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NORMANSNormans settled in northwest France in the early 10 th. century
State around the river Seine: NORMANDYFeudalism, military tactic, French language
1035: WILLIAM duke of Norm andy1066: Edward the Confess or dies throne to Harold Earl of Wessex William furious
BATTLE OF HASTING: William defeated HaroldThe decisive Norman victory in the Norman conquest of England
William of Normandy VS Harold IIWILLIAM THE CONQUEROR was crowned king
Feudalism, autonomy in local affairs for villages and manors.Domesday Book: ordered by William in 1805
Censure detailing the property owned by everyone aroundthe kingdom.
TEXT: Statutes of William the Conqueror (1066) HENRY I (Williams younger brother)
Judicial and financial reforms, peace with the chuch TEXT:The Charter of Liberties (1100)
PLANTAGENETSDynasty that ruled for 331 years
HENRY II
TEXT: The Constitutions of Clarendon (1164):The Constitutions of Clarendonwere a se t of legislative procedures passed by Henry II of England in 1164. The Constitutions were composed of 16articles and repres ent an attempt to restrict eccles iastical privileges and curb the power of the Church courts and the extent of Papal authority in England.In the anarchic conditions of Henry II's predecess or, Stephen, the church had extended its juris diction in the void The Cons ti tutions were claimed to restorethe judicia l customs observed during the reign of Henry I (110035), while in fact they we re a part of Henry II's larger expansion of royal jurisdiction into theChurch and civil law, which was the defining aspect of his reign
RICHARD IJOHN: forced by nobles to sign the Magna Carta
TEXT: The Magna Carta (1215):The Magna Carta is a legal text which established the basis of liberties among citizens in the kingdom. Consists of 63 articles based on the Charter ofLiberties (1100). One of the main poin ts of this Charter is the formation of a powerful parliament consisted of twenty five barons and so it reduced thepower of the King of England. It was the firs t time that a feudal monarchy of England was forced to recogn ize the limits of royal power. And it gave thespirit as a guide in the development of the English Constitution.
HENRY IIISimon de Montfort cal led the first directly elected parliam ent in Europe
EDWARD IEDWARD IIRICHARD II
TEXT: English Peasant Revolt (1381)http://www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm
http://www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htmhttp://www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htmhttp://www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm8/9/2019 Esquema Literatura Inglesa!
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HOUSE OF LANCASTERFrom the sons of Edward II had sprung two families, The House of York and the House of Lancaster, each believed their right t o the throne.13991461:
HENRY IV Duke of LancasterHENRY VHENRY VI: las t Lancaster monarch
WAR OF THE ROSES: A series of dynastic civil wars for the throne of England, fought between supporters of two rival branches of the Royal Hou se of Plantagenet:the houses of Lancaster and York (the "red" and the "white" rose, respectively).
HOUSE OF YORKEDWARD IVRICHARD III
MEDIEVAL SO CIETY
Vertical inmobility (social)hierarchies society
Emperor, King or Pope
Aristocracy, upper church membersKnights, feudal lords, regular clergy
M erchants, peasants, secular clergy
Serf
Horizontal inmobility (spatial)mainly agricultural
MEDIEVAL ECONOMYDominated by agriculture
Employment, export, food
Main port: London
Wide network of markets and fairs
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TUDORS14851603
HENRY VIIMarried to Eli zabeth of York
House of YORK + House of LANCASTER = Hous e of TUDORHenry VIIs son Arthur married Ferdinand and Isabel las daughter Catherine
England SpainHenry VIIs daughter Margaret married James IV
England ScotlandHENRY VIII (Henry VIIs son)
Married to his brothers widow Catherine of AragonOnly one daughter: MaryCouldnt have a male son Henry VIII tried to void h is their marriage the Pope refused
Consequences: broke with the Roman Catholic Church Henry VIII becam e the Head of the s eparate ENGLISH CHURCH
Anglican Church was createdDissolution of the monasteries: Henry VIII ordered the clos ing down o f catholic churches and abbeys across England, Walesand Ireland
TEXT: Act Of Supremacy (1534)The purpose was to establish the English monarch as the official head of the Church of England.
