

Projects already carried outSince the year 2000, the followingprojects involving some or all of theEIROFORUM partners have beencarried out:• Jan-Dec 2000 : Physics on Stage(Science Week 2000)• Jan-Dec 2001 : Life in the Universe(Science Week 2001)• Apr 2001 – Apr 2002 : Physics onStage 2• Jan-Dec 2002 : Couldn’t be withoutit (Science Week 2002).

Proposals for the future• Jan-Dec 2003 : Physics on Stage 3(Science Week 2003)• Nov 2003 onwards: EuropeanScience Teachers Initiative (ESTI)

ESTIThe European Science Teachers

Initiative (ESTI) has been the primaryconcern of the working group duringthe past twelve months. Thisprogramme will support Europeanscience teachers by supplying themwith up-to-date information aboutcurrent research, innovative teachingmethods and new educational tools,while also providing them withopportunities for close internationalinteraction that have not been availablebefore. The ESTI will be carried out inclose conjunction with the SixthFramework Programme.

The Round Table (R.T.) forSynchrotron Radiation and FreeElectron Lasers held its annual meetingat the ESRF on 7 and 8 October.Representatives from the Membersorganisations (ANKA, BESSY, CLIO-LURE, DARESBURY, ELETTRA,EMBL-GRENOBLE, EMBL-HAMBURG, FOM, HASYLAB, ISA,LURE and MAX-LAB) were joinedby members of the Round TableCoordination Group, a representativefrom the European Commission, andrepresentatives from Users of R.T.facilities. Observers from the SLS andDIAMOND were present, while theESRF, although not formally a R.T.member, acted as organiser and co-chair of the meeting.

After presentations on the differentfacilities and their participation in EC-funded R.T. activities, the discussioncentred on the future of the RoundTable in the context of the 6thFramework Programme (FP6). The RTdelegates agreed to set up a workinggroup to prepare a draft proposal for anintegrated infrastructure initiativewithin FP6. We are pleased to note thatthe ESRF will be considered as a fullparticipant in future R.T. activities.However, since the access funding, ofimportance to other R.T. members, isnot appropriate for ESRF given itsinternational status, this participationwill probably be centred on othertypes of collaborations such asinstrumentation or communication.

D. Cornuéjols W.G. Stirling

H. Graafsma

New Research DirectorOn Monday 1st October 2001,

Francesco Sette began his 5-year termof office as one of the ESRF’s ResearchDirectors, succeeding Christof Kunz.For more than 10 years he was Head ofthe Inelastic X-ray Scattering Group atthe ESRF. Before he joined the ESRF,he was a staff member (1984-1990)at ATT Bell Laboratories (MurrayHill, NJ, USA). At SSRL (StanfordSynchrotron Radiation Laboratory,Stanford, CA, USA), NSLS (NationalSynchrotron Light Source, Upton, NY,USA) and finally at the ESRF he hasworked on the development andimprovement of synchrotron radiation

instrumentation in order to perform X-ray spectroscopy with high-energyresolution.

New Director of Administration Starting on Tuesday 2nd April 2002,

Helmut Krech succeeded W.E.A Daviesas Director of Administration. H. Krech,58 years old, pursued legal studies in

Germany and France. His doctoralthesis dealt with French public law. Heworked in the legal departments of theKarlsruhe Research Centre and theGerman Development Company. From1985 to 1989 he was AdministrativeDirector and Deputy Chairman of theBoard at Bessy and, since 1989, he heldthe same positions at DESY.

The ESRF Newsletter is published by the European Synchrotron Radiation FacilityBP 220, F38043 Grenoble cedex

Editor: Dominique CORNUÉJOLS Tél (33) 4 76 88 20 25Dépôt légal : 4ème trimestre 2002. Printed in France by Imprimerie du Pont de Claix. Layout by Pixel Project.

TENTH ANNIVERSARY

OF THE BEAM1st March 2002 coincided with the 10th

anniversary of the first storage of electrons in theESRF ring. To celebrate this event, an informal

seminar was organised. There were presentationsby R. Haensel, Y. Petroff, A. Ropert andP. Elleaume recalling the history of the

construction of the Machine and the gain inperformance levels over these ten years.

CD-ROMThe CD-ROM “Synchrotron light to explore matter” received theinternational IAMS Prize for the best scientific multimedia in 2001.Conceived for a worldwide audience of students, scientists and industrialists,the CD-ROM invites you to participate in a virtual tour of a synchrotron, itexplains how a synchrotron works and covers its numerous applications.The CD-ROM is now distributed by ImediaSoft and ESRF under the title“Exploring matter with synchrotron light”. More information can be foundon the website : http://synchrotron.imediasoft.fr/indexEN.htm

NEW DIRECTORS

HelmutKrech

FrancescoSette