Esd Manual With Viva Question

EC2404- ELECTRONIC SYSTEM DESIGN LABORATORY, DGCT

ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI(R 2008)EC2404 - ELECTRONIC SYSTEM DESIGN LABORATORYSYLLABUS

1. Design of a 4-20 mA transmitter for a bridge type transducer.Design the Instrumentation amplifier with the bridge type transducer (Thermistor or any resistance variation transducers) and convert the amplified voltage from theinstrumentation amplifier to 4 20 mA current using op-amp. Plot the variation of the temperature Vs output current.2. Design of AC/DC voltage regulator using SCRDesign a phase controlled voltage regulator using full wave rectifier and SCR, vary the conduction angle and plot the output voltage.3. Design of process control timerDesign a sequential timer to switch on & off at least 3 relays in a particular sequence using timer IC.4. Design of AM / FM modulator / demodulatorDesign AM signal using multiplier IC for the given carrier frequency and modulation index and demodulate the AM signal using envelope detector.Design FM signal using VCO IC NE566 for the given carrier frequency and demodulate the same using PLL NE 565.5. Design of Wireless data modem.Design a FSK modulator using 555/XR 2206 and convert it to sine wave using filter and transmit the same using IR LED and demodulate the same PLL NE 565/XR 2212.6. PCB layout design using CADDrawing the schematic of simple electronic circuit and design of PCB layout using CAD7. Microcontroller based systems designDesign of microcontroller based system for simple applications like security systems combination lock.8. DSP based system designDesign a DSP based system for echo cancellation, using TMS/ADSP DSP kit.9. Psuedo-random Sequence Generator10. Arithmetic Logic Unit Design

LIST OF EXPERIMENTSExp.NoEXPERIMENTSPage No

CYCLE 1

1. DESIGN OF AN INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER

7

2. DESIGN OF AC/DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING SCR

17

3. DESIGN OF PROCESS CONTROL TIMER

27

4. DESIGN OF AM MODULATOR AND DEMODULATOR

35

5. DESIGN OF FM MODULATOR AND DEMODULATOR43

6. DESIGN OF WIRELESS DATA MODEM

51

CYCLE 2

7.MICROCONTROLLER BASED SYSTEMS DESIGN

59

8.DSP BASED SYSTEM DESIGN

65

9.PSUEDO RANDOM SEQUENCE GENERATOR

71

10.ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT DESIGN

77

11.PCB LAYOUT DESIGN USING ULTIBOARD83

INDEXEXP.NOEXPERIMENTSPAGE NO.MARKSSIGNATURE OF THE STAFF

SIGNATURE OF THE STAFF MARKS (OUT OF _________)CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

V2V1BRIDGECIRCUIT:

INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER:

Ex. No.1DESIGN OF AN INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIERDate :

AIM:To design, construct and test an instrumentation amplifier using IC 741 and vary its gain from 1 to 100.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No

Name of the Apparatus

Range

Quantity

1

Operational Amplifier

IC 741

3

2

Resistor

10k5k 1k 50 k 250k 12 k

4 3

each 1

3

DRB

1

4

Bread Board &Connecting wires

As required

5

Dual Power Supply

1

6

Rheostat

(0-100)

1

7.

Multimeter

1

THEORY:

INSTUMENTATION AMPLIFIER:Instrumentation amplifier is generally required in any measurement system using electrical transducers to enhance signal levels often in low voltage less than mV. Also it is required to provide impedance matching and isolation. When the desired input rides over a common mode signal special amplifier are needed so that difference signals get amplified to an acceptable level while the common mode signals get attenuated.The physical quantities can be converted into electrical quantities by using transducer. The output of the transducer needs to be amplified to get the meter readings. This amplification is done by using instrumentation amplifier. The output of instrumentation amplifier drives of indicator or display system. The important features of an instrumentation amplifier are high gain accuracy, high CMRR, high gain stability with low temperatureco-efficient, low dc offset, low output impedance.Low input impedance may load the signal source heavily. Therefore high resistance buffer is used preceding each input to avoid this loading effect. For V1 =V2 under common mode condition. If V2 =V2 and V1 =V1 both the operational amplifiers act as voltage follower. If V1 V2 the circuit has differential gain by the formula VO/ (V2-V1)=1+(2R/R).