ACTS OF UNION: 15361543: Strengthened English control over Wales
The two different areas (Marcher lords and Principal ity) joined togetherMarried again to Anne Boleyn Pope excommunicated him
Thomas Cranm er (Archbishop or Canterbury) declared kings first marriage invalid and s econd validOnly daughter: Elizabeth
Mary was declared legitimateSuccession transferred to Elizabeth
Anne Boleyn convicted of adultery and beheadedMarried again to Jane Seymour
Only one son: EdwardJane died
Married again to Anne of Cleves divorced Married again to Catherine Howard, Anne Boleyns cousin
Catherine beheadedMarried again to Catherine Parr
EDWARD VIBecame king when he was 9 a Regency Council elected by his father on a testament reigned EnglandFirst protestant king: Protestantism was stablished
New prayer bookChurch services held in EnglishCatholics mistreated and bishops excluded
The Reformation in danger prevention from Catholicis mEdward VI and his Council drew up a Devise of Succession excluded her ultra catholic half-sister Mary of the succession
LADY JANE GREY
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Edward VI s cousin, queen for nine days
MARY I Bloody MaryCounter-reformation:
Church of England suppressed by the ParliamentChurch services back to LatinProtestants accused, persecuted and executedEdward VIs reforms reversed
Imprisoned her half-sister Elizabeth for being protestantMarried to Philipe of Spain in an attempt to have a Catholic heir but they had no children
ELIZABETH IEnd of the counter-reformationMary Stuart (Elizabeths cousin , Queen of Scots, catholic, next in the li ne to the throne) arrived in London
Remained in captivity for 19 yearsImplicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth beheaded
Anglo-Spanish warElizabeth I supported for Protestant revolt agains Spain in the Netherlands1588: Spanish Armada Invasion
Spanish armada defeated
TEXT: Elizabeth I Speech to the Troops at Tilbury (1588) Ireland: rebellions against English rule
Nine Years War: Gaelic chieftain ONeill was defeated after Elizabeth Is death
Literature: Francis Bacon, William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe
THE PARLIAMENT
Consisted in t wo chambers:
House of Lords: nobility
House of Commons: elected representat ives from the different shires or main towns
Tudors monarchs controlled dolice Parliaments
Elizabeth I called Parliament infrequently. M ajor considerations:Religious settlement
The Treason Act
The Poor Law
By the end of Elizabeth Is reign Parliament was beginning to assert itself again
THE CHURCH
Protestantism: 1517 Martin Luther led a breakaway from theoman Catholic Church and protested against its practices and
Its customsUnder Tudor Dynasty:
Henry VII: CatholicHenry VIII: First Catholic, then ProtestantEdward VI: ProtestantMary I: CatholicElizabeth I: Protestant
SO CIETY AND ECONOMYDuring the 16thCentury : agrarian commerce society. Tudor society was divided into four groups:
Nobility: owned huge amounts of landGentry and rich merchants: owned large amounts of lands. Well educatedYeomen and Craftsmen: Owned their own land. Able to read and writeTenant famers and wage laborers: Poor and illiterate
POO R LAWS
1536: Punishment for people caught without work outside their parish
1550: Workhouses for the poor. No wages
1576: Parish must p ay the poor at the workhouses
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THE STUARTS1603 - 1714
JAMES I of England andVIof Scotland (Elizabeth Is cous in)1603: Unification of the thrones of England and ScotlandBelieved in his Divine Right to rule
Refused to unders tand the tradition of parliamentary liberty, wanted to rule in absolute authorityReligion: Puritans asked for fewer Catholic ceremonies
Gunpowder Plot: a s mall group of Catholics planned to blow up both king and parliamentGuy Fawkes captured and executed
Last years: government in the hands of the Duke o f BuckinghamCHARLES I(James Is son)
Believed in his Divine Right tooStrongly influenced by the Duke of Buckingham
Influenced to s tart war against Spain and against FranceThe parliament opposed
TEXT: Petition of Right (1628): from Parliam ent to the King1629: Charles I dissolved the parliament
Duke of Buckingham murderedRuled in abso lute authority from 1626 y 1640Rebellion in Scotland: Charles Is tried to imposse the English liturgy in Scotland
1640: Charles I sum moned the Short Parliament to raise money, the parliam ent refused
Charles I diss olved the parliamentCharles recalled the parliament again, the Long Parliament that lasted for 20 years
CIVIL WAR16421649Causes:
Authoritarian personality of Charles IDefeated in the two Bishop Wars in ScotlandThe struggle between the king and the parliament1642: Charles I and his army tried to arres t his biggest critics in the parliament. Failed.
