ESAÕs Living Planet Programme - earth.esa.int · (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) ... ¥ ESAÕs Living Planet Programme contains the Earth Explorer line of ... Example Test result:

1

Ocean Remote Sensing Training Course - 25 - 29 Sept. 2006

Mark R. Drinkwater

Mission Experts Division

Earth Observation Programmes

M. Drinkwater, ESA

ESAESA’’s Living Planet s Living Planet Programme:Programme:FutureFuture Oceans and Ice Earth Explorer Oceans and Ice Earth Explorer & GMES Missions& GMES Missions


3

METEOSAT Second Generation

MSG-1, -2, -3METEOSAT

M-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

METOP-1, -2, -3

Earth

Watch

Earth

Explorers

ERS-1, -2

1990 2000 2006 2010 2030

ENVISAT

ADM/Aeolus

GOCE

Earthcare

GMES in cooperation with EC

SMOS

(Gravity and Ocean

Circulation Explorer)

SWARM

Earthnet: European access to non-ESA missions:

Landsat, SeaWifs, NOAA, JERS, MODIS, ALOS, Proba, Bird, Scisat...

European

users

Since

1977

Sentinel 1

Sentinel 2/3

to better understand

the Earth

System

in cooperation

with EUMETSAT

Meteo

Applications

Services

to initiate long term

monitoring systems

and services

(Soil Moisture and

Ocean Salinity)

CryoSat 2 (Polar Ice

Monitoring)

Sentinel 4/5

Science

(Gravity and Ocean Circulation

Explorer)

EO Missions handled by ESA EOP


5

ESA’s Living Planet Programme

• Living Planet Programme established in 1995 by ESA

• The objectives of the Living Planet Programme are to:– Further develop our knowledge of the complex Earth System

– Preserve the Earth and its environment & resources

– Manage life on Earth more efficiently/effectively

• Principal types of focused EO mission to realise these goals:

– Earth Explorer - focused research & tech. demonstration missionsdesigned to advance understanding of Earth System processes

– Earth Watch - Operational Missions, serving operational andapplications markets (e.g. GMES Sentinels)

*Goal is to develop new technologies whilst building long-term European industrialcompetitive edge - with benefits in both public and private sectors


10

Forthcoming Attractions

• ESA’s Living Planet Programme contains the Earth Explorer line of

“science-driven” missions

• Approved Earth Explorer Missions:

!CryoSat (Oct’05 launch failure; planned 2009 reflight)

! GOCE (planned 2007 launch)

! SMOS (planned 2007 launch)

! ADM-Aeolus (planned 2009 launch)

! Swarm (planned 2010 launch)

! EarthCare (planned 2012 launch)

• 24 new Earth Explorer mission reviewed after 2005 Call for Mission

Ideas

– Biomass; CoreH2O; FLEX; PREMIER; TRAQ; A-SCOPE


11

CryoSat1st Opportunity Mission

Variations ice elevation /

thickness / mass

Ku-band radar altimeter

Launch failure Oct. 2009

! Launch Mar. 2009

SMOS2nd Opportunity

Mission

Soil Moisture and

Ocean Salinity

L-band radiometer

Under construction

Launch 2007

First 4 Earth Explorer Missions

GOCE1st Core Mission

Gravity field and geoid

GPS receiver and

Gradiometer

Nearing completion

Launch 2007

ADM-Aeolus2nd Core Mission

Wind speed profiles

Doppler wind lidar

instrument

Under construction

Launch 2008


12

CryoSat: ESA’s Ice Mission

Its objectives are to improve our understanding of:

- thickness and mass fluctuations of polar land and marine ice

- to quantify rates of thinning/thickening due to climate variations

www.esa.int/livingplanet/cryosat


13

Origin of Radar Altimeter Sea Ice Echoes

a

P

t

P

t

• Co-incident ATSR

imagery reveals the

origin of Diffuse and

Specular echoes over

sea ice

• Diffuse echoes

originate from ice floes

• Specular echoes

originate from leads

and smooth thin ice

surfaces

• Gaps are caused by

Complex echoes which

are excluded

Courtesy S. Laxon, UCL


14

Ice Thickness: ERS-1/2 Radar Altimeters

• ERS covers more than half the permanent sea ice in the Arctic

• Main source of error is variability in snow loading and water/ice/snow density

• Unobserved thin ice fraction contributes ±10cm to mean winter ice thickness

Laxon et al., Nature, 2003


15

What are the scientific objectives?