DESIGN:Output voltageVO = (1 + ( 2R / R)) (V2 -V1)

Differential gain Ad = VO / (V2 - V1)

= 1 + (2R / R) Choose R = 10k

For Ad max = 100

100 = 1 + (20k /R)

R= 20K /99

Rmax = 200.

For Ad min = 10

10 = 1 + (20k /R)

R min = 2.2K.

IL = I1+I2

I1 = (V-(V0/2)) / R

I2 = (V0-(V0/2)) / R

IL = (V-(V0/2) + (V0-(V0/2)) / R = (V-V0+V0) / R = V/R

IL is independent of RL. If R is constant then ILV

PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.2. The bridge circuit was balanced by varying 100 Rheostat.3. The output voltage V1 and V2 of balanced circuit were given as input to the op-amp A1 and A2.4. Varying the resistance R1 the bridge circuit the voltage V1 and V2 were varied.5. Varying the R the output voltage was measured then the differential gain was calculated using formula,=20 log (VO/(V2-V1)).

MODEL GRAPH:

TABULAR COLUMN: Vin =

S.NOOutput Voltage (volt)

Output Current (mA)

Gain =20 log (VO / (V2 -V1)) in dB

VIVA QUESTION:1. Write application of Instrumentation amplifier.2. Define Ideal Op-Amp.3. Write the gain formula for Instrumentation amplifier.4. Define CMRR.5. Compare linear and non liner device.6. What are the areas of application of non-linear op- amp circuits?7. What is meant by transducer?8. Mention some areas where PLL is widely used.9. Define capture range of PLL.10. What are the main features of Ic 741?

RESULT:Thus the physical quantities are converted into electrical quantities and by using electrical quantities instrumentation amplifier was designed, constructed and outputs were verified.MARKS ALLOCATION

Experimental Setup10

Execution10

Viva10

Total30

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

AC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:

PIN DETAILS:


DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:

Ex.No.2AC/DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING SCR Date :

AIM:(i)To design, construct and test a AC voltage regulator using SCR. (ii)To design, construct and test a DC voltage regulator using SCR.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:


S.No


Range

Quantity

1

Transformer

230V/12V

1

2

SCR

2P4M

2

3

Diode

BY 127

2

4

Resistor

100K12 K

2 1

5

Bread Board

1

6

Connecting Wires

As required

7

CRO

1

8

DRB

2


S.No


Range

Quantity

1

Transformer

230V/24V

1

2

SCR

TYN 604

1

3

Diode

1N4001

4

4

Resistor

10 K 1k

2 1

5

Bread Board

1

6

Connecting Wires

As required

7

CRO

1

8

DRB

2

9

IC

7812

1

10

Capacitors

1000f

1

100f

1


MODEL GRAPH:



THEORY:

The SCR is switched ON and OFF to regulate the output voltage in AC and DC voltage regulator.


If the SCR is connected to AC supply and load, the power flow can be controlled by varying the RMS value of AC voltage applied to the load and this type of power circuit is caused as AC voltage regulator. Applications of AC voltage regulator are in heating on load transformers for changing light controls, speed controls and polyphase controls, induction motors and AC magnet controls for power transfer. Two types of power control are normally used.(1) ON-OFF control(2) Polyphase Angle controlAC regulators are those converter which converts fixed ac voltage directly to variable ac voltage of the same frequency. The load voltage is regulated by controlling the firing angle of SCRs. AC voltage controllers are thyristor based devices.The most common circuit is the inverse parallel SCR pair in which two isolated gate signals are applied. Each of the two SCRs are triggered at alternate half cycles of the supply and the load voltage is part of input sine wave. The SCR is an unidirectional device like diode, it allows current flow in only one direction but unlike diode, it has built-in feature to switch ON and OFF. The switching of SCR is controlled by gate and biasing condition. This switching property of SCR allows to control the ON periods thus controlling average power delivered to the load.In this circuit SCR1 is forward biased during positive half cycle and SCR2 is forward biased during negative half cycle. SCR1 is triggered at the firing angle t= and supply voltage is impressed on the load resistance(RL). It conducts from the remaining positive half cycle, turning OFF when the anode voltage becomes zero at t=.SCR2 is triggered at the firing angle t=+ and conducts till t=2. Hence the load is alternating in polarity and is part of sine wave. The firing angle of both SCRs is controlled by gate circuit. The conduction period of SCR is controlled by varying gate signals within specified values of maximum and minimum gate currents.For gate triggering, a signal is applied between the gate and cathode of the device. AC sources are normally used as gate signals. This provides proper isolation between power.

DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:If SCRs are used to convert an AC voltage into DC voltage then they are known as DC voltage regulators. Eg. Battery changes for high current capacity batteries in DC voltage control only phase control is used.The transformer is used to step down the voltage from 230V to 24V. This is given as input to bridge rectifier. The bridge rectifier converts incoming ac signal to unidirectional wave. Therefore we get full wave rectifier output at the output of bridge rectifier. This is given as input to SCR. The gate of SCR is triggered with firing angle of . During positive half cycle, diode D1 and D2

TABULAR COLUMN:

AC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:DRB 1 value(K)

Amplitude (V)

TON(ms)

DRB 2 value(K)

Amplitude (V)

TOFF(ms)

DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:DRB value(K)

Amplitude (V)

TON(ms)

Resistance RL(K)

Output (V)

conducts and during negative half cycle, diode D3 and D4 conducts. The full wave rectified output is given to capacitive filter. The output of capacitor is dc that it eliminates ripple contents of bridge rectifier output. The dc input is given to regulator IC. The unregulated output must be 2V greater than regulated output voltage. The load current may vary from 0 to rated maximum output current. The output voltage is regulated dc.

PROCEDURE:

AC VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING SCR:

1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. The supply is given by means of step down transformer.3. Anode terminal of SCR1 is connected to the anode terminal of diode, is connected to cathode of SCR1 by means of resistor as the load.4. Hence the voltage regulation is verified at load terminal.

DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING SCR:

1. Connect the two terminals at the top of bridge rectifier.

2. The positive terminal of the bridge rectifier is connected to one terminal at the load and at the other terminal to anode terminal of SCR.3. The pin 15 connected from the power supply to the load. 4. Then the DC voltage regulation is checked and verified.

DESIGN:

AC VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING SCR: Triggering circuit for SCR:12 V ac is rectified by diode BY 127. SCR 2P4M is used to trigger. Let the current be 1mA. R=V/I=12V/1mA=12K.

DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING SCR: Triggering circuit for SCR:24 V ac is rectified by diode 1N4001. SCR TYN604 is used to trigger. Let the current be 1mA. R=V/I=12V/1mA=12K.

VIVA QUESTION:1.Define regulator.2 .Compare the full wave rectifier and bridge rectifier.3. Write the application of SCR.4. What is purpose of IC7812.5. Mention methods of triggering or firing of SCR?6. Write the terminals of SCR.7. Write the efficiency of full rectifier.8. Give the methods to trigger the SCR?9.What is meant by phase controlled voltage regulator?10.Explain the operation of the circuit.

RESULT:Thus both AC and DC voltage regulators were designed, constructed and the output waveforms were drawn.

MARKS ALLOCATION


Execution10

Viva10

Total30

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Ex.No.3 PROCESS CONTROL TIMER / SEQUENTIAL TIMERDate:

AIM:To design sequential timer to switch ON and OFF at least three delays in a particular sequence using IC 555 timer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No


Range

Quantity

1

IC

555

3

2

Bread Board

1

3

Resistors

33k3

100k

3

220

3

4

RPS

1

5

Connecting wires

As required

6

Capacitors

10uf

3

0.01uf

6

7

Trainer kit1

THEORY:

Sequential timer is the simplest form of the process control timer in which many timing operations carried out sequentially one by one. Each timing operation is kept in active condition for a predefined amount of time and then goes to off condition. Similarly the controller activates all the operations as per the defined timings.This type of sequential controller is required for injection moulding machine, back sealing experiments where it required to activate solenoids, relays other activating mechanism for a predefined time sequentially one by one.Sequential timer is used for control process. The timer IC 555 is operated in monostable mode. The mode monostable multivibrator circuit is useful for generating single output pulse of adjustable data form in response to a trigger signal. The width of the output pulse depends only on external component connected to the op-amp. The output of first multivibrator is given to the trigger input of the second one. Similarly it is connected in sequential order. The time period of each timer determine the triggering period of LED.