Charles I declare parliament to be traitors
AristocracyPeasants
Charles I Anglican ChurchCatholics
Sides North and west
New commercial classesParliament Navy
PuritansSouth, East and London
Battle of Naseby; parliam entary New Model Army led by Oliver Cromwel l defeated Royalis tsCharles I surrendered to Scotland
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Charles I beheaded and the monarchy abolished
THE REPUBLICCOMMONWEALTH 1649
Under the rule of the Rum p Parliament and the Council of State1653: Oliver Cromwell dissolved the Rump parliam ent and the New Parliament was created as the first to represent the British Isles
The new parliament voted itself out of existence and was dis solvedPROTECTORATE
Protectorate was a new form of government that provided stabili ty and order
The first government established under a detailed written constitutionOliver Crom well assumed the title of Lord Protector of the Comm onwealth of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland until his death in 1568
Agreed to govern with the Council of State and the Hous e of Comm onsImposed Puritanism
Richard Cromwell (Oliver Cromwells s on) was the next Lord ProtectorRuled for only 8 months
After a period of chaos, General George Monck recalled the Long Parliament and invited Charles II to return to his kingdom
RESTORATION THE STUARTSCHARLES II (Charles Is son) 1660: Mercy and reconciliation
Puritanism was bannedParliament Army was disabledThe Church of England was reestablishedThe Royalist in exile returnedLiberties returned to England in contrast with the aus tere years of Oliver Cromwell and Puritan rule
Art and sports were restoredMedicine and surgery established as serious sciences
Succession problems James II was catholicExclusion Bill: passed by the Hous e of Com mons to exclude James (Charles II s bro ther) from the s uccession to the throne dismissedExclusion Bill 2: Charles II dis solved the parliament
JAMES II first catholic king since Mary TudorSuspended the anti-catholic lawsJames duke of Monmouth (Charles II s protestant illegitimate son) raised a revolt
James II wonGLORIOUS REVOLUTION 1688was a series of events which culminated in the exile of king Jam es II and the accession to the throne of William III and hiswife Mary II
James II attempts to increase the powers of the catholics antagonized the parliament and the Anglican establishmentTwo factors moved his opponents to urge William to intervene:
The birth of a male s on putted in risk the succession of James IIs protestant daughter MaryThe Parliament James II was going to s ummon would repeal the Test Acts
Parliament met and offered the crown to both William and Mary as joint sovereignsWILLIAM III and MARY II(joint sovereigns)
Began a new cooperation between the parliament and the monarchy
TEXT: Bill of Rights (1689)Never again the monarchs would claim their power came from God. Together with the Magna Carta, Habeas Corpus Act(1679) and the Parliaments Acts (1911 and 1949) its a basic docum ents of the British constitution.
The Bill of Rights is an Act of the Parliament of England passed in 1689. It was a re-statement of the Declaration of Right presented by theConvention Parliament to William III and Mary II i nviting them to become join t sovereigns of England. The main points are: freedom from taxationby Royal Prerogative, freedom to petition the monarch, freedom from the standing army during a time of peace, freedom for pro testants to have
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arms for their own defense, freedom to elect members of parliament, freedom of speech and debates.
