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ESPEN Congress Geneva 2014LLL LIVE COURSE: ICU NUTRITION AND PROBLEM SOLVING
More than choosing the route: enteral and parenteral nutritionP. Singer (IL)
Module 18.3
More than choosing a route: enteral and parenteral nutrition
Pierre Singer, MD
Module 18.3
Learning objectives
• Learn the possible routes of feeding• Understand the obstacles• Learn how to overcome the obstacles• Apply the proposed protocol to feed to
target
Which route?
ParenteralNutrition
Duodenal Jejunal Tube
SupplementalPN
ENTERAL
MessageParenteral Nutrition Enteral Nutrition
Message: this fight is wrong
Nutrition risk assessment• ICU-specific tool• Identify highest risk
patients
Benefit > Risk
Tight glycemic control• Avoidance of hypoglycemia• Minimize glycemic variability• Provide concurrently with
optimal nutrition support
Route of nutrition• Volume-based EN
when able (optimize tolerance)
• SPN to meet needs
• Timing depends on risk stratification
Amount of nutrition• Avoid underfeeding• Avoid overfeeding• Use indirect
calorimetry if available
Nutritional components• Energy• Protein• micronutrients
Monitoring• Daily reassessment
and adjustment• Laboratory data,
clinical status, fluid status
Nutrition risk assessment
Benefit > Risk
Tight glycemic control
Route of nutrition• oral• Volume-based EN
when able (optimize tolerance)
• SPN to meet needs
• Timing depends on risk stratificatio
• PN
Amount of nutrition
Nutritional components
Monitoring
© mh Nutrition Day 2009an
initiative supported by
Oral enteral parenteral
oral
0 1 2 4 6 8 14 21
0
20
40
60
80
20082007
day in ICU
perc
enta
ge
enteral
0 1 2 4 6 8 14 21
0
20
40
60
80
20082007
day in ICU
perc
enta
ge
parenteral
0 1 2 4 6 8 14 21
0
20
40
60
80 20072008
day in ICU
perc
enta
ge
Patient‘s nutrition control in ICU
Are you hungry?
Would you lik
e to eat?
Are you th
irsty?
Do you have
a dry mouth?
Do you have
nausea?
Do you have
abdominal pain?
01020304050
%
Guidelines ESPEN Guidelines
on Enteral
Nutrition:
Intensive Care
Kreymann K. G. et al.
Clin Nutr 2006, 25: 245-
59.
Free at: www.espen.org
Early enteral feeding is recommended
Enteral feeding, preferably as early as possible
Enteral Nutrition vs Standard Care (NPO or IV dextrose)
Kaplan‐Meier estimates of survival among critically ill medical patients in early feeding group and in the late feeding group. Early feeding was associated with a significantly higher rate of survival (p = 0.0005 by log‐rank test)
Effects of Early Enteral Feeding on the Outcome of ICU Mechanically Ventilated Medical Patients
Artinian et al, Chest 2006; 129:960
n=2,537
n=1,512
Indications for enteral feeding
• Normal peristaltism• No gastric residue > 500 mL• No severe diarrhea or ileus• No active upper GIT bleeding
Obstacles to enteral nutrition• Vomiting, aspiration and Increased gastric
residues• Severe diarrhea• Hemodynamic instability• Fear to induce intestinal complications, like
bowel ischemia • No protocol or Poor protocol application and
calorie deficit as a result• No possible use of duodenal feeding, PEG,
jejunostomy
• Hypoxemia, hypercapnia or acidosis are not contra indications
• No problem with muscle relaxants, hypothermia or small surgical procedures (open NGT)
• EN should be started early in abdominal trauma, after aortic aneuvrysm surgery
• EN should be given in pancratitis• EN should be administered in open
abdomen, in fistula if the tube is distal
The ischemic bowel……
EN should be delayed in• in case of abdominal distension, but not
in the absence of bowel sounds• in cases of ulcer bleeding with a high
risk of rebleeding• in Abdominal Compartment syndrome
and in bowel ischemia• in hemodynamic instability. Special
attention in increasing or persisting lactate levels (bowel ischemia).
Aspiration pneumonia
• Types of inhalation
– Micro-inhalations of saliva in case of swallowing disorders
– Massive inhalation massive in case of displacement of the feeding tube or emesis
– Silent and repeated inhalations of gastric juice
Aspiration pneumonia: how to prevent?