Improve understanding of:

– impact of sea-ice thickness variations on climate

– mass balance of Greenland/Antarctic ice sheets

How are they achieved?

– SAR interferometric Radar Altimeter with precisepointing and orbit determination

– measurement of Arctic sea-ice thickness variations

– measurement of temporal variations in ice-sheetelevation, including dynamic margins

What are the benefits?

– improved parameterisation of sea-ice processesin coupled climate models

– reduced uncertainty in the ice-sheet contributionto global sea-level rise

–advances in cryosphere and climate studies

The CryoSat mission


16

• First SAR interferometric radar altimeter mission

• Mission essential for establishing climate benchmark of

early 21st Century sea ice volume

• Will facilitate first estimate of sea-ice contribution to

global freshwater budget

• Anticipated to revolutionise coupled ice-ocean

modelling, NWP forecasts/analyses, and assessment of

ice impact on climate variations

• Will help quantify ice-sheet contribution to eustatic sea-

level rise

• Prototype for future operational polar-orbiting

interferometric altimeter missions

• Key contribution to WCRP ACSYS/CliC, CLIVAR and

studies of the impact of the cryosphere on global climate

Uniqueness and Relevance


17


18

Instruments CryoSat

DORIS

Laser Reflectors

Star Tracker


19

SIRAL: Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Mode

• Transmits bursts of 64 pulses:sequential echoes are correlated

• Aperture Synthesis technique:where overlapping “Doppler beams”superimposed in a narrow 250 mstrip - then waveforms coherentlyaveraged

• Satellite moves 250 m betweenbursts

ü Gives higher along-track resolutionand sampling compared toconventional altimeters(ERS-2/Envisat RA-2)

ü Mode used over sea-ice to retrieveice-floe freeboards ! thickness


20

SIRAL: Synthetic Aperture Radar (SARIn) Interferometric Mode

• Operates under similar principlesto SAR mode, but in addition -

• Two antennas receiving pulses –with baseline of 1m (i.e.separation across track)

• Phase difference between echoesreceived at each antenna givesangle between the baseline andthe echo direction (i.e. off-nadirangle)

ü Gives precise echo origin acrosstrack in 250m along-track slice.

ü Mode used to track complexterrain around ice sheet margins


21

Autonomous On-board Mode Switching

• Low Res. Mode (LRM): Central ice-sheet areas (Dark Blue)

• SAR Mode: Sea-ice areas (Light Blue)

• SARIn Mode: Ice sheet peripheries (Medium Blue)


22

!

Cryosat IcesatAircraft

RADAR LASER

Ice Thickness

Reference

model & geoid

Ice

Elevation

Example Sea-ice Validation Campaign

!!!!!"#$%&

'#(!')*+(,#

#--%.'$%&

%,#

".'!/01200/3

.4/15678

9-2:24!; <

.63=1 =60!> !*/0? 2

9-2:24!@ <

A2=? B1!C765 =423

9-2:24!D <

EB=FG0233!C765 =423


23

ESAG, LaRA & CryoVEx Campaigns

Oden overflight20s long lidar

swath,

~1.5 km x 150 m

18 22m


24

lower snow cover and much lower

penetration.

significant penetration by the radar at

this location.