ANNE firs t QUEEN OF GREAT BRITAIN Mary IIs sis ter1707: Act of Union: creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain:
England and Scotland became one countrySuccession going to the House of Hanover
HANOVER
17141837German origin
GEORGE IJacobite Rebellions: supporters of the exiled Royal House of the Stuart, took their nam e from Jacobus (latin name for James) who had been deprived of his thronein 1688. Jacobite movement began in the highlands o f Scotland and their aim was to overthrown the Hanover Dynasty by placing James IIs son. They tried toinvade England twice but they were defeated (1715 and 1745)
GEORGE IIGEORGE III
1800:Act of Union of Great Britain and Ireland The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created NAPOLEONIC WARS British navy tried to harm France and her allies by preventing any merchant ships other than the British from reaching continental ports
1802: Peace of Amiens Hostilities returned, Britain was the only nation at war wi th France
1805: Battle of Trafalgar. Napoleon defeated 1815: Battle of Waterloo: the Duke of Well ington comm anding the Allies armies defeated again the French Empire
Britain became the dominant power in EuropeEnlightenment ideals were embraced: rejected the strict and pes simistic values of Puritanism. John Locke: founder of Enlightenment movement in philosophy (British Empiri cism)
Political ins titutions: Hierarchical, hereditary and privileged. Vote was no secret. Very few peop le had the right to vote.Radical ideas: inspired by writer Thomas Paine, groups of radicals formed societies during the late 80s and 90s.Population : beginning of the 10thC. five and a half milli on. By the end of the C. about 13 million (includ ing Scotland and Ireland)
SOCIETY AND CULTURE Social structure: nobil ity, gentry and major landowners. Landless laborers at the bottom. Half the population lived at survival level. Povertyin London reached s ignificant proportions. Crime and prostitution. Death penalty.Late 18thC. movement from the countryside to the towns
Wealthy merchantsTowns Ordinary traders and merchants
Skilled craftsm enUnskilled workers
Condition of women: no rights, no access to education
Founded by John Wesley. A religious m ovement that met the need of growing indus trial working class. Methodism was identified with thereligious life of the lower and middle classes. John Wesley opposed to the slavery and the American colonists.
RELIGION: METHODISM Methodis m helped the working classes to win sel f-confidence and to organize thems elves. John Wesley ins isted that this movement wasbound to the Anglican Tradition.
Preamble of the Industrial Revolution, it refers to a series of circumstances that produced an improvement in agricultural methods andAGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION occurred during the 18thand the 19thcenturies. Several factors helped:
Enclosure of the medieval common fields, development of new and better agricu ltural machinery Increment of the farm production production of better and healthier food less mortality popula tion grew more workers
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Improvement of so il fertility and better crops, improvement of transport better markets import and export grew notably
HANOVER
WHIGS Descended from P arliamentarians:Industrial and mercantile developmentReligious tolerationProsperous policiesOpposed to any intervention of the king in politics Support ed by: commercial classes
TORIES
Descended from Royalists:Believed in the Divine Right of monarchyOpposed to religious toleranceSupported by: Anglican Church
ROBERT WALPORE (Whig)First Prime Minister
Developed the idea of the Cabinet: A group of
ministers that met without The king and took
control of their AdministrationDuring his policy trade flourished in England
WILLIAM PITTThe Elder (Whig)
Famous for leading Britain during the 7 Years War
He wanted England to take over the overseas trade
TWO-PARTY SYSTEM PARLIAMENT
WILLIAM PITTThe Younger (Tory )
Started a mercantilist p olicy to make England a st rong country
COLONIAL EXPANSIONISMCauses of the migration:
America as a refugee for the exiled for religious beliefs Looking for warmer climates
Escape from the landowners to far their own lands Trade to raise money
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HANOVERGEORGE IVWILLIAM IV
Wellington Prim e Minister (Tory)Failed government
1830: Lord Grey Prime Minister (whig) Introduced bills for electoral reform but the House of Lords rejected them
Grey resignedWilliam IV asked Wellington to return as Prime Minister
Didnt find enough s upportersWilliam IV called again Lord GreyReform Act(1832) finally passed in 1832:
Legis lative authority House of Lords Executive authority House of Commons
The reform avoid the political struggles across Europe (liberalism, socialism, etc) and focused on the development of its ind ustryThe midd le class had the right to vote (289.000 new votes) Many indus trial cities had for the first time representation at the parliam entMade poss ible the progression towards the universal suffrage
