ESIA - World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/61949146828466… · Web view2015/12/30 · This site is located on coordinates 01009’09.4”S, 037002’16.4”E. Ndarugu Site:

ATHI WATER SERVICES BOARD

CONSULTANCY SERVICES FOR A FEASIBILITY STUDY AND DETAILED DESIGN FOR SEWERAGE SYSTEM IN

JUJA AND THIKA MUNICIPALITY(PHASE II)

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED SEWERAGE SYSTEM IN JUJA AND

THIKA SOUTH.

AUGUST 2015

Athi Water Services BoardAfrica Re-Centre 3rd Floor, Hospital Road P.O Box 45283-00100 Nairobi, KenyaTel: 254 020 2724292/3Fax: 254 020 2724295Email: [email protected]: www.awsboard.go.ke

FRAME Consultants LtdConsulting Civil, Structural & Geotechnical Engineers

Pension Towers, Loita Street P.O. Box 58624-00200, Nairobi - Kenya,Tel: 020 2213744/2251505Fax: 020 2213990E-mail: [email protected]:www.frameconsultants.com

SFG1405 v4

AWSB in Partnership with MLHUD Consultancy Services for a Feasibility Study and Detailed Design for Sewerage System in Juja &Thika (Phase II)

TABLE OF CONTENTSAcronyms and Abbreviations.............................................................................................................3STUDY AUTHENTICATION...........................................................................................................4NON TECHNICAL EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..........................................................................................51.0 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................131.1 BACKGROUND........................................................................................................................131.2 THE PROPONENT....................................................................................................................141.3 PROJECT LOCATION..............................................................................................................152.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE FOR THE PROPOSED PROJECT.............................................172.1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................172.2 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE FOR THE TRUNK SEWERS.............................................172.3 ALTERNATIVE SITES FOR SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS..........................................202.4 ANALYSIS ALTERNATIVES FOR SEWAGE TREATMENT PROCESSES.......................282.5 THE “NO PROJECT ALTERNATIVE” OPTION....................................................................302.6 SEWERAGE SCHEME.............................................................................................................312.7 PROPOSED PROJECT DESCRIPTION...................................................................................312.8 PROJECT ACTIVITIES AND COST........................................................................................383.0 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND RESPONSES................................................................................413.1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................413.2 CONSULTATION METHODOLOGY......................................................................................413.3 CONSULTATION OUTCOMES...............................................................................................424.0 BASELINE INFORMATION................................................................................................................464.1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................464.2 TOPOGRAPHY AND HYDROLOGY......................................................................................464.3 CLIMATE...................................................................................................................................474.4 TEMPERATURES.....................................................................................................................484.4 RAINFALL.................................................................................................................................494.5 EVAPORATION........................................................................................................................504.6 HUMIDITY................................................................................................................................504.7 SUNSHINE.................................................................................................................................514.9 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS.......................................................................................544.10 DISEASES................................................................................................................................554.11 EXISTING DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE.......................................554.12 EXISTING WASTE-WATER INFRASTRUCTURE.............................................................574.13 BIODIVERSITY.......................................................................................................................605.0 POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK...................................................625.1 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY FRAMEWORK.......................................................................625.3 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARDS TRIGGERED BY THE PROJECT.....................................756.0 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES.......................786.1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................78

FRAME Consultants LTD ESIA Report 2


6.2 CONSTRUCTION PHASE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS..................................................796.3 POTENTIAL IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH OPERATIONS.............................................876.4 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT.........................................956.5 CLOSURE AND DECOMMISSIONING..................................................................................967.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN.........................................................997.1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................997.2 CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL, MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN

998.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.............................................................................1228.1 RECOMMENDATIONS..........................................................................................................1238.3 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................124APPENDICES:..............................................................................................................................120

List of Appendices

Appendix 1 : Frame Consultants Ltd Practicing License...........................................................126Appendix 2: Public Consultation Meetings................................................................................129Appendix 3 : List Of Paps...........................................................................................................176Appendix 4 : Project Areas Location Map..................................................................................182

List of Tables

Table 1: Design Details of Waste Stabilization Ponds.................................................................36Table 2: Temperature Records......................................................................................................48Table 3: Rainfall Records.............................................................................................................49



ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AWSB Athi Water Services Board

CBS Central Bureau of Statistics

ESIA Environmental Impact Assessment

DNMD Directorate of Nairobi Metropolitan Development

MLHUD Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development.

MEWNR Ministry of Environment, Water &Natural Resources.

WRMA Water Resources Management Authority

NAMSIP Nairobi Metropolitan Services Improvement Project

NEMA National Environmental Management Authority

RAP Resettlement Action Plan

RUJWASCO Ruiru-Juja Water and Sewerage Company

RFP Request for proposal

RSP Ruiru Sewerage Project

STW Sewerage Treatment Works

THIWASCO Thika Water and Sewerage Company

ToR Terms of Reference

WASREB Water Services Regulatory Board

WaSSIP Water and Sanitation Services Improvement Project

WB World Bank



STUDY AUTHENTICATION

This ESIA was conducted by:

FRAME Consultants LtdRegistration No.1711Pension Towers, Loita StreetP.O. Box 58624, Nairobi-Kenya,Tel:0202-2213744/2251505Fax: 0202-2213990Email: [email protected]: www.frameconsultants.com

Signed ………………………………………….Date………………………………

For and on behalf of:

Athi Water Services Board

Signed ………………………………………….Date………………………………


mailto:[email protected]

tel:0202-2213744/2251505


NON TECHNICAL EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The aim of the proposed project is establishment of feasible and economical sanitation infrastructures and operational structure that adequately address the current, future and ultimate domestic, Industrial and Institutional Sewage demand for Juja Town & Thika Municipality.

Various alternatives (project site and waste water treatment options) were considered. The Preferred Alternative will entail construction of:

i. Six trunk sewer lines including Mugutha, Theta, Thirirka, Kamuguti, Ndarugu and Komu Trunk sewers.

ii. A sewerage treatment plant in Ruiru next to the upcoming STW located at 01°010’46.6”S, 037°01’23.2”E.

iii. Rehabilitation of Existing Thika STW & Construction of new Treatment works located at 01°005’34.1”S, 037°006’56.0”E.

iv. Installation of Jet waste water treatment plant in Ndarugu at 10 05’ 27.14” S; 370 01’ 15.58 E.

The proposed project will erect STW and trunk sewers in the project area. The proposal is informed by the following reasons.

High incidences of water borne diseases reported at the local health facilities. High population growth as the trend shows. This should be matched by a commensurate

expansion of waste water disposal infrastructure. Ground water pollution due to reliance on pit latrines needs to be checked. Ground water could

supplement water supply in the area. As such a sewerage treatment would go a long way in safeguarding its quality.

It is the right of the residents to have access to sound waste disposal system. The Water Service providers are bound by law to provide the facility.

The EIA was conducted mainly to comply with the existing environmental legislation primarily EMCA (1999), and Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations 2003 among others. Specifically, the study sought to:

Identify possible impacts of the proposed project on the environment. Evaluate alternatives to the proposed project. Predict likely changes on the environment as a result of the development. Propose mitigation measures for the significant negative impacts of the proposed project on the

environment Generate baseline data for monitoring and evaluation impact, including mitigation measures

during the project cycle Highlight environmental issues with a view to guiding policy makers, planners, stakeholders and

government agencies to make environmentally and economically sustainable decisions.



The EIA study team used a combination of tools to gather pertinent information for the study. Field visits to the proposed project site Documents analysis Key Informants Interviews Photography Barazas.

During the study, various positive socio-economic and bio-physical impacts that could result from the proposed project were identified. These include inter alia:

Reduction of health risks associated with exposure of residents with improperly drained sewage in their surroundings.

Reduction of water borne diseases resulting from possible microbial pollution of drinking water obtained from contaminated shallow wells, or through suction of contaminated water in water supply pipes through accidental negative pressures in water pipes.

Improvement in groundwater quality through preventing infiltration of sewerage from porous cesspits.

Improve living conditions for targeted residents through achieving the above environmental benefits, upgrade their real estate values and contribute in alleviating poverty conditions through work opportunities in construction and operation of the project

Achieve economic benefit by saving some healthcare expenses, improving people’s productivity and improving water resources management.

Strengthen community participation in environmental protection through involving community based organizations in project operation and mobilization activities.

Employment of locals as skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled workers. Growth of secondary businesses in the project area. Enhanced growth of secondary business in project area. Increased revenues for the service providers.



Potential negative ecological and socio-economic impacts identified during the study and practical mitigation measures include:

POTENTIAL IMPACT

MITIGATION MEASURES

1. Air pollution A regular vehicle maintenance and repair program. Ensure that all vehicles involved in the transport of construction material and staff, and

machinery involved in the construction is properly maintained and serviced. Machines must not be left idling for unnecessary periods of time; this will save fuel and

reduce emissions. Use of dust control methods, such as covers, water suppression. Ensure that all material (sand and aggregate) stockpiled on the site to be used in

construction activities are regularly sprayed to reduce the effects of wind whipping. Ensure that all trucks carrying aggregate and sand are covered during delivery to the

site.2. Water pollution Provide workers at the development site with chemical toilets during this phase of the

development. A reasonable ratio would be fifteen (15) workers per toilet. Store all raw materials away from the vicinity of water bodies located on the property to

avoid contamination in these areas. General refuse generated during these phases of the development must be stockpiled in

one central area of the development site, away from existing water bodies and collected, transported and disposed of appropriately at the designated disposal site.

Waste water Management3. Soil erosion and

contamination Only remove vegetation from areas for the STW/sewers construction ; Install appropriate drainage systems to direct water away from slopes; Designate a main access route for heavy machinery; Avoid site Preparation in period when wind velocities are highest. Areas storing hazardous substances such as diesel must be properly contained in a

bunded area. In the event of an oil spill the contaminated soil must be removed and disposed off. Develop a spill management plan (with appropriate budget).

4. Solid wastes Use an integrated wastes management system. Agreement with suppliers to accept the return of unused materials. Agreement with and license details of companies to be used for the off-site transport of

wastes The Contractor shall set up a solid waste control and removal system. Bins shall be emptied on a daily basis. Waste and litter shall be disposed of into scavenger – and weather proof bins. Agreement with the County government and for timely removal of solid waste.

5. Flora and fauna (biodiversity loss)

Only clear vegetation that is absolutely necessary for the construction activities; Avoid the use of Invasive Alien Species in the landscaping activities Determine access roads which are to be used by machinery used in the construction and

site clearance phase of the development to avoid the unnecessary trampling of vegetation that will be maintained within the development area.

Ensure that ‘green belts’ which have been proposed for the STW are large as possible as small patches may not be able to support viable populations of some species and these small patches tend to more susceptible to edge effect

6. Disturbance of Provide diversion routes where possible.



POTENTIAL IMPACT

MITIGATION MEASURES

traffic and difficulty of access

Give a construction itinerary in advance so that the potentially affected population can use alternative routes and start early to get to their destinations on time.

Erect warning signs of ongoing works. Expedite construction works so as to reduce the times where roads are blocked. Access of residents should be facilitated by installing appropriate temporary bridges over

the pipeline trenches. Suitable warning signs should be placed at near locations and should be visible at night. A guard should be available 24 hours to help people access across pipeline trenches.

7. Damage of underground infrastructure

Get maps of the underground infrastructure from the relevant institutions. Sensitise workers carrying out excavations so that they exercise caution to minimize

chances of underground infrastructure damage. Work closely with the responsible institutions such as Kenya Power, THIWASCO,

RUJWASCO and Telkoms so that incase of damage, the services are restored within the shortest time.

Reroute sensitive infrastructure where possible.

8. Structural stability The geotechnical report should include suitable measures for confining vibrations within project sites.

These recommendations identified in the geotechnical report (such as secant piling or sheet piling or establish cut-off walls) should be implemented by the contractor and supervised by EHS Advisor.

Blasting should not be done near houses or power lines.

9. Occupational accidents

Ensuring that the drivers and machine operators hired to work on the site are qualified. Workers on site must be provided with appropriate PPE. Appropriate signs must be erected on the site to warn workers and visitors. Machines should be properly maintained. A first aid kit should be provided and a trained first aider should always be on site. Fire extinguishers should be provided. No worker should be allowed on site while under the influence of alcohol. Inspection of workers to ensure they are using the PPE at all times when necessary. Provide a fully stocked First Aid box on the site

10. Sanitation at contractor’s camp

Toilet facilities supplied by the contractor for the workers shall occur at a minimum ratio of 1 toilet per 30 workers (preferred 1:15).

Sanitation facilities shall be located within 100m from any point of work, but not closer than 50 m to any water body.

All temporary/portable toilets shall be secured to the ground to prevent them toppling due to wind or any other cause.

The contractor shall ensure that the entrances to toilets are adequately screened from public view.

The contractor shall ensure that no spillage occurs when the toilets are cleaned or emptied and that the contents are removed from site to an approved disposal site.

11. Social conflicts Immediate action undertaken as soon as possible and within 24 hours of receipt of a complaint

Investigations completed within seven days of receipt of complaint.



POTENTIAL IMPACT

MITIGATION MEASURES

All corrective actions implemented by due date All incidents or complaints about either environmental or social issues will be managed

in accordance to the existing procedure in line with the legal framework. All incidents and complaints will be recorded in the contractors incident reporting

system Maximize hiring of unskilled and skilled workers from the project affected communities.

12. Spread of HIV and AIDS

Sensitize the migrant workers and local population on dangers of risky sexual behaviour. Have VCT services on site and encourage workers to undergo the same. Uptake of VCT by project workers and the host community. Provision of condoms to the workers. Maximize hiring of unskilled and skilled workers from the project affected communities.

13. Displacement of people

Avoid displacement as much as possible. Prompt and fair compensation of all the PAPs before beginning of works on the site Pre and post resettlement counselling’s support : including timely information sharing

and grievance redress. Financial education for the recipients of compensation funds including women in the

HHs. Identification and full resettlement assistance for vulnerable PAPs.

14. Water and soil pollution from leaks and sewage overflow and leaks

Awareness raising among community members not to dumpsolids that can cause blockage leading to bursts and spills.

Ensure sufficient hydraulic capacity to accommodate peak flows and adequate slope in gravity mains to prevent build-up of solids and hydrogen sulphide generation;

Design manhole covers to withstand anticipated loads and ensure that the covers can be readily replaced if broken to minimize entry of garbage and silt into the system;

Development of an inventory of system components, with information including age, construction materials, drainage areas served, elevations, etc

Regular cleaning of grit chambers and sewer lines to remove grease, grit, and other debris that may lead to sewer backups. Cleaning should be conducted more frequently for problem areas. Cleaning activities may require removal of tree roots and other identified obstructions

Monitoring of sewer flow to identify potential inflows and outflows Conduct repairs prioritized based on the nature and severity of the problem. Immediate clearing of blockage or repair is warranted where an overflow is currently

occurring or for urgent problems that may cause an imminent overflow. Citizens sensitization of the importance of monitoring and operational costs related to

the sewer lines to promote security of the infrastructure and timely attention to need of repairs.

15. Accidents and injuries in STW

Install railing around all process tanks and pits. Require use of a life line and personal flotation device (PFD) when workers are inside the railing, and ensure rescue buoys and throw bags are readily available;

Use PFDs when working near waterways; Implement a confined spaces entry program that is consistent with applicable national

requirements and internationally accepted standards. Valves to process tanks should be locked to prevent accidental flooding during

maintenance;



POTENTIAL IMPACT

MITIGATION MEASURES

Maintain work areas to minimize slipping and tripping hazards; Use proper techniques for trenching and shoring;

16. Exposure to hazardous chemicals

Implement a training program for operators who work with chlorine and ammonia regarding safe handling practices and emergency response procedures;

Provide appropriate personal protective equipment and training on its proper use and maintenance.

Prepare escape plans from areas where there might be a chlorine or ammonia emission;

Install safety showers and eye wash stations near the chlorine and ammonia equipment and other areas where hazardous chemicals are stored or used;

Communicate escape plans on the regular basis to the relevant stakeholders Continuously monitor air quality in work areas for hazardous conditions (e.g.

explosive atmosphere, oxygen deficiency); Prohibit eating, smoking, and drinking except in designated areas; Rotate personnel among the various treatment plant operations to reduce inhalation of

air-stripped chemicals, aerosols, and other potentially hazardous materials.

17. Liquid effluents Design, construct, operate, and maintain wastewater treatment facilities and achieve effluent water quality consistent with applicable national requirements or internationally accepted standards and consistent with effluent water quality goals based on the assimilative capacity and the most sensitive end use of the receiving water;

Consider discharge of treated wastewater to natural or constructed wetlands, which can buffer the impact from discharge on the aquatic environment, unless the wetland itself would be degraded by the discharge;

Treat greywater, if collected separately from sewage, to remove organic pollutants and reduce the levels of suspended solids, pathogenic organisms and other problematic substances to acceptable levels based on applicable national and local regulations.

Based on an assessment of risks to human health and the environment, consider re-use of treated effluent, especially in areas with limited raw water supplies.

Monitoring the effluent quality through sampling and laboratory analysis.

18. Sludge disposal Select appropriate sludge treatment technologies Develop and Implement faecal sludge management plan Land application or other beneficial re-use of wastewater treatment plant residuals

should be considered but only based on an assessment of risks to human health and the environment.

Processing, disposal and re-use of wastewater treatment plant residuals should be consistent with applicable National requirements or, in their absence, Internationally accepted guidance and standards.

19. Offensive odours Provide adequate buffer area, such as trees, or fences, between processing areas and potential receptors;

Cover emission points (e.g., aeration basins, clarifiers, sludge thickeners, tanks, and channels), and vent emissions to control systems (e.g., compost beds, bio-filters, chemical scrubbers, etc.) as needed to reduce odours and otherwise meet applicable national requirements and internationally accepted guidelines;



POTENTIAL IMPACT

MITIGATION MEASURES

Where necessary, consider alternate aeration technologies or process configurations to reduce volatilization.

Proper operations and maintenance of the STW. Monitoring daily to ensure pH is optimum for proper functioning. Fill the facultative ponds with fresh water before commissioning.

20. Health risks related to irrigation with treated sewage

Consider use of drip irrigation of treated wastewater, which minimizes worker exposure and the amount of water needed.

Control vectors and intermediate hosts of disease-causing micro-organisms. Treat wastewater and sludge used for land application in a manner consistent

with WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater and applicable national requirements;

Stop irrigation with treated wastewater two weeks prior to harvesting; Limit irrigation with treated wastewater to crops that are cooked before eating; Restrict public access to hydraulic structures carrying wastewater and to fields

irrigated with treated wastewater.

21. Wildlife and scavenger birds attractions to the STW.

Proper fencing of the Plant to keep off wildlife is recommended Maintaining high standards of hygiene at the site throughout the operation phase of the

facility Constant consultations with KWS in event that wildlife is spotted in the area. The inlet works should be enclosed in a building to avoid exposure to birds Daily Burying of the wastes in appropriate solid Waste disposal section covering with

soil, this reduces the tonnage of wastes on site and exposing the wastes to scavenging birds

22. Risks of sewers clogging

Sensitisation of users to avoid disposing solids in the sewers. Constant monitoring of sewer lines. Flushing the system to unblock the lines.



1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

There is a growing concern in Kenya and at global level that many forms of development activities are causing damage to the environment. Development activities have the potential to damage the natural resources upon which the economies are based. A major national challenge today is how to attain sustainable development. It is now accepted that development projects must be economically viable, socially acceptable and environmentally sound. To balance economic goals and ecological imperatives, certain tools have been developed over time. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) is such one tool.

Environmental impact assessment is management tool for the protection of the environment from the negative effects of development activities. With roots in the EPA Act of 1969 in the United States, ESIA application has spread worldwide. Although different political jurisdictions have their own legal and administrative requirements in ESIA application, there are accepted cardinal principles which inform the ESIA process no matter the jurisdiction.

In Kenya, ESIA can be considered a relatively young entrant in environmental management. It became compulsory after the enactment of Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999 (EMCA). According to, EMCA, 1999 and its subsequent Environmental (Impact and Audit) Regulations, 2003, it is mandatory to get environmental clearance for certain development projects. Among these projects are; rivers and water resources development and waste disposal projects including:

i. Storage projects, barrages and piers; ii. Rivers diversions and water transfers between catchments; flood control schemes;

iii. Drilling for the purpose of utilizing ground water resources including geothermal energy.

iv. Sites for hazardous waste disposal; v. Sewage disposal works;

vi. Works involving major atmospheric emissions; vii. Works emitting offensive odours;

viii. Sites for solid waste disposal.(EMCA, 1999, Second Schedule; Part IV.)

The proposed sewerage project thus falls under projects which must undergo an environmental impact assessment before implementation.

1.2 THE PROPONENT Athi Water Services Board (AWSB) is one of the eight Water Services Boards under the Ministry of



Environment, Water and Natural Resources created to bring about efficiency, economy and sustainability in the provision of water and sewerage services in Kenya. AWSB is created under Section 51 of the Water Act 2002. AWSB is currently serving a population of over 4.5 million people.

The Board ensures the provision of quality and affordable water and sewerage services in its area of jurisdiction through its twelve (12 No.) appointed Water Services Providers (WSPs) namely:

Nairobi Water and Sewerage Company Thika Water and Sanitation Company Limuru Water and Sewerage Company Ruiru-Juja Water and Sanitation Company Runda Water Ltd Kikuyu Water Company Karuri Water and Sanitation Company Gatundu Water and Sewerage Company Githunguri Water and Sewerage Company Gatanga Community Water Scheme Kiambu Water and Sanitation Company Karimenu Community Water and Sanitation Company

The Proponent is a product of the reforms initiated in the Water Sector after enactment of Water Act 2002 to provide for the enabling legal and institutional framework for more effective management, conservation, use and control of water resources. The National Water Policy has four broad objectives: -

To preserve, conserve and protect available water resources and allocate them in a sustainable rational and economic way,

To supply water of good quality and in sufficient quantities to meet the various water needs,

To establish an efficient and effective institutional framework to achieve a systematic development and management of the water sector, and

To develop a sound and sustainable financing mechanism for effective water resources management.

1.3 PROJECT LOCATION

The proposed project straddles between Juja and Thika towns.Juja town is located in Thika West District in Kiambu County, 10 km South-East of Thika Town and 12km North-West of Ruiru, latitudes -1.1833 and Longitude 37.1167 about 30km North of Nairobi. It is the administrative centre for Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT).

The project area can be accessed through the A2 (Nairobi – Thika) dual highway or the Nairobi – Nanyuki railway line. The northern boundary of Juja is the Komu River, whilst the southern boundary is the Theta- Thiririka Rivers. The eastern boundary is the Nairobi-Athi Rivers.



The Thika Municipality is situated in Thika West District, Kiambu County, approximately 45 km North-East of Nairobi. It stretches approximately 24km in an east-west direction and tapers from a width of about 2.5km on western side to 5.0km on the Eastern edge. The total area of the municipality is 93km2. The main Nairobi/Nyeri road, which runs in a north-south direction, dissects the Municipality just to the west of the commercial and administrative centre of the town.

The northern and southern boundaries of Thika Municipality are well demarcated by rivers which flow in an easterly direction. The Karimenu-Chania-Thika Rivers form the northern boundary while the Komu Rivers forms the Southern boundary.

The STW will be located on public land. This includes Gatongo’ra in Ruiru next to Phase I and next to the existing Thika STW. In this case then there will be no compensation. Trunk sewers will run along road and riparian reserves to minimise displacement. Where this cannot be avoided or the reserves have been encroached, compensation as per the law will be made.Project location maps are attached as Appendix 4



NAIROBI

Kisumu

Mombasa

GarissaNakuru

Wajir

ManderaMoyale

Marsabit

Lodwar

Eldoret

Malindi

Lamu

INDIANOCEAN

IsioloMeru

Mt. Kenya

SOMALIA

UGANDA

TANZANIA

SOUTHSUDAN ETHIOPIA

RUIRU/JUJA/THIKAPROJECT AREA

Thika

Location of Project Area



2.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE FOR THE PROPOSED PROJECT

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The project area is at different stages of development and it is therefore prudent to stage the development of the sewerage systems to follow suit. Provision of a sewerage system will require the construction of a reticulation system to serve areas that are either already developed or are in the process of development.

2.2 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE FOR THE TRUNK SEWERS

The natural drainage system has been used as a basis of design of the trunk sewer system. The trunk sewers have been located at the lower drainage boundaries as much as permissible so as to maximize sewage collection from feeder lines. Some trunk sewers drain into treatment works whilst some drain to other larger trunk sewers.

The sewer routes as were identified during the detailed survey by the consultant together with a representative of the county government have been adopted in the design. Proposed sewers have been routed on rivers riparian, road reserves and utility way-leaves as much as possible. Main sewers have been provided for areas currently served with piped water and those with the potential of being served with piped water soon, as identified.

The following trunk sewers have been identified in the project area using the natural drainage patterns;

i. Mugutha River Trunk Sewer: This sewer follows the Mugutha River and will drain parts of Mugutha and Theta sub-locations in Ruiru. This sewer will empty in to the Theta River Trunk Sewer.



ii. Theta River Trunk Sewer: This follows the Theta River and is proposed to drain parts of Theta sub-location in Ruiru and Milimani sub-location in Juja as well as flows conveyed by the Mugutha River Trunk Sewer. This sewer wil l empty into the Thir i r ika River Trunk Sewer.

Figure 1 Mugutha, Thiririka and Interceptor Trunk sewers

iii. Thiririka River Trunk Sewer: This will follow the Thiririka River and will serve Milimani and Kalimoni sub-location. It will empty to the Interceptor Trunk Sewer and eventually to the Treatment plant.

iv. Kamuguti River Trunk Sewer: This sewer will follow the Kamuguti stream and empty into the Komu River Trunk Sewer. The sewer will serve Witeithie sub- location.

vii. Komu River Trunk Sewer: This will follow the Komu River draining the Karimenu (Ngoingwa), Komu, Weteithie, Kianjau and Komo sub-locations of Thika.



It will eventually empty into the Treatment Plant at Thika.

Figure 2 Komo and Kamuguti Trunk

Provision of a sewerage system will require the construction of a reticulation system to serve areas that are either already developed or are in the process of development.

The secondary sewers have been proposed as collectors for the laterals and are planned such that they discharge the flows at appropriate points to the proposed trunk sewers.

Tertiary sewers have been located on the residential/estates road network so as to facilitate ease of property connection.