H2/3I72J!.765 =423

Radar & Laser Comparision

H672!J =55 =FI41!16!72364:2!1B2!723C60323

5768 !1B2!/=7K306L !/0J!306LK=F2

=01275/F23M !EB2!7/J/7!J =3C 4/N3!/

F68O =0/1 =60!65!1B2!1L6!=0!/!3=0? 42!C2/GM

(!J6IO 42!C2/G!6FFI73!L =1B!1B2!D 0J!!C2/G

4=G24N!16!F67723C60J!16!1B2!306LK=F2

=01275/F2!=M2M !1B2!C72:=6I3!3I8827

3I75/F2M

,67723C60J =0? !P /:25678


30

CryoSat Summary• ERS/Envisat Radar Altimeter has already provided exciting

data on polar sea-ice– New RA waveform filtering and tracking improvements - led to

new sea-ice thickness data in the Arctic

– New SIRAL instrument developments overcome earlier RAlimitations

• CryoSat is specifically designed to provide:– Enhanced sampling by a factor of 5-10

– Coverage of high latitude sea ice (to 88 N)

• Determination of errors is a key project goal– Dedicated Cal/Val campaigns planned

• 65 Data AO Scientific Projects Approved– Plans to reissue Cal/Val AO in 2007

• New nominal launch March 2009


31

GOCE: ESA’s Gravity Mission

Its objectives are to improve understanding of:

– global ocean circulation and transfer of heat

– physics of the Earth’s interior (lithosphere & mantle)

– sea level records, topographic processes, evolution of ice

sheets and sea level change

The GGravity field and steady-state

OOcean CCirculation EExplorer (GOCE)

www.esa.int/livingplanet/goce


32

What are the scientific objectives?

Improve understanding of:

– global ocean circulation and transfer of heat

– physics of the Earth’s interior (lithosphere & mantle)

– sea level records, topographic processes, evolution of

ice sheets and sea level change

How are they achieved?

– Combination of satellite gradiometry and high-low

satellite-to-satellite tracking at ± 250km altitude

– Improved model of the static gravity field and geoid

to a resolution of 100km with 1mGal resp. 1-2cm

accuracy

What are the benefits?

– An accurate marine geoid for absolute ocean currents

– Improved constraints for interior modelling

– Unified global height reference for land, sea, ice and

surveying

The GOCE Mission

GPS

gradiometry

(SRON, NL)

xx

yy

zz

xy xz

yz


33

Measurement Approach

• Electrostatic Gravity Gradiometer(EGG):

Measures the components of thegravity gradient tensor in thegradiometer reference frame within abandwidth of 5-100 mHz

• Satellite-to-Satellite TrackingInstrument (SSTI):

Geodetic-quality GPS receiver allowsorbit reconstitution with an accuracy of~1 cm in all directions and recovery oflower order harmonics

GOCE combines satellite gradiometry

and high-low satellite-to-satellite tracking

in a low Earth orbit of ± 250km altitude,

with unique continuous operation of Drag-

Free Attitude Control to combat the

effects of air drag

EGM96 gradients; Mean value removed


34

Scientific Objectives

• To provide a unified global heightreference surface from which ‘pseudo-levelled or ‘orthometric’ heights canbe derived.

• Determination of absolute oceancirculation requires knowledge of thestatic geoid, or mean sea-surface(representing the ocean at rest)

– Ocean ‘dynamic topography’ is thedifference between the altimeter-measured ocean surface and thegeoid.

– 1 mGal gravity anomaly correspondsto ~1mrad slope in ocean surface, or ageostrophic surface current velocity of~0.1 m/s

• Note: tide gauge records must becorrectly levelled, with knowledgeabout post-glacial rebound (to avoidspurious sea-level rise estimates).

PB-EO 28+29 Nov. 2001

Uniqueness and Relevance

• Only mission with satellite gradiometry (3D) and drag-

free control in low orbit (250km)

