esDk ;'/IffTds cfjf;Lo ejg...e"sDk ;'/IffTds cfjf;Lo ejg lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;lrq lgb]{lzsf ILLUSTRATED GUIDELINE FOR CONSTRUCTION OF EARTHQUAKE SAFE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING g]kfn ;/sf/ ef}lts

Nepal

e"sDk ;'/IffTds cfjf;Lo ejg lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;lrq lgb]{lzsf

ILLUSTRATED GUIDELINEFOR CONSTRUCTION OF EARTHQUAKE

SAFE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

g]kfn ;/sf/ ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfnozx/L ljsf; tyf ejg lgdf{0f ljefu

e"sDkLo hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf k'g¿Tyfg k"j{tof/L sfo{qmd – g]kfn(Earthquake Risk Reduction and Recovery Preparedness Programme for Nepal)

(UNDP/ ERRRP-Project: NEP/07/010)jj/dxn, sf7df8f}+

kmf]g g+= $@^@$&$ | km\ofS;M $@^@$#! | email: [email protected] | website: www.errrp.org.np

-/fli6«o ejg ;+lxtf @)^) df cfwfl/t_

(Based on National Building Code 2004)

k|sfzs M g]kfn ;/sf/ ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfno zx/L ljsf; tyf ejg lgdf{0f ljefu, jj/dxn, sf7df8f}+ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{s|d – g]kfn e"sDkLo hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf k'g¿Tyfg k"j{tof/L sfo{qmd – g]kfn kmf]gg+=$@^@$&$,ofS;g+=$@^@$#!,kf]i6aS;g+=@^))$ Website : www.errrp.org.np

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;Nnfxfsf/ M ;'/]z k|sfz cfrfo{, ;x ;lrj ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfno tyf /fli6«o sfo{s|d lgb]{zs, UNDP / ERRRP project

Joj:yfkg M ;fu/ s[i0f hf]zL, l;lgo/ l8lehgn OlGhlgo/, zx/L ljsf; tyf ejg lgdf{0f ljefu tyf /fli6«osfo{qmdk|aGws,UNDP / ERRRP project

n]vg M lgoddxh{g,k|f]h]S6OlGhlgo/,UNDP / ERRRP project

;xof]uL M nId0f /fhf >]i7, Admin finance Associate, UNDP / ERRRP project

lrq ;+of]hg M Geometrics Pvt. Ltd., Shankhamul, Kathmandu

k|sfzg ldlt M @)^&kf}if-l8;]Da/@)!)_

cfh;Dddf e"sDksf] sf/0f w]/} wghgsf] ljgf; e};s]sf] 5 / x'g] s|ddf j[l4 e}/x]sf] b]lvG5 . xfd|f] b]z g]kfndflj=;+=!@!*b]lvotfuPsf!)j6fdxfe"sDkx¿af6pNn]VoIfltePsf]tYoxfdLb]Vb5f}+.lj=;+=!(();fndf*=$/]S6/:s]nsf]e"sDkn]g]kfn/ef/tsf]ljxf/If]qdfcToflwsk|efjkf¥of].o;n]laz]if u/]/ sf7df08f}+ pkTosfdf / k"jL{ t/fO{ If]qdf 7"nf] wghgsf] IftL k'¥ofPsf] lyof] . lj=;= @)$%;fnefb|%ut]^=&/]S6/:s]nsf]e"sDkn]k"jL{t/fO{sf^,%))eGbfa9L3/x¿eTsfpg'sf];fy}&))eGbfa9Ldflg;x¿sf]d[To'eof].tTkZrftg]kfndfklge"sDkLo;'/Iff;DaGwLhg:t/;fy}/fHo:t/dfrf;f]a9\of].kmn:j?kejgP]g@)%%//fli6«oejg;+lxtf@)^)g]kfn;/sf/n]l:js[tLu¥of].t/xfn;Ddklg/fli6«oejg;+lxtfhg:t/dfk'Ug;s]sf]5}g,aif{]gLljleGgtxdfo;;DaGwLtflndtyfhgr]tgfclea[4Lsfsfo{qmdx?;/sf/L:t/af6x'b}cfPsf]5.

e"sDkaf6k|foMh;f]Ifltdfgjlgld{t;+/rgfx?sf]ljgf;sf]sf/0fx'g]ub{5.t;y{o:tf;+/rgfx?e"sDkk|lt/f]wLk|ljlwckgfO{lgdf{0fug{;lsPsf]v08dfe"sDkaf6x'g]hgwgsf]IftLnfO{sdug{;lsG5. To;}n] /f]u kl5sf] pkrf/ eGbf /f]u cl3 s} ;ts{tf j]; eg] em} clxn] b]lv g} ejg lgdf{0f ubf{ ljz]if Wofgk'¥ofpg'cfjZosx'G5.pNn]lvtljifox?df;Dk"0f{gu/jfl;x?sf]r]tgfclea[l4u/Lgu/kflnsf If]q leq lgdf{0f x'g] ejgx?sf] hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f ug]{ p4]Zon] Æ /fli6«o ejg ;+lxtfÆ nfu' ug'{ cltcfjZoseO{;s]sf]5.ejg;+lxtf;DaGwLhgr]tgfclea[4Lug{/o;;DaGwLk|fljlws1fgsf]k|rf/k|;f/ ug{] p2]Zon] o; cfof]hgf -ERRRP_ af6 g]kfnsf kfFr j6f gu/kflnsfx? -lj/f6gu/, x]6f}+8f,kf]v/f,jL/]Gb|gu//wgu9L_dfljleGglsl;dsftflnd÷uf]i7Lx?sf]cfof]hgfljleGg;dodfk6sk6sul/Psf]lyof].pQmtflnd÷uf]i7Lx?dfp7]sflh1f;ftyfcg'ejx?nfO{o;lgb{]lzsfdf;d]l6Psf]5.

gofF/gf}nf]ljifodfk|rf/k|;f/dfWofglbgg;lsPdfo;sf]dxTjg/xg]x'Fbfejg;+lxtfklgcfdhg;d'bfodfPp6fgf}nf] ljifog}ePsf]n]o;sf]Jofks k|rf/k|;f/ub}{;a}nfO{hfgsf/L u/fpg'kg]{cfjZostf/x]sf]5.xfns]xLgu/kflnsfx?åf/fgS;fkf;k|of]hgdfo;ljifonfO{ljz]ifdxTjlbO{Psf]5.t/klglgdf{0fsfo{dfeg]o;sf]k|of]uhltx'g'kg]{xf]ToltePsf]kfO{b}g.o;f]gx'gfsf]sf/0fk|rf/k|;f/sf]sdL,1fgsf]sdL/x]sf]5.lgdf{0fsfo{df;+nUg/xg]l8hfO{g/,3/wlg,lgdf{0fstf{x?cem;Ddklgejg;+lxtfk|of]uug{k"0f{?kn]tof/e};s]sf]b]lvb}g.o;lgb{]lzsfdfejg;+lxtfdfePsf]1fg/Jojxf/dfk|of]ueO/xg]l;knfO{;d]t;/ng]kfnLefiffdf;a}n]a'„g]u/L/flvPsf]5.o;sf]k|of]uaf6l8hfOgstf{,3/wlg/lgdf{0fstf{x?n];'/lIftejglgdf{0fsfnflucfjZos1fgxfl;nug{;Sg]ljZjf;lnOPsf]5.

ejglgdf{0fsfo{dfk|d'vtMb'O{kIfdfljz]ifWofgk'¥ofpg'cfjZosx'G5.klxnf]:6«Sr/nl8hfO{gkIfxf]eg]bf]>f]kIf:6«Sr/nl86]lnË;DaGwLxf].l8hfO{geGgf;fyejgsf]cfsf/k|sf/,k|of]usf]p2]Zo,tNnf ;+Vof / df6f]sf] k|s[lt cg';f/ km/s km/s x'g cfpF5 eg] l86]lnËx? Ps} k|s[ltsf ejgx?df

e"ldsf

k|foMh;f]Ps}k|sf/sf]x'G5.xfnlgdf{0fsfo{df:6«Sr/nl8hfOgnfO{cg';/0ful/Ptfklg:6«Sr/nl86]lnË-lad÷lkn/sf]hf]gL{,808Luf:g]7fpF,l/Ëx?sf]b"/L,808Ldf]8\g]tl/sf,lnG6n÷l;nAof08,sf};Lkvf{nsf]Aof08cflbO{Toflb_dfw]/}sdLsdhf]/L/xguPsf]b]lvG5.t;y{l8hfO{g;DaGwLljifonfO{eGbfl86]lnËkIfdfhfgsf/Lxf];eGg];f]rsf;fyof]lgb]{lzsftof/kfl/Psf]5.

o;lgb]{lzsfsfpNn]lvtk|fjwfgn]#tNnf;DdcUnfejgx?/!)))ju{km'6lKnGyIf]qkmnePsfejgx?nfO{dfq;d]6]sf]5.;f]eGbf7"nf]jfcUnf]ejgx?sfnfluejg;+lxtfsfcGok|fjwfgx?nfO{ljrf/ ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .

of] Pp6f ;fgf] k|of; dfq xf] ,h;df ;Dk"0f{ ljifox? cem} g;d]l6Psf] xfdLn] dx;'; u/]sf 5f}+ .cfjZostfcg';f/cGoljifox?;d]t;d]6]/kl/dfh{gub}{;'wf/ug]{tkm{xfd|f];f]r/x]sf]5.5f]6f];dodfk|sfzgug'{kgf{sf]sf/0fs]xLsdhf]/L/xguPsf]x'g;S5.kf7sx?af6sdLsdhf]/Lx?nfO{cf}NofO{cfjZos;'emfjsf]ck]Ifful/Psf]5/o;lgb]{lzsfsf]clwstdk|of]u/k|rf/k|;f/sf]nflu;d]t cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ .

cGTodflgb]{lzsfk|sfzgdfljz]ifof]ubfglbg'x'g]k|f]h]S6OlGhlgo/>Llgoddxh{gHo"k|ltwGojfbJotm ub{5f}+ . o; lgb]{lzsf k|sfzgdf ljz]if ;'emfj tyf ;Nnfxsf] nflu o; sfo{qmdsf k"j{ /fli6«o sfo{qmd k|aGws tyf zx/L ljsf; tyf ejg lgdf{0f ljefusf l;lgo/ l8lehgn OlGhlgo/ >L cd[tdfgt'nfw/k|ltklgxfdLs[t15f}+.o;}u/Llgb]{lzsfsf];ldIffu/Lcd"No;xof]u/;'emfjlbg'x'g]zx/Lljsf;tyfejglgdf0f{ljefusfl;lgo/l8lehgnOlGhlgo/>Låfl/sf>]i7Ho"k|ltklgljz]ifwGojfb1fkgug{rfxG5f}+.o;lgb]{lzsfsf]nflulrqx?tof/ug{;xof]uug'{x'g]>LGeometrics Pvt.

Ltd. nfO{ klg wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}+ . o;sf] ;fy} ERRRP Projectsfsd{rf/Lx?nufotk|ToIf,ck|ToIf?kdf;xof]uug'{x'g];Dk"0f{;xof]uLx?k|ltxflb{scfef/Jotmug{rfxG5f}+.

ldltM kf}if @)^& ;'/]z k|sfz cfrfo{;x ;lrj

ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfno tyf

/fli6«o sfo{qmd lgb]{zsUNDP/ERRP Project

;fu/ s[i0f hf]zLl;lgo/ l8lehgn OlGhlgo/

zx/L ljsf; tyf ejg lgdf{0f ljefutyf

/fli6«osfo{qmdk|aGwsUNDP/ERRRP Project

ljifo–;"rL

v08 s – tLg tNnf;Ddsf] lkn/jfnf ejg lgdf{0f ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx?

Mandatory Rules of Thumb (MRT)cg';f/lkn/jfnfejglgdf{0fubf{k"/fx'g'kg{]zt{x? ===================== @!= lkn/jfnfejgsf]nfluhusf]ljj/0f ================================================================================= #@= ;fwf/0f k|sf/sf] jf xfQLkfOn] hu (Isolated Footing) ============================================================== %#= xfQLkfOn]huhf]8\g]:6«Øfklad;lxtsf];+o'Qmhu =========================================================== ^$= ;+o'tm hu (Combined Footing) ============================================================================================= &%= lkn/ lgdf{0f ==================================================================================================================== (^= lkn/df 808L uf“:g] t/Lsf ================================================================================================!)&= ladlgdf{0f =====================================================================================================================!!*= ladsf]808Luf“:g]t/Lsf =================================================================================================!@(= lad/lkn/hf]l8g]7fp“dfWofglbg'kg]{s'/fx? =================================================================!#!)=d'Voladdf;xfosladHff]8\g'kg]{ePdf ===========================================================================!$!!=:Nofalgdf{0f ==================================================================================================================!%!@=l;n/ln06nJof08x?sf]lgdf{0f ====================================================================================!^!#=sf};Lkvf{nsf]Jof08lgdf{0f(Parapet Band) =========================================================================!&!$=e¥of∙agfp“bfWofglbg'kg]{s'/fx? ================================================================================!*lkn/jfnf ejgsf] 808Lsf] gd"gf =============================================================================================!(cg';"rL!lkn/jfnfejgsf]l86]lnª;DaGwLkmf]6f]x? ==============================================================@)cg';"rL@e"sDkk|lt/f]wLlkn/jfnfejgx? ============================================================================@@

v08 v – tLg tNnf;Ddsf] uf/f]jfnf ejg lgdf{0f ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx?Mandatory Rules of Thumb (MRT)cg';f/uf/f]jfnfejglgdf{0fubf{k"/fx'g'kg{]zt{x?======================@$uf/f]nufO{agfO{g]3/sf]uf/f]sf]df]6fO{;DaGwLljj/0f ==============================================================@%!= hulgdf{0f =====================================================================================================================@%@= 6fO{ladlgdf{0f ===============================================================================================================@^#= uf/f]sf]df]6fO ==================================================================================================================@&$= ‰ofn9f]sf/fVg]:yfgsf]rog ========================================================================================@*%= s'gfaGwg-cf/=l;=l;=l:6r_sf]lgdf{0f =========================================================================@(^= km\nf]/ladlgdf{0f ============================================================================================================#)&= t];f]{k]6L-l;nAof08/ln06nAof08_sf]lgdf{0f ==============================================================#!*= 7f8f]808Lx?/fVg]t/Lsf ===============================================================================================#@

cg';"rL#uf/f]jfnfejgsf]l86]lnª;DaGwLkmf]6f]x?================================================================#%cg';"rL$e"sDkk|lt/f]wLuf/f]jfnfejgx? ==============================================================================#^cg';"rL%ejgP]g@)%%;+;f]wgug{ag]sf]P]gg]kfn/fhkqdfk|sflzt ===================================#&cg';"rL ^ ejg lgodfjnL,@)^^ g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ===========================================================#*

1e"sDk ;'/IffTds cfjf;Lo ejg lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;lrq lgb]{lzsf

lkn/jfnf ejgsf] gd"gf

tLg tNnf;Ddsf] lkn/jfnf cfjf;Lo ejg lgdf{0f ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx?

v08 s

2 e"sDk ;'/IffTds cfjf;Lo ejg lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;lrq lgb]{lzsf

Ü lkn/x?b'j}lbzfdfnfOg(Grid) df x'g'kg]{

Ü ejg#tNnf;Dd-a9Ldf!!dL=_cUnf]agfpg;lsg]

Ü sf]7fx?sf];fOh#dL+x$=%dL=;Ddx'g;Sg]

Ü cfjf;Lok|of]hgsfejgx?sf]nfludfqnfu'x'g]

Ü ejgsf]Psflt/sDtLdf@sjn(BAY)/csf{]lt/a9Ldf^sjn;Ddx'g'kg{]

Ü !M@M$cg'kftsf]s+lqm6tyf6f]/l:6n(Fe $!%):t/sf]808Lk|of]uePsf]x'g'kg]{

Ü leqLuf/f]%OGr-!!%ld=ld=_/aflx/Luf/f]clwstd(OGr-@#)ld=ld=_df]6fOO{+6faf6agfOPsf]x'g'kg]{

Ü #'-#"-!dL=_;Ddsf]5Hhfladaf6lgsfNg;lsg]

Mandatory Rules of Thumb (MRT) cg';f/ lkn/jfnf ejg lgdf{0f ubf{ k"/f x'g'kg{] zt{x? (Limitations of MRT) -/fli6«o ejg ;+lxtf @)%_


!= lkn/jfnf ejgsf] nflu husf] ljj/0f

lkn//fvLagfOg]ejgsf]nfluhusf];fO{h/l8hfOg df6f]sf] k|sf/ / lgdf{0f :ynsf] s'g :yfgdf ejg /xg] xf] eGg] s'/fdf lge{/ x'G5 . ejgsf] ;a} ef/ lkn/x'Fb}hud'lgsf]hldgdfkg]{x'Fbfhldgsf]df6f]sf]ef/jxg Ifdtf slt 5 eGg] ljifodf hfgsf/L /flvg' k5{ . To;}u/Lejgsf]k|To]shudfkg]{ef/a/fa/xF'b}gg\.;fwf/0ftof 5]p / s'gfdf /x]sf hudf sd ef/ k5{ eg] dWoefudf/x]sf]lkn/x?dfa9Lef/k5{.

tLgtNnf;Ddsf]-#dL=x $=%dL=cyf{t!$'–("x !)'–)" ;Ddsf] sf]7f ePsf] / lKnGysf] If]qkmn !))) ju{k'm6;Ddsf]_ejgx?sf]nflulgDgcg';f/sf]hucfjZosx'G5 .