2.3 ALTERNATIVE SITES FOR SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS

An initial consideration in the selection of a site for sewage treatment is whether treatment should be carried out at one central location or whether a number of different sites would be more appropriate. Factors affecting this consideration include;

Pattern and rate of development Shape and size of the catchment area Topography of the area Availability of suitable sites Cost effectiveness of options

Several alternative locations and subsequent sewerage network layouts were identified, considered and are discussed below;

2.3.1 Alternative 1 - Centralised System

Option A - Nanga Site This entail draining all the sewage generated in the project area to a site in Nanga. The Nanga site (01002’41.2”S, 037011’09.8”E) is located adjacent to the confluence of the Thika and the Kabuku rivers close to the Nanga Estate.

The advantages of this site are that the land is owned by the government and is currently not used. Also, the entire project area can be served by a single treatment works.

The main disadvantages of this option is very long trunk sewer system with very deep excavations in rock will be required for gravity flow of sewage to be achieved. Having a single treatment works for the entire project area will require merging of resources from the two (2No.) water service providers, which may complicate revenue collection and cost sharing.

Option B - Munyu Site

This option entails gravitating all the sewage generated in the project area to a site in Munyu. The Munyu site is located on the eastern edge of the project area along the Athi River about four (4) kilometres east of the existing waste stabilisation ponds for Thika Town.

The advantage with this option is that the whole of the project area will be served by a single treatment works. However, sewage generated from the Northern parts of Thika (drained by the Thika River) will continue to be pumped to this site, or an independent treatment works be provided at Nanga.

Other disadvantages of this option are; A very long trunk sewer will be required to reach this site from Ruiru and Juja areas,



The land is owned by private individuals hence repossessing is required, Merging of resources from the two (2) water service providers for management of the unified

treatment works may complicate their operations. The soils are black cotton clays overlying rock at a shallow depth and are therefore not ideal

for the construction of ponds due to the large rock excavation that would be required. Tana & Athi river development authority (TARDA) have proposed to build a dam downstream

of the confluence of Athi & Ndarugu Rivers. This may result in land proposed for the STW being submerged by backwater from the dam. This may then lead to a considerable length of the effluent channel being constructed to ensure that the effluent from the ponds is discharged into Athi River downstream of the dam.

A very long trunk sewer will be required to reach this site from Ruiru and Juja areas,

2.3.2 Alternative 2: De-centralized System

Juja Farm Site and Munyu Site

This will entail splitting the sewage flows in to two (2No.) catchments as follows;

- Juja Farm Site: This is located just after the confluence of the Thiririka and Ruiru rivers. This site had been identified during the Nairobi Masterplan for Sewer, Sanitation and Drainage as an appropriate site for Ruiru Phase II Sewage Treatment Works. The site can serve the lower regions of Ruiru Municipality not covered under Phase I, Mugutha river drainage area, Theta drainage areas and the Thiririka Drainage area. The area proposed is at Coordinates S01°11’04.2’’, E037°05’28.1’’

- Munyu Site: This will remain similar to Alternative No. 1 Option B but will handle sewage flows only from the Kurakuta, Ndarugu, Kamuguti and Komu drainage areas.

The advantages of this option are;- The sites are further downstream of current urban settlements hence will be able to serve

even beyond the ultimate design period,- Each of the two (2) water service providers in the project area will manage sewage

generated in their respective service areas.

The disadvantage of this option is that both the sites are privately owned and will require to be purchased. Plots at Juja Farm have already been sub-divided and hence the acquisition process may be problematic. Other Disadvantages are:-

The site topography at Juja Farm may not be conducive for a waste water treatment plant receiving flows by gravity. Preliminary investigations have revealed the most viable location for an STW is located approximately 1490m above sea level. This location was also proposed by the Nairobi Master Plan team. Ruiru STW is at 1478m and 1480m at Thiririka & Theta confluence,



making it improbable for future flows to flow by gravity. A pumping station will therefore be required. There is an alternative site right next to the proposed location at coordinates S01°11’09’’, E037°06’19.6’’ but this site is too small for a waste water treatment plant treating ultimate flows (area available is about 5ha).

Munyu site are as outlined in alternative 1 option B.

2.3.3 Preferred Alternative

A decentralized system is most preferred based on the following reasons:-

Shorter Trunk Lines. Trunk lines for sewerage flows for Ruiru & Juja will be shorter. The two sewerage systems will be maintained separately by the two Water Service Providers,

making it easier to maintain. Nanga site as a centralized system will not be adequate to treat ultimate flows for Ruiru, Juja,

Thika South & Thika North. Extremely deep excavations will be avoided.

As with any other sewerage system, this alternative will be implemented in two phases; immediate (Phase I) and future (Phase II). Various options based on smaller STW locations for immediate implementation were identified;

OPTION A - Kalimoni Site, Ndarugu Site and existing Thika STW

This option entails construction of three new STWs and the rehabilitation of the existing Thika STW. − Kalimoni Site: This site is located at Kalimoni just after the confluence of Theta and Thiririka

Rivers. The site can accommodate sewage generated in the Mugutha, Theta and Thiririka drainage areas. This site is located on coordinates 01009’09.4”S, 037002’16.4”E.

− Ndarugu Site: This site is located along the Ndarugu River about 5km downstream of Thika Highway. Its located on coordinates 01007’15.0”S, 037004’25.3”E.

− Rehabilitation/Expansion of Existing Thika STW. This entails considering flows from Thika South area and draining them into the existing Thika STW site. The Thika STW is an existing waste stabilisation ponds system preceded by an inlet works located at the edge of Komu River. The system comprises six separate rows of ponds, each with two primary facultative ponds operating in parallel followed by one secondary facultative pond. Two (2No.) tertiary ponds are provided, each one taking the flow from three rows of primary and secondary ponds. The system total design capacity is 6,100m3/d. This site is located on coordinates 01005’34.1”S, 037006’56.0”E.

The advantages with this option are;− All the trunk sewers will be comparatively shorter;− There will be no need to acquire new STW’s land for Thika South as the existing STW will be

rehabilitated and expanded.Disadvantages are:



− The sites are not located at the end of the drainage basins, hence sewage generated in some areas will not be covered by gravity flow;

− Kalimoni & Ndarugu sites are close to existing urban settlements and sub-divided plots, this means that settlements will overtake the site and move downstream necessitating pumping of sewage generated in downstream areas or construction of another treatment plant further downstream;

− Land acquisition will be required for Kalimoni and Ndarugu sites.

OPTION B – Ruiru S.T.W Site, Ndarugu Site, and existing Thika STW Site

This option entails construction of two new STWs and the rehabilitation of the existing Thika STW. − Ruiru STW Site: This site is located along the Ruiru River in Gatong’ora area. A STW comprising

of a Waste Stabilisation Ponds system is currently under construction in this site for the Ruiru Sewerage Project (Phase IA).For this option, it’s proposed that a STW be built in the remaining space in the site. This site is located on coordinates 01010’46.6”S, 037001’23.2”E.

− Ndarugu Site: This site is located along the Ndarugu River about 5km downstream of the Thika Super Highway. Its located at coordinates 01007’15.0”S, 037004’25.3”E.

− Rehabilitation of Existing Thika STW & Construction of new Treatment works. This entails considering flows from Thika South area and draining them into the existing Thika STW site. The Thika STW is an existing waste stabilisation ponds system preceded by an inlet works located at the edge of Komu River. The existing system with a design capacity of 6100m³day comprises six separate rows of ponds, each with two primary facultative ponds operating in parallel followed by one secondary facultative pond. Two (2No.) tertiary ponds are provided, each one taking the flow from three rows of primary and secondary ponds. A new system is proposed to be built adjacent to the existing works on land currently owned by THIWASCO. This site is located on coordinates 01005’34.1”S, 037006’56.0”E.

The advantages with this option are;− All the trunk sewers will be relatively shorter;− There will be no need to acquire land for Thika South as the existing STW sites will be adequate.

Land is also available at the existing Ruiru STWs for Juja scheme although not yet acquired.− The area between Ruiru & Thika South will be adequately served by the Sewerage system.

Disadvantages are:− The sites are not located at the end of the drainage basins, hence sewage generated in some areas

will not be covered by gravity flow;− The proposed sites are close to existing urban settlements and sub-divided plots, this means that

settlements will overtake the sites and move downstream necessitating pumping of sewage generated in downstream areas or construction of other treatment plants further downstream;



− Land acquisition costs may be prohibitively expensive.− Proposed location for Ndarugu STW is on private land. There was an attempt by the consultant to

get ownership details from the provincial administration, which unfortunately was unsuccessful. We foresee difficulties in acquiring the mentioned Land and assistance from project stakeholders, especially the County government, will be required.

OPTION C – Ruiru Site, and existing Thika STW

This option entails construction of two new STWs at the existing sites at Ruiru & Thika treatment works. It entails also the rehabilitation of the existing Thika STW.− Ruiru STW Site: This site is located along the Ruiru River in Gatong’ora area. A STW comprising

of a Waste Stabilisation Ponds system is currently under construction in this site for the Ruiru Sewerage Project (Phase IA). For this option, it’s proposed that a STW be built in the remaining space in the site. This site is located on coordinates 01010’46.6”S, 037001’23.2”E.

− Rehabilitation of Existing Thika STW & Construction of new Treatment works. This entails considering flows from Thika South area and draining them into the existing Thika STW site. The Thika STW is an existing waste stabilisation ponds system preceded by an inlet works located at the edge of Komu River. The existing system with a design capacity of 6100m³day comprises six separate rows of ponds, each with two primary facultative ponds operating in parallel followed by one secondary facultative pond. Two (2No.) tertiary ponds are provided, each one taking the flow from three rows of primary and secondary ponds. A new system is proposed to be built adjacent to the existing works on land currently owned by THIWASCO. This site is located on coordinates 01005’34.1”S, 037006’56.0”E.

The advantages with this option are;− All the trunk sewers will be shorter; − There will be no need to acquire new STW’s land for Thika South as the existing STW will be

rehabilitated and expanded.− Acquisition of Land at Ruiru for Phase II will be easier as Land has already been identified and set

aside for the Works.− This option will be easier and faster to implement due its lower cost (approx. cost estimates of 2.9B)

and land availability. Disadvantages are:

− The sites are not located at the end of the drainage basins, hence sewage generated in some areas will not be covered by gravity flow;

− Ruiru is close to existing urban settlements and sub-divided plots, this means that settlements will overtake the site and move downstream necessitating pumping of sewage generated in downstream areas or construction of another treatment plant further downstream;

− Land costs at Ruiru may be expensive.



OPTION D – Ruiru Site, Ndarugu Pumping Station and existing Thika STW

This option entails construction of two new STWs that comprises of waste stabilization ponds for Thika South and Juja at Ruiru. Ndarugu drainage basin will consist of a Jet waste water treatment plant due to the little waste water generated from the basin. Works will also involve rehabilitation & reconstruction of the existing Thika STW.

2.3.4 Preferred Sewerage Treatment Site

The Consultant recommends Option D for immediate implementation. (Year 2015). This is due to the following reasons;

Land is available at the existing Thika Treatment works and hence no costs associated with Land acquisition;

Land is available at the existing Ruiru treatment works site There is need to serve all persons living near the Thika Super highway. The proposed

railway stations at Ruiru & Juja to be implemented under the Nairobi Metro transit system will also be adequately covered under this option.

The Jet Wastewater treatment facility has a smaller ecological foot print.A decentralized system is most preferred based on the following reasons:-

Shorter Trunk Lines. Trunk lines for sewerage flows for Ruiru & Juja will be shorter. The two sewerage systems will be maintained separately by the two Water Service Providers,

making it easier to maintain. Nanga site as a centralized system will not be adequate to treat ultimate flows for Ruiru,

Juja, Thika South & Thika North. Extremely deep excavations will be avoided.



Figure 3: Existing Thika STW and site for new WSPs



Figure 4 Ruiru Phase I and Site for Phase II WSPs

2.4 ALTERNATIVES FOR SEWAGE TREATMENT PROCESSES

So as to establish a method of treatment that can achieve the required effluent standards in the most economical and technically appropriate way for this project area, the following table summarises the operating characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of common alternative sewage treatment processes.



Treatment process Brief description Advantages Disadvantages 1. Waste stabilisation

ponds Are open flow through lagoons Generally the most suitable

method of wastewater treatment in hot climates

Generally sub-divided into anaerobic ponds, facultative ponds and maturation ponds

No powerrequirements

Very low O&Mrequirements

No mechanical installations

Very simple method of treatment

High land requirement

Odour nuisance, particularly from the anaerobic ponds

Sensitive to temperature variations

2. Constructedwetlands

Are an artificial wetlandcreated for sewage treatment

Used in conjunction with waste stabilisation systems for refining the quality of effluent

Have substantialcapacity for wastewater treatment

High landrequirement

Requires relatively flat or gentle slopes

Requires specific aquatic plants

Appropriate for small institutions

3. Aerated lagoons A more intensive system of treatment resulting in greater removal of organics per unit volume of treated wastewater than in WSPs.

Oxygen is supplied to wastewater by aerators floating or fixed in the lagoons.

Detention time less than in stabilization ponds

Less land requirement as compared to WSP

High O&Mrequirements

4. Oxidationditches

An extended aerationplant best suited to small communities.

The aeration tank is in the form of a long continuous channel, oval in plan and with rotor suspended over the channel for aeration, mixed liquor propulsion and prevention of suspended particles from settling out.

Relatively low landrequirement and suitable where land is at a premium price.


Not effective in removing Faecal Coli Form.

5. Percolating/Trickling filters

Sewage is evenly distributed on the surface and effluent collected through under drains that also help in aeration.

The units are preceded by settling tanks to collect the settle able organic solids delivered from the filters.

Durability in allweather conditions and in the presence of corrosive effluents

Does not upset for variation of hydraulic or organic loading

Limitation involumetric loading

Significant loss of head

Nuisance due to flies

Medium O&M cost

6. Activated sludge Involves aeration of settled Any degree of Sensitive to



Treatment process Brief description Advantages Disadvantages process sewage mixed with return sludge

within an aeration tank during which time the micro-organisms in the sewage multiply through assimilation of the organics in the influent wastewater.

Biomass generated is normally collected in settlement tanks.

treatment is possible Final effluent is clear

and odourless Low land

requirement Freedom from odour

nuisance Freedom from

nuisance due to flies Recommended for

treatment of sewage from large communities (not small works)

organicloading particularly for industrial wastes which result in bulking of sludge


High skilled management

Sensitive to shock loading

Produces large quantity of sludge whose disposal is a problem

A waste stabilisation ponds (WSP) system is recommended for sewage treatment due to its low operation and maintenance, and effectiveness in the local climate. From experience, the capital cost of buying land required for WSPs by far outweighs the operational and maintenance cost of the other alternatives. Together with the recommended WSP system, a comprehensive inlet works is recommended. The inlet works should comprise screens, grit removal and flow measuring mechanism as well as an emergency by-pass.

The trunk sewers will be made of concrete pipes which are resistant to corrosion. Thus leaks and consequent ground water pollution will be averted. In case of road and river crossing, steel pipes encased with bitumen will be used. The WSPs will be made of concrete and lined with an appropriate material to prevent leakage.

2.5 THE “NO PROJECT ALTERNATIVE” OPTION

This “alternative” implies maintenance of the status quo. That is, the proposed project is put on hold and mechanisms currently being used for disposal of sewage be maintained. This would have far reaching negative implications on the environment in its totality including among others:

Loss of economic benefits from the construction and operation of the proposed project. Continued pollution of ground due to reliance on pit latrines. Pollution of surface waters by raw sewage being washed into these bodies. Population will continue to be affected by water borne and other diseases associated with

exposure to raw sewage. Access to proper sanitation is a human right. If this option is adopted, the population will be

denied this right.

This being the case then, “No Project Alternative” is discarded in favour of the Preferred Alternative which will lead to realisation of the project objectives which are for the good of the greatest majority.



2.6 PROPOSED SEWERAGE SCHEME

The Consultant recommends Alternative No. 1 as the most cost effective to construct, maintain and operate, as well as the most technically viable sewerage system for the project area for implementation (Year 2015). This recommended option consists of works to be implemented before the initial design horizon, 2015, and comprise of the following;

a) Construction of the trunk sewers along the Mugutha, Theta, Thiririka, Kamuguti and Komu rivers as well as interceptor sewer to the Ruiru S.T.W site. The trunk sewers are to be constructed for the ultimate sewage flows but will only cover the lengths from the treatment works inlet works to the areas already settled.

b) Extension of Ruiru S.T.W under construction and Existing Thika S.T.W. It is recommended that the waste stabilization ponds system be designed to handle initial sewage flow in their respective drainage basins.

2.7 PROPOSED PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The detailed hydraulic analysis has indicated that the proposed sewer reticulation network would require sewers of 300 mm diameter. The trunk sewer will however range between DN300mm diameters to 750mm.

The design has recommended for Trunk lines spigot and socket for rigid jointed concrete pipes manufactured to BS 5911 part 1 1985. The pipes will be laid on 150mm thick Class 20 concrete bedding on swampy sections. All the bedding types would be similar or equivalent to Nairobi City types A, B, C, or D depending on the soil type at individual locations.

uPVC Pipes will be used for trunk sewers of DN 300mm dia. GRP pipes are not recommended for use on any section of the works due to the prohibitively high costs.

2.7.1 Sewage Collection and Conveyance System

Table below shows a summary of the design details for reticulation and trunk sewers. The sewer pipes have been designed for ultimate sewage design flow.

SewerSewer Pipe Diameter

(mm)

Sewer Pipe Length (m)

Sewer Pipe Material

No. of Manholes

Mugutha River Trunk Sewer 450mm 2300m PCC 40375mm 1700m PCC 31

Theta River Trunk Sewer 525mm 6231m PCC 107



SewerSewer Pipe Diameter

(mm)

Sewer Pipe Length (m)

Sewer Pipe Material

No. of Manholes

450mm 49m PCC 1

Thiririka River Trunk Sewer 525mm 5000m PCC 87450mm 3860m PCC 68

Interceptor Trunk Sewer 750mm 4313m PCC 75

Kamuguti River Trunk Sewer 450mm 2260m PCC 40375mm 3740m PCC 64

Komo River Trunk Sewer 675mm 3240m PCC 58600mm 2500m PCC 41525mm 1500mm PCC 29450mm 2500mm PCC 42375mm 960mm PCC 17

Juja Reticulation Sewers 300mm 21,900m uPVC 368Thika South Reticulation Sewers

300mm 14,800m uPVC 250

2.7.1 Sewage Treatment Works

The proposed sewage treatment works for Juja and Thika South are provided at different locations depending on the natural drainage patterns. The designed STW are:-

i. Juja STW at Ruiru T-Works, serving a section of Ruiru and Juja area, is located near Ruiru River,

ii. Thika STW is an existing works located along Komo River. A new system will be designed to cater for Southern parts of Thika Municipality on Land adjacent to the existing treatment works. The existing treatment works will be rehabilitated and expanded.

The sewage treatment works recommended will comprise of the following units:-

a) Inlet works with coarse and fine bar screens,b) Horizontal flow grit removal channels,c) Flow measuring Parshall flumes,



d) Waste Stabilization Ponds,e) Utility Buildings expansion/Rehabilitation, if required, consisting of offices, workshop and

Generator Rooms at both sites.f) Rehabilitation/Expansion of double grade 9 staff house at Thika.

A. Inlet worksThe Inlet Works has been designed to consist of coarse and fine screens, grit removal channel, flow measuring Parshall flumes, an over flow chamber and flow splitting chambers. It’s at the inlet works that preliminary treatment of the sewage is achieved.

The coarse and fine bar screens, grit removal channel and Parshall flumes have been provided in two (2No.) sets so as to accommodate ease of operation of the system if a unit is taken out of service either for servicing or during breakdown.

The units provided in the inlet works are described below;

i. Manually Raked Bar Screens: This is the first step in the removal of the coarse solids. Here, the influent wastewater will be passed through coarse bar screens and then fine bar screens. The designed screens have the following dimensions;

a. Coarse Bar Screens: This consist of bars 10mm thick, 50mm deep and placed such that they slope at 600 to the vertical so as to have maximum area and ease of cleaning using a hand held rake. This will have a clear spacing between the bars of 50mm.

b. Fine Bar Screens: This consist of bars 10mm thick, 50mm deep and placed such that they slope at 600 to the vertical so as to have maximum area and ease of cleaning using a hand held rake. This will have a clear spacing between the bars of 25mm.

ii. Grit Removal Channel: This has been designed to effect removal of grits, consisting of sand, gravel, or other heavy solid materials that have subsiding velocities. A horizontal flow, velocity-controlled grit chamber type has been designed.

iii. Flow Measurement Parshall Flumes: This has been incorporated at the main inlet channel. A measuring scale is installed on the upstream side of the flume which will be read every day. However, the actual measurement is to be carried out by use of an electroflo recorder that measures the depth of water on the upstream side of a flume, and records on a pedestal. These instrument records the rate of flow and also the total amount that flows.

iv. Overflow Chamber: An overflow chamber has been incorporated to assist in regulating the quantities of sewage that flows in to the waste stabilization ponds. The overflow chamber incorporates the use of a transverse weir and a stilling chamber. Excess sewage flow will be drained into the overflow/outfall open channel that drains into the nearby rivers.



v. Flow Splitting Chambers: This has been provided to split the flow into the various parallel streams of waste stabilization ponds. The flows have been provided to be controlled by use of sluice gates operated using rotary wheels. An emergency open channel has been provided to bypass the waste stabilization ponds in to the river via the overflow/outfall channel.



The design details of the units of the inlet works for the sewage treatment works sites are presented in the table below;

Design details of the inlet works units for the various S.T.W

UnitSewage Treatment Works

Juja (at Ruiru) Thika South1. Coarse Screens,

Cross-sectional Area, m2

No. of units, NrNo. of bars per unit, NrThickness of bars, mmSpacing of the bars, mm

0.52161050

2

2. Fine Screens,Cross-sectional Area, m2

No. of units, NrNo. of bars per unit, NrThickness of bars, mmSpacing of the bars, mm

0.52271025

2

3. Grit Removal Channel,No. of Units, NrLength of each channel, mWidth of each channel, mDepth of each channel, m

2 2

4. Flow Measuring Parshall Flumes, ISO 9826:1992Number of units, NrUpstream step slopeUpstream stilling channel length, mThroat breadth, mDownstream opening, 0

2 2

B. Waste stabilization ponds

A Waste Stabilization Ponds system has been provided for the treatment of the sewage. The ponds are designed such that the works are functional even during maintenance period when one system is closed. A series comprising of Anaerobic, Facultative and three (3No) Maturation ponds have been found to be adequate to fully treat the sewage to acceptable levels in each site.



The Table 1 below summarizes the design characteristics of each of the ponds in each of the sewage treatment works sites;

Table 1: Design Details of Waste Stabilization Ponds

PondParallel Ponds (Nr)

Pond Dimensions (m) Retention Time (days)

Effluent BOD5

(mg/l)

Effluent FC

(/100ml)

Net Area(Ha)D T.W.L EM.L

JUJA (AT RUIRU) SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS – 10,500m3/d

Anaerobic 2 4.00 72 x 31 77.3 x 35.8 1 263 114 0.55

Facultative 2 1.75 296 x 91 300.6 x 92.5 9 114 29 5.56

1st Maturation 2 1.50 196 x 78 201.0 x 80.4 5 29 21 3.23

2nd Maturation 2 1.50 196 x 78 201.0 x 80.4 5 21 16 3.23

Total 20 12.6

THIKA SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS EXTENSION WORKS – 6,522m3/d

Anaerobic 3 4.00 46 x 24 50.9 x 29.4 1 267 116 0.45

Facultative 3 1.75 182 x 59 187.3 x 63.8 9 116 29 3.58

1st Maturation 3 1.50 109 x 55 114.5 x 59.7 5 29 22 2.05

2nd Maturation 3 1.50 109 x 55 114.5 x 57.2 5 22 16 1.97

Total 20 8.05

D – Effective depth of the pondFL.L – Ponds Floor LevelT.W.L – Ponds Top Water LevelEM.L – Ponds Embankment Level

C. Outlet Works

In each of the sites, an outfall sewer line has been provided that drains the effluent treated waste water in to the nearby rivers.

D. Ancillary Works



For effective operation and maintenance of the sewage treatment works, the following ancillary works have been incorporated in the designed system;

i. Double Grade 9 Staff House: Rehabilitation and possible expansion of the Staff houses ii. Landscaping, Fencing and Gate House: It has been provided that surplus excavated material is

used in general site levelling. Also planting of grass within the site has also been provided. A chain link fence has been provided around the site constructed with concrete fence posts. A standard gate with a pedestrian gate has been provided at the entrance and additional access gates provided along the fence. A gate house has also been provided at the main entrance gate. These works have been provided for at both sites, but scaled down for Thika South.

iii. Access Road, onsite roads and storm water drainage works: An access road has been provided from the nearest road to the S.T.W. Onsite road work will consist of drainage. This has been provided at the Ruiru Treatment Works only.

E. Rehabilitation Works for Thika S.T.W

The existing sewage treatment works for Thika are currently working beyond the design capacity. The following works have been proposed to be undertaken as part of the rehabilitation of the existing system at Thika STW;

i. Construction of a new inlet works complete with coarse and fine bar screens, grit channels, flow measuring Parshall flumes and overflow chamber to replace the current broken inlet works;

ii. Conversion of the existing Primary ponds to a Hybrid system comprising of Anaerobic and facultative ponds to increase efficiency. This will translate to an improved capacity of waste water treatment from the current 8000m3/day (currently working over-capacity) to 10,500m3day.

iii. De-slugging all 6No. primary facultative ponds;iv. Rehabilitation of staff houses.v. Minor works like bush clearance, reinstatement of drainage system and repair of fence.

2.8 PROJECT ACTIVITIES AND COST

Project phase determines the activities in question. Phases of the proposed project are:

a. Pre-construction.

Specific activities in this phase include:

Confirmation of Trunk Sewer Routes through Surveying. Pegging of trunk sewer route. Site clearance. Securing the site through fencing Erection of site office and contractors camp. Compensation of and resettlement of PAPs whose land is taken by the proposed project.



Mapping of underground infrastructure. Relocation of underground infrastructure where necessary.

b. Construction phase Excavation of the WSP site. Excavation of trenches for trunk sewers. Laying foundation of the WSPs. Masonry works on the WSPs Procurement and stockpiling of materials on the site. Laying of pipes along the TS. Backfilling. Blasting. Ballast crushing.



GRAND SUMMARY OF THE BILL OF QUANTITIES

Description Amount (KES)

Preliminaries and General Items 357,400,000.00

Schedule of Day works 17,760,000.00

Sewers 932,994,750.00

Sewage Treatment Works 1,595,890,100.00

Total 2,904,044,850.00

2.9 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

The pipe materials have been selected taking into consideration availability, durability and cost. Circular pipes have been adopted in this design. uPVC pipes are recommended for sewers with bore less or equal to 300mm. Precast Concrete pipes have been adopted for the sewers greater than 300mm.lines. Steel pipes are recommended for all river aerial crossings, Class A and B road crossings, rail crossing and deep sewers. Different pipe bedding types have been used depending on the nature of the ground. These have been classified as bedding type A, B, C, and D.

i. Concrete Pipes

Spun Concrete Pipes to relevant Kenyan and British Standards are manufactured locally by a number of Companies. They form the most common choice for Sewer Pipes. Spigot and socket jointed pipes are manufactured in sizes ranging from 100mm to 915mm diameter, and ogee jointed pipes are available in sizes from 100mm to 1525 mm diameter.