• GOCE will provide global static gravity field with

homogeneous quality of unprecedented accuracy and

resolution

• Key step in improving ocean, solid Earth and sea

level modelling

• Large impact on national height systems and

surveying applications on land and sea

• Essential benchmark technique for understanding

mass distribution and change

• Element of IGGOS (Integrated Global Geodetic

Observing System) and essential for WOCE, WCRP

and CLIVAR


37

GOCE Instruments

-/? 7/0? 2!".'!*2F=2:27

".'!(01200/

"*(&%$H#E#*

(,,#-#*$H#E#*


38

GOCE Technical Challenges

• Highest sensitivity accelerometers in space

– CHAMP: ~10-9 ms-2

– GRACE: ~10-10 ms-2

– GOCE: ~10-12 ms-2 **

**GOCE sensitivity is equivalent to feeling a

snowflake falling onto an oil supertanker

• Ultra-stable Carbon-Carbon structure with

superior thermo-elastic stability properties in the

measurement bandwidth

– ~ 1 pico-m over 200 s

– ~10 mK over 200 s

• Continuous operation of highly accurate ion

thrusters (throttleable from 1-20 mN) with high

thrust and thrust gradient demands


42

Example Test result:Sea Surface Dynamic Topography Solutions (D/O 60)

H''!Q!#"HR S

H''!Q!#%"#TQ"*(,#; D'H''!Q!"$,#!E231!H6J24

m

m

m


43

Schedule & Mission Profile: GOCE

.B/32!#

D ; ; U D ; ; R

!D ; ; ; D ; ; @ D ; ; D D ; ; VD ; ;

W.B/32!X

-/I0FB

!!#'(

($

.7 2QC7 6F233 =0? !>

,/4=O7 /1 =60KY/4=J/1 =60#'(!>

T/1= 60/4

#01= 1= 23

D ; ; Z D ; ; S

($

D ; ; U D ; ; [

'C/F2!'2?8201!!!!.B/32!,K&

.72C/7/1 =60K&/1/!.76F233=0?

&/1 /!)1 =4=3/1 =60

"76I0J!'2?8201!.B/32!XK,K&

#@

Phase 0/A


44

Consequences of Launch Delay

Launch in September 2007

• MOP 1 at an altitude of 250 km and MOP 2 at an

altitude 260 km

• Mission performance: Geoid accuracy of up to 1.5 cm

and gravity anomaly below 1 mGal

Launch in January 2008

• MOP 1 at an altitude of 255 km and MOP 2 at an

altitude 265 km

• Mission performance: Geoid accuracy of up to 2 cm

and gravity anomaly 1 mGal


45

GOCE Outlook

•• GOCE Scientific Preparations almost completeGOCE Scientific Preparations almost complete

•• GOCE Ground Segment development on track (including L2GOCE Ground Segment development on track (including L2

scientific data processing)scientific data processing)

•• Planned GOCE Data AO Release - Oct 2006Planned GOCE Data AO Release - Oct 2006

•• 3rd GOCE User Workshop 6-8 Nov 2006 @ 3rd GOCE User Workshop 6-8 Nov 2006 @ FrascatiFrascati

•• Main technical challenge is completion of flight modelMain technical challenge is completion of flight model

equipment equipment –– particularly the accelerometers particularly the accelerometers

•• GOCE Mission Objectives can still be met with a launch in GOCE Mission Objectives can still be met with a launch in latelate

summersummer 2007 2007

•• GOCE launch scheduled for Sept 2007GOCE launch scheduled for Sept 2007


47

SMOS: ESA’s Water Mission

Its objectives are:

- to provide global maps of soil moisture and ocean salinity for

hydrological studies

- to advance our understanding of the freshwater cycle.

These data will improve our knowledge of the water cycle and

improve climate, weather and extreme-event forecasting.

www.esa.int/livingplanet/smos


48

Nadir path

Satellite

Spacecraft

velocity

d N

Swath

1000 km

30°

Q = 55°

Local incidence angle

Earth

,....),,,,( !"# TpfTb =

What are the scientific objectives?:

To improve understanding of:

- the water cycle (and the Energy and Carbon

Cycle), and

- its representation in mesoscale models

(Hydrology, Oceanography and Climate).

How are they achieved?:

Constraining models by global soil moisture and

ocean salinity observations estimated from dual-

pol., multi-angular, L-band brightness

temperature measurement acquired by a 2D

interferometer.