VICTORIA 18371901 (William IVs niece) Became queen with 18 years . Married with Prince Albert.During her reign:
Britain was the largest Empire in the world Industrial nationPioneer of railway transport
1815: The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All NationsCelebrated at the Crystal Palace (des igned by John Paxton to house the show) and leaded by Britain as the s trongest industry countryOrganized by Prince Albert and Henry Cole
Whigs and Tories transformed:Liberal Party John Peel + Whigs
Wanted a reformationConservative Party anti-Peel Tories
Wanted to preserve the traditional British lifeNew political organizations:
Anti-corn law league(Manchester): wanted the abolition of the Corn Laws (first introduced in Britain in 1804 and were high taxes for importedcorn to benefit country corn) in favor o f the free trade
Abolition obtained in 1846Chartism (London): movement for political and social reforms. It was the first working-class movement in response to economic depression, highamount of unem ployed and the limitations of the middle class. Six political demands:
Universal m ale su ffrageSecret ballotCons tituency of equal si zePayment for members of the parliamentariansNo property qualification for members of the parliament
Annual parliamentThe National Charter Association: the first working class political party
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By 1842 there were more than 3 million
IRISH NATIONALIS M
ACT OF UNION OF 1800Describe two complementary acts:
- The Union with Ireland Act (GBs parliament act) - The Act of Union (Ireland parliament act)
A new country was formed:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland(and a new united flag too)
For the first time Ireland had representationIn the House of Commons
The Parliament in Dublin was abolished
HOME RULE FOR IRELAND18691893
1869: Gladstone introduced a bill to disestablish the Anglican Church in Ireland1870: A Home Rule was founded Irish autonomy in internal affairs1886: Home Rule bill brought to parliament. There was a split:- Liberals in favor of the Union Liberal Unionist -
IRELAND MIGRATIONS
GREAT FAMINEFamilies depended on the potato for survival while other crops were exported to England
- 1845: harvest was a ruin because of a new potato blight that came from America - Prime Minister John Peels Anti Corn Law proposition tried to allow cheap maize to Ireland ut most Conservatives op possed.
1846: 800.000 people died when the Corn Law was finally abolished
The next 25 years nearly 3 million people emigratedo the United States
POLITICAL IMPACT
Most p eople thought that England did very little to help the Irish- National movements rose in Ireland against the British demanding
the independence.- Obtained sup port from the Irish immigrants in America
IRISH IMMIGRANTS IN AMERICA
Irish influence in America was high, but racism was also growing:- American p rejudices against Iris h peop le and their catholic tradition - Know Nothing Party: opp osed to foreign immigration, passed some acts which obliged
catholic Irish to read Protestant bibles at school.- In 1854 the Know Nothing Party had over 1 million members and elected governors- They deport ed poor Irish people back to England and dep rived the Irish catholic to their
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Term applied to the s ocial and economic changes occurred from the middle of the 18 thCentury to the middle of the 19 thCentury that marked the transition from an agricultural and com mercial society to a modern indus trial one relying on complex machinery rather than man tools
CAUSES:Englands natural resources: richness in coal and iron New technological innovations
Changes in social and econom ical structures Private inves tors and financia l institutions
CONSEQUENCES:New technological inventions
railway and canals facili tated the transport of heavy goods Bad employment conditionsDecline of m any local tradesTRANSPORT
Facilitated transport for work and leisureRAILWAY
Beginning at 1825-30The route network amounted to 15.500 miles by 1870
Growth of industrial cities People from the countryside began to move into the towns
Severe social problemsLiving conditions in cities were unhealthy with no current waterFactories s ubjected men, women and children workers to low salaries, harsh punishments and dangerous work with machineryCities were crowded, dirty and unregulatedPublic sanitation and public health ignored
Public education developed and all British citizens had access to education
WORKING RIGHTS, EDUCATION AND SOCIAL REFORMSNew middle class of professionals such as lawyers and doctors was created1870: the Education Act: set up school districts and the basis for universal primary education 1891: schools were free