PIN DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH:

Amplitude(V)t (ms)t (ms)t (ms)LED 1 LED 2LED 31s 1s 1s

OBSERVATION:

LED 1 ON Time=

LED 2 ON Time=

LED 3 ON Time=

DESIGN:

This relay should be energised for 1 sec. ON Time TH=1.1*R*CHere we design for 1 sec.

By choosing the value of R=100k

The value of C approximated to C=10uf Similarly we have RA=RB=RC=R=100kCA=CB=CC=C=10uf

PROCEDURE:

1. The circuit connections were given as shown in circuit diagram. 2. The triggering is given to pin 2 of timer 1.3. When the trigger pulse is given the LED glows one by one sequentially.

Viva question:1. What is meant by process control timer.2. What is the purpose of 555 timer IC.3. Write application of process control timer.4. Differentiate sequential circuit and combinational circuit.5. What is the function of the comparators in the 555 timer circuit?6. List out the advantages of comparator.7. What is a relay and give its uses?8. Why is monostable multivibrator used in the circuit?9. Explain the circuit operation.10. Define threshold.

RESULT:Thus the circuits for sequential timer was designed, constructed and outputs were verified.

MARKS ALLOCATION


Execution10

Viva10

Total30

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:AM MODULATION

AM DEMODULATION:

Ex. No.4 DESIGN OF AM MODULATION AND DEMODULATION Date:

AIM:To design AM signal using multiplier IC for the given carrier frequency and modulation index and demodulate

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No


Range

Quantity

1

Transistor

BC 107

1

2

Bread Board

1

3

Resistors

4.7K, 270,100K,33K

4,1,1,1

4

RPS

1

5

Connecting wires

As required

6

Capacitors

4.7uf

4

7

Inductance Box1

8CRO(0-20)MHz1

9

FG

(0-30) MHz2

10Diode

1N4001

1

PROCEDURE:

Connections are made as per the circuit diagramGive the modulating signal to pin no 10 through the FG.Give the carrier signal to pin no 10 through the capacitor of 0.1f using another FG.Note down the AM signal at pin no 6.Choose the amplitude level of converter keeping frequency at constant depth of modulation was calculated.Give AM signal to pin no 1 of demodulator circuit.Note down the demodulator signal at pin no 2 of IC 1496.

MODELGRAPHTABULATION:SignalAmplitude(volts)Time(ms)

Carrier

Message

Modulated o/pEmax= Emin=

Demodulated o/p

THEORY:Modulation: It is the process in which the characteristics of high frequency carrier wave is varied in accordance with instantaneous value of other wave.

Amplitude Modulation: The amplitude of carrier wave is varied in accordance with the instantaneous values of message signal is called amplitude modulation.The bandwidth of the AM is twice the bandwidth of the base band signal. The amplitude modulation wave also produces two sidebands(Upper and Lower).

The extent of amplitude variation in AM about unmodulated carrier amplitude is measured in terms of a factor called modulation index defined as the ratio of modulating signal amplitude to carrier amplitude. This factor also known as depth of modulation, degree of modulation and modulation factor(ma).

If ma1 then the modulation is called over modulation, ma=1 then the modulation is called critical modulation.

AM Demodulation: It is the process of extracting the message signal by using a same carrier that was used for modulation from the modulated signal.

The most commonly used AM detector is simple diode detector. The signal at the secondary is half wave rectified by diode D. This diode is the detector diode the resistance R is the load resistance to rectifier and C is the filter capacitor. In the positive half cycle of the AM signal diode conducts and current flows through R, where as in negative half cycle, the diode is reverse biased and no current flows. Therefore only positive half of the AM signal appears across R. Capacitor reconstructs the original modulating signal and high frequency carrier is removed.

VIVA QUESTIONS:1. Define Amplitude modulation.2. What are the types of AM.3. What is the Bandwidth of AM..4 .State application of AM.5. What type of modulation used in this circuit..6. Differentiate AM and FM modulation.7. Compare PAM,PWM and PPM.8. What is modulation index.9.How will you convert AM to FM.10.Draw the spectra for AM signal.

RESULT:Thus the AM modulation and demodulation circuits were constructed and modulation index was calculated.MARKS ALLOCATION


Execution10

Viva10

Total30

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMFM MODULATION

FM DEMODULATION

Ex. No.5DESIGN OF FM MODULATION AND DEMODULATION Date:

AIM:To design FM signal using IC 566 for the given carrier frequency and demodulate the FM using PLLNE 565.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:S. No


Range

Quantity

1

IC

565, 7490

2,1

2

Bread Board

1

3

Resistors

10K,12K,2K,20K,4.7KEach 1

4

RPS

1

5

Connecting wires

As required

6

Capacitors

0.01uf, 0.001uf,10uf

2,2,2

7

FG

(0-30)MHz1

8Transistor 2N22221

9CRO(0-20)MHz1

THEORY: Modulation:It is the process in which the characteristics of high frequency carrier wave are varied in accordance with instantaneous value of other wave.Frequency Modulation:Frequency modulation is the process of varying the frequency of a carrier wave in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal without any variation in the amplitude of the carrier wave. Because the amplitude of the wave remains unchanged, the power associated with an FM wave is constant.When the modulating signal is zero, the output frequency equals fc (centre frequency).When the modulating signal reaches its positive peak, the frequency of the modulated signal is maximum and equals(fc + fm). At negative peaks of the modulating signal, the frequency of the FM wave becomes minimum and equal to(fc - fm).Thus, the process of frequency modulation makes the frequency of the FM wave to deviate from its centre frequency(fc).By an amount ( + or - f) where f is termed as the frequency deviation of the system. During this process, the total power in the wave does not change but a part of the carrier power is transferred to the side bands. There are two types of FM they are1.Narrow band FM 2.Wide band FMFrequency demodulation

It is a process which is used to receive the origin of signals.

MODEL GRAPH

Modulating SignalCarrier SignalFM SignalDemodulated SignalAmplitude(V)t (ms)t (ms)t (ms)t (ms)

PROCEDURE:

Connections are made as per the circuit diagramGive the modulating signal to pin no 5 through the FG.Note down the corresponding amplitude and time period of the FM modulated signal.Apply the modulated signal as input to the PLL.

VIVA QUESTION:1.Define Frequency modulation?2.What are the types of FM.3.Define Modulation index.4.What are the advantages of FM.5. List the disadvantages of FM.6. Define WBFM.7. Define NBFM.8. What is the Bandwidth of FM?9. What are the types of FM.?10. Draw the block diagram for Conversion of AM to FM and vice versa.

RESULT:

Thus the frequency modulation and its demodulation circuits were designed and waveforms are plotted.MARKS ALLOCATION


Execution10

Viva10

Total30

Ex.No.6WIRELESS DATA MODEM Date :

AIM:To design, construct and test wireless data modem using FSK modulator(555) and FSK demodulator (565).

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No


Range

Quantity

1

Transistor

BC557

1

2

IC

555 , 565 , 741

Each one

3

Resistors

58K 47K1K10K600

1 2 1 5 2

4

Capacitors

0.01f , 0.1f 0.02f

2 5

5

AFO & CRO

1

6

RPS & Dual RPS

1

7

Bread board & Connecting wires

As required

THEORY:

FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING:It is a digital-to-analog modulation technique. Data is transmitted by shifting between two close frequencies with ones represented by one frequency and zeroes by the other. Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a method of transmitting digital signals. The two binary states, logic 0 (low) and 1 (high), are each represented by an analog waveform. Logic 0 is represented by a wave at a specific frequency, and logic 1 is represented by a wave at a different frequency. A modem converts the binary data from a computer to FSK for transmission over telephone lines, cables, optical fiber, or wireless media. The modem also converts incoming FSK signals to digital low and high states, which the computer can understand. Whenever the message or information signal rides over the carrier it is called modulation. In electrical sense the operation of riding over the amplitude of carrier means to alter the amplitude of carrier. This is called amplitude modulation of the carrier. Thus the message signal becomes the modulating signal and it is transmitted by variations in the amplitude of the carrier.The transmission media suffers three major problemsA. Attenuation B. DistortionC. NoiseDue to these inherent problems, it is very difficult to have wide range of frequency in the signals that are transmitted. Therefore to transmit data over wireless medium, it is necessary to use a modulator which restore the number of frequency in the transmitted signal CIRCUIT DIAGRAMFSK DEMODULATOR:

10IC56558674291O/P DIGITAL DATA150HzFSKI/P

MODEL GRAPH

Amplitude(V)t(ms)t(ms)t(ms)MessagesignalFSKsignaldemodulatedsignal

by employing digital modulation techniques like ASK, FSK or PSK. Also Binary PSK with non-coherent detection can also be employed.A modem is a device that takes the digital electrical pulses from a terminal or computer and converts them into continuous analog signal that is used for transmission. The binary FSK technique is employed for modulating the digital signals. IC 555 timer and transistor acting as switch, when the device acts as transformer. PLL IC 565 can be used for demodulator. It consists of phase detection LPF amplifier.PROCEDURE:FSK Modulator:1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.2. The digital input was applied at the input of FSK modulator.3. The square wave output was noted in astable mode by CRO.FSK Demodulator:1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.2. The FSK modulated output is given as a input in the demodulation circuit.3. The output of the demodulator gives a modulating signal by using voltage comparator was noted.

VIVA QUESTION:1. Define FSK.2. What is meant by OOK.3. Compare ASK AND FSK.4. Compare IC 565 and IC 555.5. Why we go for FSK instead of FM.6. Difference between PSK and FSK.7. What are the advantages of PSK?8. What is maximum likelihood detector?9. What is digital transmission?10. What is Baud rate for ASK?

RESULT:Thus the circuit for wireless data modem using FSK modulator (555) and demodulator (NE 656) were designed, constructed and outputs were verified.

MARKS ALLOCATION


Execution10

Viva10

Total30

FLOW CHART

If option = 1StartEnter the password from keyboard in systemRead the password from the keyboard.Get the option from keyboard to open the door in system or change passwordRun the stepper motor to open the doorIntroduce delay in the systemRun the stepper motor to close the doorStopNo Yes

Ex.No.7MICROCONTROLLER BASED SYSTEMS DESIGNDate:

AIM:

To design microcontroller based system for simple applications like security systems combination lock etc. using 89c series flash micro controller.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. PC with windows operating system, RIDE IDE software, WINISP software2. 8051microcontroller 3. RS 232C SerialCable 4. Home Security System

PROCEDURE:

1. Use RS 232C Serial Cable to connect 8051 microcontroller through serial port. 2. Set the DIP switch as follows DIP switch1: RS 232 DIP switch2: PGM for Programming Flash mode, EXE for execution Mode DIP switch3: INT3. Write the ALP program (text document) in notepad, save as ASM language (ASM format) inMicro 51.4. Set the DIP switch2 in PGM for Programming Flash. 5. Run WINISP.6. Set the parameter for the following fields in WINISP window A CHIP: P89C51RD2 B PORT: Select Serial port connected to RS 232C Serial Cable C OSC: 12MHz7. If flash is not blanked, perform erase operation.

8. Load hexa file containing the object code to be programmed into flash from Micro 51 by clicking load file.9. Program the flash by clicking program part.

10. Set the DIP switch2 in EXE for execution mode. 11. Enter the password in Home Security System. 12. If a valid password is given, door will open.

VIVA QUESTION:

1. Compare microcontroller and microprocessor.2. Write the internal RAM memory of the 8051.3. List the features of 8051.4. Give the interrupt priorities of 8051.5. List the addressing modes of 8051. 6. What is hardware and software interface? 7. What is stack. 8. Draw the block diagram of 8051? 9. Define CLR instruction? 10. What is the capacity of RAM on chip with 8051?

RESULT:

Thus microcontroller based system for simple applications like security systems combination lock etc. using 89c series flash micro controller was designed and executed.

MARKS ALLOCATION


Execution10

Viva10

Total30

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Ex.No.8 PSUEDO-RANDOM SEQUENCE GENERATORDate:

AIM:To generate the pseudo random sequence generator using linear feedback shift register and verify the output using truth table.APPARATUS REQUIRED:SR FF(IC 7484), XOR (IC 7486), Digital Trainer kit, connecting wiresTHEORY:Pseudo random binary sequence is essentially a random sequence of binary numbers. So PRBS generator is nothing but random binary number generator. It is random in a sense that the value of an element of the sequence is independent of the values of any of the other elements. It is 'pseudo' because it is deterministic and after N elements it starts to repeat itself, unlike real random sequences. The implementation of PRBS generator is based on the linear feedback shift register (LFSR). The PRBS generator produces a predefined sequence of 1's and 0's, with 1 and 0 occurring with the same probability. A sequence of consecutive n*(2^n -1) bits comprise one data pattern, and this pattern will repeat itself over time. It has multiple uses in digital systems as data Encryption/Decryption, Built-in Self Test (BIST), Scrambler/Descrambler.

TRUTH TABLE:STATEF = OUTPUT

ABCD

S110001

S801000

S400100

S210010

S911001

S1201100

S610110

S1101011

S510101

S1011010

S1311101

S1411110

S1501111

S700111

S300011

S110001

PROCEDURE: Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. The switch is initially made 0 and then switched to logic 1. Other logic inputs are given as per the circuit diagram. Observe the output and verify the truth table.

VIVA QUESTION:1. What are all the universal gates.2. Write the truth table for EX-OR gates.3. Define Pseudo random sequence generator.4. Write the logic diagram of SR Flip flop.5. Differentiate synchronous circuit and Asynchronous circuits.6. Write the truth table for SR Flip flop.7. Write the transition table for SR FF.8. List out the application of PRBS.9. Write the types of shift register.10.Differentiate Moore model and mealy model.

RESULT:Thus the pseudo random sequence was generated using linear feedback shift register and the output was verified using truth table.

MARKS ALLOCATION


Execution10

Viva10

Total30

ALU Program:library ieee;use ieee.std_logic_1164.all; use ieee.std_logic_unsigned.all; use ieee.std_logic_arith.all;entity ALU isport( A: in std_logic_vector(1 downto0);B: in std_logic_vector(1 downto 0);SEL: in std_logic_vector(1 downto 0);R: out std_logic_vector(1 downto 0); );end ALU;architecture behv of ALU is beginprocess(A,B,SEL)begincase SEL iswhen 00 =>R R R R R Shapes-> Rectangle (or polygon), specify its size/location/layer, Select shape, go to Design->Convert Shape to Area, Select created area, go to Parameters, specify the Net to which it must be connected, and connection style.For the last power plane you can simply use Power Plane c command, that will add plane to the entire PCB.

7. Finishing Review all of the traces and connections. Make any changes that may need it. Is there anything that could be done better?8. Exporting Select File Export Select Gerber RS-274X Click Properties Select from Available Layers: Copper Top, Copper Bottom, Board Outline (Optional) Drill-----The available sizes of the drill bits we have in stock (mm):0.5,0.6,0.8,0.9,1.0,1.1,1.2,1.4 1.5,1.8,2.0,2.95 & 3.0.Please make sure your drill hole size is available.Otherwisechange the hole size according to the availability. Move them to Export Layers. Click OK. then Export. Create aperture mapping - Copper Top. This is the details of the components in each layer. Click OK. Save export file. The file name should be already be something like: BCI(Example) - Copper Top.gbr Save each of the files as they are listed.

VIVA QUESTION:

1. What is the advantages of layout.2. Write the flow of complete PCB design.3. How do you define design rules ?4. How do place components ?5. How do you plan routing and what are the parameters you consider while routing ?6. What are the errors you got while importing netlist ?7. What are the inputs you need to design a PCB ?8. Write the different types of layout design rules.9. Name different software for PCB design.10. State advantage and Disadvantage of PCB design.

RESULT:

Thus the Component/Board layout, PCB layout of the given circuit using Ultiboard was designed.

MARKS ALLOCATION

Program10

Execution10

Viva10

Total30

62

Documents

Esd Manual With Viva Question