What are the benefits?:

Enhancement of the model parameterisation will:

- improve the weather prediction

- improved ocean circulation/hydrology models

- better extreme event forecasting

The SMOS Mission


49

Measurement variability within FOV

Multi-angular and

spatially variable nature

of the measurements:

• incidence angle (dashed

lines) ranges from 0 to 65º

• spatial resolution (dash-

dotted lines) from 32 to 100

km

• data interpolated into an

ISEA grid (approx. 15 km

spacing)


50

At 0° incidence and flat sea

Tb function of frequency, angle, temperature, dielectric constant (S), roughness …

Sensitivity of Tb to S over a smooth surface is 0.2 to 0.8 K/psu depending on

ocean temperature, radiometer incidence angle and polarization

Sea surface emission at L-band


51

Influence of incidence angle and surface roughness on emissivity

at 0 wind at 40 psu (Camps et al., 2001) " effect of 5 psu ~ 10 m/s

Polarimetric Tb at L-band


53

WOA 2001

NOAA/NODC

SMOS SSS end product

SMOS aims at delivering SSS maps with an accuracy close

to 0.1 psu over 1 month in 100 km x 100 km boxes.

Similar to present climatologies but with monthly variability

and much more data per box

Levitus et al.,

World Ocean Atlas

2001


54

Solar Arrays

PROTEUS Platform

Launcher Adapter

MIRAS Payload Antenna Arms S-Band Antenna

Star Tracker Assembly

X-Band Antenna

MIRAS Instrument and Payload


55

passive microwave radiometer

(L band-1.4GHz)

2D interferometry (from 72 receivers)

multi-incident angles (0°- 55°)

polarimetric observations

SMOS Summary

• SMOS flight hardware nearing

completion

• Ground Segment development

activity ongoing

• Planned SMOS Data AO

Release – end 2006 – early

2007

• SMOS User Workshop Nov

2006, Villafranca, Madrid

• SMOS launch scheduled late

2007

spatial resolution: 20-50km

revisit time: 1-3 days

mission duration: 3-5 years


56

METOP


57

* ASCAT will remain a consistent feature of the remote sensing

landscape over the next decade (2006-2016)

* Operational Services shall draw considerable benefit from these

radar data

Future Winds: ASCAT

6

8


58

ASCAT on METOP (Oct 2006 Launch)

50km res. nodes every 25 km – 21 per swath

OR 25km res. nodes every 12 km – 41 per swath


60

QSCAT global daily swath wind product

QSCAT V pol - 54°

Incidence


62

Routine Scatterometer data

• Provide useful operational perspective

• Complementary to Passive Microwave


63

Operational Sea-ice Edge

• ASCAT helps in daily ice edge discrimination (OSI-SAF)

• Combination of SSMI SAR and Scatt; and Vis/IR (as avail.)


64

Scatterometer Sea-Ice Drift

&7 =5 1 !:2F1 67 3 !F68 CI1 2J!5 7 68 !\I=G',(E!F68 C63 =1 2

O/FG3F/1 1 27 !8 /CM !!X/FG?7 6I0J!=3 !1 B2!Y!C64/7 =]2J

FB/0024M

!"#$% & '() * +,- +./ % 0& ) +1+2".3456

^/0I/7 N !U _

D ; ; V

+= 7 31!`2/7 !!!!!!!!HI4 1= !`2/7


65

Wind + Ice + Ice drift

Experimental composite products

(courtesy: Scatt Climate Record Pathfinder Study)

See: http://scp.byu.edu


66

GMES


67

What is GMES?

Public

Policy

Governments, EU

InternationalOrganisations

Regulatory Bodies

Industry

General Public

Solutions

Needs

User

oriented

services

Space

observing

systems

In-situ

observing

systems

Data

integration

&

information

management


68

GMES - Earth Observation Elements

Proposal based on GMES Initial Period Reportand EC GMES Communication

ESA GMES Preparatory programme:

4 Elements– Socio-economic analysis

– Architecture

– Ground Segment

– Space observation component - “Sentinels”


69

GMES – ESA EO Component

Space Segment

• Sentinel 1 – SAR imaging

– Continuity of established SAR applications, interferometry

• Sentinel 2 – Superspectral imaging

– Continuity of Landsat/SPOT class measurements

• Sentinel 3 – Ocean monitoring

– Wide-swath multi-spectral sensors, altimeter

• Sentinels 4/5 – Geostationary & LEO atmosphericGeostationary & LEO atmospheric

– atmospheric composition monitoring, trans-boundary pollution

– Based on IGACO requirements et al.