Rubber ring, flexibly jointed pipes are manufactured in sizes ranging from 150mm to 975mm diameter and strength classes M and H, or reinforced. Pipes are vertically cast in vibrated moulds and supplied and supplied moulds and supplied with rubber rings. Rigid jointed pipes require jointing with tarred hessian and cement mortar.

ii. uPVC Pipes

Un-plasticised PVC pipes are manufactured in Kenya in metric sizes up to 450mm diameter. A number of firms are involved in production, including Polypipes Ltd and Eslon.

iii. Glass Fıber Reınforced Polyester (GRP)Pıpes & Fıttıngs

Glass fibre reinforced polyester pipes are imported and sizes range between nominal diameters 250mm to 4,000mm. They are lighter, corrosion resistant and are much easier to install when compared to Steel



and Concrete pipes. The considerably higher costs associated with importation make them infeasible for long trunk lines and reticulation but will be explored for use in inter-pond connections. A Comparison of costs for GRP, Steel and Concrete is summarized below:-

GRP STEEL ConcreteWeight Light Heavy HeavyService Life 70 years 35 years 50 yearsNested TransportInstallation Easy Tough ToughMaintenance Minimal Minimal MinimalCorrosion Resistance Good Needs additional

internal layerPoor

Availability(Locally) Not available Available Available

Source:-Superlit Pipe industries Inc.

GRP will not be utilized in this project due to its higher cost in comparison to PCC.

iv. Steel Pipes

Steel pipes are manufactured locally. They are generally used in locations where sewers are exposed or in situations such as river crossings. Protection against corrosion is required internally and externally. Bitumen sheathing is normally used, the external sheathing generally being reinforced with glass fibre windings.



3.0 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND RESPONSES

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Stakeholders are ‘all those people and institutions who have an interest in the successful design, implementation and sustainability of the project. This includes those positively and negatively affected by the project. Stakeholder participation involves processes whereby all those with a stake in the outcome of a project can actively participate in decisions on planning and management. They share information and knowledge, and may contribute to the project, so as to enhance the success of the project and hence ultimately their own interests’. Different types of stakeholders can contribute to the EIA process in different ways and, in most cases; inputs from a broad variety of stakeholders will complement the EIA process. Stakeholder interests exist at different levels. For example, at the local project level, they might include land or water access rights, pollution or market opportunities.

Kenya has entered the era of participatory development in all matters of national life. Participation in this case is not just through elected representatives but also through direct action. The Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA, 1999) and its subsequent Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003 underscore the need for stakeholder participation in the EIA process. Neighbours of a proposed project have to live with the project if implemented. They have the most to gain if the project impacts are beneficial to them. Conversely, they have the most at stake if the project goes awry. Not just neighbours but for projects whose impacts have a wide geographical spread, distant communities need to be involved. Stakeholder input is thus vital at the earliest stage possible in project development and should continue throughout the project cycle.

3.2 CONSULTATION METHODOLOGY

There is no single ‘public’; instead there are a number of publics some of whom may emerge at any time during the process depending on their particular concerns and the issues involved. Strategies for involvement must be appropriate to the individual, the community or the region potentially being affected. A successful public involvement process must take the characteristics of the potential publics and their changing views of contentious issues into consideration. The public could be:

i. Experienced in public involvement. ii. Informed or uninformed about the issues.

iii. Hostile or apathetic.iv. United or divided.

The study made use of the following consultation strategies: Public Barazas (Appendices 1-3). Stakeholder workshop report .( Appendix XI)



Public consultation was extensively carried out in the entire project area to elicit concerns and compliments from the PAPs. The proposed project spans a fairly large administrative area with a mix of socio-economic characteristics. Consequently, this meant “diverse publics”. Consultation meetings were convened in public areas to enable maximum attendance. These were organised in collaboration with respective are Chiefs and Assistant Chiefs.

That notwithstanding, it is worth noting that consultation is an on-going process throughout the ESIA study. After publication of the report in local dailies and Kenya Gazette, Publics will have another opportunity to comment on the proposed project. Consultation goes on even after license issuance to the implementation phase and audit.

3.3 CONSULTATION OUTCOMES

A wide range of public was consulted on the proposed project. These people gave a candid view of the proposal. The views reflect different interests and positions in the community. They expressed appreciation to the proponent for the proposal.

The following is the summary of issues emerging from consultations:

3.3.1 Positive impacts

i. EmploymentThis is a key benefit of any project that host communities can gain from a proposed project. They thus expressed the need for the proponent to observe the following with regard to employment.

Those responsible for project implementation ensure that youth from the area are given priority in recruiting labour force. They were emphatic especially on the recruitment of manual labour.

While recruiting employees during the operation phase there is need to consider local population skilled in various issues.

ii. Mutual respectWith the new found relationship between the community and proponent, respect was paramount for the success of the proposed project both in the short and long term. They noted that this is a key aspect of sustainable enterprises.

iii. Participation in the life of the communityThe proponent has become part and parcel of the local community. There is thus need to fully participate in the life of the local community in improving the lot of the people.

iv. Implementation Given the immense benefits that the proposed project will produce, the community members urged the proponent to hasten so that the community can start benefitting from it. Those living in towns are especially very keen on the sanitation aspect.

v. Manual labourAs much as is practically possible, machinery should not be used where manual labour can be used to increase employment opportunities for the community.



vi. Remuneration Contractors should be advised not to underpay local people who will be employed on casual basis.

vii. Peaceful coexistenceSince the Proponent acquired the piece of land, the community bond has continued to become strong. It was observed that this cordial relationship between the proponent and the local community.

viii. Open communicationTo avert unnecessary conflicts, there is need for prompt communication to all stakeholders. This could be through the use of the local administration and other such fora. Any information or clarification about stakeholders’ position on project need to be promptly availed to any interested party.

ix. Project acceptance and supportThere was support for the proposed project. This was as a result of clear explanation of what is proposed and the way forward in the implementation process. The community understood that the project is feasible in all aspects. In addition, the project will spur growth in the area. The local administration indicated that it and the entire community would support the project as long as it promoted development in the area. The community has no objections for the project since there are similar projects in other parts of the country that have benefitted the residents. In addition, the fact that access to water and decent sanitation is aright enshrined in Constitution of Kenya increases support for the proposal. The community thus embraces the project which will go a long way in making this right a reality.

The community also expressed concerns related to undesirable impacts from the proposal. These varied from location to location and were greatly a function of the socio-economic characteristics of the location.

i. Pollution of surface waterThis concern emerged in Kimuchu, Witeithie, Athena and Murera. As of now, there is a large population that has no piped water and relies on streams, wells and rivers in the area.

ii. Displacement Kimuchu, Witeithie, Athena and Murera again led in this concern. It emerges from the fact that the plots are too small (30feet by 60feet on average). The concern is that laying trunk sewers may displace some of the residents from their plots.

iii. Change of userIn Ngoingwa/Mang’u Investment area, this was the main concern. Currently, the laws allow only single dwellings. With the sewerage system, change of user will be easily granted allowing for construction of flats. Those who have invested in domestic houses felt they will lose privacy as a result.



EIA Team explained the proposed mitigation measures to their concerns among other potential negative impacts. This allayed fear from the community.

Plate 1: Public engagement in Ngoingwa



Following is a compendium of the consultation meetings held. The output and participants are in respective Appendices.No Date Venue Location1 12/1/14 Ngoingwa (Kisiwa

Grounds)Karimenu Location

2 23/2/14 Witeithie Komo Location3 8th November, 2013 Senate Hotel, Juja All Stakeholders4 26th July 2015 Kimuchu Open Grounds Komo Location5 22nd July 2015 Theta Secondary School Murera Location6 26th July 2015 Kalimoni Open Grounds Kalimoni Location7 2nd August 2015 Ngoingwa Open Grounds Karimenu Location8 29th July,2015 Assistant’s Chief Office Mugutha Location



4.0 BASELINE INFORMATION

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Baseline conditions entail the sum-total of all biophysical and socio-economic conditions in the project area. Gathering of baseline data is necessary to meet the following objectives:

To understand key biological, physical, ecological, social, cultural, economic, and political conditions in areas potentially affected by the proposed project;

To provide data to predict, explain and substantiate possible impacts; To understand the expectations and concerns of a range of stakeholders on the proposed

development ; To inform the development of mitigation measures; and To benchmark future socio-economic changes/ impacts and assess the effectiveness of

mitigation measures.

4.2 TOPOGRAPHY AND HYDROLOGY

The topography of the project area is dominated by the Aberdare Mountains to the West. To the East of the town rises the only mountain in the immediate vicinity, OlDoinyo-Sabuk. The Eastern slopes of the Aberdares have been dissected by swift-flowing streams. The project area is situated strategically where most of these rivers merge and flow together to the East of the project area.

Generally, the area covered by the Municipality slopes gently from an altitude of 1560m at the western boundary down to 1440m A.S.L towards the eastern edge. To the West of the A2 Nairobi-Thika road, there are undulating coffee plantations with many large scattered trees. The major part of the undeveloped area to the east of the A2 Nairobi- Thika road is uncultivated plains with scattered trees and shrubs. The land falls steeply to the river valleys with heavy vegetation.

The area has numerous rivers and streams which flow throughout the year. The rivers include Thiririka, Theta, Ndarugu while the streams include Mugutha, Karakuta among others. In some areas these rivers are heavily polluted by municipal wastes. In other cases, they are over-abstracted for irrigation.



Plate 2: Section of Ndarugu River

Plate 3: Confluence of Theta and Thiririka Rivers at Murera

4.3 CLIMATE

The major parameters of the Climate of the study area are controlled by the large-scale pressure systems of the western Indian Ocean and the adjoining continents, and its day-to-day weather is related to the very considerable day-to-day variation in the detail of these pressure systems. In addition, differences in topography lead to a diversity of climates due to the tendency for greater cloudiness and precipitation at higher altitudes and on windward slopes, and lower temperatures with increasing altitude.



In the study area, the year can be sub-divided on the basis of predominant wind direction and general weather characteristics, into four well-marked seasons. These are:

a. North-East MonsoonThis season runs from December to March and is warm, clear and sunny with persistent north-easterly winds and occasional showers.

b. Rainy Season; “Long Rains”The “Long Rains” usually run from Late March to May bringing warm rainy weather with light winds varying from North-Easterly to South-Easterly by the end of the period.

c. South-East Monsoon.From June to September the weather is usually cool and overcast with persistent south easterly winds, little rain but drizzle which becomes heavier towards the end of the season.

d. Rainy Season; “Short Rains”

The “Short Rains” usually occupy the month of November when the weather is warm, sunny and showery, with a light wind changing from south-Easterly to north-Easterly during the month.

There are two meteorological stations at Thika that monitor climatic conditions. They are located at the Thika Horticultural Research Station (0º 50’S and 37° 04’E; altitude, 1549m) and Thika Agromet Research Station (1º 01’S and 37° 06’E; altitude, 1477m).

4.4 TEMPERATURES

The mean minimum and maximum temperatures for the period 2011-2013 are as given in

Table 2: Temperature Records

Month Maximum Minimum January 27.8 12.90February 24.3 13.92March 24.7 14.28April 26.9 16.57May 26.1 15.43June 24.5 14.10July 23.7 12.97August 24.1 12.60September 26.4 13.44October 26.5 18.65November 25.9 18.96December 26.1 21.39



Mean 25.58 15.43

The annual mean maximum temperature is 25.58°C, while the annual mean minimum temperature is 15.43ºC. The annual average temperature is 20.51°C.

4.4 RAINFALL

Precipitation in the project area is mainly bi-modal. Rainfall data for the period 2011-2013 is as given in Table 2 below. The mean annual rainfall measured during these periods of record collection was 987.43mm. The mean monthly rainfall in the wettest month (April) was 262.5mm. There is usually no rainfall during the months of July, August and September.There are no recorded incidences of flooding in the project area. This is mainly due to the amounts of rainfall received and the topography which allows rain water to drain.

Table 3: Rainfall Records

Month Rainfall, mm, 2011 – 2013 (Means)

January 28.04February 22.94March 123.18April 262.50May 91.47June 32.51July 3.37August 19.57September 23.07October 93.00November 172.00December 115.80Total 987.43

4.5 EVAPORATION

The rate of evaporation recorded during the periods 2011-2013 using an evaporation pan Type-A are as shown in Table 2.3 below. The annual mean evaporation is 1,452mm, with a mean monthly maximum of 182mm in March.



Table 4: Evaporation Records

Month Mean Evaporation, mm(2011-2013)

January 151February 170March 182April 125May 100June 85July 81August 79September 112October 131November 110December 126Total 1,452

4.6 HUMIDITY

The relative humidity in percentages, measured at 0600 and 1200, for the period 2011-2013 is as given in Table 2.4 below. The average annual values are 78.3% in the morning and 49.6% in the afternoon. There is not a great monthly variation in humidity with the highest reading being around 84.3%.

Table 5: Relative Humidity

MonthMean Humidity % (2011-2013)

0600 GMT 1200 GMTJanuary 72.7 37.5February 61.2 34.5March 61.0 34.0April 83.3 55.7May 82.3 56.3June 83.7 55.5July 82.7 52.5August 84.3 56.0September 83.7 47.3October 82.3 52.3November 83.5 61.0December 78.5 53.0Average 78.3 49.6



4.7 SUNSHINE

The number of hours of daily sunshine recorded for the period 2011-2013 is as given in Table 4 below. The annual average daily sunshine is 6.7 hours, with monthly high and low means of 9.0 and 2.9 hours observed in the months of January and August respectively.

Table 6: Sunshine Records

MonthMean Sunshine, hours

(2011 – 2013)January 9.0February 8.8March 8.0April 8.3May 6.7June 6.0July 5.0August 2.9September 3.7October 6.4November 7.6December 7.7Mean 6.7

4.8 GEOLOGICAL AND SUB-SOIL CONDITIONS

4.8.1 Geology

The eastern half of the project area is formed by rocks of the basement system, while to the west, lavas, pyroclastic and sediments of the tertiary age are exposed. In general, the rocks in the area can be divided into three main age groups:

a) Archean: Basement system.b) Tertiary: Volcanic and sedimentsc) Recent: Soil and alluvial deposits

The Basement System is believed to represent an original sedimentary series of limestones, Shales and sandstones, into which basic magma has been intruded. Intense compression with rising temperatures has resulted in these rocks being transformed into a highly folded metamorphic series.

The volcanic and sediments occur in the western half of the area, forming the plains south of the project area. The volcanic and sediments are probably all of the tertiary age but, as no fossils are available and no age determination have been made, it is not known whether they range into Pliocene.



The term “building stone” is used to describe the series of massively bedded, fine-grained tuffs or clay stones occurring in the area.

Recent deposits in the area include soils and alluvial sand deposits. The soils are normally residual weathering deposits, whose composition is controlled more by the physical conditions of formation than by the type of rock from which they were derived. In general, the well-drained soils are sandy and the badly drained soils black cotton in nature. On the basement system, red lateritic soils are the most common, but in places they give way to more sandy soils and even black cotton soils. The variation of soils on the volcanic rocks is not so great, the principal soils being black and grey clays.

Another important feature of the soils on the plains south of Thika is the development of mound topography. The mounds are usually about 20 to 50m in diameter, and on top of the mounds, the underlying rock, which is usually composed of cemented brecciated material, is exposed or covered by only a few centimetres of soil. In between the mounds, the soil cover is much deeper.

In the volcanic areas, where the volcanic rocks rest on an old beveled land surface, an aquifer is probably provided by the weathered gneiss of that surface. Numerous boreholes have been sunk in the area, particularly through the volcanic rocks. In general, it may be said that boreholes sited on volcanic areas are more successful than those sited in Basement System rocks.

Plate 4: Rock quarrying a key economic activity in Juja

4.8.2 Soil Conditions

The depth to rock or non-penetrative hard soil level varies considerably throughout the area. The total variation in depth is 0-3.9m with an average of 1.2m. The soil layers are deeper west of the Nairobi-Thika road, with a variation of 0.35-3.9m and an average of 1.75m, and on the plain south-



east the total variation is 0-3.8m with an average of 0.95m. In most of the area, there is a topsoil layer of 0.1m containing some humus. Underneath the topsoil there is reddish-brown clay or graying-black clay. In the deeper layers the soil is mixed with murram or weathered rock material.

4.8.3 Groundwater

In the volcanic areas, where the volcanic rocks rest on an old beveled land surface, an aquifer is probably provided by the weathered gneiss of that surface. Numerous boreholes have been sunk in the area, particularly through the volcanic rocks. In general, it may be said that boreholes sited on volcanic areas are more successful than those sited in Basement System rocks.

4.9 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

4.9.1 General

Thika S u b - c o u n t y , Kiambu County, is densely populated but with diverse distribution varying from one division to the other. Gatundu and Thika Municipality are the most densely populated with Gatundu having the highest. The lower parts of Kakuzi Division are the least populated. High population density in most parts of the district has put pressure on land leading to fragmentation into smaller uneconomical units. In addition to Thika being a rich agricultural district, it is one of the leading industrial districts of the country. However, there are isolated pockets of poverty in the district and mainly found in urban slums in Thika Municipality, and Juja Town.

The project area is proposed to cover:- Parts of Theta & Mugutha in Ruiru District Kiaora, Milimani, Kalimoni, Komo, Weteithie in Juja Division Thika West District Karimenu, Kamenu, Kianjau, Komo in Thika West Division

Table 5 below shows proposed project areas various administrative divisions, their population and population densities.

DistrictSub-

LocationPopulation

HouseholdsArea (km2)

DensityMale Female Total

Ruiru Theta 11,318 11,816 23,134 6,184 31.1 743Mugutha 7,975 7,912 15,887 4,789 59.5 267

Thika West

Kiaora 11,008 10,888 21,896 7,137 15.5 1,4100Milimani 6,290 5,948 12,238 4,096 30.4 403Kalimoni 10,165 9,696 19,861 6,039 121.3 164Komo 2,168 1,993 4,161 1,514 39.2 106Weteithie 11,190 10,426 21,616 7,409 29.6 731Karimenu 4,453 4,961 9,414 2,706 26.4 356Kamenu 18,750 18,727 37,477 12,164 33.3 1,126Kianjau 9,887 8,100 17,987 6,627 7.8 2,299



DistrictSub-

LocationPopulation

HouseholdsArea (km2)

DensityMale Female Total

Komu 18,499 18,173 36,672 12,579 6.7 5,460Thika East

Githima 1,626 1,694 3,320 843 27.3 122Munyu 1,308 1,259 2,567 665 5.0 509

Total 114,637 111,593 226,230

Source: 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census,

Table 8: Demographic Indicators

Population 226,230Number of males (50.7%)Number of females (49.3%)Dependency Ratio 100:73Population growth rate 4.3%

4.10 DISEASES

The most prevalent diseases in Juja and Thika are Malaria, HIV/AIDs and Broncho- pneumonia while the childhood diseases include anaemia, marasmus, eye infection, pneumonia, malaria, Kwashiorkor etc.

HIV/AIDs are a major health problem with the prevalence averaging 34%. With regard to bed occupancy, about 60% of the hospital beds are occupied by patients with HIV/AIDs related diseases. The age group 20-49 years is the most affected, majority of who are females. This has resulted in high increase in number of HIV/AIDs orphans in the district and loss of families’ incomes which is directed towards addressing the pandemic in the household. The main causes of the spread of HIV/AIDs in the district include unsafe sexual behaviour, drug abuse especially drinking of illicit brews, high levels of peer pressure and ignorance of facts, family breakdowns etc.

The socio-economic impact of HIV/AIDs in the district include the drop-out rates in high schools, female and children headed families, loss of manpower and high mortality and morbidity rates, orphans and street children etc.

4.11 EXISTING DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE

4.11.1 Juja Town

Juja Town is served by water from the nearby Ndarugu River. Water from the source undergoes full treatment before supply. The Government of Kenya, through the Athi Water Services Board, operates and maintains the water supply with current production of 4,000m3/day. This is in addition to the old system which has production of 1,000m3/day.



Other water facilities within the area include community managed water schemes and boreholes. There are a number of boreholes which are owned by the institutions around the town. The quality of water from these boreholes is a bit saline but generally suitable for industrial use. Even most of the main institutions in the town are dependent on the boreholes to a large extent. The quantities of water that can be extracted from the various boreholes, however, vary a great deal and it is therefore difficult to generalize. There is a risk of these boreholes getting polluted with increased population wastewater and without a proper means of sewage disposal.

Plate 5: Community water supply project in Kimuchu

4.11.2 Thika TownUnder the Thika Water Supply Augmentation Phase II Project (TWS Project), whose implementation was completed in late 1991, the municipality has an adequate water supply system. The water treatment works has a design capacity of 36,660m3/day.

The main water sources for Thika are the Chania and the Thika rivers whose mean minimum annual flows for the period 1946-1982 were 1.03 and 2.27m3/sec respectively. Kiambu County Government is only permitted by the Ministry of Environment, Water & Natural resources to abstract up to 0.3m3/sec of raw water from the Chania river which has been fully exploited by the Water Supply Augmentation Project Phase II.

The reticulation network is in three separate pressure zones, each served by gravity pipe-work from elevated storage tanks. Pressure zones A and C are both located on the western side of the Nairobi/Nyeri Road. The main pressure zone is zone B which covers the whole area of the town east of the Nairobi/Nyeri road. This zone incorporates most of the developed area including the industrial



areas.

4.12 EXISTING WASTE-WATER INFRASTRUCTURE

4.12.1 Juja TownJuja town has no existing water borne sewerage system. The rapid population growth and migration to the area has caused tremendous expansion of the town requiring the provision of adequate sewerage services. At present the modes of wastewater/sewage disposal in the area is through pit latrines, septic tanks and compost pits among others.

Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture has a sewage treatment plant that serves the University and parts of Juja town.

4.12.2 Thika Town

4.12.2.1 Description of the Main System

The main sewerage system serves most of the developed areas of the municipality that lie in the northern and central parts of the town. The area covered by the system is about 15km2. This includes the town centre, the industrial area, the main residential developments, and the site and service scheme of Makongeni.

The first phase of the sewerage system was constructed in 1965. This covered an area of about 3km 2

serving the town centre, with a trunk sewer along the Thika river valley leading to a conventional sewage treatment works.

The second phase was implemented in 1973. This involved the expansion of the sewer network, with new areas being connected by new branch sewers, the provision of new trunk sewers, and the construction of new treatment facilities to the south of the municipality. A pumping station was constructed at the inlet to the old treatment works that pumped flows to a new trunk sewer carrying the sewage to the new treatment site by gravity. The new works comprise an inlet works for preliminary treatment followed by a set of waste stabilization ponds. With the commissioning of the new scheme, the old conventional system was abandoned.

Rehabilitation works were carried out in 1988-89, during which new lines were laid parallel to old lines, some lines were diverted, and others were replaced.

As the township continued to grow, new lines have been built and others extended to cover new development. Among these, the sewer serving the area of Kiboko was built in 1990-91. Another sewer lines serves the staff houses of UTI industries and the adjoining USAID area. Additional sewer lines have



also been laid in mortgage housing scheme.

Plate 6: Part of existing Thika STW

The pumping station that was built as part of the 1972 scheme is the only one in the whole sewerage system. It is located in the adjacent to the original conventional treatment works and serves the catchment area of the old works. Rehabilitation of the station was undertaken at the end of 1991. This involved stripping down of the pumps and replacement of bushes, bearings and other parts. Civil aspects of the station were also rehabilitated. However, the pumps were recently out of operation for more than 12 months due to the theft of electrical switchgear. When the pumps are out of action, untreated sewage either overflows directly to the river or is diverted through the old treatment works. None of the treatment units of the works is operational, so the flow passes through the works and across fields, where it is used for irrigation, and from there to the river.

To the north of the town centre, the estate of Bendor has an independent sewerage system that was constructed in 1972-73. The eastern half of the area discharges into two small stabilization ponds near the Thika River, while the western half discharges into a large septic tank. In the upper part of the estate individual septic tanks are used by the residents.

The army barracks which are located in the eastern part of the Municipality, are partly served by an independent network of sewers that connects to the public sewerage system, and a septic tank that serves the northern area of the site. Another small scheme of sewers connected to a septic tank is operated by the United Nations at a refugee centre, which is located in the north east of the municipality.

It is estimated that 56% of the present population of the town is connected to the sewerage system, while 6% are served by septic tanks. Of the remaining 38% of the population, most households have built their



own pit latrines although open defecation is used in some areas with scattered dwellings. The septic tanks are located mainly in the low density developments around Bendor and Maporomoko estates and other areas of scattered dwellings to the west of the Nairobi road. The two principal areas where pit latrines have been built are in the informal housing areas of Kiandutu and Kiangombe which lie to the South of the Garissa Road.

4.12.2.2 Sewerage of the Army Zone

The land and buildings occupied by the army are mainly served by a sewerage system which discharges into the town system just upstream of the town’s waste stabilization ponds. A section of the area is served by a septic tank. It is operated and maintained by the army.

The area occupied by 12th Army Battalion covers about 61/2km2, of which the central and south-western parts have buildings that are sewered. The area is sewered by a 400mm diameter concrete trunk main which runs centrally through the quarters from North to South. At the southern end the sewer turns westwards to connect to the trunk sewer leading to the waste stabilization ponds. The sewer is very deep over much of its length, with a maximum depth of 12.8 meters. The sewer is frequently blocked and the depth makes cleaning difficult.

4.12.2.3 Existing Sewage Treatment Works

The only sewage treatment works that serves Thika was commissioned in 1973. The works consist of a set of waste stabilization ponds preceded by an inlet works where preliminary course screening, grit removal, communitors, and flow measurement facilities are provided. The stabilization ponds comprise primary, secondary, and maturation ponds in series. Staff housing is provided, together with a small office and laboratory. There are 8 one bed roomed units at the new sewage treatment works site.

The pond system was designed for a capacity of 6,100m3/day. The design criteria that was used is:-

Sewage influent strength - 370 mg BOD5/1. Surface loading rate- 225 kg BOD/ha/dMinimum retention time in - 14 daysThe primary pond

Minimum retention time in - 10 daysThe Secondary Pond

A 675mm diameter concrete trunk main discharges to the inlet channel. The course screen is broken and rusty and is of little use. The “Pista” grit trap has been out of order for many years due to stolen motors and other electrical parts. The communitors are not functioning and the flow is diverted through a hand-raked screen in the by-pass channel. This screen is in good condition. The flow recorder has been out



of operation for many years, but flow measurements can be taken at the flume by measuring the depth of flow on a scale fixed to the channel wall just upstream of the flume. Provision has been made for flow splitting for any future expansion of the ponds.

The distribution of flow to the primary ponds is not proportionate due to blockages in some lines. The inlet pipe for pond PI is rusted and it allows sewage to discharge onto the ground surface.

4.12.2.4 Other Sanitation Facilities

Sanitation facilities other than waterborne sanitation that are used in Thika include septic tanks and pit latrines.

4.13 BIODIVERSITY

Vegetation types in Kenya correspond to the climatic conditions in each area. The project area which is in Kiambu County is characterised by woodland and shrub grassland, comprised of semi-evergreen and deciduous bush lands. However, as this falls within a semi-humid agro-climatic zone, with relatively high agro- ecological potential, the habitats of Project area and its surroundings have been highly disturbed and modified. Indeed, the STW sites are in areas that could be expected to have had relatively low biodiversity over many years. In Gatong’ora for example, the STW will be located on a land that is a disused quarry. In Thika, the STW site is next to the existing STW. This land is currently under maize. The scenario is the same for the trunk sewers. They are passing through riparian reserves which are under cultivation and thus highly modified ecosystem.

The nearest National Park or other major protected area (e.g. National Reserve) is Ol Donyo Sabuk National Park, more than 20 km to the east of the Project site. No evidence gathered to date has indicated the presence of rare, endemic or protected flora or fauna species within, or close to, the Project sites. In addition, site of cultural or historical significance will be affected by the project. However, the contractor is bound to stop excavation should “chance” findings be discovered and report immediately to the National Museums of Kenya.



5.0 POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY FRAMEWORK

5.1.1 The National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) 1994

According to this plan, it’s recognized that the development projects on the environment i.e. industrial, economic and social development programs that do not take care of environmental considerations in their operations are not sustainable. Under the NEAP process, EIA was introduced and among the key targets recognized were the industrialists, business community and local authorities.

5.1.2 The National Water Resources Management Policy (1999)

It enhances the systematic development of water resources for all the sectors in promotion of the country’s socio-economic development. It also recognizes the by-products of these developments as wastewater and therefore calls for development of appropriate sanitation systems to protect the people’s health and water resources from institutional pollution.It is therefore imperative that these activities be accompanied by appropriate waste management plans. The policy also recommends that all such developments should undergo comprehensive EIA that will provide measures to protect environment and people’s health in the neighbourhood of the project including the downwind communities. As its predecessor, the EMCA (1999) calls for annual Environmental Audits (EA) to ensure continuous implementation of Environmental Management Plans (EMP) proposed in the EIA and any other recommendations and issues arising. The policy requires that those who pollute water bodies must pay the full cost of remediation of the contaminated water; in tandem with the “Polluter Pays Principle.”

5.1.3 Sessional paper No. 6 (1999)

Policy guidelines on environment and development – the key policy objectives of this paper includes:

Ensuring that all development projects at the inception stage and programs, as well as policies consider environmental considerations.

Ensuring that an EIA report is prepared for any undertaking or development project before implementation.

Coming up with effluent treatment standards that will conform with acceptable health guidelines It’s important to note that issues of waste water management and human settlements are given

prominence and therefore, the policy recommends re-use and recycling of residues i.e. waste water, use of low waste generation technologies and increasing public awareness on benefits of a clean environment. It also recognizes the role of stakeholders in all these initiatives within their localities.



The paper encourages better planning in rural and urban areas in provision of needs i.e. water, drainage system, waste disposal facilities et al.

5.2 OVERVIEW OF RELEVANT LEGISLATION

The EIA for this project is conducted in accordance with the requirements of the Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act, No. 8 of 1999 and the Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations, 2003) Legal Notice No.101. In addition, the study takes into account other legislation related to the project. These include: the Water Act 2002, the Public Health Act Cap 242, the Physical Planning Act, the local Government Act Cap 265, the Forest Act (2005), the Agriculture Act, the Irrigation Act, and the World Bank guidelines on EIA procedures.

For a long time, legal provisions touching various aspects of environmental protection and management were scattered in 77 different statutes. This set up did not offer adequate protection of the environment mainly due to weak legal and institutional framework and conflicts between the various Statutes and sectors. In (1999), a Bill to provide for the establishment of a comprehensive legal and institutional framework for the management and protection of the environment was enacted into law as the Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act, 1999 and received Presidential assent on 6th January, 2000. This Act has addressed the shortcomings of the previous legislation in that it has instituted controls and set up effective institutions.

5.2.1 The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act, 1999

The main objective of EMCA (1999) and the related Regulations is to provide for the establishment of an appropriate legal and institutional framework including procedures for the management of the environment in Kenya. The Act further aims to improve the legal and administrative co-ordination of the diverse sectoral initiatives in the field of environment so as to enhance the national capacity for its effective management. In addition Act seeks to harmonize all the 77 sector specific legislation touching on the environment in a manner designed to ensure protection of the environment. This is in line with national objectives and sustainable development goals enunciated in Agenda 21 of the Earth Summit. As such, in terms of environmental management, EMCA (1999) provides a comprehensive and an appropriately harmonized legal and institutional framework for the handling of all environmental issues in Kenya and supersedes all sectoral laws.

Part VI of EMCA (1999) makes provision for the carrying out of EIA. It is mandatory for any person being a proponent of a project, to submit a project report to the NEMA in a prescribed format. After perusing the proponent report, and the NEMA is satisfied that the proposed project is likely to have significant negative impacts in the environment, it will direct the proponent of the project to undertake at his or her own expense an environmental impact assessment study and prepare a report. The NEMA shall publish such a report and invite comments thereon from the public before deciding to issue an environmental impact license. The NEMA, at any time after issuing the environmental impact



assessment license, may direct the proponent to submit a fresh environmental impact study where there is substantial change in the project or where environmental threats, not earlier foreseen, have emerged.

Some key Sections of the Act relevant to the proposed project are:

Section 3 – Entitlement to Clean and Healthy Environment.

The Water Project shall be entitled to maintain a clean and healthy environment and has a duty to safeguard and enhance environmental management in accordance with sub-sections 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.

Section 50 – Biological Diversity

The proposed water project shall ensure that at the operation phases, conservation of biological diversity shall be observed as prescribed in (a) to (g) of this section

Section 51 & 52 – Biological resources

The project shall enforce all measures to ensure conservation of biological resources both in situ and ex situ to ensure species threatened with extinction are protected.

General Maintenance

Maintenance programme, including preventive maintenance where appropriate, shall be established at the proposed irrigation and domestic water supply project to maintain facilities in a condition that does not impair the safety, regularity or efficiency of workers or vehicles at the proposed irrigation and domestic water supply project.

Section 78 – Air qualityThe proponent shall enforce air quality standards and be maintained as per NEMA’s Standard and Enforcement Review Committee requirements.

Section 87 – Handling and Disposal of Wastes

The proponent shall adhere to the disposal of wastes requirement in such a manner as not to cause pollution to the environment or ill health.

Section 102 – Excess Noise

Noise during operation of the project especially from the water pumps is prohibited and shall be maintained to the desirable levels as is also pointed out in Cap 394.



5.2.2 The Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations 2003(Legal Notice No. 101)

Regulation 24 – EIA licence: - Environmental Impact License shall be issued after the authority approves the study report under regulations 23, and shall be issued in form and accompanied by the prescribed fee of 0.1% of the total cost of the project.

Regulation 28 – false or incorrect information: -Substantial change or modification and when project poses an environmental threat or revelation that information or data given by the license were false, incorrect or intended to mislead.

Regulation 24 – Annual Environmental Audit:- Annual environmental auditing after presentation of an EIA study report shall be undertaken by the licensee to ensure the implementation of environmental management plan is audited on regular basis, an audit report submitted to NEMA annually and ensuring that the criteria to audit is based on environmental management plan developed during the EIA process or after the initial audit.

Regulation 40 - Monitoring changes after project implementation

Monitoring by NEMA and Lead Agencies shall be done to establish any possible changes in the environment and their possible impacts, immediate and long term effects of its operations, identify and determine parameters and measurable indicators and conduct changes that occurred after implementation.

The proposed project must have an ESIA license before implementation. Proponent has commissioned this ESIA study since the proposed project is listed in Second Schedule of EMCA, 1999.

5.2.3 Water Act, 2002

The Government of Kenya formulated the National Policy on water Resources management in 1999. This was on realizing that the arrangement then on water supply was inappropriate. The national Water Policy has four broad objectives viz:

a. To preserve, conserve and protect available water resources and allocate them in a sustainable, rational and economic way;

b. To supply water of good quality and in sufficient quantities to the various water needs, while ensuring safe disposal of waste water and environmental protection;

c. To establish an efficient and effective institutional framework to achieve a systematic development and management of the water sector promoting and supporting participation of users;



d. To develop a sound and sustainable financing mechanism for effective water supply and sanitation development.

The National Policy on Water eventually gave birth to the Water Act 2002 whose main focus is:a. Provisions for involvement of the private sector in water servicesb. Setting up a Water Regulator and Water Boards to ensure that water will be adequately

distributed to all parts of the country;c. Provision to allow communities to run water projects.

Water Act 2002, is to provide for the management, conservation use and control of water resources and for the acquisition and regulation of rights to use water; provide for the regulation and management of water supply and sewerage services; to repeal the Water Act (Cap 372) and certain provisions of the Local Government Act; and for related purposes.

In Kenya water is regarded as a national resource and therefore owned by the state for and on behalf of the people (Section 3). Thus the Minister in charge of water is empowered under the Act to control, plan and regulate the use of water. Further the Minister is vested with the duty to promote investigations, conservation and proper use of water.

The Act has set up subsidiary bodies with power to operate and regulate functions assigned to them by the Act such bodies include National water conservation and pipeline corporation and water resources management authority. The Act further gives conditions relating to construction of works in its Second Schedule. As such, the Client shall observe these conditions which are in line with the spirit of EIA.

The Proponent will work closely with WRMA and apply for discharge licenses after submitting an Effluent Discharge Control Plan. Will seek authority for construction works crossing rivers.

5.2.4 The Public Health Act (Cap 242)

The Public Health Act is the principle instrument for ensuring the health and safety of the people. Its core function is the prevention of disease, treatment and care of the sick (curative services) and control of nuisance. The Act therefore makes regulations and lays standards for a healthy living environment. Part XI Section 129 of the Act places the responsibility of protecting water supplies on the local authorities.

The Ministry of Health is in charge of administration of the Act with the Director of medical services as the Principal Officer. However, where a municipality is capable of discharging responsibilities under the Act, such a municipality is designated as a local health authority in such a situation the relevant powers under the Act are delegated to the municipality but the Director of Medical Services may take over if the Authority is in default.



During the execution of the proposed project, this Act is relevant in various ways:

Section 115During construction, a nuisance is prohibited especially for all conditions liable to be injurious or dangerous to health.

Section 118Outlines nuisance liable to be dealt with i.e. accumulation or deposit of refuse, offal, manure or any other which is offensive or injurious or dangerous to health and an accumulation of stone, timber or other machine likely to harbour rats or rodents.

Section 126 rule 62 – Drainage & latrine rules.It is a statutory requirement that drainage, latrines, septic and conservancy tanks and any other pre-treatment methods of sewerage effluents seek written permission or/and approval from the local authority and be built in conformity to provisions of sub-rules (a) to (e) of this section.

Section 127 buildings for foodstuffs. Incase a proposed project indicates the premises shall have a staff canteen, the proponent must consider using materials recommended by a medical officer of health and complemented by sub-sections (1) to (3) in these areas.

Sections 136 – 143 Breeding places of mosquitoesThe civil and building contractors will ensure that during construction, breeding places of mosquitoes and nuisance yards are kept free from bottles, whole or broken. The project area shall not be overgrown by grass, the wells etc to be covered together with the less pits. The gutters may be perforated; larva destroyed to eradicate mosquitoes completely as mere presence of mosquito larvae is an offence.

Section 163 – Powers of entry and inspection It should be noted that a medical officer, health inspector or a police officer above the role of an inspector shall enforce compliance and offences are punishable by law.

During construction, the Contractor will ensure acceptable health conditions are maintained in the camp site as per this Act. Proponent will operate and maintain the STW and sewers during operations to ensure they do not become a threat to public health.



5.2.5 Forest Act, 2005

The Forest Act, 2005 was enacted in November 2005 to repeal the Forest Act, Cap 385 and awaits the Minister to gazette the commencement date. The Act provides for the establishment, development and sustainable management, including conservation and rational utilization of forest resources for the social-economic development of the country, recognizing that forests play a vital role in the stabilization of soils, ground water, protecting water catchments, moderating climate by absorbing green house gases, provide the main locus of Kenya’s biological diversity and a major habitat for wildlife. Its provisions apply to all forests and woodlands on state, local authority and private land of the country declared as provisional forest by the Minister. The administration of forests is headed by the established Kenya Forest Service managed by a board, regional forest conservation committees work under and community participation is integrated through forest community associations and forest user associations. The Act also establishes the forest management and conservation fund headed by a finance committee. The Act requires formulation of forest management plans for use in management of state, local and provisional forests, joint management of forests is allowed but governed by management agreement with the forest service. Indigenous forests and woodlands shall be managed on a sustainable basis and presidential decree for protection of trees can be issued. Variation of forest boundaries or revocation of state or local authority forests and state forest concession are subject to an independent EIA and public consultation. Mining and quarrying operations in the forest require board consent and has a re-vegetation condition on completion of activity. Director of KFS is required to maintain register of all licenses issued under the Act. Provisions of part VI and part XII of EMCA’99 shall apply mutatis mutandis to and in respect of a license under this Act and any EIA as well as reference to the National Environment Tribunal required under this Act. The provisions of EMCA’99 regarding reference to the Tribunal established under that Act shall apply to the settlement of disputes arising under Forest Act, 2005. Offences under the Act are punishable under the law and citizens can petition High court for a declaration of contravention of the Act provisions. Thus the Act directs, regulates and harmonizes development and use of forests in the country. In addition, the Act provides a vital link with the Environment Management and Co-ordination Act.

There are no public or private forests affected by the proposal.

5.2.6 The Physical Planning Act, 1996The Physical Planning Act, 1996 commenced operation in 1998 after its revision. The Act provides for the preparation and implementation of physical development plans and other related purposes. Its provisions apply to all parts of the country except those areas as the Minister may specify. Thus the Act directs, regulates and harmonizes development and use of land over the country. In addition, the Act provides a vital link with the Environment Management and Co-ordination Act. For example, Section 36 of the Act states that” In connection with a development application a local authority is of the opinion that proposals for industrial location, dumping sites, sewerage treatment, quarries or any other development activity will have injurious impact on the environment, the applicant will be required to



submit together with the application an environmental impact assessment report”. This reinforces EIA requirements under EMCA (1999).

The Act creates the office of the Director of Physical Planning who is an appointee of the Public Service Commission. The Director is the chief advisor to the government on all matters relating to the physical planning and in addition performs such functions as are conferred upon him by or under the Act. However the Director at his discretion may delegate in writing any of his functions without diverting himself of such functions.

Under the act the director is assigned the responsibility of preparation of development plans. However, the control of development is vested in the respective local authorities. In the preparation of development plans, the act provides for the participation of the communities affected by such plans.

The Act establishes Physical Planning Liaison Committee at four levels namely; National, City of Nairobi, District and Municipality. The National Physical Planning Committee has the role of determining appeals lodged by aggrieved parties resolving matters referred to it and generally advising the Minister. The other committees deal with complaints against the Directors, arbitration on claims, development applications and appeals by aggrieved parties against the Director or local authorities. The property owners therefore are accorded the right of appeal against adverse decisions of planning authorities.

The proponent has sited the STW in areas designated for that purpose in the respective sub-counties. This is in line with this Act.

5.2.7 The Malaria Prevention Act Cap 246

Section 5 – Drainage System

No operations shall obstruct flow of water into or out of any drainage. The management shall be required to maintain the drainage system within the area of the project for removal of water from any land around the project to prevent larvae breeding.

Proponent to operate and maintain the STW to ensure that there is no mosquito breeding.

5.2.8 The Penal Code Cap. 63

Section 191 – Fouling water

The management shall ensure that no foul water of any public spring or reservoir is rendered unfit for the purpose for which it was ordinarily used for by the community.

Section 192 – Dwellings and Neighbourhood



The operation phases of the project shall ensure that health of persons in general dwellings or carrying on business in the neighbourhood or passing along a public facility are protected.

Section 193 - Offensive Trade

The proponent shall control loud noises or offensive and un wholesome smells so as not to interfere with the common rights of the people within the surrounding. This offence is punishable for common nuisance.

5.2.9 Occupational Health and Safety Act This legislation provides for protection of workers during construction and operation phases. It is tailored at implementation of the EHS plan in compliance with the relevant sections of this Act.

Subsection 17 - Drainage of floors.

Where any process is carried on which renders the floor liable to be wet to such an extent that the wet is capable of being removed by drainage, effective means shall be provided and maintained for draining off the wet.

Subsection 18 - Sanitary conveniences.

Sufficient and suitable sanitary conveniences for persons employed in the factory/ work places shall be provided, maintained and kept clean, and effective provision shall be made for lighting the conveniences and where persons of both sexes are, such conveniences shall afford proper separate accommodation for persons of each sex.

Subsection 21 – Prime moversEvery flywheel directly connected to any prime mover and every moving part of any prime mover, shall be securely fenced, whether the flywheel or prime mover is to be situated in an engine –house or not

Head and tailrace of every water wheel and of every water turbine shall be securely fenced.Every part of electric generators, motors and rotary converters and every flywheel directly connected thereto shall be securely fenced unless it is in such a position or of such construction as to be safe to every person employed or working in the premises as it would be if securely fenced.

Subsection 22 -Transmission Machinery(1) Every part of transmission machinery shall be securely fenced unless it is in such a position

or of such construction as to be safe to every person employed or working in the premises, as it would be if securely fenced.



(2) Efficient devices or appliances shall be provided and maintained in every room or place where work is carried on by which the power can promptly be cut-off from transmission machinery in that room or place.

(3) Every machine intended to be driven by mechanical power shall be provided with an efficient starting and stopping appliance, the control of which shall be in such a position as to be readily and conveniently operated by the person operating the machine.

Subsection 25 - Construction and maintenance of fencing

All fencing or other safeguards provided in pursuance of the a foregoing provisions shall be of substantial construction, constantly maintained, and kept in position while the parts required to be fenced or safe guarded are in motion or in use except when any such parts are necessarily exposed for examination and for any lubrication or adjustments shown by such examination to be immediately necessary.

Subsection 13 – Cleanliness

Every factory/work place shall be kept in a clean state and free from effluent arising from any drain, sanitary convenience or nuisance.

Subsection 14 – Overcrowding

A factory/ work place shall not while work is carried on be so overcrowded as to cause risk of injury to the health of the persons employed therein. Standard cubic space allowed for every person in a workroom should not be less than three hundred and fifty cubic feet.

Section 51 Air pollution

Preventive measures shall be put in place during operation of the project to prevent fumes and exhaust gases from entering into the atmosphere.

The Proponent to ensure that provisions of the Act are adhered to as the ESMP indicates.

5.2.1 The Chiefs’ Authority Act Cap 128

Section 10 parts (f), (g), (h), (i) and (o) of The Chiefs’ Act Cap 128 states that; any Chief may from time to time issue orders to be obeyed by the persons residing or being within the local limits of his jurisdiction for any of the following purposes

i. Preventing the pollution of the water in any stream, watercourse or water-hole, and preventing the obstruction of any stream or watercourse;



ii. Regulating the cutting of timber and prohibiting the wasteful destruction of trees;iii. Preventing the spread of disease, whether of human beings or animals; andiv. Regulating the use of artificial water supplies constructed from public funds.

5.2.11 Way-leaves Act (Cap 292):

Under Section 3 of this Act, the Government may carry any sewer, drain or pipeline into, through, over or under any lands whatsoever but may not in so doing interfere with any existing building. Under Section 4.(1), the Government shall, at least one month before carrying any sewer, drain or pipeline into, through, over or under any private land without the consent of the owner of the land, give notice of the intended work, either by notice in the Gazette or in such other manner as the Minister may in any case direct. The notice shall describe the nature of the intended work and shall name a place where the plan of the intended work is open for inspection at all reasonable hours. A copy of the notice shall either be served on every person resident in Kenya whose place of residence is known and who is known or believed to be the owner of any private land through, over or under which it is intended that any sever, dram or pipeline shall be carried, or shall 'be posted in a conspicuous position on that land.

Section 6.(1) of this Act requires the Government to make good all damage done, and shall pay compensation to the owner of any tree or crops destroyed or damaged, in the execution of any power conferred by this Act. In the event of disagreement as to the amount of the compensation to be paid or as to the person entitled to receive compensation, any person interested may apply to the District Commissioner, who shall award to the person entitled to receive compensation such compensation as he thinks reasonable; and that award, subject to appeal to the Provincial Commissioner, shall be final.The TS to be erected on road reserves and riparian reserves which are way leaves for such utilities. In other cases, way leaves owned by Kenya Power will be utilised with permission.

5.2.12 Land Act, 2012

The LandAct 29(“LA”)is the Kenya’s framework legislation regulating compulsory acquisition of land (i.e. land, houses, easements etc.). The LA was adopted on 2nd May 2012 and provides for sustainable administration and management of land and land based resources including compulsory acquisition. The land Acquisition Process as spelt out in the Land Act involves the following steps:

a. Proof that compulsory possession is for public goodIt is very explicit in the Land Act, 2012, Section 107, that whenever the national or county government is satisfied that it may be necessary to acquire some particular land under section 110 of Land Act 2012, the possession of the land must be necessary for public purpose or public interest, such as, in the interests of public defence, public safety, public order, public morality, public health, urban and planning, or the development or utilization of any property in such manner as to promote the public benefit. Irrigation and drainage are explicitly identified as qualifying for land acquisition as public utility and the necessity therefore is such as to afford reasonable



justification for the causing of any hardship that may result to any person having right over the property, and so certifies in writing, possession of such land may be taken.

b. Respective Government agency or cabinet must seek approval of NLC

The respective Cabinet Secretary or Government agency or the County Executive Committee Member must submit a request for acquisition of private land to the NLC to acquire the land on its behalf. The Commission will prescribe a criteria and guidelines to be adhered to by the acquiring authorities in the acquisition of land. It is important to note that if the NLC is constituted prior to conclusion of land acquisition, it could prescribe criteria and guidelines necessitating variations or revisions to the current RAP. Similar, the Commission has powers to reject a request of an acquiring authority, to undertake an acquisition if it establishes that the request does not meet the requirements prescribed.

c. Inspection of Land to be acquiredNLC may physically ascertain or satisfy itself whether the intended land is suitable for the public purpose, which the applying authority intends to use as specified. If it certifies that indeed the land is required for public purpose, it shall express the satisfaction in writing and serve necessary notices to land owners and or approve the request made by acquiring authority intending to acquire land.

d. Publication of notice of intention to acquireUpon approval, NLC shall publish a notice of intention to acquire the land in the Kenya Gazette and County Gazette.30 It will then serve a copy of the notice to every person interested in the land and deposit the same copy to the Registrar31 The courts have strictly interpreted this provision, requiring that the notice include thedescription of the land, indicate the public purpose for which the land is being acquired and state the name of the acquiring public body.32 NLC shall ensure that the provisions are included in her notice.

The Land Registrar shall then make entry in the master register on the intention to acquire as the office responsible for survey, at both national and county level, geo- references the land intended for acquisition.

e. Serve the notice of inquiryThirty days after the publication of the Notice of Intention to Acquire, NLC will schedule a hearing for public inquiry. NLC must publish notice of this meeting in the Kenya Gazette and County gazette 15 days before the inquiry meeting and serve the notice on every person interested in the land to be acquired. Such notice must instruct owner of land to deliver to the NLC, no later than the date of the inquiry, a written claim for compensation.

f. Holding of a public hearing



NLC then convenes a public hearing not earlier than 30 days after publication of the Notice of Intention to Acquire. On the date of the hearing, NLC must conduct a full inquiry to determine the number of individuals who have legitimate claims on the land, the land value and the amount of

compensation payable to each legitimate claimant. Besides, at the hearing, the Commission shall— make full inquiry into and determine who are the persons interested in the land; and receive written claims of compensation from those interested in the land. For the purposes of an inquiry, the Commission shall have all the powers of the Court to summon and examine witnesses, including the persons interested in the land, to administer oaths and affirmations and to compel the production and delivery to the Commission (NLC) of documents of title to the land.

The public body for whose purposes the land is being acquired, and every person interested in the land, is entitled to be heard, to produce evidence and to call and to question witnesses at an inquiry. It will also provide opportunity to land owners to hear the justification of the public authority in laying claims to acquire the land.

g. Valuation of the land

Part III of the Land Act 2012, section 113 (2a) states that “the Commission shall determine the value of land with conclusive evidence of (i) the size of land to be acquired; (ii) the value, in the opinion of the Commission, of the land; (iii) the amount of compensation payable, whether the owners of land have or have not appeared at the inquiry.” This can be interpreted that NLC must determine the value of the land accordingly and pay appropriate just compensation in accordance with the

principles and formulae that it will develop. Nonetheless, just compensation could also be interpreted as market rate. The final award on the value of the land shall be determined by NLC and shall not be invalidated by reason of discrepancy, which may be found to exist in the area.

h. Matters to be considered in determining compensation:The market value of the property, which is determined at the date of the publication of the

acquisition notice must be considered. Determination of the value has to take into consideration the conditions of the title and the regulations that classify the land use e.g. agricultural, residential, commercial or industrial.

Increased market value is disregarded when: It is accrued by improvements made within two years before the date of the publication of

the acquisition notice, unless it is proved that such improvement was made in good faith and not in contemplation of the proceedings for compulsory acquisition.

It is accrued by land use contrary to the law or detrimental to the health of the occupiers of the premises or public health.

Any damages sustained or likely to be sustained by reason of severing such land from other land owned by the claimant.



Any damage sustained or likely to be sustained if the acquisition of the land had negative effects on other property owned by the claimant.

Reasonable expenses, if as a consequence of the acquisition, the claimant was compelled to change his residence or place of business (i.e., compensation for disruption to the claimant’s life).

Any damage from loss of profits over the land occurring between the date of the publication of the acquisition notice and the date the NLC takes possession of the land.

Matters not to be considered in determining compensation: The degree of urgency, which has led to the acquisition. Any disinclination of the person’s interest to part with the land. Damages sustained by the claimant, which will not represent a good cause of action. Damages, which are likely to be caused to the land after the publication of the acquisition

notice or as a consequence of the future, land use. Increased land value accrued by its future use. Any development at the time of acquisition notice, unless these

improvements were necessary for maintaining the land.

5.3 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARDS TRIGGERED BY THE PROJECT

5.3.1 Environmental Assessment OP 4.01

This policy requires Environmental Assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making. The EA is a process whose breadth, depth, and type of analysis depend on the nature, scale, and potential environmental impact of the proposed investment.. The EA process takes into account the natural environment (air, water, and land); human health and safety; social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and cultural property) and trans-boundary and global environmental aspects. Operational Policy 4.01 further requires that the EA report must be disclosed as a separate and stand-alone document by the Government of Kenya and the World Bank.

The disclosure should be both in Kenya where it can be accessed by the general public and local communities and at the InfoShop of the World Bank and the date for disclosure must precede the date for appraisal of the project.

The World Bank assigns a project to one of three project categories, as defined below:

a. Category “A” Projects

An EIA is always required for projects that are in this category. Impacts are expected to be ‘adverse, sensitive, irreversible and diverse with attributes such as pollutant discharges large enough to cause degradation of air, water, or soil; large-scale physical disturbance of the site or surroundings; extraction, consumption or conversion of substantial amounts of forests and other natural resources;



measurable modification of hydrological cycles; use of hazardous materials in more than incidental quantities; and involuntary displacement of people and other significant social disturbances.

b. Category “B” Projects

Although an EIA is not always required, some environmental analysis is necessary. Category B projects have impacts that are ‘less significant, not as sensitive, numerous, major or diverse. Few, if any, impacts are irreversible, and remedial measures can be more easily designed.’ Typical projects include rehabilitation, maintenance, or upgrades, rather than new construction.

c. Category “C” Projects

No EIA or other analysis is required. Category C projects result in negligible or minimal direct disturbance of the physical environment. Typical projects include education, family planning, health, and human resource development.The proposed Sewerage project has been assigned a Category A.

5.3.2 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12)

The objective of this policy to avoid where feasible, or minimize, exploring all viable alternative project designs, to avoid resettlement. This policy is triggered in situations involving involuntary taking of land and involuntary restrictions of access to legally designated parks and protected areas. The policy aims to avoid involuntary resettlement to the extent feasible, or to minimize and mitigate its adverse social and economic impacts.

This policy covers direct economic and social impacts that both result from Bank- assisted investment projects, and are caused by (a) the involuntary taking of land resulting in (i) relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets, or (iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; or (b) the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons.

The policy prescribes compensation and other resettlement measures to achieve its objectives and requires that borrowers prepare adequate resettlement planning instruments prior to project appraisal of proposed projects. The objective of this policy to avoid where feasible, or minimize, exploring all viable alternative project designs, to avoid resettlement. The policy requires the displaced persons and their communities, and any host communities receiving them, are provided timely and relevant information, consulted on resettlement options, and offered opportunities to participate in planning, implementing, and monitoring resettlement. Appropriate and accessible grievance mechanisms are established for these groups. In new resettlement sites or host communities, infrastructure and public services are provided as necessary to improve, restore, or maintain accessibility and levels of service for the displaced persons and host communities.



This policy is triggered when a project activity causes the involuntary taking of land and other assets resulting in:

1) Relocation or loss of shelter,

2) Loss of assets or access to assets,

3) Loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location,

4) Loss of land,

5.3.3 Bank Operational Policy 4.11-Physical Cultural ResourcesThe objective of this policy is to assist in preserving physical cultural resources (PCR) and avoiding their destruction or damage. PCR includes archaeological, paleontological, architecturally significant, and religious sites including graveyards, burial sites, and sites of unique natural value. Initial indications are that no observed physical or cultural resources will be affected by the project. Nevertheless, the Contractor is responsible for familiarizing themselves with the following “Chance Finds Procedures”, in case culturally valuable materials are uncovered during excavation, including:

Stop work immediately following the discovery of any materials with possible archaeological, historical, paleontological, or other cultural value, announce findings to project manager and notify relevant authorities;Protect artefacts as well as possible using plastic covers, and implement measures to stabilize the area, if necessary, to properly protect artefacts.

Prevent and penalize any unauthorized access to the artefacts Restart c o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k s o n l y u p o n t h e a u t h o r i z a t i o n o f t h e r e l e v a n t

authorities. All contracts should include a Chance Finds Procedure clause.

The Proponent will observe these OPs by the ESIA and RAP.



6.0 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

6.1 INTRODUCTION

A study of potential environmental impacts as a result of the proposed p r o j e c t was carried out. From field observations and discussions held with stakeholders, various aspects affecting t h e natural, p h y s i c a l , e c o n o m i c a n d social environment w e r e noted. These observations are also intended as useful pointers during the design stage of this project.Once potential impacts of the proposed project were identified, the team went further to predict the nature of the impacts. Predictions are normally based on explicit assumptions about environmental processes, professional judgment and different value judgments expressed by various stakeholders during consultations. Determination of the significance of the potential impacts was based on the three broad categories of determining impact significance. These are:

Legal: The importance of environmental conservation is acknowledged in existing policies, laws and plans (Task 3, above).

Public: segment of the public recognize the importance of environmental conservation. This recognition takes place in the form of support and sometimes conflict and opposition.

Technical: the importance of an environmental resource is based on the scientific knowledge of the critical resource characteristics.

Environmental impacts manifest at all stages of a project. This is because of the different project activities that inform particular actions which in turn act on environmental factors. The significance of these impacts is also varied.

The proposed project will have positive impacts during its life span. These include: Improvement in groundwater quality through preventing infiltration of sewerage from porous

cesspits and pit latrines. Improve living conditions for targeted residents through achieving the above environmental

benefits, upgrade their real estate values and contribute in alleviating poverty conditions through work opportunities in construction and operation of the project

Achieve economic benefit by saving some healthcare expenses, improving people’s productivity and improving water resources management.

Strengthen community participation in environmental protection through involving community based organizations in project operation and mobilization activities.

Employment of some community members as skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled workers. Growth of secondary businesses in the project area. Increased revenues for the service providers. Guaranteeing the right to decent sanitation.



6.2 CONSTRUCTION PHASE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

The chosen location of the treatment works is ideal in many respects. The Water Pollution Control Federation, Manual of Practice, Sewage Treatment Plant Design, specifies that ponds are to be located at a reasonable distance from the community and at least 400 m from the nearest residence. This criterion is met in this case.

6.2.1 Air Emissions and Ambient Air Qualitya) Gaseous Emissions

Associated with combustion of fuel from the construction vehicles and equipment. These emissions may be in the form of oxides of nitrogen as well as volatile organic carbons. Similar to other combustion processes, emissions from vehicles include CO, NOx, SO2, and VOCs. Emissions from the construction vehicles should comply with national or international standards.

Mitigation measures

Regardless of the size or type of vehicle, operators should implement the manufacturer recommended engine maintenance programs;

Drivers should be instructed on the benefits of driving practices that reduce both the risk of accidents and fuel consumption, including measured acceleration and driving within safe speed limits;

Contractors should consider additional ways to reduce potential impacts includingImplementing a regular vehicle maintenance and repair program.

Recruit staff from the surrounding communities to decrease the travelling distance thus reducing emissions from vehicular traffic.

Ensure that all vehicles involved in the transport of construction material and staff, and machinery involved in the construction is properly maintained and serviced.

Machines must not be left idling for unnecessary periods of time; this will save fuel and reduce emissions.

b) Particulate MatterThe most common pollutant involved in fugitive emissions is dust or particulate matter (PM). This is released during certain operations, such as transport and open storage of solid materials, and from exposed soil surfaces, including unpaved roads.Mitigation measures

Use of dust control methods, such as covers, water suppression, or increased moisture content for open materials storage piles, or controls, including air extraction and treatment through a bug house or cyclone for material handling sources, such as conveyors and bins;

Ensure that all material (sand and aggregate) stockpiled on the site to be used in



construction activities are regularly sprayed to reduce the effects of wind whipping. Ensure that all trucks carrying aggregate and sand are covered during delivery to the site. Care must be taken in the unloading construction materials (aggregate, sand and cement)

to prevent spillage. If a spill occurs, this should be cleaned up as soon as possible thereafter.

Extra care must be taken to reduce dust in periods when wind speed is greatest and the rainfall amounts are lowest. This will involve extra wetting of the construction area to suppress dust particles.

Retain a buffer area of trees and other vegetation generally around the perimeter of the development site which will serve as a natural windbreaks which may reduce the level of dispersion of dust particles generated during this phases of the development.

All raw materials must be sourced as close as possible to the construction site thus reducing the emissions from vehicular traffic.

All waste must be transported off-site for processing, not burnt or stored for any longer than is absolutely necessary.

6.2.2 Water quality

The activities involved in this phase of the development may cause a major negative long-term impact on the surface and ground water quality within the area. This will be as a result of many of the activities which are slated to take place in these phases which includes the possible storage of hazardous substances on the site such as diesel and motor oil for the operation of machinery and stand-by generators, and the storage of raw material for the construction of buildings and roads inter alia.Mitigation Measures:

If diesel and motor oil are to be stored on site, ensure that they are properly contained in a bunded area. This area must have signs indicating the storage of these substances erected.

Provide workers at the development site with chemical toilets during this phase of the development. A reasonable ratio would be eight (15) workers per toilet.

Store all raw materials away from the vicinity of water bodies located on the property to avoid contamination in these areas.

General refuse generated during these phases of the development must be stockpiled in one central area of the development site, away from existing water bodies and collected, transported and disposed of appropriately at the designated disposal site.

Clearance of vegetation must be avoided in periods of heavy rainfall



6.2.3 Soil erosion and contamination

The activities involved in the site preparation and construction phase of the development may have a major negative short-term impact on soil. This is due to the removal of vegetation from the area which will leave considerable areas of soil exposed to the elements, which may result in soil erosion. This is particular area of concern since the soil cover in the area is already poor.

Heavy machinery will be traversing the site due to the construction activities this may lead to soil compaction and erosion of the soil. Hazardous substances such as diesel used for the operation of machinery and stand-by generators, may be stored on the property. This may have a significant negative long-term impact on soil quality in the area.

Mitigation Measures:

Only remove vegetation from areas for the STW/sewers construction; Install appropriate drainage systems to direct water away from slopes; Avoid as far as possible the traversing of bare soil by vehicles to reduce soil compaction; Designate a main access route for heavy machinery; Avoid site Preparation in period when wind velocities are highest.

6.2.4 Noise & vibration

The site preparation and construction phases of the development may likely have the most negative impact to the ambient noise and vibration in the development area. A number of measures may be undertaken by the Contractors to reduce the impact of noise on the existing and potential residents as well as the workers involved in the project. This is temporary, however, and the aim at this point is to make the increase in noise as small as possible until this phase is complete. The cumulative impact of the construction activities occurring simultaneously may increase the noise and vibration levels in the area significantly.


Access roads should be cut that are exclusively used for the transportation of workers, goods and materials. These roads should be sited in such a way that the noise from this movement affects as few of the existing residents as possible.

Where possible silenced machinery and instruments should be employed to reduce the impact of noise on the existing residents and workers.

Machinery, vehicles and instruments that emit high levels of noise should be used on a phased basis to reduce the overall impact. These pieces of equipment such as drills, graders and cement mixers should also be used when the least number of residents can be expected to be affected, for example during periods where most residents are at work or school.

Temporary barriers such as earth berms, zinc fencing and sound dampening fencing such



as acoustic screens should be employed to reduce the impact of noise to the existing residents;

Ensure that construction activities for the development of the project are staggered to decrease the levels of noise and vibration in the area; Construction hours should be limited to the hours of 8:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. daily. The delivery of raw materials must be limited to 8:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m daily.

6.2.4 Flora and fauna loss.

It is worth noting that the potential significant impact on flora in the area will be short term and reversible. For instance the proposed STW site is currently a quarry. Thus there is minimal vegetation. The trunk sewers will run along the river course which are currently under crop cultivation. These areas will thus be restored immediately the sewer lines have been laid. No rare, threatened, critically endangered or endemic plant or animal species were observed. However it is important to reduce vegetation loss on the STW site as much as possible.


Only clear vegetation that is absolutely necessary for the construction activities; Retain all mature trees (> 25 cm diameter at breast height (DBH)) during this phase of

the development if possible; Avoid the use of Invasive Alien Species in the landscaping activities Determine access roads which are to be used by machinery used in the construction and

site clearance phase of the development to avoid the unnecessary trampling of vegetation that will be maintained within the development area.

Ensure that ‗green belts‘ which have been proposed for the STW are large as possible as small patches may not be able to support viable populations of some species and these small patches tend to more susceptible to edge effect. It possible position these green belts in adjacent to existing vegetated areas. In addition species richness tends to increase with area, which would be the desired outcome of the incorporation of green belts.

6.2.5 Accidents

Use of heavy machinery in site clearing presents safety hazards. Vehicular movements can cause accidents resulting in injuries and probably death. Use of explosives in the preparation of the STW is a high risk activity which can cause fatal accidents.


Ensuring that the drivers and machine operators hired to work on the site are qualified. Workers on site must be provided with appropriate PPE. Appropriate signs must be erected on the site to warn workers and visitors.



There should be safety policy clearly displayed on the site. Machines should be properly maintained. A first aid kit should be provided and a trained first aider should always be on site. Fire extinguishers should be provided. Proper scheduling of activities to avoid workers being overworked. Machines/equipment for the intended purpose. No worker should be allowed on site while under the influence of alcohol or

other inebriating substances. Only the Blaster licensed by the Mines and Geology should carry out blasting on the site. Blasting should only be carried out as per the provisions of the blasting license away

from house and power lines. All charged holes must be covered with appropriate medium to arrest fly rocks.

6.2.6 Disturbance of traffic and difficulty of access

The main impact on roads traffic will be during possible laying of transmission mains along, or across main roads. Longitudinal excavation will cause narrowing of the road for relatively long periods, while lateral crossing of roads may cause blocking of the road but for a relatively short period, probably few hours.

Excavation in residential areas will cause access problems to pedestrians, and possibly to riders of bicycles and motorcycles. This access difficulty will have more impact on elderly people, handicapped and children, who may accidentally fall in open trenches or make tedious long cycles before they reach their targeted locations.

Mitigation measures

Provide diversion routes where possible. Give a construction itinerary in advance so that the potentially affected population can

use alternative routes and start early to get to their destinations on time. Erect warning signs of on-going works. Expedite construction works so as to reduce the times where roads are blocked. Traffic department should approve crossing plan prior to construction, and should

approve obstruction times during construction. Access of residents should be facilitated by installing appropriate temporary bridges over

the pipeline trenches. Suitable warning signs should be placed at near locations and should be visible at night. A guard should be available 24 hours to help people access across pipeline trenches. Alternatives access ways should be communicated to the community.



6.2.7 Risks of damaging underground infrastructure

During excavation for laying the sewerage pipes there are risks of damaging underground potable water pipes, telecommunication or power lines. This will be associated with cutting water, communication or power services and in excavation trenches.

Mitigation measures

Get maps of the underground infrastructure from the relevant institutions. Sensitise workers carrying out excavations so that they exercise caution to minimize

chances of underground infrastructure damage. Work closely with the responsible institutions so that in case of damage, the services are restored within the shortest time.

6.2.8 Effects on structural integrity

During excavations of trenches, vibrations from excavators may affect the stability of the buildings. Affected buildings may crack and thus impact on their safety.

The geotechnical report should include suitable measures for confining vibrations within project sites. These measures should be tailored according to the proximity of buildings to the project sites and earthwork program.

These recommendations identified in the geotechnical report (such as secant piling or sheet piling or establish cut-off walls) should be implemented by the contractor and supervised by EHS Advisor.


6.2.9 Construction wastes

Various wastes both liquid and solid are generated in the course of construction. The wastes range from general to hazardous categories. This impact is short term. However the disposal mechanism of the wastes can have long term consequences.

Mitigation measures

All solid waste will be collected at a central location at each site and will be stored temporarily until removal to an appropriately permitted disposal site in the vicinity of the site.

No dumping within the surrounding area is to be permitted. Where potentially hazardous substances are being disposed of, a chain of custody document should be kept with the environmental register as proof of final disposal.



Waste generated at the site should be categorised by the contractor and disposed of in a suitable manner into different waste streams (including general and hazardous waste). Wherever possible recycling should be carried out.

6.2.10 Fire outbreak

Fire outbreak in the construction camp or in the machinery being used is always a risk. This is because there are flammable substances in use. Depending on the severity, fire can cause loss of life, disability or property damage. Thus precautions are necessary.Mitigation measures

Label all inflammable materials and store them appropriately Provision of adequate fire fighting equipment capable of fighting all classes of fire Put ― No Smoking Signs in areas where inflammables are stored Train workers on the use of fire fighting equipment Display a list of emergency contact numbers prominently. Provide a fire assembly point in the Contractors camp.

6.2.11 Contractors camp sanitation

Improper handling of human wastes at the camp can have far reaching health implications on the workers and the host population. This is an impact that can be experienced far from the camp site.Mitigation measures:

Provision shall be made for employee facilities including shelter, toilets and washing facilities.

Toilet facilities supplied by the contractor for the workers shall occur at a minimum ratio of 1 toilet per 30 workers (preferred 1:8). The exact location of the toilets shall be approved by the Public Health Department prior

to establishment. Sanitation facilities shall be located within 100m from any point of work, but not closer

than 50 m to any water body. All temporary/portable toilets shall be secured to the ground to prevent them toppling due

to wind or any other cause. The contractor shall ensure that the entrances to toilets are adequately screened from

public view. Only approved portable toilets should be used. These facilities shall be maintained in a hygienic state and serviced regularly. Toilet

paper shall be provided. The contractor shall ensure that no spillage occurs when the toilets are cleaned or

emptied and that the contents are removed from site to an approved disposal site. Discharge of waste from toilets into the environment and burying of waste is



strictly prohibited. Wash areas shall be placed and constructed in such a manner so as to ensure that

the surrounding areas, which include groundwater, are not polluted.

6.2.12 Spread of HIV and AIDS

Large projects like the proposed sewage system do attract migrant workers. These men and women away from their partners can get into sexual liaisons with people from the host community. Thus being exposed to HIV/AIDS or infecting others.

Mitigation measures: Sensitize the migrant workers on risky sexual behaviour. Have VCT services on site and encourage workers to undergo the same. Provision of protective devices such as condoms. Maximize hiring skilled and unskilled workers from the host community.

6.2.13 Social conflicts

These emerge mainly due to: Acts of omission or commission by project Proponent or Contractor for example delay in

honouring agreements. Misunderstanding amongst stakeholders.

Mitigation measures Immediate action undertaken as soon as possible and within 24 hours of receipt

of a complaint. Investigations completed within seven days of receipt of complaint. All corrective actions implemented by due date All incidents or complaints about either environmental or social issues will be managed

in accordance to the existing procedure in line with the legal framework. All incidents and complaints will be recorded in the contractors incident reporting system Additional environmental awareness training of the workforce with respect to procedures

to be followed for environmental incidents or complaints Sensitize workforce on cultural sensitivities

6.2.14 Population Displacement

Implementation of the proposed project will lead to displacement of sections of the population. The displacements include:

i. Physical displacement: land is taken for the project especially for the STW.



ii. Economic displacement: Loss of income for the time the project is being implemented in the affected sections. This is mainly for those farming along the riparian zone, those who have structures on the riparian and site of proposed STW and those quarrying at the proposed STW.

An independent Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) will be prepared to address these impacts. However the following key mitigation measures will be implemented. The RAP has to be fully implemented prior to commencement of construction works.

Mitigation measures Avoid displacement as much as possible. Prompt and fair compensation of all the PAPs before beginning of construction works Pre and post resettlement counselling’s support. Financial education for the recipients of compensation funds. Establishment and regular use of locally based Grievance Redress Mechanism.

6.3 POTENTIAL IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH OPERATIONS

The most significant potential environmental impacts associated with operation and maintenance of sewerage system and sewerage treatment plants arise from:

6.3.1 Pollution of water and soil from leaks and overflows

Leaks and overflows from the sewerage system can cause contamination of soil, groundwater, and surface water. Depending on the elevation of groundwater, leaks in gravity mains may also allow groundwater into the sewer system, increasing the volume of wastewater requiring treatment and potentially causing flooding and treatment bypass. Overflows occur when the collection system cannot manage the volume of wastewater, for example due to high flows during rain events or as the result of power loss, equipment malfunctions, or blockages. The excess flows may contain raw sewage, industrial wastewater, and polluted runoff.

Mitigation measures Consider the installation of separate sewer systems for domestic wastewater and storm water runoff in the overall planning and design of new sewerage systems; When on-site sanitation systems where excreta are mixed with water predominate, consider use of small-diameter sewerage system to collect water effluent from septic systems or interceptor tanks; Limit the sewer depth where possible (e.g., by avoiding routes under streets with heavy traffic). For shallower sewers, small inspection chambers can be used in lieu of manholes; Use appropriate locally available materials for sewer construction. Spun concrete pipes can be appropriate in some circumstances but can suffer corrosion from hydrogen sulphide if there are blockages and/or insufficient slope;



Ensure suf f ic ient hydrau l i c capaci ty to accommodate peak flows and adequate slope in gravity mains to prevent build-up of solids and hydrogen sulphide generation; Design manhole covers to withstand anticipated loads and ensure that the covers can be readily replace if broken to minimize entry of garbage and silt into the system; Equip pumping stations with a backup power supply, such as a diesel generator, to ensure uninterrupted operation during power outages, and conduct regular maintenance to minimize service interruptions. Consider redundant pump capacity in critical areas; Establish routine maintenance program, including:

i. Development of an inventory of system components, with information including age, construction materials, drainage areas served, elevations, etc.

ii. Regular cleaning of grit chambers and sewer lines to remove grease, grit, and other debris that may lead to sewer backups. Cleaning should be conducted more frequently for problem areas. Cleaning activities may require removal of tree roots and other identified obstructionsiii. Inspection of the condition of sanitary sewer structures and identifying areas that need

repair or maintenance. Items to note may include cracked/deteriorating pipes; leaking joints or seals at manhole; frequent line blockages; lines that generally flow at or near capacity; and suspected infiltration or exfiltration

iv. Monitoring of sewer flow to identify potential inflows and outflowsv. Conduct repairs prioritized based on the nature and severity of the problem.vi. Immediate clearing of blockage or repair is warranted where an overflow is

currently occurring or for urgent problems that may cause an imminent overflow (e.g. pump station failures, sewer line ruptures, or sewer line blockages);

vii. Review previous sewer maintenance records to help identify ― hotspots or areas with frequent maintenance problems and locations of potential system failure, and conduct preventative maintenance, r e h a b i l i t a t i o n , or replacement of lines as needed;

When a spill, leak, and/or overflow occurs, keep sewage from entering the storm drain system by covering or blocking storm drain inlets or by containing and diverting the sewage away from open channels and other storm drain facilities (using sandbags, inflatable dams, etc.) Remove the sewage using vacuum equipment or use other measures to divert it back to the sanitary sewer system.

6.3.2 Accidents and Injuries

Work at water and sanitation facilities is often physically demanding and may involve hazards such as open water, trenches, and slippery walkways, working at heights, energized circuits, and heavy equipment. Work at water and sanitation facilities may also involve entry into confined spaces, including manholes, sewers, pipelines, storage tanks, wet wells, digesters, and pump stations. Methane generated from anaerobic biodegradation of sewage can lead to fires and explosions. Drowning is also a risk associated with water works.



Mitigation measures

Install railing around all process tanks and pits. Require use of a life line and personal flotation device (PFD) when workers are inside the railing, and ensure rescue buoys and throw bags are readily available;

Use PFDs when working near waterways; Implement a confined spaces entry program that is consistent with applicable

national requirements and internationally accepted standards. Valves to process tanks should be locked to prevent accidental flooding during

maintenance; Use fall protection equipment when working at heights; Maintain work areas to minimize slipping and tripping hazards; Use proper techniques for trenching and shoring; Implement fire and explosion prevention measures in accordance with internationally

accepted standards; When installing or repairing mains adjacent to roadways, implement procedures and

traffic controls, such as:i. Establishment of work zones so as to separate workers from traffic and from equipment

as much as possibleii. Reduction of allowed vehicle speeds in work zones;iii. Use of high-visibility safety apparel for workers in the vicinity of trafficiv. For night work, provision of proper illumination for the work space, while

controlling glare so as not to blind workers and passing motoristsv. Locate all underground utilities before digging.

6.3.3 Chemical Exposure

Water in the sewerage system may contain radioactive substances and heavy metals, which typically accumulate in the water treatment sludge. Potential sources of exposure to radio nuclides include: pumps and piping where mineral scales accumulate; lagoons, and flocculation and sedimentation tanks where residual sludges accumulate; filters, pumping stations, and storage tanks where scales and sludges accumulate; facilities where filter backwash, brines, or other contaminated water accumulates; facilities that are enclosed (radon); residuals processing or handling areas; and land disposal or application areas where residuals are shovelled, transported, or disposed.

Wastewater may contain potentially hazardous chemicals depending on the source water quality, drinking water treatment processes, and industries discharging to the sewer, including chlorinated organic solvents and pesticides, PCBs, Polycyclic aromatics, petroleum, hydrocarbons, flame retardants, nitrosamines , Heavy metals, asbestos, dioxins, and radioactive materials. In addition,



workers may be exposed to hydrogen sulphide, methane, carbonmonoxide, chloroform, and other chemicals generated during wastewater treatment.

Mitigation measures

Implement a training program for operators who work with chlorine and ammonia regarding safe handling practices and emergency response procedures;

Provide appropriate personal protective equipment (including, for example, self-contained breathing apparatus) and training on its proper use and maintenance.

Prepare escape plans from areas where there might be a chlorine or ammonia emission; Install safety showers and eye wash stations near the chlorine and ammonia

equipment and other areas where hazardous chemicals are stored or used; If source water contains radioactive substances, locate water treatment units and water

treatment sludge areas as far as possible from common areas (e.g., offices); Conduct radiation surveys at least annually, especially in areas where radionuclides are

removed; Limit wastes entering the sewer system to those that can be effectively treated in the

wastewater treatment facility and reduce the amount of air-strippable hazardous compounds entering the system by controlling industrial discharges (e.g., by permit or similar system). Analyse incoming raw wastewater to identify hazardous constituents;

Ventilate e n c l o s e d p r o c e s s i n g a r e a s a n d v e n t i l a t e e q u i p m e n t , s u c h a s p u m p stations, prior to maintenance. Use personal gas detection equipment while working in a wastewater facility;

Continuously monitor air quality in work areas for hazardous conditions (e.g. explosive atmosphere, oxygen deficiency);

Periodically sample air quality in work areas for hazardous chemicals. If needed to meet applicable occupational health national requirements or internationally accepted standards, install engineering controls to limit worker exposure, for example collection and treatment of off-gases from air stripping;

Prohibit eating, smoking, and drinking except in designated areas; Rotate personnel among the various t r e a t m e n t plant operations t o reduce

inhalation of air-stripped chemicals, aerosols, and other potentially hazardous materials.

6.3.4 Liquid Effluents

Effluents for the Thika STW will be discharged to Komo River while the Ruiru effluent will be discharged to Ruiru river. Alternatively, treated wastewater (liquid effluents) may be reused for irrigation or other purposes or disposed subject to regulatory oversight. Due care should be taken to ensure that the effluents meet the quality standards that do not jeopardise the health of ecosystems.



Mitigation measures

Minimize bypass of the treatment system by using separate storm water and wastewater systems, if possible, and providing capacity sufficient to treat peak flows; Implement an industrial source control program which includes monitoring and effective regulatory enforcement; Collaborate with public officials to select appropriate treatment technologies, considering factors such as the quality and quantity of raw wastewater and its variability; available land area for the treatment facility; and resources for capital expenditures, operation, maintenance, and repair; availability of skilled operators, operator training, maintenance personnel, treatment chemicals, and replacement parts; Design, construct, operate, and maintain wastewater treatment facilities and achieve effluent water quality consistent with applicable national requirements or internationally accepted standards and consistent with effluent water quality goals based on the assimilative capacity and the most sensitive end use of the receiving water; Consider discharge of treated wastewater to natural or constructed wetlands, which can buffer the impact from discharge on the aquatic environment, unless the wetland itself would be degraded by the discharge; Treat grey water, if collected separately from sewage, to remove organic pollutants and reduce the levels of suspended solids, pathogenic organisms and other problematic substances to acceptable levels based on applicable national and local regulations. Grey water lines and point of use stations should be clearly marked to prevent accidental use for potable water quality applications; Based on an assessment of risks to human health and the environment, consider re-use of treated effluent, especially in areas with limited raw water supplies. Treated wastewater quality for land application or other uses should be consistent with the relevant public health-based guidance from the World Health Organization (WHO) and applicable national requirements.

6.3.5 Solid Waste

Solids removed from wastewater collection and treatment systems may include sludge and solids from cleaning of drainage and sewer collection systems (including seepage systems), screening solids, and sludge from various unit operations used for wastewater treatment.

Mitigation measures

Select appropriate sludge treatment technologies, considering, for example, the quantity and sources of sludge; available resources for capital expenditures, training,



operations and maintenance; availability of skilled operators, maintenance personnel, etc.; and the desired disposal methods or end uses of the treated solids;

Land application or other beneficial re-use of w a s t e w a t e r treatment plant residuals should be considered but o n l y based on a n a s s e s s m e n t of r i s k s to human h e a l t h a n d the environment . Quality of residuals for land application should be consistent with the relevant public health-based guidance from the World Health Organization (WHO) and applicable national requirements;

Processing, disposal and re-use of wastewater treatment plant residuals should be consistent with a p p l i c a b l e National requirements or, in their absence, internationally a c c e p t e d guidance and standards.

6.3.6 Offensive Odours

Air emissions from wastewater treatment operations may include hydrogen sulphide, methane, ozone (in the case of ozone disinfection), volatile organic compounds (such as from industrial discharges), gaseous or volatile chemicals used for disinfection processes (e.g., chlorine and ammonia), and bio-aerosols. Odours from treatment facilities can also be a nuisance to workers and the surrounding community.

Mitigation measures

Commissioning should start with the facultative ponds to avoid odour release when anaerobic pond effluent discharges into an empty facultative pond. It’s recommended the facultative and maturation pond be filled with freshwater so as to allow gradual development of algae.

If sewage is weak or its flow low, it is best to by-pass the anaerobic ponds until the sewage strength is achieved.

Maintain the pond pH above 7.5 to permit the development of bacteria and ensure that most of the sulphide remains as the odourless bisulphide ion.

The anaerobic ponds allow sludge to settle at the bottom of the pond. Desludging when the sludge occupies about 1/3 of the anaerobic ponds. Airtight vandal proof manhole covers. Removal of scum from facultative and maturation ponds (to maximize aeration and

photosynthesis) WSPs have a high capacity to handle shock loads. Avoid siting facilities near densely populated neighbourhoods’ and installations

with potentially sensitive receptors, such as hospitals and schools. Site facilities down-wind from potential receptors, if possible.

Cover emission points (e.g., aeration basins, clarifiers, sludge thickeners, tanks, and channels), and vent emissions to control systems (e.g., compost beds, bio-filters, chemical scrubbers, etc.) as needed to reduce odours and otherwise meet applicable national requirements and internationally accepted guidelines;



Where necessary, consider alternate aeration technologies or process configurations to reduce volatilization.

Provide adequate buffer area, such as trees, or fences, between processing areas and potential receptors;

The physical and process designs have been carefully done and will significantly affect treatment efficiency.

6.3.7 Hazardous ChemicalsWastewater treatment often includes the use of hazardous chemicals, such as strong acids and bases for pH control, chlorine or other compounds used for disinfection, etc.

Mitigation measures

Include in safety training program for workers, safe handling and personal hygiene practices to minimize exposure to pathogens and vectors;

Use vacuum trucks or tugs for removal of faecal sludge instead of manual methods; Provide and require use of suitable personal protective clothing and equipment to

prevent contact with wastewater (e.g., rubber gloves, aprons, boots, etc.). Especially provide prompt medical attention and cover any skin trauma such as cuts and abrasions to prevent infection and use protective clothing and goggles to prevent contact with spray and splashes;

Provide areas for workers to shower and change clothes before leaving work and provide laundry service for work clothes. This practice also helps to minimize chemical and radionuclide exposure;

Encourage workers at wastewater facilities to wash hands frequently; Provide worker immunization (e.g. for Hepatitis B and tetanus) and health monitoring,

including regular physical examinationsAvoid handling screenings by hand to prevent needle stick injuries;Maintain good housekeeping in sewage processing and storage areas;

Advise individuals with asthma, diabetes, or suppressed immune systems not to work at wastewater treatment facilities, especially composting facilities, facility because of their greater risk of infection

Reduce aerosol formation and distribution, for example by:i. Planting trees around the aeration basin to shield the area from

wind and to capture the droplets and particlesii. Using d i f f u s e d a e r a t i o n r a t h e r t h a n m e c h a n i c a l a e r a t i o n a n d

u s i n g f i n e r bubbles for aerationiii. Reducing aeration rate, if possibleiv. Use of floating covers on the mixed liquor of the aeration basinv. Suppression of droplets just above the surface, (e.g. by installing a screen



or mesh above the basin);vi. Collection of droplets (e.g. by sedimentation, scrubber, electrostatic

precipitator, or fabric filter)vii. Disinfection of airborne particles (e.g., by using ultraviolet lights)viii. Use of submerged effluent collector (such as pipes with orifices) rather

than weirs

6.3.8 Public health risks associated with land application of sludge

Use of treated wastewater in agriculture can pose public health risks. Hazards associated with crops irrigated with treated wastewater include excreta-related pathogens and toxic chemicals that may be present in the wastewater.

Mitigation measures

Avoid use of spray irrigation of treated wastewater, if possible; Provide field workers with personal protective equipment, such as rubber gloves and

waterproof shoes; Provide access to safe drinking water and sanitation (including hand washing) facilities; Provide worker health monitoring, including regular physical examinations; Control vectors and intermediate hosts of disease-causing micro-organisms. Treat wastewater and sludge used for land application in a manner consistent with

WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Grey water and applicable national requirements;

Stop irrigation with treated wastewater two weeks prior to harvesting; Limit irrigation with treated wastewater to crops that are cooked before eating; Restrict p u b l i c a c c e s s t o hydraulic s t r u c t u r e s c a r r y i n g w a s t e w a t e r a n d t o fields

irrigated with treated wastewater. Consider use of drip irrigation of treated wastewater, which minimizes worker exposure and the

amount of water needed

6.3.9 Physical Hazards such as drowning

Visitors and trespassers at wastewater treatment facilities may be subject to many of the hazards for site workers.

Mitigation measures

Recommended measures to prevent, minimize, and control physical hazards to the community include:



Restrict access to waste management facilities by implementing security procedures, such as:

i. Perimeter fencing of adequate height and suitable material, with lockable site access gate.

ii. Security cameras at key access points, and security alarms fitted to buildings and storage areas; and

iii. Use of a site visitor register. Light the site where necessary. As this may cause light nuisance to neighbours,

the lighting installations should be selected to minimize ambient light pollution.

6.3.10 Risks of wildlife and rodents attractions to the site

The sewerage treatment plant can attract wildlife like hyenas, Hippos, Crocodile, wild dogs and scavenger birds. These can pose high risk to the human population while precipitating human- wildlife conflicts.

Mitigation measures Proper fencing of the Plant to keep off wildlife is recommended Maintaining high standards of hygiene at the site throughout the operation phase of the

facility Constant consultations with KWS in event that wildlife is spotted in the area. The inlet works should be enclosed in a building to avoid exposure to birds Daily burying of the wastes i n appropriate solid Waste disposal section covering with soil, this

reduces the tonnage of wastes on site and exposing the wastes to scavenging birds.

6.4 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT

The following action will be taken to safeguard the health and safety of workers and visitors in the site throughout the project lifecycle. These are in line with OSHA, 2007.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)Provision of appropriate protective clothing such as ear muffs, safety boots dust masks, gloves, helmets and safety goggles to workers during construction. The supervisors will ensure that workers comply by wearing these protective clothing.

Employees’ pro-active safety attitudesRegular training on pro-active safety attitudes for employees would instil a sense of responsibility upon the employees, and in this way, increase employee‘s efforts towards avoiding occurrence of accidents due to negligence, ignorance or carelessness.

Training in Occupational Health and Safety



This is most important and should be regular. It will encompass ergonomic issues to avert life threatening conditions.

First AidThere will be trained First Aiders and continuous training for staff is recommended. First aid kits will also be provided.

Sanitary provisionThese should be provided. Toilets should always be clean and drinking water should be free of pathogens. They shall be adequate and separate for male and female.

Control of health hazardsThere should be adequate medical supervision of all personnel comprising pre-hiring clinical screening, periodic medical examination and rehabilitative care for any affected workers.

ErgonomicsAll personnel should be trained on the basic ergonomic principles. This should cover the correct lifting, carrying and setting down techniques to prevent incidences of hernias, sprains, strains, back injuries and other muscular-skeletal disorders due to improper handling of heavy objects.

Health Safety PolicyIt is hereby recommended that the firm undertakes a Health and Safety Survey. This activity culminates in the preparation of the health and safety management plan. The health and safety management plan is accomplished following a risk assessment. The risk assessment provides a systematic process that can highlight projected activities within the operations of the lodge that demand the highest degree of observation. An overall register of all projected firm activities has then to be prepared, each hazard identified and its risk assessed.

The management needs to work to initiate a special emphasis program to demonstrate a positive interest and commitment in addressing and/or eliminating the potential hazard exposures in the workplace and ensuring that the workplace complies with the relevant Legislation and Applicable codes of Practice as a minimum to add to employees ‘sense of well-being.

6.5 CLOSURE AND DECOMMISSIONING

Decommissioning of a facility and property includes: the removal of hazardous materials and wastes, cleaning and removal of equipment, decontamination, rehabilitation and remediation and the termination of the operational permits and licenses.

Although the decommissioning of this project is probably the last thing at this point, it’s prudent to develop a project with its eventual demise. By viewing the project over its lifecycle, the designers put in place the impacts of the design and were assisted with the perspective that sees the project as part of the ecosystem, rather than a construction without the consequences of its eventual demise.



Therefore with this in mind the decommissioning phase of this project will probably include these:

i. Building decommissioning entails: Environmental remediation, Equipment dismantling Building demolition Removal of equipment Decontamination of the building

ii. Adaptive reuse Once the structures of the project have been decommissioned, the search for recycling and reuse

will begin. If the structures will be completely demolished, the remaining property will be suited for new

construction or rehabilitated as green space. If the shell the original remains it will be ready for modifications /restoration to prepare it for its

new intended use. The debris will be used as hardcore for forming the foundation of the new facility There will be proper landscaping which will involve (has already involved the planting of

indigenous tree species, grassing the facility with local grass, establishing a water pond or basically an animal pond with the remaining materials.

iii. Rehabilitation

Prior to the decommissioning of the project, the following steps will be undertaken. The current conditions, areas of concern and alternatives for future action will be put into

consideration. An environmental assessment will be performed to identify and determine the nature and extent

of any hazardous building materials or environmental contaminants. An equipment inventory will be undertaken, as it is important to determine the equipment and

materials present inside a building before it can be decommissioned. The project inspection will be done to provide valuable information for deciding on alternative

for future use. There will be an inspection of the facility design, materials of construction and current condition. The structural integrity of the facility will be used to evaluate whether the building should be reused or demolished.

From this assessment the decommissioning will include:

Hazardous materials are found, will be dismantled and the contaminated building materials sent to an appropriate landfill in lieu of clean-up or decontamination of these materials. Equipment: equipment that cannot be used at the facility will be cleaned and taken to another facility of the same nature of business or sold. This will include components to water and wastewater pre-treatment



systems, process piping and industry specialized equipment. Decontamination will involve removal, purging and proper disposal of liquids, solids and gases contained in equipment, and rinsing or high pressure washing with water and detergent. Chemical analysis of wipe samples taken from washed equipment surfaces will be performed to document that residual hazardous substances have been removed.Decontamination and remediation: building surfaces will be identified (floors, walls, ceiling and equipment that stays) that may be contaminated and require decontamination. This will typically include maintenance rooms, chemical storage rooms, hazardous waste storage rooms, storage rooms, production area and other locations that had been subject to spills and processes. Generally, concrete surfaces subject to chemical, processes spills and wastewater spills will be easily decontaminated by high-pressure washing. Finished surfaces damaged by spills or process materials will require replacement. Wipe or chip samples will be collected and chemically tested to verify that sufficient cleaning has been performed.

While there is no reason to presume that the facility would need to be decommissioned, or abandoned in the future, assuming proper maintenance, the result of needing to abandon or remove the facility are considered to be minor. Nevertheless, the facility remnants would not create any long term threat to the environment; as the concrete slabs could be broken up and disposed off and the septic tanks could be filled up, if warranted.



7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

7.1 INTRODUCTION

The purpose of the following Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the proposed project is to initiate a mechanism for implementing mitigation measures for the potential negative environmental impacts and monitor the efficiency of these mitigation measures based on relevant environmental indicators. The EMP identifies certain roles and responsibilities for different stakeholders for implementation, supervision and monitoring. The objectives of the ESMP are:

To provide evidence of practical and achievable plans for the management of the proposed project.

To provide the Proponent and the relevant Lead Agencies with a framework to confirm compliance with relevant laws and regulations.

To provide community with evidence of the management of the project in an environmentally acceptable manner.

Conversely, Environmental monitoring provides feedback about the actual environmental impacts of a project. Monitoring results help judge the success of mitigation measures in protecting the environment. They are also used to ensure compliance with environmental standards, and to facilitate any needed project design or operational changes. A monitoring program, backed up by powers to ensure corrective action when the monitoring results show it necessary, is a proven way to ensure effective implementation of mitigation measures. By tracking a project‘s actual impacts, monitoring reduces the environmental risks associated with that project, and allows for project modifications to be made where required.

This ESMMP is prepared for the three project stages where potential significant negative impacts manifest. These are:

i. Construction Phase ESMPii. Operation Phase ESMP andiii. Decommissioning Phase ESMP.

7.2 CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL, MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN

The construction Contractor will be responsible for the implementation of the construction phase ESMMP. The Contractor will identify responsibilities and organization required to implement the accountabilities of the construction phase ESMMP. The construction phase ESMP will apply to the Principal Contractor and all Sub-contractors.



The Contractor will also be responsible for developing and implementing a site specific induction for all construction workers. This induction will include all EHS hazards and their control measure. The Contractor will ensure that all construction workers are trained and competent and hold the appropriate certification for the tasks that they will be undertaking.

A preliminary environmental management and monitoring outline has been developed for the project works. Responsibility for the incorporation of mitigation measures for the proposed project lies with the Proponent, who must ensure specified mitigation measures are implemented and monitored.

The table below summarizes the environmental management plan for the proposed project. They describe parameters that can be monitored, and suggest how monitoring should be done, how frequently, and who should be responsible for implementation and monitoring. The estimated costs for the various mitigation measures have been provided where possible. It will be noted that most of these measures will be part of the project‘s operational costs.



Construction Phase ESMP

POTENTIALIMPACT

MITIGATION MEASURES RESPONSIBILITY TIMEFRAME

COSTESTIMATE

1. Air pollution Drivers should be instructed on the benefits of driving practices that reduce both the risk of accidents and fuel consumption, including measured acceleration and driving within safe speed limits;

Contractors should consider additional ways to reduce potential impacts including implementing a regular vehicle maintenance and repair program.

Recruit staff from the surrounding communities to decrease the travelling distance thus reducing emissions from vehicular traffic.

Ensure that all vehicles involved in the transport of construction material and staff, and machinery involved in the construction is properly maintained and serviced.

Machines m u s t n o t b e l e f t idling for unnecessary periods of time; this will save fuel and reduce emissions.

Use of dust control methods, such as covers water suppression Ensure that all trucks carrying aggregate and sand are covered during delivery to the site.

Ensure that all material (sand and aggregate) stockpiled on the site to be used in construction activities are regularly sprayed to reduce the effects of wind whipping

Care m u s t b e t a k e n i n t h e unloading construction materials (aggregate, sand and cement) to prevent spillage. If a spill occurs, this should be cleaned up as soon as possible thereafter.

Extra care must be taken to

Contractor Project Manager

Throughoutthe construction period

3,000,000



POTENTIALIMPACT


COSTESTIMATE

reduce dust in periods when wind speed is greatest and the rainfall amounts are lowest. This will involve extra wetting of the construction area to suppress dust particles.

Retain a buffer area of trees and other vegetation generally around the perimeter of the development site which will serve as a natural windbreaks which may reduce the level of dispersion of dust particles generated during this phases of the development.

All raw materials must be sourced as close as possible to the construction site thus reducing the emissions from vehicular traffic.

All waste must be transportedoff-site for processing, not burnt or

stored for any longer than is absolutely necessary.

2. Waterpollution

If diesel and motor oil are tobe stored on site, ensure that they are properly contained in a bunded area (With capacity to contain 1½ times the amount of substances stored). This area must have signs indicating the storage of these substances erected.

Provide workers at the development site with chemical toilets during this phase of the development. A reasonable ratio would be fifteen (15) workers per toilet.

Store all raw materials away from the vicinity of water bodies located on the property to avoid contamination in these areas.

General refuse generated during these phases of the development must be stockpiled in one central area of

Contractor Throughoutthe construction period

2,500,000



POTENTIALIMPACT


COSTESTIMATE

the development site, away from existing water bodies and collected, transported and disposed of appropriately at the designated disposal site.

Clearance of vegetation must be avoided in periods of heavy rainfall

3. Soil erosion and contamination n

Only remove vegetation fromareas for the STW/sewers construction ;

Install appropriate drainage systems to direct water away from slopes;

Avoid as far as possible the traversing of bare soil by vehicles to reduce soil compaction;

Designate a main access route for heavy machinery;

Avoid site preparation in period when wind velocities are highest. Areas storing hazardous

substances such as diesel must be properly contained in a bunded area (With capacity to contain 1 ½ times the amount of substances stored. This area must be situated away from project activities and signs indicating the storage of these substances erected. Care must be taken when handling these hazardous substances to avoid spills.

In the event of an oil spill the contaminated soil must be removed and disposed off

Civil Engineer andContractor


1500,000

4. Solid wastes Use an integrated wastesmanagement system observing the following hierarchy of options:

vi. Reduction at source vii. Recycling

viii. Reuseix. Combustion x.

Land filling. Incorporation of waste

Contractor Throughoutthe construction period

1,000,000



POTENTIALIMPACT


COSTESTIMATE

management commitments contained in the Waste Management Guidelines

Agreement with suppliers to accept the return of unused materials.

Agreement with and license details of companies to be used for the off-site transport of wastes

Workforce training programs in waste minimization practices

Where practical any excess materials will be returned to the supplier

Waste oil will be collected for transport and off-site disposal Littering, specifically of the natural areas, should be prevented. Adequate containers for litter removal should be supplied on site. These containers should be emptied on a regular basis and the contents removed to an appropriate and licensed waste disposal site. The Contractor shall set up a

solid waste control and removal system.

Bins shall be emptied on a daily basis.

Waste and litter shall be disposed of into scavenger – and weather proof bins. The contractor shall then remove the refuse collected from the working areas, from site at least once a week.

5. Noise andvibration

Best available work practiceswill be employed on-site to minimize occupational noise levels.

All construction equipment will be regularly inspected and maintained in good working condition.

Combine noisy operations so that they occur at the same time. The total noise level will not be significantly louder than the level produced if the operations

Contractor Throughoutconstruction phase

200,000



POTENTIALIMPACT


COSTESTIMATE

were to be undertaken separately.

Noisy operations will be carried out strictly during the day time.

Switch off engines when not in use.

Access roads should be cutthat are exclusively used for the transportation of workers, goods and materials. These roads should be sited in such a way that the noise from thismovement affects as few of the existing residents as possible.

Where possible silenced machinery and instruments should

be employed to reduce the impact of noise on the existing residents and workers.

Machinery, vehicles and instruments that emit high levels of noise should be used on a phased basis to reduce the overall impact. These pieces of equipment such as drills, graders and cement mixers should also be used when the least number of residents can be expected to be

affected, for example during periods where most residents are at work or school.

Temporary barriers such as earth berms, zinc fencing and sound dampening fencing such as acoustic screens should be employed to reduce the impact of noise to the existing residents;

Ensure that construction activities for the development of the project are staggered to decrease the levels of noise and vibration in the area;

Construction hours should be limited to the hours of 8:00 a.m.



POTENTIALIMPACT


COSTESTIMATE

and 6:00 p.m. daily. The delivery of raw materials must be limited to 8:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m daily.

6.Biodiversity loss Only clear vegetation that isabsolutely necessary for the construction activities;

Avoid the use of Invasive Alien Species in the landscaping activities

Determine Access roads which are to be used by machineryused in the construction and site clearance phase development to avoid theunnecessary trampling of vegetation that will be maintained within the development area. Ensure that green belts‘ which have been proposed for the STW are large as possible as small patches may not be able to support viable populations of some species and these small patches tend to more susceptible to edge effect. It possible position these green belts in adjacent to existing vegetated areas. In addition species richness tends to increase with area, which would be the desired outcome of the incorporation of green belts.


1,500,000

7. Disturbanceof traffic and difficulty of access

Provide diversion routeswhere possible.

Give a construction itinerary in advance

Erect warning signs of ongoing works.

Expedite construction works so as to reduce the times where roads are blocked. Traffic department

should approve crossing plan prior toconstruction, and should

Contractor Throughoutthe construction phase

3,500,000.00



POTENTIALIMPACT


COSTESTIMATE

approve obstruction times during construction.

Access of residents should be facilitated by installing appropriate temporary bridges over the pipeline trenches.

Suitable warning signs should be placed at near locations and should be visible at night.

A guard should be available24 hours to help people access across pipeline trenches.

Alternatives accessways should be communicated

to the community.8. Damage of underground infrastructure

Get maps of the undergroundinfrastructure from the relevant institutions.

Sensitise workers carrying outExcavations so that they exercise caution to minimize chances of underground infrastructure damage.

Work closely with the responsible institutions o that incase of damage, the services are

restored within the shortest time.

Reroute sensitiveinfrastructure where possible.

Notify affected parties if service needs to be temporarily relocated or was affected by the project works.


2,000,000

9. Structuralstability

The geotechnical reportshould include suitable measures for confining vibrations within project sites. These measures should be tailored according to the proximity of buildings to the project sites and earthwork program.

These recommendations identified in the geotechnical report (such as secant piling or


3,000,000

sheet piling or establish cut-off walls) should be



POTENTIALIMPACT


COSTESTIMATE

implemented by the contractor and supervised by EHS Advisor.


10. Occupationalaccidents

Ensuring that the driversand machine operators hired to work on the site are qualified.

Workers on site must be provided with appropriate PPE.

Appropriate signs must be erected on the site to warn

workers and visitors.

There should be safety policy clearly displayed on the site.

Machines should be properly maintained.

A first aid kit should be provided and a trained first aider should always be on site.

Fire extinguishers should be provided.

Proper scheduling of activities to avoid workers being overworked.

Machines/equipment for the intended purpose.

No worker should beallowed on site while under the influence of alcohol or

other inebriating substances.

Only the Blaster licensed bythe Mines and

Geology should carry out blasting on the site.

Blasting should only be carried out as per the


500,000

provisions of the blastinglicense away from house and power lines.



POTENTIALIMPACT


COSTESTIMATE

All charged holes must be covered with appropriate medium to arrest fly rocks.

Inspection of workers to ensure they are using thePPE at all times whennecessary.

Provide a fully stocked First Aid box on the site

Display at prominent places occupational health and safety rules.

Test and approve equipment such as ladders before use.

Training workers on how to use various PPE and proper use of machinery.

Have a trained First Aider on the site.

Registration of the premises as required by Law.

Appropriate insurance should be acquired as required by law

Medical examination of all workers before engagement

and after the project is over. Display an emergency

evacuation procedure. Moving parts of machines

should be guarded to protect workers from injuries.

Should an accident occur: The injured worker should be

given first aid and immediately taken to the hospital.

An investigation should be initiated immediately to ascertain the cause of the accident and preliminary findings released within 12 hours.

11. Sanitation at Contractor‘scamp

Provision shall be made foremployee facilities including shelter, toilets and washing facilities. Toilet facilities supplied by the contractor for the workersshall occur at a minimum ratio of 1 toilet per 30 workers (preferred 1:15).

The exact location of the toilets shall be approved by the Public Health Department prior to


1,500,000



POTENTIALIMPACT


COSTESTIMATE

establishment. Sanitation facilities shall be

located within 100m from any point of work, but not closer than 50 m to any water body.

All temporary/portable toilets shall be secured to the ground to prevent them toppling due to wind or any other cause.

The contractor shall ensure that the entrances to toilets are adequately screened from public view.

Only approved portable toilets should be used.

These facilities shall be maintained in a hygienic state and serviced regularly. Toilet paper shall be provided.

The contractor shall ensure that no spillage occurs when the toilets are cleaned or emptied and that the contents are removed from site to an approved disposal site.

Discharge of waste from toilets into the environment and burying of waste is strictly prohibited.

Wash areas shall be placed and constructed in such a manner so as to ensure that the surrounding areas, which include groundwater, are not polluted.

12. Fire outbreak Label all inflammablematerials and sore them appropriately

Provision of adequate fire fighting equipment capable of fighting all classes of fire Put ― No Smoking Signs‖ in areas where inflammables arestored

Train workers on the use of fire fighting equipment

Label fire exits and keep them clear.

Display a list of emergency contact numbers prominently

Contractor Project Manager Workers

Throughoutconstruction phase

550,000



POTENTIALIMPACT


COSTESTIMATE

Inspecting fire fighting equipment once they are due.

Conducting regular fire drills to enhance fire preparedness

All fire incidents will be recorded and reported

Should a fire incident occur:

Fight the fire with the available equipment

Raise fire alarm. Assemble at the designated fire assembly points for roll calls to account for all those on site.

13. Socialconflicts

Immediate action undertakenas soon as possible and within24 hours of receipt of a complaint Investigations completed

within seven days of receipt of complaint.

All corrective actions implemented by due date

All incidents or complaints about either environmental or social issues will be managed in accordance to the existing procedure in line with the

legal framework. All incidents and complaints will

be recorded in the contractors incident reporting system

Additional environmental awareness training of the workforce with respect to procedures to be followed for environmental incidents or complaints

Sensitize workforce on cultural sensitivities


450,000

14. Spread ofHIV andAIDS

Sensitize the migrant workerson dangers of risky sexual behaviour.

Have VCT services on site and encourage workers to

undergo the same. Uptake of VCT by project workers

and the host community. Provision of condoms to the workers. Preference for hiring workers from local community to minimize influx of migrant workers.


1,500,000



POTENTIALIMPACT


COSTESTIMATE

15. Displacementof people

Avoid displacement as muchas possible.

Prompt and fair compensation of all the PAPs in full prior to beginning of construction works at the site..

Pre and post resettlementcounseling‘s support.

Financial education for the recipients of compensation funds.

Identification and full resettlement assistance for vulnerable PAPs.

Contractor andProject Manager

Throughoutconstruction phase



Operational phase ESMP

POTENTIALIMPACT

MITIGATION MEASURES RESPONSIBILITY

TIMEFRAME

COSTESTIMATE

Water and soil pollution from leaks and sewage overflow and leaks

Consider the installationof Separate sewer systemsfor domestic wastewater and

storm water runoff in the overall planning and design of new sewerage systems; When on-site

sanitation systems whereexcreta are mixed with

water predominate, consideruse of small-diameter

sewerage system to collect water effluent from septicsystems or interceptor tanks;

Limit the sewer depth where possible (e.g., by avoiding routes under streets with heavy traffic). For shallower sewers, small inspection chambers can be used in lieu of manholes;

Use appropriate locally available materials for sewer construction. Spun concrete pipes can be appropriate insome circumstances but

can suffer corrosion fromhydrogen sulphide if there are

blockages and/or insufficient slope;

Ensure sufficienthydraulic capacity to

accommodate peak flowsand adequate slope in

gravity mains to prevent build-up of solids and hydrogen sulphide generation;

Design manhole coversto withstand anticipated loads

and ensure that the covers can be readily replaced if broken to minimize entry of garbage and silt into the system;

Equip pumping stations with a backup power supply, such as a

THIWASCO and RUJWASCO

Throughoutthe operation phase

O&MBudget



POTENTIALIMPACT


TIMEFRAME

COSTESTIMATE

diesel generator, to ensure uninterrupted operation during power outages, and conduct regular maintenance to minimize service interruptions Consider redundant pump capacity in critical areas; Development of an inventory

of system components, with information including age, construction materials, drainage areas served, elevations, etc

Regular cleaning of grit chambers and sewer lines to remove grease, grit, and other debris that may lead to sewer backups. Cleaning should be conducted more frequently for problem areas.

Inspection of the condition of sanitary sewer structures and identifying areas that need repair or maintenance.

Monitoring of sewer flow to identify potential inflows and outflows

Immediate clearing of blockage or repairs warranted where an overflow is currently occurring or for urgent problems that may cause an imminent overflow

Accidents and injuries

Install railing around all process tanks and pits. Require use of a life line and personal flotation device (PFD) when workers are inside the railing, and ensure rescue buoys and throw bags are readily available; Use PFDs when working

near waterways; Implement a confined

spaces entry program that is consistent with

applicablenational

Contractor, Thiwasco and Rujwasco


2,500,000



POTENTIALIMPACT


TIMEFRAME

COSTESTIMATE

requirements and internationally accepted standards.

Valves to process tanks should be locked to prevent accidental flooding during maintenance;

Use fall protection equipment when working at heights;

Maintain work areas to minimize slipping and tripping hazards; Use proper techniques for trenching and shoring; Implement fire and explosion

prevention measures in accordance with internationally accepted standards;

When installing or repairing mains adjacent to roadways, implement procedures and traffic controls, such as:

Establishment of work zones so as to separate workers from traffic and from equipment as much as possible

Reduction of allowed vehicle speeds in work zones;

Use of high-visibility safety apparel for workers in the vicinity of traffic

For night work, provision of proper illumination for the work space while controlling glare so as not to blind workers and passing motorists

Locate all underground utilities before digging.

Exposure to hazardous s chemicals

Implement a training program for operators who work with chlorine and ammonia regarding safe handling practices and emergency response procedures; Provide appropriate personal

Rujwasco and Thiwasco


1500,000



POTENTIALIMPACT


TIMEFRAME

COSTESTIMATE

protective equipment (including, for example, self-contained breathing apparatus) and training on its proper use and maintenance. Prepare escape plans from areas where there might be a chlorine or ammonia emission;

Install safety showers and eye wash stations near the chlorine and ammonia equipment and other areas where hazardous chemicals are stored or used;

If source water contains radioactive substances locate water treatment units and water treatment sludge areas as far as possible from common areas (e.g., offices);

Conduct radiation surveys at least annually, especially in areas where radionuclides are removed;

Limit wastes entering the sewer system to those that can be effectively treated in the wastewater treatment facility and reduce the amount of air-strippable hazardous compounds entering the system by controlling industrial discharges (e.g., by permit or similar system). Analyze incoming raw wastewater to identify hazardous constituents;

Ventilate enclosed processing areas and ventilate equipment, such as pump stations, prior to maintenance. Use personal gas detection equipment while working in a



POTENTIALIMPACT


TIMEFRAME

COSTESTIMATE

wastewater facility; Continuously monitor

air quality in work areas for hazardous conditions (e.g. explosive atmosphere, oxygen deficiency);

Periodically sample air quality in work areas for hazardous chemicals. If needed to meet applicable occupational health national requirementsor internationally accepted standards, install engineering controls to limit workerexposure, for example collection and treatment of off-gases from air stripping; Prohibit eating, smoking,

and drinking except in designated areas;

Rotate personnel among the various treatment

plant operations to reduce inhalation of air-stripped

chemicals, aerosols, and other potentially hazardous materials.

Liquid effluents Minimize bypass ofthe treatment system by

using separate storm water and wastewater systems, if possible, and providing capacity sufficient to treat peak flows; Implement an industrial source

control program which includes monitoring and effective regulatory enforcement;

Collaborate with public officials to select appropriate treatment technologies, considering factors such as the quality and quantity of

raw wastewater andits variability; available

land area for the treatment facility; and resources for

capital expenditures, operation, maintenance, and

Thiwasco and Rujwasco

Throughoutthe operations

1,000,000



POTENTIALIMPACT


TIMEFRAME

COSTESTIMATE

repair; availability of skilled operators, operator training, maintenance personnel, treatment chemicals, and replacement parts; Design, construct, operate, and maintain wastewater treatment facilities and achieve effluent water quality consistent with applicable

national requirements or internationally accepted standards and consistent with effluent water quality goals based on the assimilative capacity and the most sensitive end use of the receiving water;

Consider discharge of treated wastewater to natural or constructed wetlands, which can buffer the impact from discharge on the aquatic environment, unless the wetland itself would be degraded by the discharge;

Treat grey water, if collected separately from sewage, to remove organic pollutants and reduce the levels of suspended solids, pathogenic organisms and other problematic substances to acceptable levels basedon applicable national and local regulations. Greywater lines and point of use stations should be clearly marked to prevent accidental use for potable water quality applications;

Based on an assessment of risks to human health and the environment, consider re-use of treated effluent, especially in areas with limited raw water supplies.

Treated wastewater quality for land



POTENTIALIMPACT


TIMEFRAME

COSTESTIMATE

application or other uses should be consistent with the relevant public health- based guidance from the World Health Organization (WHO) and applicable national requirements.

Sludge Select appropriate sludge treatment technologies, considering, for example, the quantity and sources of sludge; available resources for capital expenditures, training, operations and maintenance; availability of skilled operators, maintenance personnel, etc.; and the desired disposal methods or end uses ofthe treated solids;

Land application or other beneficial re-use of wastewater treatment plant residuals should be considered but only based on an assessment of risks to human health and the environment. Quality of residuals for land application should be consistent with the relevant publichealth-based guidance from

the World Health Organization(WHO) and applicable

national requirements; Processing, disposal and re-use of wastewater treatment plant residuals should be consistent with applicable National requirements or, in their absence, internationally accepted guidance and standards.

Rujwaco and Thiwasco

Throughoutoperations

2,500,000

Offensive odours Provide adequate buffer area, such as trees, or fences, between processing areas and potential receptors; Avoid siting facilities near

densely populated neighbourhoods and installations with potentially sensitive receptors, such as hospitals and schools.



1,500,000



POTENTIALIMPACT


TIMEFRAME

COSTESTIMATE

Site facilities down-windfrom potential receptors, if

possible. Cover emission points

(e.g., aeration basins,clarifiers, sludge thickeners,

tanks, and channels), and vent emissions to control systems (e.g., compost beds, bio-filters, chemical scrubbers, etc.) as needed to reduce odours and otherwise meet applicable national requirements and internationally accepted guidelines;

Public health issues related to irrigation with treated sewage

Consider use of drip irrigation of treated wastewater,

which minimizes worker exposure and the amount of water needed. Avoid use of spray irrigation

of treated wastewater, if possible;

Provide fieldworkers with personal protective equipment, such as rubber glovesand waterproof shoes;

Provide access to safe drinking water and sanitation (including hand washing) facilities;

Provide workerhealth monitoring,including regular physical

examinations; Control vectors and

intermediate hosts of disease-causing micro- organisms.

Treat wastewater and sludge used for land application in a manner consistent with WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater,Excreta and Greywaterand applicable

Farming community


3,500,000.00



POTENTIALIMPACT


TIMEFRAME

COSTESTIMATE

national requirements; Stop irrigation with

treated wastewater two weeks prior to harvesting;

Limit irrigation with treated wastewater to crops that are cooked before eating;

Restrict publicaccess to hydraulic structurescarrying wastewater andto fields irrigated with treated wastewater.

Physicalhazards

Restrict access to waste management facilities by implementing security procedures, such as; Perimeter fencing of adequate height and suitable material, with lockable site access

gate; Security cameras at key access points, and security alarms fitted to buildings and storage areas; and Use of a site visitor register. Light the site where necessary.


Throughoutthe

2,000,000

Scavengers birds and other animals

Proper fencing of the Plant to keep off wildlife is recommended Maintaining high standards

of hygiene at the site throughout the operation phase of the facility

Constant consultations with KWS in event that wildlife is spotted in the area.

The inlet works should be enclosed in a building to avoid exposure to birds

Daily burying of the wastes in appropriatesolid Waste disposal sectioncovering with soil,this reduces the tonnage of

wastes on site and exposingthe wastes to scavenging

birds

Rujwasco Thiwasco and

KWS


3,000,000



8.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

8.1 CONCLUSIONS

Several conclusions can be drawn from findings of this ESIA. These touch mainly on the potential significant negative impacts. These impacts manifest at the different stages of the proposed project on environment in its totality. That is the biophysical and abiophysical environmental components. The potential significant negative impacts on the biophysical environment include air and water pollution, offensive odours from the STWs and noise. For these, appropriate mitigation measures have been identified.

Conversely, the proposed project will have some negative socio-economic impacts on the host population. The main significant negative impact will be economic displacement. It is estimated that about 587 persons will be displaced. It is worth noting that there is encroachment along the riparian reserves where the trunk sewers are meant to pass. Farming is taking place on these reserves. There are also people farming on the site for the extension of Thika STW. However all these will be compensated before commencement of works. Cases of relocation are minimal if any at all. Those along the trunks can continue farming after construction works are complete and the trenches have been backfilled. Thus, except in rare cases displacement will be temporary. Detailed RAP has been prepared capturing all the affected PAPs and the form of displacement.

On the basis of the above discussions it can be concluded that the proposed project is environmentally, legally, socially and culturally acceptable. The potential significant environmental impacts can be adequately mitigated by the proposed measures. It is the responsibility of the Proponent and other Actors to see to it that the measures are implemented. This way the environmental threats will be downscaled to acceptable. On that basis, it is recommended that the project be issued with the necessary clearance for the Proponent to commence implementation.

The importance of the proposed project to national development and the local community cannot be overemphasized. In addition to following the laid down guidelines, project design has also factored in state of art technology in line with sound environmental management practices.

Having considered the information collected, collated and analysed during the study, it is the Expert’s considered opinion that:

i. The proposed project will lead to livelihood improvement in the area. This will be through direct and indirect employment, reduction in morbidity and increase in property value among others.

ii. The project is vital for the improvement of health in the project area. Access to proper sanitation is a right for all citizens.



iii. The project DOES NOT pose any serious environmental concern, other than those that accompany similar development activities.

iv. The proposed ESMP is adequate to mitigate the potential negative environmental impactsv. The positive environmental impacts far outweigh the negative ones, which can be contained by

following the proposed ESMP.vi. The proposed project will not compromise the well-being of the neighbouring community,

ecology or any other conditions.vii. The project should be allowed to commence and activities be managed within the provided

ESMP. There are various actors with diverse responsibilities depending on the stage of the project.

viii. The proposed project is a viable venture that should be given due support. ix. The Proponent is a responsible corporate citizen committed to good environmental practices.

Thus all due care has been in relation to laws and procedures of the country in setting up of the project.

8.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

The proponent should be given all the available support to implement this noble project. The licensing authorities should issue the necessary licenses so that the work can

commence. Similar projects should be encouraged to promote health while spurring growth and

development. All the proposed mitigation measures should be implemented to ensure sustainability of

the project throughout its lifecycle. Where there is displacement, compensation should be prompt and just to ensure that the

PAPs are not worse off due to implementation of the proposal. The RAP should be keen especially to identify Vulnerable Households so as to put in place appropriate safety nets.



8.3 REFERENCES

i. Republic of Kenya (2004), State of Environment Report, NEMA, Nairobi

ii. Republic of Kenya (2004), District Environment Profile, NEMA, Nairobi

iii. Republic of Kenya, Thika District Development plan, 2002-2008, Government Printer, Nairobi

iv. Republic of Kenya, Thika District Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Consultation Report for the

Period 2001-2004

v. Republic of Kenya, Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA,1999),

Government Printer, Nairobi

vi. Republic of Kenya , Forest Act (2005), Government Printer, Nairobi

vii. Republic of Kenya ,Water Act (2002), Government Printer, Nairobi

viii. Republic of Kenya ,National Water Master Plan: 1980, MWI, Government Printer, Nairobi

ix. Republic of Kenya ,Water Supply Design Manual (MWI, 2005), Government Printer, Nairobi

x. Republic of Kenya, Factory and Other Places of Work Act, Cap 514. Government Printer,

Nairobi

xi. Republic of Kenya, Public Health Act, Cap 242, Government Printer, Nairobi.

xii. Republic of Kenya, Environmental Impact Assessment/Audit Regulations 2003, (Legal Notice

No.101) Government Printer, Nairobi.

xiii. Republic of Kenya, Legal Notice 31: Factories and Other Work Places (Safety and health

committees) Rules, 2004, Government Printer, Nairobi

xiv. UNEP and ACTS (2001), Making of Framework Environmental Law in Kenya, ACTS Press,

Nairobi, 2001.

xv. World Health Organization (WHO, 1993) Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Second

Edition. Volume 3. Surveillance and Control of Community Water Supplies. WHO. Geneva.

xvi. Rogger H (1985), African Projects: Impacts in the Environment: The social and

Environmental impact of Projects at the Local Level: A Case Study of Five Man-Made Lakes

in Eastern Africa, ELCI, Nairobi.



APPENDICES



APPENDIX 1 : FRAME CONSULTANTS LTD PRACTICING LICENSE







APPENDIX 2: PUBLIC CONSULTATION RECORDS



Public Consultation held on 12/1/14 in Ngoingwa (Kisiwa Grounds) for Juja – Thika South Sewerage ProjectPRESENT

1 Bernadette Nyambura (Chief, Karimenu Location)2 Josphat Manyara Maina (Assistant Chief)3 Stephen Chege (Frame Consultants Limited)4 Jeremiah Thuku (Frame Consultants Limited)5 Carol Kajuju (Community Member, Recording)6 See the attached PAPs attendance sheet

AGENDA Prayers and introduction Introduction of the project and its impacts Community Expectations AOB

ITEM NO

AGENDA DELIBERATIONS

1 Prayer and Introduction The meeting was called to order at 4.00 PM by

Mr Wambu, Chairman of the area Development and Security Committee.

He then handed to the chair, Chief Karimenu Location Madam Benerdette to proceed

After self-introduction, the Chief handed over the meeting to the Frame Consultant Representative to take the members present through the Agenda.

2. Introduction of the project and its impacts: Stephen Chege gave an overview of the

proposed project including its scope, objectives, Proponent and the potential impacts pointed out.

He pointed that measure have been put in place to mitigate the potential significant negative impacts.

Members present were requested to make submissions in light of the information given with reference to the proposed project.

3 Public submissions:The Publics stated some of the following as their



concerns:

Compensation

Connection to the sewer

A resident sought to know what will happen if the trunk happens to pass through someone’ land which is not road reserve or river riparian.He was informed that in such cases, easement rights will be acquired and they will be will be compensated accordingly.

The residents wanted to know how they can be connected to the sewer line. They were informed that they were the direct beneficiaries of the project. However the project is on TS and STW. Upon completion, the project will be handed over to the WSP (THIWASCO). At this point, reticulation will be done. Connections will be at a fee and there is charge every month which is incorporated in the water bills.The members present welcomed the project and agreed that it was viable for their Community.

Time frame: When is the project expected to start? This will be as soon as the necessary documentation has be completed.

Benefits : Several participants noted that the project is welcome on the basis of the following benefits:

Savings on exhausters. Ability to build high

density houses. Increase in property

value in the area.4 Employment The chief appealed for the

employment of the local youths once the project commences.

Adjournment The meeting was adjourned at



6.00pm.





Public Consultation held on 23/2/14 in Witeithie (Komo Location) for Juja – Thika South Sewerage ProjectPRESENT

1 Mr Muchui (Chief, Komo Location)2 Stephen Chege (Frame Consultants Limited)3 Duncan (Frame Consultants Limited)4 See the attached attendance sheet below.

AGENDA Preliminaries The proposed project. Potential impacts of the proposed project. Community concerns AOB

ITEM NO AGENDA DELIBERATIONS1 Prayer and Introduction

The meeting was called to order at 3.00 PM by Mr Muchui (Area Chief). After prayers, he briefed those present on various issues affecting the area.

He then handed to the Consultants to proceed

2. Introduction of the project and its impacts: Duncan gave an overview and scope of the proposed

project including the project proponent. He briefed those present on the TS and the STW. Stephen Chege took over and explained the role of

public consultation in the proposed project. He pointed out on the benefits of the proposed

project to the area residents. The residents were also briefed on the potential

significant negative impacts along mitigation measures to be implemented.

Members present were requested to make submissions in light of the information given with reference to the proposed project.

Public submissions3 The Publics stated some of the following as their concerns:

CompensationA resident sought to know what will happen if the trunk happens to pass through someone’ land which is not road reserve or river riparian.He was informed that in such cases, easement rights will be acquired and they will be will be compensated



Connection to the sewer. Who will pay?And is there a monthly charge?

accordingly.

The residents wanted to know how they can be connected to the sewer line. They were informed that they were the direct beneficiaries of the project. However the project is on TS and STW. Upon completion, the project will be handed over to the WSP (THIWASCO). At this point, reticulation will be done. Connections will be at a fee and there is charge every month which is incorporated in the water bills.The members present welcomed the project and agreed that it was viable for their Community.

The plots here are too small. Will you take all or whole plot? In case trunk passes on a plot of 60x 30, ideally it should be acquired.

Time frame: When is the project expected to start? This will be as soon as the necessary documentation has be completed.

Sewer bursts: We have seen sewer flowing on streets Nairobi. Will it also happen here?

The Operator will maintain the system properly.

Once connected, residents must desist from dumping solids into the sewers system.

Benefits : Several participants noted that the project is welcome on the basis of the following benefits:

Savings on exhausters. The area is rocky and

digging pit latrines is difficult.

Increase in property value in the area.

4 Employment All casual workers must be sourced from the area

Adjournment The meeting was ended at 5.30Pm



FRAME Consultants LTD ESIA Report

133



134






STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP REPORT SENATE HOTEL, JUJA ON 8TH NOVEMBER, 2013

1 INTRODUCTION

The workshop brought together stakeholders from different organizations and aimed at informing stakeholders of progress to date for the on-going Phase I Sewerage Project and to seek views regarding the pre-feasibility study findings for Phase II.

1.1 WORKSHOP OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the workshop were lined out as follows: To inform stakeholders of progress to date of Phase I Project To seek views regarding the proposed pre-feasibility study options Receive queries from participants Build consensus among stakeholders Consolidate the commitment of stakeholders to the Project

1.2 WORKSHOP OUTPUTS

The expected outputs were: Stakeholders Concerns Consensus Way Forward

1.3 WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS

The workshop was attended by representatives from:- Ministry of Lands, Urban Development & Housing Kiambu County Government County Representatives, Provincial Administration Athi Water Services Board Ruiru-Juja Water & Sanitation Company (RUJWASCO) Thika Water & Sanitation Company (THIWASCO) JKUAT FRAME Consultants Ltd

The full list is attached below.



2 WORKSHOP PROGRESS

2.1 OPENING SESSION

Ms Nyambura Mugo of Athi Water Services Board gave the opening remarks on behalf of Ministry of Lands, Housing & Urban Development and Athi Water Services Board. She thanked the participants for taking their time to attend the workshop and assured them that both the Ministry and the Board, as the programme executing agency, were committed to ensuring that the on-going Phase I Sewerage Project and proposed studies & design for Phase II became a success.

Brief opening remarks were thereafter made by RUJWASCO MD Eng. Mungai, THIWASCO MD Eng Njoroge and the representative from Directorate of Nairobi Metropolitan Development.

2.2 PRESENTATIONS MADE

The participants were taken through presentations as follows:

2.2.1 County Brief by Hon. Esther W Njuguna (County Executive Member for Water, Environment & Natural Resources) Focus was on:-

Kiambu County Governments Mission & Vision Size and Location of Kiambu County Population of the different towns within the County

2.2.2 Brief by Eng. Samuel Mbachia (Athi Water Services Boards)Focus was on:-

AWSB Mission and VisionOver view of completed and on-going projects within the Boards Jurisdiction

Brief Overview of Ruiru-Juja-Thika Sewerage Project Project challenges, impacts and way-forward

2.2.3 Project Presentation by Eng. Bernard Wanjohi (FRAME Consultants Ltd)Focus was on:-

Project Summary of the on-going implementation of Phase I Sewerage Project Presentation on the current WSS situation as well as the existing water supply and sanitation facilities

within the project Area of Phase II Proposed Water Supply and Sanitation interventions were given. The Consultant pointed out that

feasibility studies for short(Phase IIA), medium(Phase IIB) and long-term(Phase IIC) will be considered and the best alternative recommended based on the available budget for the works

Projected population, projected water demand as well as the projected sewerage demand upto the year 2035 was given



Planned Resettlement Action Plan and Environment Impact Assessment

2.3 QUERIES & COMMENTS ON FCL PRESENTATION

THIWASCO: - Are Landless and Ngoingwa Estates catered for inthe Consultant’s Sewerage Plans for Thika?

FCL: -One side of Ngoingwa Estate will be covered under Phase IIA through Komu River TS. The other side could only be covered under Thika North (Phase III). Landless Estate will not be part of Phase IIA. This is due to the fact that the Consultant is considering rehabilitating and expanding the Existing Sewage Treatment Works to cater for flows from Komo River Drainage Basin. Landless Estate is outside this Drainage Basin. The Consultant is, however, in discussion with AWSB for studies to be done to look into possibilities of integrating Northern and Southern Parts of Thika under Phase III of the Works.Land has already been set aside for Sewage Treatment Works at Nanga for this purpose.

THIWASCO:- Could the Consultant clarify why Nanga Site where Land is available is not an Option for location of a STW instead of consideration of the Munyu STW?

FCL:-Nanga Site is to the North of the Thika Town. This site as an option is being looked at for future and ultimate flows (Phase IIB &IIC) and would adequately cater for the Thika North and a section of Thika South. The Budget available may only be able to cater for rehabilitation and expansion of the Existing Thika STW. The Consultant is, however, in consultation with AWSB on the need to look into the possibility of integrating Northern and Southern Parts of Thika under Phase III of the Works

Kalimoni County Rep: - Are Project Affected Persons going to be compensated?

FCL:-Modalities for identification and compensation of project affected persons will be looked at exhaustively in the Resettlement Action Plan to be prepared.

Kalimoni County Rep:- What Criteria is the Consultant using to identify priority areas for Sewer Coverage?

FCL: -The following Criteria is being used Where most of the population has settled Where future developments are expected

Kalimoni County Rep:- How are the people of Kalimoni going to benefit from the Project?

FCL:-Benefits to the Residents will be as follows:- Increased commercial development Increase in land value Reduction in water borne diseases



Kalimoni County Rep:- Why has the Master Plan which was completed in 1998 taken so long to implement?

FCL:-The Master Plan is being implemented in phases, although behind schedule.

JKUAT Representative:- The proposed plan for Juja Sewerage as indicated in the provided drawings are considerate of JKUAT and the Institution is therefore supportive of the On-going study and future implementation.

JUJA Residents Association Representative:- The Residents of Juja and its environs are happy with the planned developments and will be happy to give any assistance required by the consultants.

Kiambu County Governor:- The County Government appreciates the intervention by the World Bank, AWSB and the Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban development in the implementation of sewerage systems for the Residents of Ruiru, Juja and Thika. The County Government will assist in every way to ensure the projects are implemented without hindrance.