1902: the Education Act: funding on secondary schoolsHEALTH
1872 Public Health Act: se t up health authorities throughout England 1875 Public Heal th Act: water supply, drains, etc.1875 Artisans Dwelling Act: allowed local councils to buy areas of slum dwelling to clear it and rebuild
SOCIAL AND POLITICALExploitation in the factories workers began to form trade unions to improve their working conditions Legislation passed to improve working conditions:
The Hours Act, the Factory Act, the Mines Act
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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19141918
CAUSE: Assas sination of the Austro-Hungarian heir to the throne Franz Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo.Great Britain entered the war to defend neutral Belgium due to a 75 year-old treaty and because of its alliance with France British Em pires colonies and dominions abroad were involved in the conflict and offered military and financial support
Two bands :Great BritainFranceItaly
The Allies Russ iaJapanU.S.A
Other side GermanyAustria-Hungary Empire
Was the first modernized and mechanized warTechnological advancesMass productionMobilization of all hum an and econom ic resourcesUse of trench, m achine-gun, airplanes, tanks, submarines and torpedoes
1616: British government forced men into army and a few men refused First time the government accepted the idea that men had the right to refuse to fight
GENERAL CONSEQUENCESOld European dynasties disappearedCollapse of the three great Empires: Germany, Austro-Hungary and Russ iaInternational monetary instability (except of USA)
Consequences for Great BritainRationing and shortages in BritainThe country was devastated and in economic problems
Trade Unions grew during the war
Treaty of Versa lles (1919):Imposed reparation payment on Germany
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1918: Women acqu ired a limi ted right to vote
1867 Reform Bill: John Stuart Mill (a radical thinker) tried with no luck to include votes for women.Industrial revolution had increased the power of men and their feelings about property
Women found very difficult to ge t a divorceWife and daughters seen as husband/father propertyMen were allowed to beat their wives
By 1850 wife beating had become a serious social problem in BritainAfter the s ituation began to improve
Women were allowed to vote and to be e lected to county councils A smal l number started to study in Universi ty
Middle class women became determined to have equal rights They find support in the Trade Union movement
Female mem bership of the Unions increased
1897: Women started to dem and their right to vote in national electionsDivisions among women:
Some wanted restrictive voteSome others thought that wom en shou ld not have the right to vote
Among the ones on favor of women suffrage there where two fractions: The moderate group: The Union o f Womens Suffrage Societies the suffragistsThe radical group: The Womens Social and Political Union the suffragettes
The First World War changed everythingWomen worked at weapon and munition factories
1928:voting age of women came down to 21, equal with menReasons for the change in political opinion:
Recognition of the role wom en played in the warCampaigns of wom en suffrage movements
Avoid the violent protests of the suffragettes International pressure: New Zealand and Australia had already enfranchised women
TEXT:Helen Taylor. The Claim of Englishwome n to the Suffrage Constitutionally Considered (1867)
THE FIGHT FOR WOMENS RIGHT
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During the late part of the 19 thcentury there was a raise of the Irish Parliam entary Party that demanded Home Rule: sel f government independent of Britain.1870: Home Government Ass ociation (the Home Rule Party) was founded and 3 years later the Home Rule League was created
Separatist Irish Republican Brotherhood: wanted the full independence and began to prepare a revolt agains t the British rule 1916: Easter Rising in Dublin: insurrection by the Irish Republican Brotherhood with the aims of es tablish the Irish Republic Suppressed after 7 days and their leaders executed
1918: Republicans won the general elections
TEXT: Proclamation of the Irish Republic (1916)
ANGLO-IRISH WAR 1919 - 1921Guerrilla war against the British government mounted by the Irish Republican Army (IRA)
de facto republic wash es tablishedIreland created its own judicial and administrative system
1919: Republicans m et at the Irish Parliament and made the Irish Declaration of Independence 1920: Government o f Ireland Act:
Stablished two parliamentsUnionistParliament
NationalistParliamentSix countries under the Unionist Parliament formed Northern Ireland
Elections in Northern Ireland gave victory to the Union ists in 1921 Prime Minister: Ulster Unionist leader Jam es Craig
Elections to the Nationalist Parliament in Dublin in 1921 Sinn Fin leader Eamon de Valera won.
1921: Anglo-Iris h treaty between the IRA and BritainBritain accepted their claim s for independence but only in southern Ireland (Irish Free State)The six counties o f Northern Ireland (Ulster) remained united with Britain
Eamon de Valera became Prime Minister
IRISH CIVIL WAR 1922 - 1929Confronted two groups
Supporters of the Anglo-Irish treaty forces of the new Free State
Republican opposition who didnt support the treatyFree State forces wonConsequences
British and Sinn Fin legal systems were abolished and replaced by a new judicial system Freedom of religion
1937: Eamon de Valera declared southern Ireland a republic which was no longer under British ruleIrish Free State Eire
IRELAND INDEPENDENCE
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Period between 1919 and 1939
Politics: two s ides
Radical : strikes, hunger marches, Irish Nationalism, rise of the Labour Party, founding of the Communist PartyConservative: the majori ty tended to vote the ConservativeAppeasem ent Policy
The policy of reso lving international quarrels by admi tting and satis fying grievances though rational negotiation and compro mise, thereby avoiding the res ort to anarmed conflict which would be expensive, bloody and poss ibly dangerous.The term is applied to the British foreign policy of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain towards Nazi Germany between 1937 and 1939Proposed in 1936 by the governments of France and Great Britain
TEXT: Munich Pact (1938)Signed by GB, France, Italy and Germany granting the Chez Sudetenland to Adolf Hitler
TEXT: Peace of our time (1938)Depression and discontent
InflationFall of pricesLow salaries
UnemploymentWorker strikes dem anding better conditions and less hours
General Strike in 1926: triple alliance of miners , rail workers and other transport workers 1927: Trade Disputes Act made striking illegal
1929: crash of the Stock Exchange of New York a ffected EuropeUnited Kingdom was in debt to the USA since the World War I
19391945
International war between: Outbreak: Hitlers annexation to the Chez Sudetenland Nazi German invasion of Poland in 1939
United States
France Britain suffered intense bombing in cities as London, Belfast, Liverpool, etcAllies United KingdomChinaSoviet Union Surrender of the Axis:
Normandy Campaign in 1944Germany Occupation of Germany in 1945
Axis Italy Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and NagasakiJapan
The Allies created the United Nations
INTERWAR PERIOD
SECOND WORLD WAR
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The Home Front is the term given to what it was happening in the UK and Ireland while the war was fought. The Government guided families teaching them how to behave in
time of war and ration their food. Women were needed to work because the men were at war.
Preparations for war started since the Munich Pacttrenches were dug in London parks anti-craft guns were s etregional Commissioners were secretly placed into postmillions of gas m asks were distributedan emergency evacuation scheme was prepared
1939: Germany invaded Poland
children evacuated and s ent abroad
Ministry of Supply was establi shed to provide materials for the Army
The Cabinet was replaced by a War Cabinet and new minis ters were establishedWinston Churchill as First Lord of the Admiralty
1940: Winston Churchill was appointed Prime Minister in place of N. Chamberlain
Measures during the warFamily Allowance Act: mothers would rece ive payment for each child under their care Rationing of food, petrol and clothing
POST-WAR YEARS
1945 elections: Labour Party wonClement Attlee became Prime Minister replacing Winston Churchill
Years of austerityNational finances in severe deficitWheat shortage: bread rationing
THE HOME FRONT