• Elevate the bed 30-45 O• Consider prokinetics• Give continuously the enteral feeding
Determination of the gastric volume containedduring nutrition
useful during the first 24-48 h of enteralnutrition / to be checked q4-6h
threshold 150-500 ml (expert opinion)Reinfusion of aspirated volume?
Gastric residual volumes
From Dr Christian Wunder
Gastric Residual Volume:Should we look at it?
In case of « high » residual volume?
• Check electrolytes (K, Mg)
• Promotility agents (gastric residue between 150 and 500 mL)– métoclopramide 10 mg x 3/j – erythromycine 3 mg/kg x 3/j
• In case of failure or gastric residue >500mL : duodenal/jejunal site or TPN
Duodenal tube
Complications of postpyloric feeding
• 1-2% have serious complications• Mechanical complications: dislodgement,
intraperitoneal migration, occlusion, volvulus
• Diarrhea: 22 to 50% of the patients• Cramping, abdominal distension• 13% never tolerate and convert to TPN• Bowel necrosis
Recommendations
Recommandations ESPEN 2006 Clin Nutr 2006; 25: 210-223
Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy: advantages
• No surgery• Bedside• Minimal sedation• Short procedure• Low costs
Rigid Flexible
Minard G. Nutr Clin Prac 1994;9:172-182
When should we proposed PEG?
• PEG is considered in the ICU only in patients after head trauma, CVA, long term ventilation and long ICU stay.
• Consider after 2 weeks for patients requiring enteral feeding for more than 8 weeks
• PEG is a safe procedure • Increases comfort but do not decrease
morbidity or mortality
TPN the good choice?
Parenteral nutrition indication
• If enteral nutrition contraindicated• If enteral nutrition does not reach
energy requirements
Acute Intestinal failure = Non absorption of nutrients
• Gut mass below the minimum amount required for adequate digestion and absorption of nutrients
• Intestinal obstruction or paralytic ileus: abdominal distension, vomiting and constipation and radiological findings of dilated small intestine
Complications
• Insertion (pneumothorax, arterial puncture)• Mechanical: Rupture, occlusion, embolus,
thrombosis, poor placement• Infection: Catheter site, subcatenous
tunnel, colonization, bacteremia, sepsis• Metabolic: Hyperglycemia, electrolyte
inbalance, refeeding syndrome• Liver function disorder
Recommendations
• Starvation or underfeeding in ICU is associated with increased morbidity and mortality Grade B
• All the patients who are not expected to be on an oral nutrition within 3 days should receive PN if EN is contraindicated or if they do not tolerate EN Grade C
Is this the appropriate target?
Cardiac surgery
Non Malnourished patients
High Target
Regulation of energy balance
SPN Study (Supplemental PN)
C. Heidegger et al. As presented at ESPEN 2011
C. Heidegger et al. As presented at ESPEN 20111
SPN Study (Supplemental PN)
Developing a protocol• Based on current recommendations• Adapted to meet local constraints
– Available formulas, tubes– Type of patients– Local habits
• Includes Frequently Asked Questions– complications (high residual volume, diarrhoea,
constipation) – daily concerns (access, planned extubation or exams,
insulin therapy,…)• Involvement of each healthcare professional
caring for the patient
Avoiding underfeeding in severely ill patientsLancet 2013 A Weimann and P Singer
Requirements• Starvation or underfeeding in ICU is
associated with increased morbidity and mortality Grade B
• ICU patients receiving PN should receive a formulation to cover their needs Grade C
• Provide energy as close as possible to the measured energy expenditure to decrease negative energy balance. Grade B
• All the patients receiving less than targeted enteral feeding after 3 days should receive complementary PN Grade C
Parenteral Nutrition
• Should be considered after 48 hours for patients staying in the ICU, and not reaching the energy target, mainly if malnourished.
• Is not increasing mortality but may increasing infection rate
• Should also be considered as complementary therapy to enteral feeding
Conclusions
• If possible use the gut through nasogastric or nasoduodenal tube
• If the gut is not accessible, use parenteral nutrition (subclaviar access)
• If required calories not achieved, complete with parenteral nutrition after 3 or 7 days?