In addition: study of fire-detecting and monitoring IR sensor

Close cooperation/coordination with all European (+ Canadian) resources


70

GMES Sentinel-1


72

Fast Tracks: Marine core services

• Sea icemonitoring

• Iceberg detection

• Ship detection

• Fisheriesmonitoring

• Oil spill detection

• Ocean waves

• Sea surfacewinds

• Ocean frontfeatures

• Oceancurrents


73

Sentinel-1 Revisit Coverage &

Timeliness Reqs

• Daily Coverage of High Priority Areas

(e.g. Europe, Shipping Routes)

• Bi-weekly Global Coverage

• Data Delivery to

End-Users within

1 Hour from

G/S Reception


74

Operational Mission Concept

Sentinel-1 has one main operational mode

(Interferometric Wide Swath mode - IW) that:

• satisfies most currently known service requirements

• avoids conflicts and preserves revisit performance

• provides robustness and reliability of service

• simplifies mission planning & decreases operational costs

• satisfies also tomorrow’s requests by building up a

consistent long-term archive


75

S1 configuration (PRIMA)

PLM

SVM

RCT

SADM


76

GMES Sentinel-3


77

GMES Initial Services: Marine

global sea-level rise

global ocean warming

ocean CO2 flux

Global Change Ocean

ocean-current forecasting

water transparency

wind and wave height

Maritime Security

sea-ice thickness

ice surface tempPolar Environment monitoring

sea-surface topography

mesoscale circulation

water quality

sea-surface temperature

wave height and wind

sediment load and transport

eutrophication

Marine and Coastal Environment

Sentinel-3 RequirementGMES Initial Service


78

Key Drivers

• Operational continuity of core operational ocean servicesbased on:– Jason-1 (Jason-2 in the future), ERS-2 RA, GFO and Envisat RA2 (e.g.

DUACS)

– MERIS, Vegetation, MODIS, SeaWIFS Ocean Colour

– (A)ATSR, MODIS, and AVHRR Surface Temperature

• Routine, continuous operation with consistent productquality and high level of availability

• Global medium-resolution land observation need inheritedfrom S-2 application domain

• Continuity of global optical data for operational continuityof the MERIS VGT and (A)ATSR and of the relatedservices

• Level 2 products operationally demonstrated at time of S-3launch


80

Ocean Products

• Surface Topography:– SSH, SWH, Wind, Geostrophic Currents

– Sea-ice thickness

• Ocean Surface Colour– Cla, PFTs, HAB, Transparency,

Sediment loading, Turbidity

• Sea Surface Temp

• By-products:– Atmospheric Aerosols

– Clouds


82

Altimetry instrument concepts

– strong CryoSat (SIRAL) & POSEIDON (Ku & C) heritage +radiometer derived from ENVISAT MWR + POD system

– POD system based on GPS-Galileo receiver for theSentinel 3 series

– transition to operational system supported by DORIS onPFM (TBC)

SIRAL RFU

POSEIDON 3 antennaMWR upgraded


84

SLST concept

• Dual conical scanner

• Larger swath (~1600 km) wrt ATSR to improve temporal

resolution

• Higher spatial resolution to serve coastal applications


85

Ocean and Land Colour (OLC) concept

Calibration

Mechanism

Base-plate

Calibration

Baffle

Page 85

FPA Radiator

Aft pointing

cameras

Fore

pointing

cameras

Optical Bench

Straight

pointing

cameras


86

The problem of Sun Glint

Example for Envisat orbit, LTDN 10:00, MaximumSwath from OZA -60˚to +60˚, Summer solstice. Allthe colored area, i.e. most of the acquired image, isof unacceptable quality.