-s_ v's'nf] k|sf/sf] -h;nfO{ lyRbf s]xL ba]sf] b]lvg]_ df6f]sf] hu Dff6f]sf] ef/jxg Ifdtf %) lsnf] Go'6g÷j=dL=

qm= ;+=

lkn/ /xg] :yfg

SoflG6lne/ eP÷gePsf]

husf] ;fO{h -nDafO x rf}8fO_

:nf]k 9nfgsf]

5]psf] df]6fO

:nf]k9nfgsf]

s"n df]6fO

hfnLdf /fVg] 808Lx? -b'a}lt/af6_

sf] ;+Vof

!ejgsf]s'gfx?df(corner)

gePsf]] %Ú–#Æx%Ú–#Æ )Ú–^Æ !@Æ #nfOgsf]^÷ûf]6f

@ejgsf]s'gfx?df(corner)

ePsf] %Ú–^Æx%Ú–^Æ )Ú–^Æ !@Æ #nfOgsf]&÷&uf]6f

# ejgsf] 5]pdf (face) gePsf]] ^Ú–#Æx^Ú–#Æ )Ú–^Æ !%Æ $ nfOgsf] &÷& uf]6f

$ ejgsf] 5]pdf (face) ePsf] &Ú–@Æx&Ú–@Æ )Ú–^Æ !^Æ $nfOgsf]*÷*uf]6f

%ejgsf] dWo efudf (center)

*Ú–^Æx*Ú–^Æ )Ú–*Æ @)Æ $nfOgsf]!)÷!)uf]6f

! -s_

gf]6 M husf] ulx/fO sDtLdf %Ú–)Æ x'g' k5{ . hudflkn/sf] 808LnfO{ sDtLdf @)" ;Dd hfnLdf 3'dfpg' k5{ . lkn/jfnf ejgsf] husf] ;]S;g


! ejgsf]s'gfx?df(corner) gePsf]] #Ú–#Æx#Ú–#Æ )Ú–^Æ !#Æ #nfOgsf]%÷%uf]6f

@ ejgsf]s'gfx?df(corner) ePsf] #Ú–#Æx#Ú–#Æ )Ú–^Æ !#Æ #nfOgsf]^÷ûf]6f

# ejgsf] 5]pdf (face) gePsf]] $Ú–)Æx$Ú–)Æ )Ú–&Æ !&Æ #nfOgsf]*÷*uf]6f

$ ejgsf] 5]pdf (face) ePsf] $Ú–$Æx$Ú–$Æ )Ú–&Æ !*Æ $ nfOgsf] &÷& uf]6f


gePsf]] %Ú–#Æx%Ú–#Æ )Ú–(Æ @@Æ $nfOgsf]*÷*uf]6f

!ejgsf]s'gfx?df (corner)

gePsf]] @Ú–&Æx@Ú–&Æ )Ú–^Æ !$Æ #nfOgsf]%÷%uf]6f

@ejgsf]s'gfx?df (corner)

ePsf] #Ú–)Æx#Ú–)Æ )Ú–^Æ !$Æ #nfOgsf]%÷%uf]6f

# ejgsf] 5]pdf (face) gePsf]] #Ú–#Æx#Ú–#Æ )Ú–*Æ !*Æ #nfOgsf]&÷&uf]6f

$ ejgsf] 5]pdf (face) ePsf] #Ú–&Æx#Ú–&Æ )Ú–*Æ !*Æ #nfOgsf]&÷&uf]6f


gePsf]] $Ú–#Æx$Ú–#Æ )Ú–!)Æ @@Æ $ nfOgsf] &÷& uf]6f

qm= ;+=

lkn/ /xg] :yfg

SoflG6lne/ eP÷gePsf]

husf] ;fO{h -nDafO x rf}8fO_

:nf]k 9nfgsf]

5]psf] df]6fO

:nf]k9nfgsf]

s"n df]6fO

hfnLdf /fVg] 808Lx? -b'a}lt/af6_

sf] ;+Vof

! ejgsf]s'gfx?df(corner) gePsf]] #Ú–&Æx#Ú–&Æ )Ú–^Æ !@Æ #nfOgsf]^÷ûf]6f

@ ejgsf]s'gfx?df(corner) ePsf] $Ú–)Æx$Ú–)Æ )Ú–^Æ !@Æ #nfOgsf]&÷&uf]6f

# ejgsf] 5]pdf (face) gePsf]] $Ú–&Æx$Ú–&Æ )Ú–^Æ !%Æ $ nfOgsf] &÷& uf]6f

$ ejgsf] 5]pdf (face) ePsf] %Ú–#Æx%Ú–#Æ )Ú–^Æ !^Æ $nfOgsf]*÷*uf]6f


gePsf]] ^Ú–)Æx^Ú–)Æ )Ú–*Æ @)Æ $nfOgsf]!)÷!uf]6f

-v_ s]xL afn'jfsf] efu ePsf] g/d, v's'nf] df6f]sf] hu df6f]sf] ef/jxg Ifdtf !)) lsnf] Go'6g÷j=dL=

-u_ l;N6 ldl;Psf] afn'jf ePsf] hu df6f]sf] ef/jxg Ifdtf !%) lsnf] Go'6g÷j=dL=

-3_ s]xL lul6 -u|fe]n_ ldl;Psf] s8f anf}6] df6f] df6f]sf] ef/jxg Ifdtf @)) lsnf] Go'6g÷j=dL=

gf]6M pNn]lvt gfkx? clwstd # tNnf;Dd cUnf], !))) ju{km'6 lKnGysf] If]qkmn / sf]7fsf] ;fOh#dL=x$=%dL=;Ddsfejgx?sf]nfluxf].o;eGbfa9LtNnf,If]qkmn/sf]7fsf];fOhePsfejgx?sf]nfluk|fljlwsaf6l8hfO{gu/fpg'clgjfo{x'G5.;fef/M /fli6«o ejg ;+lxtf @)%


@_ ;fwf/0f k|sf/sf] jf xfQLkfOn] hu (Isolated Footing)

� husf]ulx/fO;fwf/0ftofsDtLdf%Ú–)Æx'g'k5{.

� k'?jf df6f]df hu lgdf{0f ug{' x'Fb}g, hldgsf];fljssf] (Original)df6f]ePsf]ulx/fO;Ddk'Ug]u/L hu lgdf{0f ug{'k5{ .

� husf] nDafO / rf}8fO tLg tNnf;Dd cUnf]ejgsf] nflu a'+bf g+= ! sf] tflnsfdf b]vfOPcg';f/ lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

� hudf/fVg]808Lsf]hfnLl8hfOgcg';f/x'g'kg]{5.

� :nf]k u/L hu lgdf{0f ubf{ 5]psf] df]6fO sDtLdf ^Æx'g'k5{.-lrqg+=@s,u_

� lkn/sf]808LnfO{lrqdfb]vfPem}+808Lsf]Jof;sf]^)u'0ff-!M@M$s+lqm6ld>0f/kmnfd]808Lk|of]uubf{ Fe$!%a/fa/hfnLdf3'dfpg'k5{.

� xflQkfOnfsf]dflyNnf]efulkn/sf]5]paf6jl/kl/sDtLdf$Ærf/}tkm{;dtnx'g]u/Labfpg'kb{5.

� ejgsf ;a} hux? ;Dej eP;Dd hldgsf];txaf6Pp6}n]end'lg/flvg'k5{.

� xflQkfO{nfsf] dflyaf6 ;a} lkn/x? hf]l8g] u/La]; 6fO{ lad /fVg' k5{ . o;df slDtdf !@ ld=ld=sf]$j6f808L/*ld=ld=sf]l/Ë^Æsf]km/sdf /fVg'k5{.-lrqg+=@s,3_

� hu9nfgdfclgjfo{?kdfefOa]|6/sf]k|of]uug'{k5{.

;fdfGo lsl;dsf] hu -cfO;f]n]6]8 km'l6Ë_

808Lsf] hfnL b'a}k§Laf6

$Æ !@Æ $Æ

$Æ

!@Æ$Æ

husf] nDafO{

husf] rf}*fO{lrq g+= @ -v_

lrq g+= @ -s_

lrq g+= @ -3_

lkn/sf] 808L

j]; 6fO{ lad

xfQL kfOnf 9nfg

lk=l;=l;

O{§f ;f]ln∙

;fdfGo lsl;dsf] hu -cfO;f]n]6]8 k'ml6Ë_

lrq g+= @ -u_

;fdfGo lsl;dsf] husf] ;]S;g


lrq g+= # -s_ lrq g+= # -v_

lrq g+= # -u_

� l5d]sLsf];fFw;+uhf]l8g]u/L/flvPsf]lkn/x?sf]hudf b'O{j6f lkn/sf] nflu ;+o'Qm hu lgdf{0f ug{'k5{jfhux?nfO{Strap Beamåf/fhf]8\g'k5{.-lrqg+=!s,u_

� b'O{lkn/aLrsf]b"/L/hudfcfpg]ef/cg';f/

:6«ofk ladsf] l8hfOg / ;fOh km/s kg]{ x'Fbfo;df/flvg]808Lx?;lxtsfnfluk|fljlwsaf6l8hfO{g u/fpg' kb{5 .

� lrqdfb]vfO{Psf]ljj/0fx?l86]lnËsf]nfludfqcg';/0f ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

#_ xfQLkfOn] hu hf]8\g] :6«Øfk lad ;lxtsf] ;+o'Qm hu

:6«ofk ladsf] Pn ;]S;g


$_ ;+o'tm hu (Combined Footing)� lkn/x? w]/} glhs ePsf] cj:yfdf lrq g+= $

sdfb]vfPe}+mb'O{j6flkn/sf]nflu;+o'Qmhulgdf{0fug{'k5{/hun]af]Sg]ef/cg';f/Pstxjfb'O{tx808Lsf]hfnL/fVg'k5{.

� olbb'O{lkn/sf]aLrsf]b"/L!=))dL=-#Ú–#Æ_eGbf

s s

Ps gfn] hudf :6«ofk ljdåf/f @ j6f hunfO{ hf]l8Psf]

;fFw hf]l8Psf]

:6«ofk ljd

hudf 808Lsf] hfnL

nDafO

rf}8

fO

nDafO

rf}8

fOlkn/x?

!@Æ

!@Æ

$Æ !@Æ $Æ

$Æ

!@Æ$Æ

b'O kLn/ jLrsf] b"/L

a9L ePdf hu 9nfgdf b'O{ tx 808Lsf] hfnLcfjZos kg{ ;S5 . o:tf hu 9nfgsf] prfO /808Lx?sf];fOhdf6f]sf]k|sf//ejgsf]tNnf;+Vofcg';f/km/sx'g]xF'bfk|fljlwsl8hfO{gaf6dfqPlsgug'{k5{.

� lkn/sf]808LnfO{lrq$ sdfb]vfPem}+sDtLdf@)" hfnLdf 3'dfpg' k5{ .

� lkn/sf] aLr÷aLrsf] b"/L Psfkl§af6 !)Ú–)Æ 5 t/csf]{kl§af6 !$Ú–(Æ eGbf a9L ePdf / #tNnf eGbf a9L prfO{sf] ejgsf] nfluhusf] ;fO{hx? k|fljlwsx?af6 lj:t[tl8hfOgu/]/dfqPlsgul/g'k5{.

� lrqdf b]vfO{Psf] ljj/0fx?l86]lnËsf] nflu dfq cg';/0f ul/g;lsg] 5 .

lrq g+= # -3_

lrq g+= $ -s_

;+o'Qm husf] ;]S;g

:6«ofk lad ;lxtsf] ;+o'Qm husf] Knfg


lrq g+= $ -v_

lrq g+= $ -u_

;+o'Qm hu(Combined Footing)

dflyNnf] hfnL tNnf] hfnL

lkn/x?

;+o'Qm husf] ;]S;g

husf] nDafO

husf]rf}*fO

!@Æ

!@Æ

!@Æ

!@Æ

;+o'Qm husf] Knfg

dflyNnf] hfnL


%= lkn/ lgdf{0fejgsf]ef/lkn/x'Fb}hu;Ddk'Ug]/e"sDkLoef/(Seis-

mic Load);d]tlkn/n]lng]xF'+bflkn/x?ejgsf]dxTjk"0f{efux'g\.o;y{o;sf]dha"tLdfljz]ifWofglbg'kb{5.

� # tNnf;Ddsf] 3/x?df olb lkn/x? aLrsf] b"/LPsfkl§clwstd!)Ú–)Æ-#dL=_/csf]{kl§clwstd!$Ú–(Æ -$=% dL=_ ;Dd ePdf lkn/sf] ;fOh slDtdf (Æx!@Æjf!@Æx!@Æx'g'k5{.

� ejgsf]aflx/LnfOg(Face)df/x]sf]lkn/x?dfx/]slkn/dfsDtLdf%nfO{g-!^ld=ld=_sf]$j6f808Lx?/ ejgsf] dWo efu (Centre)dfk/]sflkn/x?dfslDtdf$nfO{g-!@dL=dL=_sf]*j6f808Lx?/fVg'k5{.

� lkn/df /flvg] l/Ëx? slDtdf * ld= ld= sf] x'g'k5{/ladsf]@Ú–)Æd'lg/e'O{+jf:Nofjaf6@Ú–)Æ prfO{;Dd $–$ OGrsf] km/sdf x'g'k5{ eg] dWo efudf ^–^ OGrsf] km/s /fVg ;lsg]5 . t/ e'O{+ tNnfdf 6fO{lad d'lg ;a} l/∙x? $–$ OGrsf] km/sdf /flvg'k5{.l/Ësf]x'slrqdfb]vfPh:t}#Ænfdf]x'g]u/Lleqlt/!#%l8u|Ldfdf]8\g'k5{.-lrqg+=%u_

� lkn/sf]9nfg!MM#-!l;d]G6Mafn'jfM#/f]8f_sf] cg'kftdf ul/g' pko'Qm x'G5 . lkn/ 9nfgdf clgjfo{?kdfefO{a|]6/sf]k|of]uug{'k5{.lkn/df808L afFWbf / 9nfg ubf{ !=%Æ -$) ld=ld=_sf]j+mlj|m6 se/ -lkn/sf] kmdf{/7f8f]808Lsf]aLrsf]b"/L_/fVg'k5{.

� lkn/ 9nfg u/]sf] @$ 306f kl5 dfq kmdf{x? vf]lng'k5{ . 9nfg u/]sf] @$ 306f kl5 b]lv nuftf/ & lbg;Dd lkn/df kfgL xfnL So'l/ª(Curing) ug'{k5{ . lkn/sf] So'l/ª (Curing) sf] nflu h"6sf]af]/fn]lkn/nfO{a]/]/& lbg;Dd kfgLn] lehfP//fVg'k5{.

� lkn/9nfgubf{k'/fgf]/gofF9nfglarCold joint x'g glbg/hf]8fOalnof]kfg{lkn/sf]dflyNnf];txdf$Æx$Æx$Æsf]Shear Key/fVg'k5{.-lrqg+=%3_

!!@ !!

@

lrq g+= % -s_

lrq g+= % -v_

lrq g+= % -u_

lrq g+= % -w_


^= lkn/df 808L uf“:g] t/Lsf� lkn/sf] 808L afFWbf 808L ufF:g' k/]df ;a}

808Lx?sf]Ps}n]endfufF;gkg]{u/L!Ú–)Æb]lv!Ú–^Æ ;Dd tn dfly (Staggered) x'g] u/L hf]8\g'k5{ . 808Lsf] ufF; kg]{ 7fpF (Lapping) lkn/sf] dWo efudf kfg'{ k5{ . -lrq g+= ^ s_

� 808Lx?sf] uF;fO{{ :Nofaaf6 @Ú–)Æ dflyb]lvz'? u/L ladsf] @Ú–)Æ d'lg;Dd nUg' kb{5 . -lrq g+= ^ s_

� 808L ufF:bf ufF; kg{] efusf] nDafO 808Lsf]Jof;sf]̂ )u'0ffnfdf]-!M@M$j+mlj|m6/6f]/l:6nsf]nflu_ x'g'kb{5 / o;sf] nflu 808L aª\Uofpbf

clwstd!M^sf]:nf]kdfaª\UofP/NofO808Lx?Ps}7f8f]nfOgdfkg]{u/LvK6\ofpg'k5{.lkn/sf]808L uFfl;Psf] efux?df l/Ëx? $–$ OGrsf] km/sdf/fVg'k5{.-lrqg+=^v_

� lkn/df k|of]u ePsf] 808Lx?dWo] Ps tNnfdfa9Ldf%)k|ltzt808Lx?dfqufF:g'k5{.afFsL808Lx?csf]{tNnf;DdnuLufF:g'k5{-pbfx0fsf]nflu olb lkn/df * j6f 808Lx? k|of]u ePsf5g\ eg] $ j6f 808LnfO{ klxnf] tNnfdf ufFl;of]eg] afFsL $ j6f 808LnfO{ bf]>f] tNnfdf nuLufF:g'k5{.

lrq g+= ^ -s_ lrq g+= ^ -v_!M ^ sf] :nf]k


&= lad lgdf{0f#tNnf/!)))ju{km'6lKnGyPl/of;Ddsf]3/x?df@ lkn/ aLr÷aLrsf] b"/L Psfk§L clwstd !)Ú /csf{kl§clwstd!$Ú–(Æ;DdePdfladdflgDgcg';f/808Lx?/fVg'k5{.

� laddfslDtdf%nfO{{g-!^ld=ld=_sf]@÷@j6f808Lx?tNnf] / dflyNnf] txdf Ps 5]p b]lv csf]{ 5]p;Ddjf/kf/ (Continuous)x'g]u/L/fVg'kb{5.

� oLjf/kf//flvg]808Lx/sf];fy}ladsf]nDafO cg';f/ tn dfly yk 6'qmf808Lx?/fVg'k5{.dflyNnf]txdfa:g]808Lx?ykubf{lrqg+&sdfb]vfPem}+ lkn/sf] aLrb]lv csf]{ lkn/sf] aLrefusf] nDafOsf] tLg efusf] Ps efunfdf] x'g'k5{ .

� ladsf]tNnf]txdf808Lx?ykubf{dflyelgPem}+lkn/sf]nDafOsf]&efusf]!efub'j}k§Laf65fl8ladsf]aLrdf/fVg'k5{.-lrqg+=&s_

� laddfl/Ë/fVbflkn/sf]leqLdf]x8fb]lv!÷#efu;Dd$–$OGrsf]km/sdf/aLrsf]efudf̂ –ÔGrsf]km/sdf/sDtLdf*ld=ld=Jof;sf]808L/fVg'k5{.

� ladsf] nDafO cg';f/ yk 808Lx? lgDg cg';f//fVg'k5{.

ladsf] nDafO

!÷# nDafO

!÷& nDafO

ladsf] l/∙

!÷& nDafOtNnf] 808L

dflyNnf] 808L

l/∙ $’ sf] km/sdf l/∙ ^’ sf] km/sdf l/∙ $’ sf] km/sdf

!÷# nDafO !÷# nDafO

!@’

&’

!#%)

#’

ljdsf] ;]S;g 2-2

1"7"1"9"

1=5"

11"

1=5"

14"

9"

2 -16 ld=ld= *)*L

8 ld=ld=sf] l/ª

5"

@-!^ ld=ld=+!-!^ ld=ld=sf] 808L

lrq g+= & -s_

ljd ;]S;g 1-1

1"7"1"9"

1=5"

11"

1=5"

14"

%"

2 -16 ld=ld= sf] *)*L

8 ld=ld=sf] l/ª

(" @-!^ ld=ld=+!-!^ ld=ld=sf] 808L

lrq g+= & -v_

lrq g+= & -u_

g+= ladsf] nDafO dflyNnf] tx tNnf] tx

! !)Ú–)Æ;Dd $nfOg!j6f $nfOg!j6f

@ !)Ú–)Æb]lv!!Ú–^Æ;Dd %nfOg!j6f %nfOg!j6f

# !!Ú–^Æb]lv!#Ú–)Æ;Dd $ nfOg @ j6f %nfOg!j6f

$ !#Ú–)Æb]lv!$Ú–(Æ;Dd $nfOg#j6f %nfOg!j6f

laddf /fVg' kg]{ yk 808Lx?

lad ;]S;g !–!

lad ;]S;g @–@


lkn/lkn/

nDafO

!÷# nDafO

!÷$ nDafO@Æ–)’ @Æ–)’

dflyNnf] 808L uf“:g] 7f“p

tNnf] 808L uf“:g] 7f“p

tNnf] 808L uf“:g] gx'g] 7f“p

tNnf] 808L uf“:g] 7f“p

!÷# nDafO !÷# nDafO

*= ladsf] 808L uf“:g] t/Lsf� ladsf]tNnf]txdfa:g]808Lx?ufF:bflkn/sf]leqL

df]x8faf6sDtLdf@Ú–)Æ5f8LdfqufF:g'k5{t/ladsf] nDafOsf]aLrsf]Psrf}yfOefudfeg]808LufF:g'x'Fb}g.-lrqg+=*s_

� ladsf]dflyNnf]txdfa:g]808Lx?ufF:bfladsf]nDafOsf]aLrsf]PsltxfO{efudfdfqufF:g'k5{. -lrq g+= % s_

� 808Lsf] uF;fO{ 808Lsf] Jof;sf] ^) u'0ff -!M@M$j+mlj|m6/6f]/l:6n808Lk|of]uubf{_/fVg'k5{. -lrqg+=*v_

� uF;fOsf] efu e/L l/Ëx? $–$ OGrsf] km/sdf/fVg'k5{.-lrqg+=*v_

� ladsf]l/Ëx?sf]nflu*ld=ld=sf]808Lk|of]uug{'pko'Qm x'G5 .

+

+

@

@!

!@

@

+

ljdsf] Pn ;]S;g

km/sdf* ld=ld=sf] l/ª $Æ sf] km/sdf

* ld=ld=sf] l/ª ^Æ sf] km/sdf

* ld=ld=sf] l/ª $Æ sf]

@-!^ ld=ld=+ !-!^ ld=ld=sf] 808L

nDafO{ X )=!%nDafO{ x )=!%

@-!^ ld=ld=sf] 808L@-!^ ld=ld=+ !-!^ ld=ld=sf] 808L

nDafO{ X 0=3 nDafO{ X 0=3 nDafO{ X 0=3

@'-^

"

nDafO{

@-!^ ld=ld=sf] 808L@-!^ ld=ld=+!-!^ ld=ld=sf] 808L

nDafO{ X )=!%

@-!^ ld=ld=sf] 808L

lrq g+= & -3_

lrq g+= * -s_

ladsf] Pn ;]S;g


� ladsf];a}808Lx?lkn/sf]808Lsf]leqaf6kg{]u/LnUg'k5{.-lrqg+=(s,v_

� lad6'+lug]:yfgsflkn/x?dfladsf]808Lx?808Lsf]Jof;sf] ^) u'0ff lkn/sf] lelq df]x8faf6 nDafO a/fa/ x'g]u/L lkn/df df]8\g' k5{ . tNnf] txsf

(= lad / lkn/ hf]l8g] 7fp“df Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx?808Lx? dflylt/ df]8\g' k5{ / dflyNnf] txsf]808Lx?tndf]8\g'k5{.-lrqg+=(u,3,ª_

� lad / lkn/ hf]l8Psf] 7fpFdf ladsf] dflyNnf] /tNnf] 808L ljr slDtdf @ j6f lkn/sf l/Ëx? /fVg'k5{.

lkn/sf 808Lx?

lkn/sf] l/ªx?lkn/

ljdsf 808Lx?

!=%Æ !=%Æ

!=%Æ

(Æ!=%Æ

!@Æ

(Æ

("

ljdsf 808Lx?

("

ljd

ljd

!@"

-!@"X!@"_

-("X!$"_

-("X!$"_

ljd / lkn/ hf]l8Psf] 7fpFdf 808L /fVg] t/Lsf

lrq g+= * -v_

lrq g+= ( -s_

lrq g+= ( -v_ lrq g+= ( -u_

lad / lkn/ hf]l8Psf] 7fFpdf 808L /fVg] t/Lsf lad / lkn/ hf]l8Psf] 7fFp ;]S;gdf b]vfOPsf]


� b'O{j6f lad hf]l8g] :yfgdf yk 808L(Shear Bar) sf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ / Shear Bar sf] nDafO{;Ddl/Ëx?$Æsf]km/sdf/flvg'k5{.-lrqg+=!)s_

� o;dfhu]8f808Lx?lrq!)sdfb]vfPem}+u/L/fVg'k5{.

� ladsf] nDafO{ !$Ú–(Æ eGbf nfdf] ePdf lrqdfb]vfPeGbfa9Lyk808LnfUg;S5h;sf]nflulj:t[tlx;fak|fljlwsaf6u/fpg'k5{.

!)= d'Vo laddf ;xfos lad Hff]8\g' kg]{ ePdf

;xfos ljd

-s_ -s_

d'Vo ljd

lkn/ gePsf] 7fpFdf b'O{ ljd hf]l8Psf] -KjfOG6 nf]8 cfpg] 7fpFdf_

lrq g+= ( -3_ lrq g+= ( -ª_

lrq g+= !) -s_

lrq g+= !) -v_

d'Vo ladsf] 808Lx?nfO{ s–s ;]S;gdf b]vfOPsf]


!!= :Nofa lgdf{0f� olbsf]7fsf];fOh#dL=x $=% dL= ;Dd 5 eg] dflyNnf]

txdf /xg] -Top Reinforcement_ tyf tNnf] txdf /xg] -Bottom Reinforcement_:Nofasf808Lx?sf]nflu*ld=ld=sf]808L^–ÔGr-!%)ld=ld=_sf]b"/Ldflrqg+=!!vdfb]vfPcg';f//fVg'k5{.

� 6k (Cantilever Projection)#Ú–#Æ-!dL=_;Ddlg:s]sf]

nDafOsf]4 efusf] 1 efu


nDafO

* ld=ld=sf] 808L ^Æ sf]

lkn/

:Nofj ljd


nDafOsf]7efusf] 1 efu

nDafO

r]o;{r]o;{r]o;{r]o;{ r]o;{r]o;{

:Nofasf] ;]S;g


* ld=ld=sf] 808L ^Æ sf] * ld=ld=sf] 808L ^Æ sf]


* ld=ld=sf] 808L ^Æ sf] * ld=ld=sf] 808L ^Æ sf]

ljdljd

lkn/ lkn/

lrq g+= !! -s_

lrq g+= !! -v_ lrq g+= !! -u_

lrq g+= !! -ª_

ePdf :Nofasf] dfly aªUofOg] 808Lx?df ld=ld=sf] yk 808L (Extra Bars) /fVg' k5{ . -lrqg+=!!v_

� dflyNnf]808Lx?(Top Bars and Crank Bars)ePsf]7fpFdf808Lc8\ofpg808Lsf]s'rL{(Chairs) /flvg'k5{ .

� :Nofasf]df]6fOsDtLdf$OGr-!))ld=ld=_x'g'k5{.

:Nofasf] ;]S;g

lrq g+= !! -w_

&’

#’

$’#’

!) ld=ld= 808Lsf] s'rL{ -chair_

$’


� uf/f]x?sf]e"sDkLo;'/Iffsf]nfluem\ofnsf]tn/dfly-l;n/ln06nn]endf_Pj+9f]sfx?sf]dflyln06n n]endf 9nfg k]6L -s+lqm6 Jof08_ x? /fVg'k5{.-lrqg+=!@s,v,u_

!@= l;n / ln06n Jof08x?sf] lgdf{0f� o:tf9nfgk]6L-Jof08_x?Pslkn/b]lvcsf]{

lkn/;Ddhf]l8Psf]x'g'k5{.

� 9nfgsf k]6L -Jof08_ x? sf] df]6fO )Ú–#Æ eGbfa9Lx'g'x'Fb}g/rf}8fOuf/f]el/sf]x'g'k5{.-lrqg+=!@3,ª_

lkn/

@ j6f !) ld=ld= sf] 808Llkn/af6 lgsflnPsf Jof08sf 808Lx?

l;n / lnG6n Jof08df 808L /fVg] t/Lsf

!@Æ

!@Æ

!@Æ

!@Æ

lkn/

* dL= dL= sf] U-Hook l/Ëx? ^ " sf] km/sdf

$" @!" @!" $"

l;n Jof)*

lnG^n AofG*

ljd

uf/f]df lnG^n / l;n AofG* b]vfOPsf]

@ j6f !) ld=ld= 808L

* ld=ld= U- Hook l/Ëx?

l;n / lnG6n Aof08sf] ;]S;g

("

#"

lrq g+= !@ -ª_

lrq g+= !@ -s_

lrq g+= !@ -v_

lrq g+= !@ -u_

lrq g+= !@ -3_

uf/f]df lnG6n / l;n Aof08 b]vfOPsf]

l;n / lnG6n Aof08sf] ;]S;g


� sf};L÷a/08fx?sf]uf/f]nfO{e"sDkLowSsfaf6;'/lIft/dha"tagfpgParapet Bandx?/fVg'k5{.

� o;df sf};L, a/08fdf nufpg] uf/f]x?df a9Ldf$–$kmL6sf]b"/Ldf:Nofj/ladx?af6@÷@j6f!)ld=ld=sf]808Lx?lgsfNg'k5{/808L/x]sf]

!#= sf};L kvf{nsf] Jof08 lgdf{0f (Parapet Band)7fpF jl/k/L * ld=ld= sf] U-hook l/Ëx? /flv(Æx#Æ sf] Post 9nfg ug'{k5{ . To;kl5 uf/f]sf] dflyjf/kf/lrqdfb]vfPem}+u/L!)ld=ld=sf]@j6ft];f]{808Lx?/fvL)Ú–#Ædf]6fOsf]t];f]{Jof089nfgug'{k5{.-lrqg+=!#s,v,u,3_

lrq g+= !# -s_

lrq g+= !# -v_

lrq g+= !# -u_

:Nofj

ljd

!@"

!@"

("

sf};

L kv

f{n /

a/0

8fs

f] prfO{

("X#" sf] s+lqm6sf] Post $-$ kmL6sf] km/sdf

$'-)"

uf/f]sf] dfly # " df]6fOsf] t];f]{ 9nfgsf] k]6L

sf};L / a/08f kvf{nsf] Aof08

-@ j6f !) ld=ld=sf] t];f]{ 808Lx?_

-@ j6f !) ld=ld=sf] 7f8f] 808Lx?_

sf};L÷a/08f kvf{nsf] Aof08

#"

("

* dL=dL= sf] U-Hook l/Ëx? ^ " sf] km/sdf

sf};L / a/08f kvf{nsf] Aof08sf] ;]S;g

@ j6f !) ld=ld=sf] 808L

lrq g+= !# -3_

sf};L÷a/08f kvf{nsf] Aof08sf] ;]S;g


� e"sDksf] b[li6sf]0faf6 e¥ofË ejgsf] ;Dj]bgzLnefuePsf]x'Fbfo;sf]lgdf{0fdfljz]ifljrf/k'¥ofpg''k5{ .

� #dL=x$=%dL=;fOhePsfsf]7fx?dfe¥ofËsf]:Nofjsf]df]6fOslDtdf)Ú–%Æ-!@%ld=ld=_x'g'k5{.

� e¥ofËsf] 808Lx? lrq g+ !$ s,v df b]vfP em+}tNnf] txsf] 808L ladb]lv lad;Dd / dflyNnf]808Ldf]l8Psf]7fpFaf6808Lsf]Jof;sf]^)u'0ffjf nDafOsf]#efusf]!efu;Dd-h'ga9L5_/fVg'k5{.

� e¥ofËsf] v'8\lsnfx?df !) ld=ld= sf] gf]haf//fVg'k5{/gf]haf/nfO{lrqdfb]vfPem}+*ld=ld=sf]jfO{08/åf/fafFWg'k5{.-lrqg+=!$u,3_

!$= e¥of∙ agfp“bf Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx?� e"sDkLob[li6sf]0fn]e¥ofËsf]d}bfgefu-Landing_

nfO{ ladåf/f lkn/df hf]8g' eGbf O{6fsf] uf/f]dfc8\ofpg'/fd|f]x'G5.

� cfjf;Loejgx?dfe¥ofËsf]rf}8fOslDtdf#@Æ-*))Pd=Pd=_ x'g'k5{ . k|To]s l;9L+sf] rf}8fO slDtdf !)Æ-@%)ld=ld=_=/prfO&Æ-!&%ld=ld=_x'g'k5{.

� v'Nnfe¥ofËdfclgjfo{?kdf/]lnË/fVg'k5{eg]/]lnËsf]prfOslDtdf#Ú–#Æ-!dL=_x'g'k5{.

� e¥ofËsf] Pp6f NofO6 -Flight_ df a9Ldf !%j6f;Ddv'8\lsnfx?/fVg;lsG5.

� e¥ofËsf] l;9L+af6 dflysf] :Nofjsf] d'lg;Ddsf]prfO slDtdf & lkm6 -@))) ld=ld=_ x'g'k5{ .

808Lsf] Jof;sf]

^) u'0ff j

f

)=# x nDafO

808Lsf] Jof;sf]

^) u'0ff j

f

)=# x nDafO

tNnf] 808Lx?

%’ df]6fO

dflyNnf] 808Lx?

dflyNnf] 808Lx?

lrq g+= !$ -s_

!) ld=ld= sf] gf]h af/

* ld=ld= sf] afO08/

lrq g+= !) -u_

10 ld=ld= sf] gf]h af/

gf]h af/ /fVg] t/Lsf

8 ld=ld= sf] afO)*/

12 ld=ld= sf]

20 ld=ld=se/

e¥ofªdf 808L /fVg] t/Lsf

:Nofasf] df]6fO{ slDtdf %Æ

r]o;{

r]o;{

r]o;{

!@"^"

^)XØ

jf 0=3

XnDafO

60XØ

jf 0=3

XnDafO

lrq g+= !$ -v_

lrq g+= !$ -3_

e¥ofªdf 808L /fVg] t/Lsf gf]h af/ /fVg] t/Lsf


lkn/jfnf ejgsf] 808Lsf] gd"gf

8"1 '

-0"

3"

2-16 ld=ld=+ 2-16 ld=ld=sf] *)*Lljd -9" X 14")

nDafO{ X 0=3 nDafO{ X 0=33'-6"3'-6"

2-16 ld=ld=sf] *)*L

2-16 ld=ld=+ 1-16 ld=ld=sf] *)*L

lnG^n AofG* -9" X 3")

l;n AofG* -9" X 3"_

nDafO{= 12'-0"

5'-0" 5'-0"

j]; ^fO{ljd -9" X 9"_ 2-12 ld=ld=sf] *)*L

2-12 ld=ld=sf] *)*L

8'-0

"1'

-2"

9"1'

-6"

2'- 0

"3'

-2"

1'-6

"

9'- 1

"7'

-0"

8'- 0

"1'

-2"

9"

*)*L vK\̂ofpg] nDafO{

3'- 6

"2 '

-0"

*)*Lsf] df]^fO{sf] 60 u")ff

*)*L vK\̂ofpg] nDafO{

60X

Ø

60X

Ø

20"

60X

Ø

60X

Ø

4'-0

"2'

- 0"

2'-0

"

5 nfOgsf] *)*L 4 j^f12" X 12" lkn/ 4nfOgsf] *)*L 8 j^f

12" X 12" lkn/

3'-6"

2'-6"*)*L vK \̂ofpg] nDafO{

2'-0" 2-16 ld=ld=sf] *)*L

3"

4 nfOgsf] *)*Lsf] hfnL b"a}k \̂\̂ Laf^ 6" sf] km/sdf

20"

9"

2=5 nfOgsf] *)*Lsf] l/ª 4 OGrsf] km/sdf

nDafO{ X 0=15 nDafO{ X 0=15

1'-9"1'-9"

2'-0

"2'

-6"

1'-6

"*)*L vK\̂ofpg] nDafO{

2'-0

"

1'-0" 1'-0"

2'-3

"

hdLg

lKnGy ^fO{ljd -9" X 9"_ 2-12 ld=ld=sf] *)*L

husf] ulx/fO{


lkn/jfnf ejgsf] l86]lnª ;DaGwL kmf]6f]x?

xfQLkfOn] husf] lgdf{0f hudfj];6fOlad/flvPsf]

lad/lkn/sf]hf]gL{

:Nofadf808Lla5\ofOPsf]lkn/df kfgLn] lehfpg -Curing_h'6sf]af]/fk|of]u

lad/lkn/sf]hf]gL{

cg';"rL !


lad/lkn/sf]hf]gL{dfl/Ëx?/flvPsf]/ladsf]808Lx?nfO{lkn/leq7Lstl/sfn]df]l8Psf]

lad/lkn/sf]hf]gL{dfladsf]808Lx?nfO{ lkn/leq7Lstl/sfn]df]l8Psf]

lad/lkn/sf]hf]gL{dfladsf]808Lx?nfO{ lkn/leq7Lstl/sfn]df]l8Psf]

sf};Lkvf{ndfJof08/flvPsf] lkn/dfl;n÷ln06nJof08sf]nflu808Lx?lgsflnPsf]


e"sDk k|lt/f]wL lkn/jfnf ejgx?

cg';"rL @


tLg tNnf;Ddsf] uf/f]jfnf ejg lgdf{0f ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx?

uf/f]jfnf ejgsf] gd"gf

v08 v


Ü l;d]G6d;nfdfO{+6fsf]uf/f]ePdfM

� clwstd tLg tNnf � sf]7fsf]rf}8fOclwstd#=%dL= � clwstdprfOMe"O{+tNnfdf#=@dL=,klxnf]tNnf#dL=,bf]>f]tNnf@=*dL=

Ü l;d]G6 d;nfdf 9'+ufsf] uf/f] jf df6f] d;nfdf O{+6fsf] uf/f]

� clwstd b'O{ tNnf � sf]7fsf]clwstdrf}8fO#=@dL= � clwstdprfOMe"O{+tNnfdf#=@dL=,klxnf]tNnf#dL=

Mandatory Rules of Thumb (MRT) cg';f/ uf/f]jfnf ejg lgdf{0f ubf{ k"/f x'g'kg{] zt{x? (Limitations of MRT) -/fli6«o ejg ;+lxtf @)@_


o; lgb]{lzsfsf] k|of]u u/L uf/f] nufO{ agfOg] 3/x? ;fdfGotof # tNnf eGbf a9L prfOsf] x'g' xF'b}g . tNnfcg';f/ / uf/f]df k|of]u ul/g] hf]8fO d;nfsf] cfwf/df uf/f]sf] rf}8fO km/s x'G5 . To;} u/L uf/f]sf] prfO{, 6k (Cantilever Projection)lgsflnPsf]5,5}gcflbs'/fklgljrf/ug'{k5{.h;cg';f/sf]ljj/0ftnpNn]vul/Psf]5.

uf/f] nufO{ agfOg] 3/sf] uf/f]sf] df]6fO{ ;DaGwL ljj/0f

uf/f]sf] k|sf/ tNnfUff/f]sf] rf}8fO

uf/f]sf] prfO-a9Ldf_ :Nofasf]

efu ;d]t

sf]7fsf] rf}8fO

SoflG6n]e/ lgsfNg

x'g] ÷ gx'g]

O{6fsf] uf/f]df l;d]06 d;nfsf] hf]8fOdf

bf>f] tNnf (Æ (Ú–@Æ !!Ú–^Æ !=)ld+

klxnf] tNnf !$Æ !)Ú–)Æ !!Ú–^Æ !=)ld=

e'O{+ tNnf !$Æ !)Ú–^Æ !!Ú–^Æ gx'g]

9'+ufsf] uf/f]df l;d]G6 d;nfsf] hf]8fOdfklxnf] tNnf !$Æ !)Ú–)Æ !)Ú–^Æ gx'g]

e'O{+ tNnf !$Æ !)Ú–^Æ !)Ú–^Æ gx'g]

O{6fsf] uf/f]df df6f]sf] d;nfsf] hf]8fOdf e'O{+ tNnf !$Æ !)Ú–^Æ !)Ú–^Æ gx'g]

;fef/M /fli6«o ejg ;+lxtf @)@

!= hu lgdf{0f � husf] rf}8fO / ulx/fO df6f]sf k|sf/ cg';f/

km/s kb{5 . sdhf]/ k|sf/sf] sfnLdf6L_ df6f] 5 eg] To:tf] df6f]df hu vGg' cufl8 hldgnfO{ a];/LvfF8g'(Compaction) ug'{k5{ .

� !tNnf;Ddlgdf{0ful/g]3/sf]nflulrqg+!sdfb]vfPh:t}lgDgcg';f/sf]hucfjZosk5{.

� O{6fsf] uf/f]df l;d]06 d;nfsf] hf]8fOsf] hu ePdfhusf]rf}8fO@Ú–^Æ/ulx/fO@Ú–*Æx'g'k5{.

� 9'+ufsf]uf/f]dfl;d]G6d;nfsf]hf]8fOsf]huePdfhusf]rf}8fO@Ú–^Æ/ulx/fO@Ú–*Æx'g'k5{.

�O{6fsf]uf/f]dfdf6f]sf]d;nfsf]hf]8fOsf]huePdfhusf]rf}8fO@Ú–!)Æ/ulx/fO@Ú–*Æx'g'k5{.

� a9Ldf # tNnf;Dd lgdf{0f ul/g] 3/sf] nflulgDgcg':ff/husf]cfjZosk5{.

� O{6fsf] uf/f]df l;d]G6 d;nfsf] hf]8fOsf] hudf

rf}8fO#Ú–)Æ/ulx/fO#Ú–)Æx'g'k5{ .� 9'+ufsf] uf/f]df l;d]G6 d;nfsf] hf]8fOsf] hudf

rf}8fO#Ú–)Æ/ulx/fO#Ú–)Æx'g'k5{ .

� df6f]sf] d;nfsf] hf]8fOdf lgdf{0f ul/g] 3/sf] hu #Ú–^Æ rf}8fO / #Ú–^Æ ulx/fOsf] x'g'k5{ .To:tf ejgx? ! tNnf ;Dd dfq lgdf{0f ug{'pko'Qm x'G5 .

� hudf ! tx O{6f ;f]lnË u/L To; dfly #Æ sf]lk=l;=l;=9nfg!M@M$sf]cg'kftdfug'{k5{.

� uf/f]sf] hudf lk=l;=l;= dfly jf/kf/ sDtLdf #Ædf]6fOsf] hu aGwg 9nfg ug{'k5{ . hu aGwgdf!@ ld=ld= sf] b'O{ j6f d'Vo 808Lx? / * ld=ld=sf] l/ªx? ^–^ OGrsf] km/sdf /fVg'k5{ . huaGwgsf]rf}8fOsDtLdfdflyp7fOg]uf/f]sf]rf}8fOa/fa/x'g'k5{.


@= 6fO{ lad lgdf{0f� uf/f]x?nfO{ Ps cfk;df afFWg / hdLgaf6 cfpg]

lr;f]kgf/f]Sgsf]nfluj+mlqm6sf]6fO{lad/fVg'k5{.

� 6fO{ladsf]n]en;fwf/0ftofhdLgaf6!Ú–^Æb]lv@Ú–^Æ;Ddx'g'k5{.

� 6fO{ ladsf] rf}8fO uf/f]sf] rf}8fO a/fa/ / prfOsDtLdf )Ú–^Æ x'g' k5{ . 6fO{ lad !M@M$ sf]cg'kftdfs+lqm69nfgul/agfpg'k5{.

7f8f] 808L

6fO{ lad

O{§f ;f]ln∙

O{§fsf] hu

#’ lk=l;=l;=

lrq g+= ! -v_

$ j6f !@ ld=ld= sf] 808L

* ld=ld= sf] l/∙ ^’ sf] km/sdf

lrq g+= @ -s_

7f8f] 808L

6fO{ lad

O{§f ;f]ln∙

O{§fsf] hu

#’ lk=l;=l;=hu

sf] u

lx/f

O

husf] rf}8fO

lrq g+= ! -s_

lrq g+= ! -3_lrq g+= ! -u_

uf/f]sf] husf] ;]S;g Psftk{m dfq kmls{Psf] husf] ;]S;g


7f8f] 808L

6fO{ lad

O{§f ;f]ln∙

$ j6f !@ ld=ld= sf] 808L* ld=ld= sf] l/∙

^’ sf] km/sdf

#’ lk=l;=l;=

lrq g+= @ -v_

^’

rf}8fO

lrq g+= @ -u_

#= uf/f]sf] df]6fO� l;d]G6d;nf-!M^_sf]hf]8fOdfO{6fsf]uf/f]df#

tNnf;Ddsf]cUnf]/sf]7fsf]rf}8fOa9Ldf!!'–)" ;Dd ePsf] ejg lgdf{0f ubf{ e'O+{ tNnf / klxnf]tNnfdf!$Ædf]6fOtyfbf]>f]tNnfdf(Ædf]6fOsf]uf/f] nufpg' k5{ .

� l;d]G6 d;nf -!M^_ sf] hf]8fOdf 9'+ufsf] uf/f]åf/f @ tNnf;Ddsf] cUnf] ejg lgdf{0f ubf{ !$Ædf]6fOsf] uf/f] cfjZos k5{ . 9'+ufsf] uf/f]af6lgdf{0f ubf{ a9Ldf b'O{ tNnf ;Ddsf] cUnf] ejg;'/lIft x'G5 . t/ o:tf ejgsf] sf]7fsf] rf}8fO !!Ú–)ÆeGbfa9Lx'g'x'Fb}g.

� df6f]sf] d;nfsf] hf]8fOdf O{6fsf] uf/f]åf/f !tNnf;Dd cUnf] ejg dfq lgdf{0f ug{' pko'Qm x'G5.o;dfuf/f]sf]df]6fO!$Æx'g'k5{.

:Nofa

lad

ln06n Aof08

hu

6fO{ lad

l;n Aof08O{§fsf] uf/f]

lrq g+= # -s_

lrq g+= @ -3_

6fO{ lad;lxts] uf/f]]sf] hu


lrq g+= # -v_

$= ‰ofn 9f]sf /fVg] :yfgsf] rog� uf/f]jfnf ejgx/df ‰ofn / 9f]sfx?

/fVbf sf]]7fsf] s'gfb]lv @Ú–)Æ 5f8L /fVg'k5{ . Pp6} uf/f]df ‰ofn of 9f]sf /fVg' k/]df Ps ‰ofn of 9f]sf b]lv csf]{ ‰ofn of 9f]sfsf] cGt/ slDtdf @Ú–)Æ sf] x'g'k5{ .

� olb @Ú–)Æ eGbf sddf ‰ofn9f]sf /fVg'kg]{ ePdf ‰ofn9f]sf rf/}lt/ 808L /flvs+lqm6sf]Jof08/fVg'k5{.

� sf]7fsf] uf/f]x?sf] nDafO / prfOsf]cg'kftdf‰ofn9f]sfn]cf]u6\g]If]qlgwf{/0ful/g'k5{ . ‰ofn÷9f]sfn] cf]u6\g] v'Nnfefusf] If]qkmn hldg tNnfdfq lgdf{0f x'g] 3/df k|To]s uf/f]sf] If]qkmnsf] %) k|ltzt, b'O{tNnf;Dd lgdf{0f x'g] 3/df hldg tNnfdf $@ k|ltzt / tLg tNnf;Ddlgdf{0fx'g]3/dfhldgtNnfdf#)k|ltzteGbfa9Lx'g'x'b}g.

j'mg

f aGw

gx

?

t];f]{ k]]l6x?

@Æ–)’

@Æ–)’

@Æ–)’

@Æ–)’

@Æ–)’lrq g+= $ -s_

l;n Jof)*

2 j^f 10 ld=ld=sf] *)*L

lnG^]n Jof)* 2 j^f 10 ld=ld=sf] *)*L

uf/f]sf] ;]S;g

hdLgsf] n]en

6"

^fO{ ljd ^fO{ ljd n]en

#'-0"

:Nofa

ljd

!@"

("( "

!'-^

"

#Æ lk=l;=l;=! tx O{§f ;f]lnË

* ld=ld= U- Hook l/Ë

#'-0

"

hu aGwg

@'-^"

@'-)"

!'-^"

!'-@"

&f*f] *)*L

7f8f] 808L

s'gf aGwg

s'gf aGwg

s'gf aGwg

6fO{ lad

l;n Aof08

ln06n Aof08

nf]/ lad÷:Nofa

lrq g+= # -u_

uf/f]sf] ;]S;g


� uf/f]x? hf]l8g] :yfgdf e"sDksf] wSsf a9L kg]{x'Fbfdhj"tlgdf{0fcfjZos5.

� uf/f]x?sf] s'gf / 6L hf]gL{df /fVbf b'j} uf/f]nfO{Roflkg]u/Ls'gfaGwg-l:6r_agfO{/fVg'k5{.

� s'gfaGwg-l:6r_sf]rf}8fOuf/f]sf]rf}8fOa/fa// df]6fO slDtdf )Ú–#Æ x'g'k5{ . l:6rsf] nDafO

%= s'gf aGwg -cf/= l;= l;= l:6r_ sf] lgdf{0fuf/f]sf]s'gfjfhf]gL{af6#Ú–)Æb"/L;Dd/fVg'k5{.

� o;df#nfO{g-!)ld=ld=_sf]808L@j6ft];f]{u/L/@=%nfO{g-*dL=dL=_808Lsf]l/Ë(U-Hooks) ^–ÔGrsf]km/sdf/fVg'k5{.

� o:tf l:6rx? uf/f]sf] x/]s @–@ kmL6 prfO{df/fVb}hfg'k5{.

#Æ–)’

#Æ–)’ #Æ–)’

@ j6f !) ld=ld= sf] 808L

* ld=ld= sf] U-Hook ^’ km/sdf

!@ ld=ld= sf] 7f8f] 808L

lrq g+= % -v_

#Æ–)’ #Æ–)’

@ j6f !) ld=ld= sf] 808L


!@ ld=ld= sf] 7f8f] 808L

lrq g+= % -s_

ln)^n Jof)*

l;n Jof)*

:Nofj

hldg

s+ls|^ l:^r / Jof)*x? ejgsf] df]x*fdf b]vfO{Psf]

^fO{ ljd

s+ls|^ l:^r

km\nf]/ ljd

s+ls|^ l:^r / &f*f] *)*Lx? ejgsf] Knfgdf b]vfO{Psf]

em\ofn

em\ofn

em\ofn

em\ofn

em\ofn

em\ofn

14" df]^fOsf] O{̂ fsf] uf/f]

2km"̂

2km"̂2km"̂

(f]sf

uf/f]sf] s'gf / hf]gL{x?df 12 ld=ld=sf]&f*f] *)*L /flvPsf]

uf/f]sf] s"gfx?df s+ls|̂ l:^r /flvPsf]em\ofn

em\ofn

2'-0" 2'-0"

uf/f]sf] hf]gL{df s+ls|̂ l:^r /flvPsf]

(f]sf

(f]sf (f]sf

em\ofnsf] bfofF afofF 10 ld=ld=sf]&f*f] *)*L /flvPsf]

lrq g+= $ -v_ lrq g+= $ -u_

s+lqm6 l:6r / Jof08x? ejgsf] df]x8fdf b]vfO{Psf]

s+lqm6 l:6r / Jof08x? ejgsf] df]x8fdf b]vfO{Psf]


^= km\nf]/ lad lgdf{0f� :Nofj cl8g] -Rest x'g]_ uf/f]x?dfly :Nofj;+u}

km\nf]/ladx?/fVg'/fd|f]x'G5.

� ladsf]rf}8fOuf/f]sf]rf}8fOa/fa//prfO:Nofa;lxt!#Æx'g'k5{.

� laddf808Lx?lrqdfb]vfPem+}/fVg'kb{5.

� o;df uf/f]sf] nDafO{ cg';f/ 808Lx? sd÷a];L/fVg'kg]{ x'G5 . 808Lx? dfly lkn/ jfnfejgx?sf] cg';f/ g} x'G5 eg] yk 808Lx? tndflyjf/kf/x'g]u/L/fVg'k5{.

@ j6f !^ ld=ld= sf] 808L + ! j6f !@ ld=ld= sf] 808L - tn / dfly jf/kf/ _

* ld=ld= sf] l/∙ ^’ sf] km/sdf

lrq g+= ^ -s_

ljdsf] ;]S;g

1"7"1"9"

1"11

"1"

13"

8"

2 -16 ld=ld= *)*L

8 ld=ld=sf] l/ª

5"

@-!^ ld=ld=+!-!^ ld=ld=sf] 808L

uf/f]sf] s'gfdf /flvg] s+qmL6 Jof08

ladsf] ;]S;g

uf/f]sf] hf]gL{x?df /flvg] 6L cfsf/sf] s+qmL6 Jof08

lrq g+= % -u_ lrq g+= % -3_

lrq g+= ^ -v_


� ‰ofn / 9f]sfsf] dfly ln06n n]endf tyf ‰ofnsf] l7s d'lg cyf{t l;n n]endf t];f{] k]6L -l;n/ln06nAof08_/fVg'k5{.

� o:tf Aof08x?sf] rf}8fO uf/f]sf] rf}8fO a/fa// df]6fO slDtdf )Ú–#Æ -&% ld=ld_ x'g'k5{ . $Ú–)Æ-!@))ld=ld=_eGbfa9LnDafOsf]‰ofndfly

&= t];f]{ k]6L -l;n Aof08 / ln06n Aof08_ sf] lgdf{0f

#Æ–)’

@ j6f !@ ld=ld= sf] 808L

!) ld=ld= sf] 7f8f] 808L


l:6r

!@ ld=ld= sf] 7f8f] 808L

!@ ld=ld= sf] 7f8f] 808L

lrq g+= & -s_

nDafO{

ljdsf] Pn ;]S;g

8 ld=ld= sf] l/ª 6" sf] km/sdf

nDafO{

8 ld=ld= sf] l/ª 6" sf] km/sdf

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@-!^ ld=ld=+ !-!@ ld=ld=sf] 808L@-!^ ld=ld=+ !-!@ ld=ld=sf] 808L

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ladsf] Pn ;]S;g

lrq g+= ^ -u_


*= 7f8f] 808Lx? /fVg] t/Lsf� uf/f]hf]l8g]:yfgx?-s'gf/l6hf]gL{_dfsDtLdf

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hfg'k5{.olbs'g}uf/f]k"/}p7fP/cGouf/f]kl5nufpg'kg]{ePdflrqg+=*s/vdfb]vfPem+}u/Ltxtxdfv'8\lsnf5f8\b}nufpg'k5{.

� Pslbgdf!dL=-#Ú–#Æ_eGbfcUnf]uf/f]nufpg'xF'b}g.

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s

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uf/f]sf] ;]S;g -s s_

lrq g+= & -v_

lrq g+= & -u_


!@ ld=ld= sf] 7f8f] 808L

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#’ lk=l;=l;=

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lrq g+= * -v_

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14"

14"

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14"

14"


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bf];|f] tx

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9"

9"


klxnf] tx

9"

9"


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bf];|f] tx

lrq g+= * -u_

lrq g+= * -3_

lrq g+= * -ª_

lrq g+= * -r_

(" sf] uf/f]sf] s'gfdf /flvg] 7f8f] 808L

(" sf] uf/f]sf] s'gfdf /flvg] 7f8f] 808L !$" sf] uf/f]sf] s'gfdf /flvg] 7f8f] 808L

!$" sf] uf/f]sf] s'gfdf /flvg] 7f8f] 808L



bf];|f] tx

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14"

14"

14" sf] uf/f]sf] hf]gL{df /fVg] &f*f] *)*Lx?

14"

14"


klxnf] tx

lrq g+= * -5_

lrq g+= * -h_

!$" sf] uf/f]sf] hf]gL{df /flvg] 7f8f] 808L

!$" sf] uf/f]sf] hf]gL{df /flvg] 7f8f] 808L


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Joj:yflksf–;+;bn]agfPsf]@)^$;fnsf]P]gg+=!&

ejgP]g, @)%% nfO{ ;+zf]wgug{ag]sf]P]g

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esDk ;'/IffTds cfjf;Lo ejg...e"sDk ;'/IffTds cfjf;Lo ejg lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;lrq lgb]{lzsf ILLUSTRATED GUIDELINE FOR CONSTRUCTION OF EARTHQUAKE SAFE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING g]kfn ;/sf/ ef}lts