3.0 EMERGING ISSUES

At the end of the workshop, the following were identified as the emerging issues that needed to be addressed:-

Pieces of land donated by individuals to be identified and secured Land proposed for STW to be acquired without further delay Locals’ participation during implementation of the projects Acquisition of way-leaves Integration of Thika South and North to be considered in the Feasibility Study

4.0 CLOSING REMARKSThe workshop was officially closed by Hon. Esther W Njuguna (County Executive Member for Water, Environment & Natural Resources) on behalf of the Governor, Kiambu County.



S.NO NAME

ORGANIZATION/COMPANY ADDRESS

TELEPHONE-MOBILE NO E-MAIL ADDRESS

1 Hon William Kabogo Governor Kiambu County 2344 - 00900 Kiambu 2 Esther Njuguna County Executive Member 2344 Kiambu 0703 664891 [email protected] WincateW.Kiawe Office of Governor 71796 Nairobi 0718-449911 [email protected] Eng. R.G Ngigi Engineer Juja Kiambu County 1170 Thika 0722-859704 [email protected] Andrew .V Kimani Kiambu County Thika 0722-367893 6 Mary Chege Kiambu county 0719-161298 [email protected] Eunice Karoka Kiambu County 4433 Kiambu 0703-664745 [email protected] Maryanne Wanjema Kiambu county Thika 0724 507021 [email protected] Isaac Kinuthia MCA 0722-589327 [email protected] George Kioi MCA 0728-363853 [email protected] Hon Emily Warutere MCA 2408 Thika 0722-312533 [email protected]

12Hon. Mwangi Wamwangi MCA 4557 Thika 0725-379090 [email protected]

13 Patrick Chege MCA 0712 294915 0712-294915 14 Hon. Michael Waweru MCA 170 Kiambu 0724-246608 [email protected] Hon George Gitau MCA 1560 Ruiru 0713-026783 [email protected] Joel Waichere MCA 71796 Nairobi 0722-821210 [email protected] S.P Muiruri MCA Witethie 7032 Thika 0725-888996 [email protected] Fredrick Azelwa MSCA 274-Ruiru 0724 432915 [email protected] Paul C. Mburu MCA 0720 701867 [email protected]

20Hon Samuel Gitau Munene MCA - Juja Ward 534 Kalimoni 0728 667611 [email protected]

21 Dr. Jane NjugunaTransport Coordinator Kiambu 1905 Kiambu 0723-324039 [email protected]

22Planner Peter M Mwaura Nairobi metropolitan 30130 Nairobi 0722-7251116

[email protected]

23 Wamugunda E.N Nairobi metropolitan 30130 Nairobi 0722-679219 [email protected] Eng Samuel Mbachia AWSB 45283-00100, Nairobi 0723 794061 [email protected]

























S.NO NAME



25 Nyambura Mugo AWSB 45283-00100, Nairobi 0715 688272 [email protected] Rodgers Aguda AWSB 45283-00100, Nairobi 0722 885418 [email protected] Cynthiah M Muthiani AWSB 63 Matiliku 0726 798341 [email protected] Erastus Muturi THIWASCO 6103 Thika 0722-621641 [email protected] Michael Njoroge THIWASCO 6103 Thika 0724-805616 [email protected] Peter Kamau THIWASCO 6103 Thika 0721-578263 [email protected] K.M Njoroge THIWASCO 64 Thika 0722-718308 [email protected] Tabitha Gachanja THIWASCO 6103 Thika 0721-724370 [email protected] Dr. George K Karanja THIWASCO 1431 Thika 0722 231971 [email protected]

34Stephen Kamau Njoroge THIWASCO 1431 Thika 0735 877939 [email protected]

35 Mohamed Maina THIWASCO 1431 Thika 0720 819326 [email protected] Jacob M. Ngari RUJWASCO 1165 - 00232 Ruiru 0720 906008 37 Eng G. Mungai RUJWASCO 1165 - 00232 Ruiru 0722 378872 [email protected] Elizabeth N. Kungu Ruiru Sub County Water 140 - 00232 Ruiru 0721 563403 [email protected] Francis M Kamau Thika East Sub County Water 430 Thika 0721 228141 [email protected] Peter M kubunya Thika West Sub County Water 430 Thika 0716 344338 [email protected] Samuel Ikuomboh Ruiru Sub County Water 140 - 00232 Ruiru 0728 338941 42 Elizabeth Mbuthia Ruiru Sub County Water 140 - 00232 Ruiru 0720 345319 [email protected] Eng C.K Kabubo JKUAT 62000 - 00200 Nbi 0722-825927 [email protected] Stephen Njoroge JKUAT 62000 - 00200 Nbi 0710-633925 [email protected] Anne Seth JKUAT 62000 - 00200 Nbi 0733-002209 [email protected] Dennis Murito JKUAT 104716 00100 0713 998144 [email protected] Christopher Nganga Juja Constituency Office 434 Kalimoni 0724-325694 [email protected] MuigeRugare Juja Residents Association 496 Kalimoni 0721-577125 [email protected] MuigaRugara Juja Residents Association 496 - 01001 Kalimoni 0721 577125 [email protected] James Njuguna Juja Residents Association Juja 0720-492968 [email protected]


























S.NO NAME



51 Geoffrey Wachira WRMA 1864 Thika 0721-621418 [email protected] Mwaura Murigi WRMA 1864 Kiambu 0735-498844 mwauramurigi@gmail com53 Jonathan Mwaura Thika WRUA 916 Thika 0722-2912036 [email protected] Daniel K.Kaagi Lower Chania WRUA 1333 Thika 722-177768 55 F.N. Mwangi Ministry of Health 39 Kiambu 0721 665151 [email protected] Antony Kioko GBS tv 0728-333200 [email protected] Samuel Opejwa GBS tv 0717-686566 [email protected] George Owino GBS tv 0718-178457 [email protected] George Millah GBS tv 0721-815275 [email protected] Joseph K Mwangi JIRA 6432 Thika 724-881694 61 Lucy Murithii Media 0725-966242 [email protected] Milton Omondi Nation Media 077-1056110 [email protected] Oliver Musembi Nation Media Thika 0722-684136 [email protected] David Sitengo QTV/NTV 0726-571430 [email protected] James Onnyango QTV/NTV 0723-398313 [email protected] Henry Owino Star 0720-874972 [email protected] Ronald Monoh Star 073-1677252 [email protected] Samson Wire the Sunday Express 0720-99037 [email protected] Erick Ludena the Sunday Express 0710-388827 [email protected] JosphatMaguda BHB Radio/90.7 fm 0716-213409 [email protected] Sylus Muturi Capital fm 077-6284531 [email protected] Michael Macharia Kiss fm 0722-542573 [email protected] Alfred Sore KNA 0721-641918 shighai [email protected] Danel Munene KNA 0722-772432 [email protected] Juma Kuayara Radio One fm 0723-548267 [email protected] Isaac Meso Standard 0714-639821 [email protected] Kamau Machihe Stardard Media 0725-821356 kmchume@gmail .com


mailto:kmchume@gmail%20.com






















mailto:mwauramurigi@gmail%20com



S.NO NAME



78 George Millah Press 0721 815275 [email protected] E.W Mwangi 95 Kalimoni 0729-22054 [email protected] Rev. Peter Ngugi ACK Thika 24 Thika 0720-327714 [email protected] Patrick Mutheri CBO 0733-270858 82 Daniel Mbugua Del Monte 147 Thika 0721-712202 [email protected] Charles Wachira Mudtech Builders Ltd 2598-Thika 0722-774389 [email protected] George Njoroge Prison Thika 95 Thika 0722-852869 [email protected] Christine Wanjiru FRAME Consultants Pension Towers 3rd Floor 077-5030467 [email protected] Duncan Kamau FRAME Consultants Pension Towers 3rd Floor 072-0104815 [email protected] Bernard Wanjohi FRAME consultants Pension Towers 3rd Floor 0722-398410 [email protected] Jeremy Thuku FRAME consultants Pension Towers 3rd Floor 0720-322228 [email protected] NAME



1 Hon William Kabogo Governor Kiambu County 2344 - 00900 Kiambu 2 Esther Njuguna County Executive Member 2344 Kiambu 0703 664891 [email protected] WincateW.Kiawe Office of Governor 71796 Nairobi 0718-449911 [email protected] Eng. R.G Ngigi Engineer Juja Kiambu County 1170 Thika 0722-859704 [email protected] Andrew .V Kimani Kiambu County Thika 0722-367893 6 Mary Chege Kiambu county 0719-161298 [email protected] Eunice Karoka Kiambu County 4433 Kiambu 0703-664745 [email protected] Maryanne Wanjema Kiambu county Thika 0724 507021 [email protected] Isaac Kinuthia MCA 0722-589327 [email protected]

10 George Kioi MCA 0728-363853 [email protected] Hon Emily Warutere MCA 2408 Thika 0722-312533 [email protected]

12Hon. Mwangi Wamwangi MCA 4557 Thika 0725-379090 [email protected]

13 Patrick Chege MCA 0712 294915 0712-294915 14 Hon. Michael Waweru MCA 170 Kiambu 0724-246608 [email protected]













S.NO NAME



15 Hon George Gitau MCA 1560 Ruiru 0713-026783 [email protected] Joel Waichere MCA 71796 Nairobi 0722-821210 [email protected] S.P Muiruri MCA Witethie 7032 Thika 0725-888996 [email protected] Fredrick Azelwa MSCA 274-Ruiru 0724 432915 [email protected] Paul C. Mburu MCA 0720 701867 [email protected]

20Hon Samuel Gitau Munene MCA - Juja Ward 534 Kalimoni 0728 667611 [email protected]

21 Dr. Jane Njuguna Transport Coordinator Kiambu 1905 Kiambu 0723-324039 [email protected] Planner Peter M Mwaura Nairobi metropolitan 30130 Nairobi 0722-7251116 [email protected] Wamugunda E.N Nairobi metropolitan 30130 Nairobi 0722-679219 [email protected] Eng Samuel Mbachia AWSB 45283-00100, Nairobi 0723 794061 [email protected] Nyambura Mugo AWSB 45283-00100, Nairobi 0715 688272 [email protected] Rodgers Aguda AWSB 45283-00100, Nairobi 0722 885418 [email protected] Cynthiah M Muthiani AWSB 63 Matiliku 0726 798341 [email protected] Erastus Muturi THIWASCO 6103 Thika 0722-621641 [email protected] Michael Njoroge THIWASCO 6103 Thika 0724-805616 [email protected] Peter Kamau THIWASCO 6103 Thika 0721-578263 [email protected] K.M Njoroge THIWASCO 64 Thika 0722-718308 [email protected] Tabitha Gachanja THIWASCO 6103 Thika 0721-724370 [email protected] Dr. George K Karanja THIWASCO 1431 Thika 0722 231971 [email protected] Stephen Kamau Njoroge THIWASCO 1431 Thika 0735 877939 [email protected] Mohamed Maina THIWASCO 1431 Thika 0720 819326 [email protected] Jacob M. Ngari RUJWASCO 1165 - 00232 Ruiru 0720 906008 37 Eng G. Mungai RUJWASCO 1165 - 00232 Ruiru 0722 378872 [email protected] Elizabeth N. Kungu Ruiru Sub County Water 140 - 00232 Ruiru 0721 563403 [email protected] Francis M Kamau Thika East Sub County Water 430 Thika 0721 228141 [email protected] Peter M kubunya Thika West Sub County Water 430 Thika 0716 344338 [email protected]



S.NO NAME



41 Samuel Ikuomboh Ruiru Sub County Water 140 - 00232 Ruiru 0728 338941 42 Elizabeth Mbuthia Ruiru Sub County Water 140 - 00232 Ruiru 0720 345319 [email protected] Eng C.K Kabubo JKUAT 62000 - 00200 Nbi 0722-825927 [email protected] Stephen Njoroge JKUAT 62000 - 00200 Nbi 0710-633925 [email protected] Anne Seth JKUAT 62000 - 00200 Nbi 0733-002209 [email protected] Dennis Murito JKUAT 104716 00100 0713 998144 [email protected] Christopher Nganga Juja Constituency Office 434 Kalimoni 0724-325694 [email protected] MuigeRugare Juja Residents Association 496 Kalimoni 0721-577125 [email protected] MuigaRugara Juja Residents Association 496 - 01001 Kalimoni 0721 577125 [email protected] James Njuguna Juja Residents Association Juja 0720-492968 [email protected] Geoffrey Wachira WRMA 1864 Thika 0721-621418 [email protected] Mwaura Murigi WRMA 1864 Kiambu 0735-498844 mwauramurigi@gmail com53 Jonathan Mwaura Thika WRUA 916 Thika 0722-2912036 [email protected] Daniel K.Kaagi Lower Chania WRUA 1333 Thika 722-177768 55 F.N. Mwangi Ministry of Health 39 Kiambu 0721 665151 [email protected] Antony Kioko GBS tv 0728-333200 [email protected] Samuel Opejwa GBS tv 0717-686566 [email protected] George Owino GBS tv 0718-178457 [email protected] George Millah GBS tv 0721-815275 [email protected] Joseph K Mwangi JIRA 6432 Thika 724-881694 61 Lucy Murithii Media 0725-966242 [email protected] Milton Omondi Nation Media 077-1056110 [email protected] Oliver Musembi Nation Media Thika 0722-684136 [email protected] David Sitengo QTV/NTV 0726-571430 [email protected] James Onyango QTV/NTV 0723-398313 [email protected] Henry Owino Star 0720-874972 [email protected] Ronald Monoh Star 073-1677252 [email protected]



S.NO NAME



68 Samson Wire the Sunday Express 0720-99037 [email protected] Erick Ludena the Sunday Express 0710-388827 [email protected] Josphat Maguda BHB Radio/90.7 fm 0716-213409 [email protected] Sylus Muturi Capital fm 077-6284531 [email protected] Michael Macharia Kiss fm 0722-542573 [email protected] Alfred Sore KNA 0721-641918 shighai [email protected] Danel Munene KNA 0722-772432 [email protected] Juma Kuayara Radio One fm 0723-548267 [email protected] Isaac Meso Standard 0714-639821 [email protected] Kamau Machihe Stardard Media 0725-821356 kmchume@gmail .com78 George Millah Press 0721 815275 [email protected] E.W Mwangi 95 Kalimoni 0729-22054 [email protected] Rev. Peter Ngugi ACK Thika 24 Thika 0720-327714 [email protected] Patrick Mutheri CBO 0733-270858 82 Daniel Mbugua Del Monte 147 Thika 0721-712202 [email protected] Charles Wachira Mudtech Builders Ltd 2598-Thika 0722-774389 [email protected] George Njoroge Prison Thika 95 Thika 0722-852869 [email protected] Christine Wanjiru FRAME Consultants Pension Towers 3rd Floor 077-5030467 [email protected] Duncan Kamau FRAME Consultants Pension Towers 3rd Floor 072-0104815 [email protected] Bernard Wanjohi FRAME consultants Pension Towers 3rd Floor 0722-398410 [email protected] Jeremy Thuku FRAME consultants Pension Towers 3rd Floor 0720-322228 [email protected]



Consultation records with PAPs whose land will be affected by the trunk sewer in Komo Location (Witeithie Sub location) on 26th July 2015 at Kimuchu Open Grounds.PRESENT

1 James Gitau (Ass.Chief – Witeithie)2 Iddah Muchena (Frame Consultants Limited)3 Anne Kawira (Frame Consultants Limited)4 See the attached PAPs attendance sheet

AGENDA Prayers and introduction Sensitization of the project and its impacts PAPs Expectations AOB


148


ITEM NO


1 Prayer and Introduction The meeting convened at 4.30pm, chaired

by the Chief It was opened with a word of prayer by one

of the Community members. After self-introduction, the Chief handed

over the meeting to the chair to drive the agenda

2. Sensitization of the project and its impacts:An overview of the project was done and the possible impacts pointed out. Some of the impacts noted include but not limited to: Employment, reduced pollution and improved health, impacts on crops and land, noise and air pollution. Measures will be taken to mitigate the negative impacts. The project is for the good of the community and thus the need to embrace it.

3 PAPs Expectations:The PAPS stated some of the following as their concerns:

Pollution in case of sewer burst

Stakeholders Participation

An ESIA study has been done to make sure that the works will be done in a way that takes care of the environment and to ensure mitigation of the negative impacts that the project might have on the environment. They were assured that the works will be done by a qualified Contractor and there will be a supervision team on the ground that will be monitoring the works.Cases and incidents to be reported to THIWASCO as the project will be handed over to them upon completion.A resident sought to know whether the project was


149


Employment of the locals

Riparian Reserve

Compensation


working with the department of Public Health.It was noted that different stakeholders have been considered in every aspect and the Public Health department is one of them.They were also informed that there will be a representation of the PAPS by a committee which they will appoint among themselves. This committee will be used to solve disputes and other issues related to the project.

The PAPs stated that they have no objection to the project thus the locals should be given job opportunities once the works begin especially the young people.

The PAPs enquired on what methodology would be used to determine the extent of riparian. It was noted that it was the responsibility of WRMA to do so and thus they will be engaged for the same purpose.

The PAPs expressed their concerns on the structures that have been done on the riparian.They were informed that such cases will be dealt with at an individual level. It was emphasized that compensation will be done only on crops within the working area.


150


The residents wanted to know how they can be connected to the sewer line. They were informed that THIWASCO would be in charge of the same.

4 AOB:A resident sensitized the attendants on the riparian reserve citing that it’s a government land.Having no other business, the meeting was adjourned at 6.00pm


151



152



153



154



155


Consultation records with PAPs whose land will be affected by the trunk sewer in Theta – Murera Location (Meeting held in Theta Secondary School on 22nd July 2015)PRESENT

1 Peter M. Kamau ( Chief – Murera)2 Francis Kinuthia Thumbi (Theta Ward Adminstrator)3 Mary Mwangi (Member of WRUA)4 George Mbugua ( Board Chairman – Theta Secondary School)5 Dr. Joseph K.Nganga – Sweet Waters Company6 Iddah Muchena (Frame Consultants Limited)7 Anne Kawira (Frame Consultants Limited)8 See the attached PAPs attendance sheet

AGENDA Prayers and introduction Sensitization of the project and its impacts PAPs Expectations AOB


156


ITEM NO


1 Prayer and Introduction The meeting convened at 10.00am, chaired

by Chief Kamau (Theta Location) It was opened with a word of prayer by one

of the Community members. After self-introduction, the Chief handed

over the meeting to Mrs.Iddah Muchena to drive the agenda

2. Sensitization of the project and its impacts:An overview of the project was done and the possible impacts pointed out. Some of the impacts noted include but not limited to: Employment, reduced pollution and improved health, impacts on crops and land, noise and air pollution. Measures will be taken to mitigate the negative impacts. The project is for the good of the community and thus the need to embrace it.

The participants, who were mostly land owners along River Theta, sited that they understand the project and they support it fully. However they were keen on compensation of their crops which they were willing to negotiate with the government


Employment of the locals

Extent of Riparian Reserve

Compensation

Safety of the river

The PAPs stated that they have supported the project; therefore the Contractor should engage the locals in terms of manual labour.The PAPs enquired on what methodology would be used to determine the extent of riparian. It was noted that it was the responsibility of WARMA to do so and thus they will be engaged for the same purpose.They also wanted to know if compensation would be done on the land or crops. They were informed that there will be no acquisition of land thus compensation will just be done on the crops along the riparian. It was noted that in case the Contractor interferes with


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Land restoration


Community Participation

any piece of land which is not within the working area, there will be arrangements between him and the individual land owners and compensation will be done. The residents expressed their fears on the safety of the river water in case of poor working standards or sewer bursts in the future .They were assured that the works will be done by a qualified Contractor and there will be a supervision team on the ground that will be monitoring the works.The residents were warned against encroaching the sewer lines in future as this is another way of interfering with the same. Cases and incidents to be reported to RUJWASCO as the project will be handed over to them on completion.The PAPs stated that the dominant type of soil in the area is cotton soil and therefore the Contractor should ensure land reinstatement during the works. They were informed that that would be catered for in the Environmental Component of the project.The residents wanted to know how they can be connected to the sewerline. They were informed that RUJWASCO would be in charge of the same. There will be a connection fee of which is subject to confirmation at that phase of


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the project.

The PAPs wanted to know how they will be represented in the project. They were informed that there will be a committee of community representatives which they will appoint among themselves. This committee will help in solving disputes and any other issue relating to the project.

4 AOB:The consultations with the residents will be a continuous process throughout the project cycle.Having no other business, the meeting was adjourned at 11.45am.

Theta Location Consultation Attendance List


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160



161



162



163


Consultation records with PAPs in Kalimoni Location on 26th July 2015 at Kalimoni Open Grounds (Juja – Thika South Sewerage Project)PRESENT

1 Veronicah Munyiri (Sub – Chief)2 Jeremy Thuku (Frame Consultants Limited)3 See the attached PAPs attendance sheet

AGENDA Prayers and introduction Introduction of the project and its impacts PAPs Expectations AOB


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ITEM NO


1 Prayer and Introduction The meeting convened at 4.00pm, chaired

by the Sub Chief It was opened with a word of prayer by one

of the attendants After self-introduction, the Chief handed

over the meeting to the chair to drive the agenda

2. Introduction of the project and its impacts:An overview of the project scope and the duration was done .The possible impacts were highlighted and it was noted that impacts are both positive and negative .Necessary measures will be put in place to mitigate the negative ones. The PAPs were informed that they were among the important stakeholders and thus Public Participation was important.The project is for the good of the community thus the need to embrace it.


Pollution in case of sewer burst


An ESIA study has been done to make sure that the works will be done in a way that takes care of the environment and to ensure mitigation of the negative impacts that the project might have on the environment. They were assured that the works will be done by a qualified Contractor and there will be a supervision team on the ground that will be monitoring the works.

.

The residents supported the project and requested for connection to all households. They were informed that


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they were beneficiaries of the project. Upon completion, the project will be handed over to RUJWASCO who will be in charge of the same.The attendants welcomed the project and agreed that it was viable for their Community.

4 AOB:Having no other business, the meeting was adjourned at 6.00pm


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Kalimoni Location Consultation Attendance List


167



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Consultation records with PAPs in Ngoingwa Location on 2nd August 2015 at Ngoingwa Open Grounds (Juja – Thika South Sewerage Project)PRESENT

1 Bernadette Nyambura (Chief )2 Josphat Manyara Maina (Assistant Chief)3 Stephen Chege (Frame Consultants Limited)4 Anne Kawira (Frame Consultants Limited)5 See the attached PAPs attendance sheet

AGENDA Prayers and introduction Introduction of the project and its impacts PAPs Expectations AOB

ITEM NO AGENDA DELIBERATIONS1 Prayer and Introduction

The meeting convened at 4.30pm, chaired by the Chief

It was opened with a word of prayer by one of the attendants

After self-introduction, the Chief handed over the meeting to the chair to drive the agenda

2. Introduction of the project and its impacts:An overview of the project was done and the possible impacts pointed out. They were informed that impacts are both positive and negative but necessary measures will be put in place to mitigate the negative ones. It was noted that Public Participation is one of the most important aspect of ESIA process thus the PAPs were encouraged to air their views concerning the project. The project is for the good of the community thus the need to embrace it.


Riparian Reserve

The PAPs expressed their concerns on the structures and crops that have been done on the riparian.They were informed that riparian is a government land and compensation will be done on crops that are within the working area only. Concerning structures; such cases will be dealt with at an individual level.

A resident sought to know what


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Compensation


will happen if the trunk happens to pass through someone’ land which is not part of the riparian.He was informed that in such cases, easement rights will be acquired and the PAP will be compensated.

The residents wanted to know how they can be connected to the sewer line. They were informed that they were the direct beneficiaries of the project. Upon completion, the project will be handed over to THIWASCO who will be in charge of the same.The attendants welcomed the project and agreed that it was viable for their Community.

4 AOB:The chief requested for the employment of the local youths once the project commences.Having no other business, the meeting was adjourned at 6.00pm


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APPENDIX 3 : LIST OF PAPS

List of PAPs Thika Treatment Plant


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Theta River Trunk Sewer Project Affected Persons List.


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No. Name Phone Number 1. Elijah Mwangi Mbogo 07218011932. Moses Ngnaga Mwangi 07211790313. Samuel Karanja Muiruri 07204089594. Joseph Waweru Chege 07148376985. Esther Mukuhi 07148376986. John Karonjo Kariru No Number 7. Susan Wanjiru Wanjiku 07044878918. Peter Njenga Wailala 07208190909. Peter Thiongo Wanjaga 072168672810. Magdalene Wambui 072066292511. Simon Githinji 072733139412. Susan Kafura Ndeiga 072070106613. Esther Wairimu 072075123514. Issac Gikonyo 072237250215. Henry Mwihia 072781100816. Doughlas Magondu 072527972117. Abraham Ndogo Muchemi 072322355618. Peter Nganga 072090492219. Joseph Karanja 071117369820. Joyce Wambui 072486678721. Simon Kememia Nganga 072240090522. Lucy Ninga 071117369823. Teresia Wanjiku 072242590624. Beth Wairimu 071684465325. Frashia Wambui 070245071526. James Kabiru 072446412527. Joseph Githinji 072396735028. Alice Kimuya 072516224829. Mama Faith 072516224830. Joseph Muiga Kariuki 072369141331. Samuel Kimani Mbogo 072446306232. Stephen Kamau Kungu 071391045533. Margaret Mbugua 071445591034. Susan Wangui Muchoki 072486678435. Henry Ndichu Macharia 072487545536. Pauline Wanjiku Macharia 072424146937. Jane Wambui Ngige 071147773438. John Njuguna Muchoki 072486678439. Nelly Njoki Wairimu 071933806440. Margaret Wambui Mwaura 072299762741. Mary Wanjiru Gakuru 072035925042. John Ngugi Nganga 070641294343. Robert Mwangi Kihungi 0720430245


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44. Sophia Muthoni Muriuki 070079403045. Theta Secondary School – Principal 072226739646. Virginia Kirima 072299762747. Christine Nyambura Ndungu 071209958348. Joseph Nganga – Sweetwater Company 072124506149. Marion Murugi Mwangi 072848227950. Salome Njoki Kabaiku 072165106051. Joseph Waweru 072035925052. Shelmith Wangui Muraguri 071764614053. Ruth Wairimu Gichuru 072565887054. George Muiruri 072299762755. Lucy Njoki 0720359250


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Estimated List of PAPs per Trunk Line

No Trunk Line Number of PAPs1. Mugutha River Trunk Sewer 502. Theta Trunk Sewer 1003. Thiririka Trunk Sewer 1504. Interceptor Trunk Sewer 505. Komo Trunk Sewer 1006. Kamunguti Trunk Sewer 607. Thika Treatment Plant 77

TOTAL 587


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APPENDIX 4 : PROJECT AREAS LOCATION MAP


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Appendix 5: PROJECT LAYOUT DRAWINGS


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