• To alleviate theSun Glint :– Fly at earlier

local time

– Point awayfrom the Sun

• None of thesolutions is costfree– Flying early =

morning haze)

– Along trackdepointing =complexdouble viewoptics

– Across trackdepointing =poor opticalquality at theedge of theswath


87

OLC and SLST swaths

– Optimisation of the OLC swath w.r.t Sun-glint issue

• Tilted swath (or fore-aft cameras in glint zone)

– SLST swath:

• 750 km with high accuracy (dual view)

• Possibility of 1700 km with lower accuracy (single view)

60°

~50°

Spacecraft at ~800 km

1100 km 250 km

17°

750 km

SLSTOLC


88

Optical Payload Coverage: 2 satellites

Ocean colour mean revisit performance (single satellite)

Twin satellites (*0.5 days)

Sun-synchronous orbit

baseline: 14+7/27 rev/day at 800 km,

10:00 LTDN (very close to

Envisat orbit)

< 2 daysOC (Sun-

glint free)

< 2 daysSLST

< 1 daysLC

Worst

case

Revisit at

Equator


89

Twin Satellites Configuration

• Two identical satellites

• Conventional satellite

• Satellite 1190 kg(10% reduction)

• SA provides 2200 WBOL (5 % reduction)

• 14+7/27 (almost 4days) orbit ~ 800 km,LTDN 10:00

• Fits in Vega

• Fits in Rockot (Rockotlimit is 1275 kg)

• Would allow for alarger microwaveradiometer (TBC)

• Requires 2 successfullaunches to deliver aservice


90

Wind up


92

Ocean/Ice: Earth Explorer

Mission Science Matrix

PROCESSES PARAMETERS

Marine Geoid Ice Mass Ocean Salinity

Thermohaline Circulation GOCE, (GRACE)

Cryosat, (ICESat ) SMOS

(Aquarius )

Sea Level Change

GOCE,

(GRACE)

Cryosat, (ICESat ),

GOCE, (GRACE)

Air-Sea-Ice Interaction

(+ albedo effect)

Cryosat,

(ICESat)

Evaporation minus Precipitation

SMOS,

(Aquarius )

Mass and Heat Transport

GOCE, (GRACE)

SMOS

(Aquarius )

Large Scale Frontal Dynamics

GOCE SMOS

(Aquarius )

Evolution of Large Scale Salinity Event

Cryosat

(ICESat )

SMOS

(Aquarius )

ICESat: 2003 and Cryosat: 2009 SMOS: 2007 and Aquarius 2008(?) TBD

GOCE: 2007 and GRACE: 2002


93

Conclusions

• The three first Ice/Ocean Earth Explorer Missions all progressing wellwith launch of replacement CryoSat expected in 2009

• Complementarities amongst CryoSat/ICESAT; GRACE/GOCE;SMOS/Aquarius/HYDROS - strong joint programmatic interest– Joint Science Team activities

– Joint Cal/Val & Field Campaign activities (co-funded Arctic campaignActivities): Campaign data sharing agreements to be set up (SSSretrievals)

• Recent ESA Call for Core Earth Explorer Missions – 2005– 5 Concepts selected for Study - 1st Qtr 2006

– Downselect to one or two missions in late 2007 - early 2008

• We are now in the golden age of Ocean/Ice remote sensing– this golden age continues with METOP

– Operational oceanography mission concepts in planning for GMES

– Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-3 relevant for oceans/ice.


94

Summary

• ESA’s Living Planet Programme has a series ofexciting approved missions.

See: www.esa.int/livingplanet

• Earth Explorers have focused scientificobjectives - each addresses key questionsabout the Earth System

• 3 Ocean/Ice missions approved out of the firstsix approved Earth Explorer Missions– GOCE, SMOS, CryoSat

• Together with METOP (2006), GMES Sentinel-1and Sentinel-3 (2011/12) shall form themainstay of routine ocean monitoring from polarorbit

Documents

ESAÕs Living Planet Programme - earth.esa.int · (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) ... ¥ ESAÕs Living Planet Programme contains the Earth Explorer line of ... Example Test result: